KHOA IN T NG HA

Trng cao ng Cng nghip Phc Yn

GIO TRNH
O LNG-CM BIN
(Lu hnh ni b)

LI NI U
Mn hc o lng- cm bin trnh by cc kin thc v k thut o dng trong
ngnh in hin nay. Gii thiu nhng php o c bn ng dng cho cc ngnh sn
xut cng nghip.
K thut o lng Cm bin l mn hc nghin cu cc phng php o cc
i lng vt l: i lng in: in p, dng in, cng sut, v i lng khng
in: nhit , m, vn tc
Bi ging K thut o lng Cm bin c bin son da trn cc gio trnh
v ti liu tham kho mi nht hin nay, c dng lm ti liu tham kho cho sinh
vin cc ngnh: in cng nghip, in dn dng, K thut Vin thng, K thut
Thng tin, T ng ho, Trang thit b in, Tn hiu Giao thng.
Bi ging gm 2 phn phn o lng cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc
c bn v chuyn su v k thut o lng trong ngnh in. Trnh by cc dng c
o, nguyn l o v phng php o cc thng s. Trn c s , ngi hc bit cch
s dng dng c o v x l kt qu o trong cng vic sau ny. Phn cm bin trnh
by cu to nguyn l hot ng v ng dng ca mt s cm bin thng dng
Trong qu trnh bin son, c cc ng nghip ng gp nhiu kin,
mc d c gng sa cha, b sung cho cun sch c hon chnh hn, song chc
chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, hn ch.
Mong nhn c cc kin ng gp ca bn c.

MC LC
LI NI U2

Chng 1: KHI NIM V O LNG.. 5

1.1 i lng o lng.. 5
1.2. Chc nng, c im ca thit b o.................................................................. 8
1.3 Chun ha trong o lng. 8
1.4. Sai s trong o lng.9
Chng 2. CC DNG O C IN.....................................................................14
2.1 Nguyn l v cc chi tit chnh ca c cu o c in...................................... 14
2.2 C cu o t in.. 14
2.3 C cu o in t. .17
2.4 C cu o in ng. 18
2.5 C cu o cm ng. .19
Chng 3. CC THIT B O CH TH S.................................................22
3.1. C cu ch th s................................................................................................. 22
3.2. Vnmt ch th s ...............................................................................................23
Chng 4. O IN P V DNG IN............................................................24
4.1. o in p ..........................................................................................................24
4.2. o dng in .....................................................................................................31
Chng 5: O CNG SUT V IN NNG TRONG MCH BA PHA
5.1. o cng sut tc dng mch xoay chiu ba pha ..............................................38
5.2. o cng sut phn khng mch xoay chiu ba pha..........................................40
5.3. o in nng mch xoay chiu ba pha .............................................................41
5.4. o cng sut v in nng trong mch cao p ................................................46
Chng 6. KHI NIM C BN V CMBIN..................................................47
6.1 Khi nim chung47
6.2 Phn loi cm bin 53
6.3 Cc hiu ng thng dng trong cm bin53
6.4 Chun cm bin.46
Chng 7. cm bin o nhit ..59
7.1 Thang nhit , im chun nhit ............................................................... 59
7.2. Cm bin nhit in tr.....................................................................................59
3

7.3 Cm bin cp nhit. ............................................................................................65

7.4 Ho k, nhit k bc xa .......................................................................................69
Chng 8:cm bin quang73
8.1.Ngun pht quang si t v bn dn................................................................73
8.2.Quang tr, t bo quang in .............................................................................75
8.3 Si quang............................................................................................................... 82
8.4 S lc v p dng cm bin quang ...................................................................83
Chng 9. cm bin v tr..83
9.1Cm bin in cm 83
9.2 Cm bin h cm .86
9.3Cm bin in dung...88
9.4 Cm bin Hall. ..89
9.5 Cm bin tip cn .89
Chng 10 O LU LNG VN TC LU CHT V MC
10.1

o lu lng bng chnh lch p sut. 92

10.2

o mc bng cm bin in dung 93

Chng 1: KHI NIM V O LNG

Mc tiu :Trang b cho sinh vin khi nim c bn v o lng, sai s trong h
thng o

1.1 i lng o lng

1.1.1. Khi nim v o lng.
o lng l mt qu trnh nh gi nh lng i lng cn o c kt qu
bng s so vi n v o. Kt qu o lng (Ax) l gi tr bng s, c nh ngha
bng t s gia i lng cn o (X) v n v o (Xo):
Kt qu o c biu din di dng: A =

X
v ta c X = A.X0
X0

Trong : X - i lng o
X0 - n v o
A - con s kt qu o.
T (1.1) c phng trnh c bn ca php o: X = Ax . Xo , ch r s so snh X
so vi Xo, nh vy mun o c th i lng cn o X phi c tnh cht l cc gi
tr ca n c th so snh c, khi mun o mt i lng khng c tnh cht so snh
c thng phi chuyn i chng thnh i lng c th so snh c.
1.1.2. Khi nim v o lng in.
i lng no so snh c vi mu hay chun th mi o c. Nu cc i
lng khng so snh c th phi chuyn i v i lng so snh c vi mu hay
chun ri o. o lng in l mt qu trnh nh gi nh lng i lng in cn
o c kt qu bng s so vi n v o.
1.1.3. Cc phng php o.
Phng php o l vic phi hp cc thao tc c bn trong qu trnh o, bao
gm cc thao tc: xc nh mu v thnh lp mu, so snh, bin i, th hin kt qu
hay ch th. Cc phng php o khc nhau ph thuc vo cc phng php nhn
thng tin o v nhiu yu t khc nh i lng o ln hay nh, iu kin o, sai s,
yu cu
Ty thuc vo i tng o, iu kin o v chnh xc yu cu ca php o
m ngi quan st phi bit chn cc phng php o khc nhau thc hin tt qu
trnh o lng. C th c nhiu phng php o khc nhau nhng trong thc t thng
phn thnh 2 loi phng php o chnh l phng php o bin i thng v phng
php o kiu so snh.

1.1.3.1. Phng php o bin i thng

- nh ngha: l phng php o c s cu trc theo kiu bin i thng,
ngha l khng c khu phn hi.
- Qu trnh thc hin:
* i lng cn o X qua cc khu bin i bin i thnh con s NX, ng thi
n v ca i lng o XO cng c bin i thnh con s NO.
* Tin hnh qu trnh so snh gia i lng o v n v (thc hin php chia
NX/NO),
* Thu c kt qu o: AX = X/XO = NX/NO .

Hnh 1.1. Lu phng php o bin i thng.

Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh bin i thng, thit b o thc hin qu
trnh ny gi l thit b o bin i thng. Tn hiu o X v tn hiu n v XO sau khi
qua khu bin i (c th l mt hay nhiu khu ni tip) c th c qua b bin i
tng t - s A/D c NX v NO , qua khu so snh c NX/NO.
Dng c o bin i thng thng c sai s tng i ln v tn hiu qua cc
khu bin i s c sai s bng tng sai s ca cc khu, v vy dng c o loi ny
thng c s dng khi chnh xc yu cu ca php o khng cao lm.
1.1.3.2.Phng php o kiu so snh:
- nh ngha: l phng php o c s cu trc theo kiu mch vng, ngha
l c khu phn hi.
- Qu trnh thc hin:
+ i lng o X v i lng mu XO c bin i thnh mt i lng vt
l no thun tin cho vic so snh.
+ Qu trnh so snh X v tn hiu XK (t l vi XO) din ra trong sut qu
trnho, khi hai i lng bng nhau c kt qu XK s c c kt qu o.
Qu trnh o nh vy gi l qu trnh o kiu so snh. Thit b o thc hin qu
trnh ny gi l thit b o kiu so snh (hay cn gi l kiu b).

Hnh 1.2. Lu phng php o kiu so snh.

+ Cc phng php so snh: b so snh SS thc hin vic so snh i lng o X v
i lng t l vi mu XK, qua b so snh c: X = X - XK. Ty thuc vo cch so
snh m s c cc phng php sau:
- So snh cn bng:
* Qu trnh thc hin: i lng cn o X v i lng t l vi mu XK = NK.XO
c so snh vi nhau sao cho X = 0, t suy ra X = XK = NK.XO
+ suy ra kt qu o: AX = X/XO = NK. Trong qu trnh o, XK phi thay i khi X thay
i c kt qu so snh l X = 0 t suy ra kt qu o.
* chnh xc: ph thuc vo chnh xc ca XK v nhy ca thit b ch th cn
bng ( chnh xc khi nhn bit X = 0).
V d: cu o, in th k cn bng
- So snh khng cn bng:
* Qu trnh thc hin: i lng t l vi mu XK l khng i v bit trc, qua b
so snh c c X = X - XK, o X s c c i lng o X = X + XK t c kt
qu o: AX = X/XO = (X + XK)/XO.
* chnh xc: chnh xc ca php o ch yu do chnh xc ca XK quyt nh,
ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo chnh xc ca php o X, gi tr ca X so vi X (
chnh xc ca php o cng cao khi X cng nh so vi X).
Phng php ny thng c s dng o cc i lng khng in, nh o
ng sut (dng mch cu khng cn bng), o nhit
- So snh khng ng thi:
* Qu trnh thc hin: da trn vic so snh cc trng thi p ng ca thit b o khi
chu tc ng tng ng ca i lng o X v i lng t l vi mu XK, khi hai
trng thi p ng bng nhau suy ra X = XK .
u tin di tc ng ca X gy ra mt trng thi no o trong thit b o,
sau thay X bng i lng mu XK thch hp sao cho cng gy ra ng trng thi

nh khi X tc ng, t suy ra X = XK. Nh vy r rng l XK phi thay i khi X

thay i.
* chnh xc: ph thuc vo chnh xc ca XK. Phng php ny chnh xc v
khi thay XK bng X th mi trng thi ca thit b o vn gi nguyn. Thng th gi
tr mu c a vo khc trc, sau qua cc vch khc mu xc nh gi tr
ca i lng o X. Thit b o theo phng php ny l cc thit b nh gi trc tip
nh vnmt, ampemt ch th kim.
- So snh ng thi:
* Qu trnh thc hin: so snh cng lc nhiu gi tr ca i lng o X v i lng
mu XK, cn c vo cc gi tr bng nhau suy ra gi tr ca i lng o.
V d: xc nh 1 inch bng bao nhiu mm: ly thc c chia mm (mu),
thc kia theo inch (i lng cn o), t im 0 trng nhau, c c cc im
trng nhau l: 127mm v 5 inch, 254mm v 10 inch, t c c:1 inch = 127/5 =
254/10 = 25,4 mm
Trong thc t thng s dng phng php ny th nghim cc c tnh ca
cc cm bin hay ca thit b o nh gi sai s ca chng.
T cc phng php o trn c th c cc cch thc hin php o l:
- o trc tip : kt qu c ch sau mt ln o
- o gin tip: kt qu c bng php suy ra t mt s php o trc tip
- o hp b: nh gin tip nhng phi gi mt phng trnh hay mt h phng trnh
mi c kt qu
- o thng k: o nhiu ln v ly gi tr trung bnh mi c kt qu
1.2. Chc nng, c im ca thit b o
Thit b o l s th hin phng php o bng cc khu c th
c tnh c bn ca dng c o gm sai s ca dng c o , nhy, in tr
ca dng c o v cng sut tiu th, tc ng nhanh v tin cy
1.3 Chun ha trong o lng
Chun cp 1 l chun m bo to ra nhng i lng c n v chnh xc nht
ca mt quc gia
-

Chun n v di: m

Chun n v khi lng: kg

Chun n v thi gian: s

Chun n v dng in : A

Chun n v nhit : Kelvin(K)

Chun n v cng nh sang: Cd

n v s lng vt cht: mol

1.4. Sai s trong o lng

1.4.1. Khi nim v sai s.
Ngoi sai s ca dng c o, vic thc hin qu trnh o cng gy ra nhiu sai
s. Nguyn nhn ca nhng sai s ny gm:
- Phng php o c chn.
- Mc cn thn khi o.
Do vy kt qu o lng khng ng vi gi tr chnh xc ca i lng o m c
sai s, gi l sai s ca php o. Nh vy mun c kt qu chnh xc ca php o th
trc khi o phi xem xt cc iu kin o chn phng php o ph hp, sau khi
o cn phi gia cng cc kt qu thu c nhm tm c kt qu chnh xc.
1.4.2. Cc loi sai s.
* Sai s tuyt i, sai s tng i, sai s h thng.
- Sai s ca php o: l sai s gia kt qu o lng so vi gi tr chnh xc ca i
lng o.
- Gi tr thc Xth ca i lng o: l gi tr ca i lng o xc nh c vi mt
chnh xc no (thng nh cc dng c mu c cp chnh xc cao hn dng c
o c s dng trong php o ang xt).
Gi tr chnh xc (gi tr ng) ca i lng o thng khng bit trc, v vy khi
nh gi sai s ca php o thng s dng gi tr thc Xth ca i lng o.
Nh vy ta ch c s nh gi gn ng v kt qu ca php o. Vic xc nh sai s
ca php o - tc l xc nh tin tng ca kt qu o l mt trong nhng nhim v
c bn ca o lng hc. Sai s ca php o c th phn loi theo cch th hin bng
s, theo ngun gy ra sai s hoc theo qui lut xut hin ca sai s.
Tiu ch phn loi Theo cch th hin bng s
Theo ngun gy ra sai s
Theo qui lut xut hin ca sai s
Loi sai s

- Sai s tuyt i.
- Sai s tng i.
- Sai s phng php.
- Sai s thit b.
- Sai s ch quan.
- Sai s bn ngoi.
- Sai s h thng.
- Sai s ngu nhin.

Tiu ch
phn loi
Loi sai s

Theo cch th hin

bng s

Theo ngun gy ra

Theo qui lut xut

sai s

hin ca sai s

- Sai s tuyt i

- Sai s phng php

- Sai s h thng.

- Sai s tng i

- Sai s thit b.

- Sai s ngu nhin

- Sai s ch quan.
- Sai s bn ngoi.
Bng 1.1. Phn loi sai s ca php o.
* Sai s tuyt i X: l hiu gia i lng o X v gi tr thc Xth :
X = X - Xth
* Sai s tng i X : l t s gia sai s tuyt i v gi tr thc tnh bng
phn trm:

X
.100(%) ;
th.

V X X th nn c th c: X

X
.100(%)

Sai s tng i c trng cho cht lng ca php o.

chnh xc ca php o : i lng nghch o ca sai s tng i:
10

th
1
.
X
X

* Sai s h thng (systematic error): thnh phn sai s ca php o lun khng i
hoc thay i c qui lut khi o nhiu ln mt i lng o.
Qui lut thay i c th l mt pha (dng hay m), c chu k hoc theo mt
qui lut phc tp no .
V d: sai s h thng khng i c th l: sai s do khc thang o (vch khc b
lch), sai s do hiu chnh dng c o khng chnh xc (chnh ng tm
ngang sai trong dao ng k)
Sai s h thng thay i c th l sai s do s dao ng ca ngun cung cp
(pin yu, n p khng tt), do nh hng ca trng in t

Hnh 1.3. Sai s h thng do khc vch l 1 - khi c cn hiu chnh thm 1 .
1.4.3. Phng php tnh sai s.
Da vo s ln cc gi tr o c c th xc nh qui lut thay i ca sai s
ngu nhin nh s dng cc phng php ton hc thng k v l thuyt xc sut.
Nhim v ca vic tnh ton sai s ngu nhin l ch r gii hn thay i ca sai s
ca kt qu o khi thc hin php o nhiu ln, nh vy php o no c kt qu vi
sai s ngu nhin vt qu gii hn s b loi b.
- C s ton hc: vic tnh ton sai s ngu nhin da trn gi thit l sai s ngu
nhin ca cc php o cc i lng vt l thng tun theo lut phn bchun (lut
phn b Gaux-Gauss). Nu sai s ngu nhin vt qu mt gi tr no th xc sut
xut hin s hu nh bng khng v v th kt qu o no c sai s ngu nhin nh vy
s b loi b.
- Cc bc tnh sai s ngu nhin:
Xt n php o vi cc kt qu o thu c l x1, x2, ..., xn.
*. Tnh c lng k vng ton hc mX ca i lng o:

11

mX X

n
X 1 X 2 ..... X n
x
i ,
n
i 1 n

chnh l gi tr trung bnh i s ca n kt qu o.

*. Tnh lch ca kt qu mi ln o so vi gi tr trung bnh vi :

vi xi X
vi (cn gi l sai s d).
*. Tnh khong gii hn ca sai s ngu nhin: c tnh trn c s ng phn b
chun: 1 , 2 , thng chn: 1 , 2 vi:
n

1 2

v
i 1

2
i

n.(n 1)

vi xc sut xut hin sai s ngu nhin ngoi khong ny l 34%.

*. X l kt qu o: nhng kt qu o no c sai s d vi nm ngoi khong 1 , 2
s b loi.
1.4.4. Cc phng php hn ch sai s
Mt trong nhng nhim v c bn ca mi php o chnh xc l phi phn tch
cc nguyn nhn c th xut hin v loi tr sai s h thng. Mc d vic pht hin sai
s h thng l phc tp, nhng nu pht hin th vic loi tr sai s h thng s
khng kh khn.
* Vic loi tr sai s h thng c th tin hnh bng cch:
- Chun b tt trc khi o: phn tch l thuyt; kim tra dng c o trc khi s
dng; chun b trc khi o; chnh "0" trc khi o
- Qu trnh o c phng php ph hp: tin hnh nhiu php o bng cc phng
php khc nhau; s dng phng php th
- X l kt qu o sau khi o: s dng cch b sai s ngc du (cho mt lng hiu
chnh vi du ngc li); trong trng hp sai s h thng khng
i th c th loi c bng cch a vo mt lng hiu chnh hay mt h s hiu
chnh:
+ Lng hiu chnh: l gi tr cng loi vi i lng o c a thm vo kt qu
o nhm loi sai s h thng.
+ H s hiu chnh: l s c nhn vi kt qu o nhm loi tr sai s h thng.

12

Trong thc t khng th loi tr hon ton sai s h thng. Vic gim nh hng sai s
h thng c th thc hin bng cch chuyn thnh sai s ngu nhin.
* X l kt qu o.
Nh vy sai s ca php o gm 2 thnh phn: sai s h thng - khng i
hoc thay i c qui lut v sai s ngu nhin - thay i mt cch ngu nhin khng
c qui lut. Trong qu trnh o hai loi sai s ny xut hin ng thi v sai s php o
X c biu din di dng tng ca hai thnh phn sai s : X = + . nhn
c cc kt qu sai lch t nht so vi gi tr thc ca i lng o cn phi tin hnh
o nhiu ln v thc hin gia cng (x l) kt qu o (cc s liu nhn c sau khi
o).
Sau n ln o s c n kt qu o x1, x2, .., xn l s liu ch yu tin hnh gia
cng kt qu o.
* Loi tr sai s h thng.
Vic loi tr sai s h thng sau khi o c tin hnh bng cc phng php.
- S dng cch b sai s ngc du
- a vo mt lng hiu chnh hay mt h s hiu chnh

Hnh 1.4. Lu thut ton qu trnh gia cng kt qu o.

13

Chng 2. CC DNG O C IN
Mc tiu : Trang b cho sinh vin khi nim c bn v cc dng c o c in,
bit s dng o c in

2.1 Nguyn l v cc chi tit chnh ca c cu o c in

2.1.1 Nguyn l lm vic ca cc ch th c in
Khi cho dng in vo mt c cu ch th c in, do tc ng ca t
trng ln phn ng ca c cu o s to ra m men quay Mq. ln ca m
men ny t l vi ln ca dng in a vo c cu:
Mq

dwe
d

Trong We- nng lng in t trng

- gc quay ca phn ng
Nu t vo trc phn ng mt l xo cn khi phn ng quay l xo cn
b xon li sinh ra m men cn Mc.M men ny t l thun vi gc lch v
c biu din bng cng thc Mc=D. Khi m men cn bng m men quay,
phn ng ca c cu dng li Mq=Mc

1 dWe
D d

y l phng trnh c tnh thang o t ta bit c c tnh ca

thang o v tnh cht ca c cu ch th
2.1.2 Nhng b phn chnh ca c cu o c in

C cu o c in gm c nhng b phn sau: Trc v tr,l xo phn

khng,dy cng v dy treo, kim ch, thang o, b phn cn du
2.2 C cu o t in
* lgmt t in (Permanent Magnet Moving Coil).
2.2.1 Cu to chung: gm hai phn c bn: phn tnh v phn ng:
- Phn tnh: gm: nam chm vnh cu 1; mch t v cc t 3 v li st 6 hnh thnh
mch t kn. Gia cc t 3 v li st 6 c c khe h khng kh u gi l khe h lm
vic, gia t khung quay chuyn ng.
- Phn ng: gm: khung dy quay 5 c qun bng dy ng. Khung dy c gn
vo trc quay (hoc dy cng, dy treo). Trn trc quay c hai l xo cn 7 mc ngc
nhau, kim ch th 2 v thang o 8.
14

Hnh 2.1. C cu ch th t in.

2.2.2 Nguyn l lm vic chung:
Khi c dng in chy qua khung dy 5 (phn ng), di tc ng ca t
trng nam chm vnh cu 1 (phn tnh) sinh ra mmen quay Mq lm khung dy lch
khi v tr ban u mt gc . Mmen quay c tnh theo biu thc:
Mq

vi

dWe
= B.S.W.I
d

B: t cm ca nam chm vnh cu

S: tit din khung dy
W: s vng dy ca khung dy

Ti v tr cn bng, mmen quay bng mmen cn:

M q M c B.S .W .I D.

1
.B.S .W .I S I .I
D

Vi mt c cu ch th c th do B, S, W, D l hng s nn gc lch t l bc
nht vi dng in I chy qua khung dy.
2.2.3 Cc c tnh chung:
T biu thc (5.1) suy ra c cu ch th t in c cc c tnh c bn sau:
- Ch o c dng in mt chiu.
- c tnh ca thang o u.
- nhy S I

1
B.S .W l hng s
D

- u im: chnh xc cao; nh hng ca t trng ngoi khng ng k (do t

trng l do nam chm vnh cu sinh ra); cng sut tiu th nh nn nh hng khng
ng k n ch ca mch o; cn du tt; thang o u (do gc quay tuyn tnh
theo dng in).

15

- Nhc im: ch to phc tp; chu qu ti km (do cun dy ca khung quay nh);
chnh xc ca php o b nh hng ln bi nhit , ch o dng mt chiu.
- ng dng: c cu ch th t in dng ch to ampemt vnmt, mmt nhiu
thang o v c di o rng; chnh xc cao (cp 0,1 0,5).
+ Ch to cc loi ampemt, vnmt, mmt nhiu thang o, di o rng.
+ Ch to cc loi in k c nhy cao c th o c: dng n 10-12A, p
n 10 - 4V, o in lng, pht hin s lch im khng trong mch cn o hay trong
in th k.
+ S dng trong cc mch dao ng k nh sng quan st v ghi li cc gi
tr tc thi ca dng p, cng sut tn s c th n 15kHz; c s dng ch to
cc u rung.
+ Lm ch th trong cc mch o cc i lng khng in khc nhau.
+ Ch to cc dng c o in t tng t: vnmt in t, tn s k in t,
pha k in t
+ Dng vi cc b bin i khc nh chnh lu, cm bin cp nhit c th o
c dng, p xoay chiu.
2.2.4 Lgmt t in:
L loi c cu ch th o t s hai dng in, hot ng theo nguyn l ging
c cu ch th in t, ch khc l khng c l xo cn m thay bng mt khung dy th
hai to ra mmen c hng chng li mmen quay ca khung dy th nht.
Nguyn l lm vic: trong khe h ca t trng ca nam chm vnh cu t phn ng
gm hai khung quay t lch nhau gc (300 900). Hai khung dy gn vo mt trc
chung. Dng in I1 v I2 a vo cc khung dy bng cc dy dn khng mmen.

Hnh 2.2. Lgmt t in

16

- Dng I1 sinh ra mmen quay Mq: M q I 1 .

- Dng I2 sinh ra mmen cn Mc: M I 2 .

d1
d

d 2
d

vi 1, 2: t thng ca nam chm mc vng qua cc khung dy, thay i theo .

Du ca Mq v Mc ngc nhau. Cc gi tr cc i ca cc mmen lch nhau gc .
trng thi cn bng c:

M q M c I1 .

d1
d
= I2. 2
d
d

d 2
I
f ( )
d
1
1
f ( )
d1
I2
f 2 ( )
d

vi f1(), f2() l cc i lng xc nh tc thay i ca t thng mc vng.

T biu thc trn c: F (

I1
)
I2

c tnh c bn: gc lch t l vi t s ca hai dng in i qua cc khung dy.

ng dng: lgmt t in c ng dng o in tr, tn s v cc i lng
khng in.
2.3 C cu o in t.
* lgmt in t.
a) Cu to chung: gm hai phn c bn: phn tnh v phn ng:
- Phn tnh: l cun dy 1 bn trong c khe h khng kh (khe h lm vic).
- Phn ng: l li thp 2 c gn ln trc quay 5, li thp c th quay t do
trong khe lm vic ca cun dy. Trn trc quay c gn: b phn cn du khng kh 4,
kim ch 6, i trng 7. Ngoi ra cn c l xo cn 3, bng khc 8.

Hnh 2.3. Cu to chung ca c cu ch th in t.

b) Nguyn l lm vic: dng in I chy vo cun dy 1 (phn tnh) to thnh mt
nam chm in ht li thp 2 (phn ng) vo khe h khng kh vi mmen quay:
17

Mq

dWe
LI 2
, vi We
2
d

vi L l in cm ca cun dy, suy ra:

1
dL
M q .I 2
.
2
d

Ti v tr cn bng c:
Mq Mc

1 dL 2
.I
2 D d

l phng trnh th hin c tnh ca c cu ch th in t.

c) Cc c tnh chung:
- Gc quay t l vi bnh phng ca dng in, tc l khng ph thuc vo chiu
ca dng in nn c th o trong c mch xoay chiu hoc mt chiu.
- Thang o khng u, c c tnh ph thuc vo t s dL/dl mt i lng phi
tuyn.
- Cn du thng bng khng kh hoc cm ng.
- u im: cu to n gin, tin cy, chu c qu ti ln.
- Nhc im: chnh xc khng cao nht l khi o mch mt chiu s b sai
s (do hin tng t tr, t d); nhy thp; b nh hng ca t trng ngoi (do
t trng ca c cu yu khi dng nh).
d) ng dng: thng c s dng ch to cc loi ampemt, vnmt trong mch
xoay chiu tn s cng nghip vi chnh xc cp 12. t dng trong cc mch c tn
s cao.
2.4 C cu o in ng.
* lgmt in ng.
a) Cu to chung: nh hnh 2.4: gm hai phn c bn: phn tnh v phn ng:
- Phn tnh: gm: cun dy 1 (c chia thnh hai phn ni tip nhau) to ra t
trng khi c dng in chy qua. Trc quay chui qua khe h gia hai phn cun dy
tnh.
- Phn ng: gm mt khung dy 2 t trong lng cun dy tnh. Khung dy 2 c
gn vi trc quay, trn trc c l xo cn, b phn cn du v kim ch th. C phn ng
v phn tnh c bc kn bng mn chn ngn chn nh hng ca t trng
ngoi.

18

b) Nguyn l lm vic chung: khi c dng in I1 chy vo cun dy 1 (phn tnh)

lm xut hin t trng trong lng cun dy. T trng ny tc ng ln dng in I 2
chy trong khung dy 2 (phn ng) to nn mmen quay lm khung dy 2 quay mt
gc .
Mmen quay c tnh: Mq

dWe
d

vi: We l nng in in t trng. C hai trng hp xy ra:

- I1, I2 l dng in mt chiu:

1 dM 12
.I 1 .I 2
D d

vi: M12 l h cm gia cun dy tnh v ng.

- I1 v I2 l dng in xoay chiu:

1 dM 12
.I 1 .I 2 . cos
D d

vi: l gc lch pha gia I1 v I2.

Hnh 2.4. Cu to ca c cu ch th in ng
c) Cc c tnh chung:
- C th dng trong c mch in mt chiu v xoay chiu.
- Gc quay ph thuc tch (I1.I2) nn thang o khng u
- Trong mch in xoay chiu ph thuc gc lch pha gia hai dng in nn c
th ng dng lm Otmt o cng sut.
- u im c bn: c chnh xc cao khi o trong mch in xoay chiu.
- Nhc im: cng sut tiu th ln nn khng thch hp trong mch cng sut
nh. Chu nh hng ca t trng ngoi, mun lm vic tt phi c b phn chn t.
nhy thp v mch t yu.
d) ng dng: ch to cc ampemt, vnmt, atmt mt chiu v xoay chiu tn s
cng nghip; cc pha k o gc lch pha hay h s cng sut cos.
Trong mch c tn s cao phi c mch b tn s (o c di tn n 20KHz).
2.5 C cu o cm ng.
19

a) Cu to chung: nh hnh 2.5: gm phn tnh v phn ng.

- Phn tnh: cc cun dy in 2,3 c cu to khi c dng in chy trong cun dy
s sinh ra t trng mc vng qua mch t v qua phn ng, c t nht l 2 nam chm
in.
- Phn ng: a kim loi 1 (thng bng nhm) gn vo trc 4 quay trn tr 5.

Hnh 2.5. C cu ch th cm ng
b) Nguyn l lm vic chung: da trn s tc ng tng h gia t trng xoay
chiu (c to ra bi dng in trong phn tnh) v dng in xoy to ra trong a
ca phn ng, do c cu ny ch lm vic vi mch in xoay chiu:
Khi dng in I1, I2 vo cc cun dy phn tnh sinh ra cc t thng 1, 2
(cc t thng ny lch pha nhau gc bng gc lch pha gia cc dng in tng
ng), t thng 1, 2 ct a nhm 1 (phn ng) xut hin trong a nhm cc sc
in ng tng ng E1, E2 (lch pha vi 1, 2 gc /2) xut hin cc dng in
xoy I x1, Ix2 (lch pha vi E1, E2 gc 1, 2).
Cc t thng 1, 2 tc ng tng h vi cc dng in Ix1, Ix2 sinh ra cc
lc F1, F2 v cc mmen quay tng ng quay a nhm (phn ng). Mmen
quay c tnh: M q C. f .12 sin
vi: C l hng s
f l tn s ca dng in I1, I2
l gc lch pha gia I1, I2
c) Cc c tnh chung:
- iu kin c mmen quay l t nht phi c hai t trng.
- Mmen quay t gi tr cc i nu gc lch pha gia I1, I2 bng /2.
- Mmen quay ph thuc tn s ca dng in to ra cc t trng.
- Ch lm vic trong mch xoay chiu.
- Nhc im: mmen quay ph thuc tn s nn cn phi n nh tn s.

20

d) ng dng: ch yu ch to cngt o nng lng; c th o tn s

Bng 2.1. Bng tng kt cc loi c cu ch th c in

21

Chng 3. CC THIT B O CH TH S
Mc tiu : Trang b cho sinh vin v cu to, hot ng v cng dng, phng
php s dng cc thit b o k thut s
3.1. C cu ch th s
3.1.1. Nguyn l chung ca c cu o ch th s

Hnh 3.1 Nguyn l chung ca c cu o ch th s

3.1.2. M
* M ha : Nguyn l v IC thng dng cho m ha c cho trn Hnh 3.2 v 3.3

* Gii m v hin th : Mt vi IC thng dng gii m v hin th trong cc thit b

o s cho trn hnh 3.4

22

3.2. Vnmt ch th s
Vn k s
Vn k s l dng c ch th kt qu bng con s m khng ph thuc vao cch c
ca ngi o. Tu thuc vo phng php bin i ngi ta phn thnh:
+ Vn k s chuyn i thi gian
+ Vn k s chuyn i tn s
+ Vn k s chuyn i b

23

Chng 4. O IN P V DNG IN
Mc tiu : Trang b cho sinh vin khi nim c bn v cc dng c dng in,
in p bit s dng o dng in, in p
4.1. o in p
4.1.1 M u
Dng c dng o in p gi l Vn k hay Vn met (Voltmeter)
K hiu l: V
Khi o in p bng Vn k th Vn k lun c mc song song vi on
mch cn o nh hnh di y:

Hnh 4.1: Mch o in p

- Khi cha mc Vn k vo in p ri trn ti l:
E
.Rt
Rt Rng

Ut

- Khi mc Vn k vo in p ri trn ti l:
UV

E
.Re
Re Rng

Re RV // Rt

RV .Rt
RV Rt

Vy sai s ca php o in p bng Vnk l:

u

U t UV
U
1 V 1
Ut
Ut

1
Rt .Rng
RV ( Rt Rng )

Nh vy, mun sai s nh th yu cu Rv phi cng ln cng tt v l tung l Rv ?

Kt qu o nu mun tnh chnh xc th phi s dng cng thc:

24

Uv = (1+ u ).Ut
o in p ca mt phn t no ngi ta mc Vn k nh hnh di:

Hnh 4.2: Dng ng h s o in p

4.1.2 o in p mt chiu
4.1.2.1Vn k mt chiu
* Nguyn tc hot ng
lch ca dng c o TNCVC t l vi dng qua cun dy ng. Dng qua
cun dy t l vi in p trn cun dy nn thang o ca my o TNCVC c th
c chia ch in p. Ngha l, Vn k ch l ampe k dng rt nh vi in tr rt
ln. in p nh mc ca ch th vo khong 50 75mV nn cn ni tip nhiu in
tr ph (cn gi l in tr nhn) vi ch th lm tng khong o ca Vn k. S
mc nh sau:

Trong :
I CT

U CT
UX

RCT RP RCT

( RP RCT ).U CT RCt .U X

RP RCT .

vi m

U X U CT
U
RCT ( X 1) (m 1).RCT
U CT
U CT

UX
gi l h s m rng thang o v p
U CT

Vn k nhiu thang o th cc in tr ph c mc nh sau:

25

S mc ni tip:

Trong :

Hoc s mc song song:

Nhn xt: Thang o c vch chia u (tnh cht ca c cu t in)

4.1.2.2 in th k mt chiu
* S mch:

Nguyn tc hot ng ca s a)
+ Xc nh dng cng tc Ip nh ngun in p U0, Rc v Ampe k.
26

+ Gi nguyn gi tr ca Ip trong sut thi gian o

+ iu chnh con chy ca in tr mu Rk cho n khi ch th ch zero
+ c kt qu trn in tr mu, khi : Ux = Uk = Ip.Rk
Trong s a, v s dng Ampe k nn chnh xc ca in th k khng
th cao hn chnh xc ca Ampe k.
Ngi ta ci tin mch bng cch s dng ngun pin mu (EN) v in tr mu (Rk) c
chnh xc cao nh hnh b.
*Nguyn tc hot ng ca s b)
+ Khi K v tr 1, iu chnh Rc ch th ch zero.

+ Gi nguyn Rc v chuyn K sang v tr 2, iu chnh con trt ca in tr

mu ch th v zero.

Ch : trn thc t, ngi ta thng s dng in th k mt chiu t ng cn bng

( o sc in ng ca cc cp nhit ngu o nhit )
S mch ca in th k mt chiu t ng cn bng

Trong :
RN , EN l in tr v ngun in mu c chnh xc cao

27

U0 l ngun in p n nh
ng c thun nghch hai chiu iu chnh con chy ca Rp v Rc
B iu ch lm nhim v bin i in p mt chiu (U) thnh in p
xoay chiu iu khin ng c
Hot ng:
Trc khi o, kha K c t v tr KT (kim tra) khi dng I2 qua in
tr mu RN v U = EN I2RN
U qua b iu ch chuyn thnh tn hiu xoay chiu (role c iu khin
bi nam chm in nn c tn s ng/ct ph thuc vo dng chy trong nam chm
in). Tn hiu xoay chiu ny thng c gi tr rt nh nn phi qua b khuch i
tng ti gi tr ln c th iu khin ng c thun nghch hai chiu. ng c ny
quay v ko con chy ca Rc lm thay i I2 ti khi U =0.
ng thi n cng ko con trt ca Rp v v tr cn bng.
+ Khi K v tr o ta c: U = Ex Uk
vi Uk = I1 (R1 +Rp1) I2.R2
Nu Ex > Uk th ng c s ko con chy tng Uk ti khi U =0
Nu Ex < Uk th ng c s ko con chy gim Uk ti khi U = 0
V tr ca con chy v kim ch s xc nh gi tr ca Ex u im ca in th k mt
chiu t ng cn bng l t ng trong qu trnh o v c kh nng t ghi kt qu
trong mt thi gian di
4.1.3. o in p xoay chiu
4.1.3.1 Vn k t in o in p xoay chiu
S dng c cu t in th dng c c tnh phn cc v phi mc ng sao cho
lch dng (trn thang o). Khi dng xoay chiu c tn s rt thp chy qua dng
c TNCVC th kim c xu hng ch theo gi tr tc thi ca dng xoay chiu. Nh
vy, khi gi tr dng tng theo chiu + th kim cng tng ti gi tr cc i sau gim
ti 0 v xung bn k m th kim s b lch ngoi thang o. Trng hp ny xy ra khi
tn s ca dng xoay chiu c 0,1Hz hoc thp hn.
Khi dng xoay chiu c tn s cng nghip (50/60Hz) hoc cao hn th c cu
lm nht v qun tnh chuyn ng ca c cu ng (ton my o) khng bin i
theo mc dng tc thi m thay vo kim ca dng c s dng v tr trung bnh
ca dng chy qua cun ng. Vi sng sin thun tu kim lch s v tr zero mc d
dng Irms c th c gi tr kh ln v c kh nng gy hng dng c.

28

Do , s dng dng c TNCVC lm thnh dng c o xoay chiu ngi

ta phi s dng cc b chnh lu (na sng hoc ton sng) cc gi tr ca dng ch
gy ra lch dng.
4.1.3.2.Vn k in t
L dng c o in p xoay chiu tn s cng nghip. Cun dy tnh c s
vng dy rt ln t 1000 6000 vng. m rng thang o ngi ta mc ni tip vi
cun dy cc in tr ph.

Cc t C c mc song song vi cc in tr ph b sai s do tn s khi tn

s ln hn tn s cng nghip.
4.1.3.3. Vn k in ng
Cun kch c chia lm 2 phn ni tip nhau v ni tip vi cun ng.
lch ca kim ch th t l vi I2 nn kim dng gi tr trung bnh ca I2 tc gi tr tc
thi rms.

* c im ca Vn k in ng
+ Tc dng ca dng rms ging nh tr s dng mt chiu tng ng nn c th
khc theo gi tr mt chiu v dng cho c xoay chiu
+ Dng c in ng thng i hi dng nh nht l 100mA cho LTT nn Vn k
in ng c nhy thp hn nhiu so vi Vn k t in (ch khong 10/V)
+ gim thiu sai s ch nn dng khu vc tn s cng nghip
. 4.1.3.4.o in p bng phng php so snh
29

*C s l thuyt
Cc dng c o in trnh by trn s dng c cu c in ch th kt qu o
nn cp chnh xc ca dng c khng vt qu cp chnh xc ca ch th. o in
p chnh xc hn ngi ta dng phng php b (so snh vi gi tr mu).
Nguyn tc c bn nh sau:
+ Uk l in p mu vi chnh xc rt cao c to bi dng in I n nh
i qua in tr mu Rk. Khi :
Uk = I.Rk
+ Ch th l thit b pht hin s chnh lch gia in p mu Uk v in p cn
o Ux
U = Ux Uk

Khi U 0 iu chnh con chy ca in tr mu Rk sao cho Ux = Uk,

ngha l lm cho U = 0; ch th ch zero.
+ Kt qu c c trn in tr mu c khc theo th nguyn in p.
Ch : Cc dng c b in p u c nguyn tc hot ng nh trn nhng c th
khc nhau phn to in p mu Uk
4.1.3.5.in th k xoay chiu
Nguyn tc hot ng chung ging nh in th k mt chiu, ngha l, cng so
snh in p cn o vi in p ri trn in tr mu khi c dng cng tc chy qua.
Tuy nhin, do khng s dng pin mu ma s dng dng xoay chiu nn vic iu
chnh cho Ux v Uk bng nhau l rt phc tp.
Mun Ux v Uk cn bng nhau th phi tho mn 3 iu kin:
+ Ux v Uk cng tn s
+ Ux v Uk bng nhau v tr s
+ Ux v Uk ngc pha nhau (1800)

30

4.2. o dng in
4.2.1. o dng in mt chiu
* Khi nim chung
Dng c c s dng o dng in gi l ampe k hay ampemet
K hiu l: A
Ampe k c nhiu loi khc nhau, nu chia theo kt cu ta c:
+ Ampe k t in
+ Ampe k in t
+ Ampe k in ng
+ Ampe k nhit in
+ Ampe k bn dn

Hnh 4.3: ng h s v kim

Nu chia theo loi ch th ta c:
+ Ampe k ch th s (Digital)
+ Ampe k ch th kim (kiu tng t /Analog)
Hnh bn l hai loi ng h vn nng s v kim. Nu chia theo tnh cht ca i
lng o, ta c:
+ Ampe k mt chiu
+ Ampe k xoay chiu

31

* Yu cu i vi dng c o dng in l:
- Cng sut tiu th cng nh cng tt, in tr ca ampe k cng nh cng tt v l
tng l bng 0.
- Lm vic trong mt di tn cho trc m bo cp chnh xc ca dng c o
- Mc ampe k o dng phi mc ni tip vi dng cn o (hnh di)

Hnh 4.4: Dng ng h s o dng in

4.2.1.1Ampe k mt chiu
Ampe k mt chiu c ch to da trn c cu ch th t in. Nh bit,
lch ca kim t l thun vi dng chy qua cun ng nhng lch kim c to
ra bi dng in rt nh v cun dy qun bng dy c tit din b nn kh nng chu
dng rt km. Thng thng, dng cho php qua c cu ch trong khong 10 - 4 n
10-2 A; in tr ca cun dy t 20 n 2000 vi cp chnh xc 1,1; 1; 0,5; 0,2; v
0,05.
tng kh nng chu dng cho c cu (cho php dng ln hn qua) ngi ta
mc thm in tr sun song song vi c cu ch th c gi tr nh sau:
RS

RCT
I
vi n
gi l h s m rng thang o ca ampe k
n 1
I CT

Hnh 3.3: Mc thm in tr sun song song vi c cu ch th

I l dng cn o v ICT l dng cc i m c cu chu ng c ( lch cc i ca
thang o)

32

Ch : Khi o dng nh hn 30A th in tr sun nm ngay trong v ca ampe k cn

khi o dng ln hn th in tr sun nh mt ph kin km theo. Khi ampe k c
nhiu thang o ngi ta mc sun nh sau:
Vic tnh in tr sun ng vi dng cn o c xc nh theo cng thc nh trn
nhng vi n khc nhau. hnh a)
RS1 R1

rct RS 2 RS 3
r R3
I
I
Vi n1 1 ; RS 2 R1 R2 ct
Vi n2 2
n1 1
I CT
n2 1
I CT

RS 3 R1 R2 R3

hnh b:

RS 1

rct
I
Vi n3 3
n3 1
I CT

rct
r
I
I
Vi n1 1 ; RS 2 ct Vi n2 2
n1 1
I CT
n2 1
I CT

RS 3

rct
I
r
I
Vi n3 3 ; RS 4 ct Vi n4 4
n3 1
I CT
n4 1
I CT

Ch : in tr sun c ch to bng Manganin c chnh xc cao hn chnh

xc ca c cu o t nht l 1 cp. Do cun dy ng ca c cu ch th c qun
bng dy ng mnh, in tr ca n thay i ng k khi nhit ca mi trng
thay i v sau mt thi gian lm vic bn thn dng in chy qua cun dy cng to
ra nhit . gim nh hng ca s thay i in tr cun dy khi nhit thay
i, ngi ta mc thm in tr b bng Manganin hoc Constantan vi s nh sau:

Di y l v d thc t ca mt s mc in tr sun ca mt dng c o c

dng v p

4.2.1.2 Ampemet nhit in

33

L dng c kt hp gia ch th t in v cp nhit in. Cp nhit in (hay

cn gi l cp nhit ngu) gm 2 thanh kim loi khc loi c hn vi nhau ti mt
u gi l im lm vic (nhit t1), hai u kia ni vi milivonk gi l u t do
(nhit t0).
Khi nhit u lm vic t1 khc nhit u t do t0 th cp nhit s sinh ra
sc in ng
Et k.1 . 0

0 t1 t 0

Khi dng dng Ix t nng u t1 th:

0 k 2 .I 2 x
Et k.1 .k 2 I 2 x k 2 x

Nh vy kt qu hin th trn milivon k t l vi dng cn o

Hnh 4.5: Ampemet nhit in

Vt liu ch to cp nhit in c th l st constantan; ng constantan; crom
alumen v platin rodi
Ampemet nhit in c sai ln do tiu hao cng sut, kh nng chu qu ti km
nhng c th o di tn rt rng t mt chiu ti hng MHz.
Thng thng tng nhy ca cp nhit, ngi ta s dng mt b khuch
i p nh s di y:
J1, J2 l 2 u o nhit

34

Ch : o gi tr in p ca ngun xoay chiu ngi ta cng lm nh trn

v khi nhit o c t l vi dng qua in tr nhit m dng ny li t l vi p
trn hai u in tr, do vy cng xc nh c gi tr ca in p thng qua gi tr
nhit . y chnh l nguyn tc ch to Vnk nhit in.

4.2.2. o dng in xoay chiu

4.2.2.1. Ampemet xoay chiu
o cng dng in xoay chiu tn s cng nghip ngi ta thng s dng
ampemet t in chnh lu, ampemet in t, v ampemet in ng.
4.2.2.2 Ampemet chnh lu
L dng c o dng in xoay chiu kt hp gia c cu ch th t in v
mch chnh lu bng diode.

Bin p s dng l loi bin p dng c s vng dy ca cun s cp v th cp

l W1 v W2. Khi t s dng th cp trn dng s cp c tnh bng:
Kim ch th dng v tr ch dng trung bnh qua cun dy ng. R L c chn
gnh phn dng d tha gia I2tb v Ict

35

Mi quan h gia dng nh IP, dng trung bnh Itrb v dng trung bnh bnh
phng Irms ca s mch chnh lu cu nh sau:
I tb 0,637.I p
I rms

Ip
2

0.707.I p

I rms 1,11..I tb

Ch : Gi tr dng m kim ch th dng l gi tr dng trung bnh nhng thang khc

thng theo gi tr rms.

Hnh 4.6 : Ampemet chnh lu

Ch : Ni chung cc ampe k chnh lu c chnh xc khng cao (t 1 ti 1,5) do
h s chnh lu thay i theo nhit v thay i theo tn s. C th s dng s b
sai s o nhit v o tn s cho ampe k chnh lu nh sau:

Hnh 4.7: Ampe k chnh lu

4.2.2.3. Ampemet in ng
Thng c s dng o dng in tn s 50Hz v cao hn (400
2.000Hz) vi chnh xc kh cao (cp 0,5 0,2).
Khi dng in o nh hn 0,5A ngi ta mc ni tip cun tnh v cun ng
cn khi dng ln hn 0,5A th mc song song nh (hnh sau).

36

Hnh 4.8: Ampemet in ng

Trong cc in tr v cun dy (L3, R3), (L4, R4) l b sai s do nhit
(thng lm bng manganin hoc constantan) v sai s do tn s ( dng qua hai
cun tnh v cun ng trng pha nhau).
Do lch ca dng c o in ng t l vi I2 nn my o ch gi tr rms. Gi
tr rms ca dng xoay chiu c tc dng nh tr s dng mt chiu tng ng nn c
th c thang o ca dng c nh dng mt chiu hoc xoay chiu rms.
4.2.2.4. Ampemet in t
L dng c o dng in da trn c cu ch th in t. Mi c cu in t
c ch to vi s ampe vng xc nh (I.W l mt hng s)
Khi o dng c gi tr nh ngi ta mc cc cun dy ni tip v khi o dng
ln ngi ta mc cc cun dy song song.

Hnh 4.9: Ampemet in t

37

Chng 5: O CNG SUT V IN NNG TRONG MCH BA PHA

5.1. o cng sut tc dng mch xoay chiu ba pha
5.1.1Nguyn l chung
Biu thc tnh cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng l :

vi: U I : in p pha v dng pha hiu dng

,

: gc lch pha gia dng v p ca pha tng ng.

C

Nu ti i xng P3 f 3U f I f cos 3U d I d cos

Thc t ph ti khng i xng nn o cng sut trong mch 3 pha xt
trng hp chung l mch 3 pha ti ni sao khng c dy trung tnh vi ph ti bt
k.

Hnh 5.1 S mc ot mt trong mch in 3 pha

a- ti ni sao b-ti ni tam gic

5.1.2 Cc phng php o

- Dng 1 otmet: Khi ti 3 pha hon ton i xng
P3f=3Pf

38

Hnh 5.2 a-o cng sut mch ba pha trung tnh gi

b- s vc t
- Dng 2 otmet

Hnh 5.3 S mc 2 oatsmet o cng sut mch 3 pha

- Dng 3 otmet

39

Hnh 5.4 Phng php 3 oatsmet o cng sut mch 3 pha

5.2. o cng sut phn khng mch xoay chiu ba pha
Cng sut phn khng trong mch 3 pha c tnh theo cng thc

5.2.1 Khi ti i xng

Hnh 5.5 a- cng sut phn khng 1 oatmet b- gin vcto

5.2.2 Phng php 2 oatmet

40

Hnh 5.6 - cng sut phn khng dng 2 oatmet

5.2.3 Phng php 3 oatmet

Hnh 5.7 - cng sut phn khng dng 3 oatmet

5.3. o in nng mch xoay chiu ba pha
Nng lng trong mch xoay chiu mt pha c tnh:
A=P.t
vi: P = U.I.cos l cng sut tiu th trn ti.
t l khong thi gian tiu th ca ti.

41

Dng c o o nng lng l cng t. Cng t c ch to da trn c cu ch th

cm ng. Ch r s cu to ca mt cng t mt pha da trn c cu ch th cm
ng:

Hnh 5.8. s cu to ca mt cng t mt pha da trn c cu ch th cm ng

* Cng t mt pha:
Cu to: nh hnh 3.1a, gm cc b phn chnh:
- Cun dy 1 (to nn nam chm in 1): gi l cun p c mc song song vi ph
ti. Cun ny c s vng dy nhiu, tit din dy nh chu c in p cao.
- Cun dy 2 (to nn nam chm in 2): gi l cun dng c mc ni tip vi ph
ti. Cun ny dy to, s vng t, chu c dng ln.
- a nhm 3: c gn ln trc t vo tr c th quay t do gia hai cun dy 1, 2.
- Hp s c kh: gn vi trc ca a nhm.
- Nam chm vnh cu 4: c t trng ca n xuyn qua a nhm to ra mmen
hm.
*Nguyn l lm vic: khi c dng in I chy trong ph ti, qua cun dng to ra
t thng ct a nhm hai ln. ng thi in p U c t vo cun p sinh ra
1

dng I , dng ny chy trong cun p to thnh hai t thng:

u

- : l t thng lm vic, xuyn qua a nhm

U

- : khng xuyn qua a nhm do vy m khng tham gia vic to ra mmen

I

quay.
T s vect nh hnh 3.1b c:

42

vi: k , k : l h s t l v dng v p; Z : l tng tr ca cun p

I

Hnh 3.2. Cng t mt pha:a) S cu to; b) Biu vect

Sai s ca cng t c tnh nh sau:

vi: W , C : l nng lng v hng s cng t nh mc.

N

W ,C
o

PN

: l nng lng v hng s cngt o c.

Po

Cp chnh xc ca cng t thng l: 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5.

* Kim tra cng t:
cng t ch c chnh xc, trc khi em s dng ngi ta thng phi
kim tra hiu chnh v cp ch.
kim tra cng t ta phi mc chng theo s hnh 3.3:

Hnh 5.9. S kim tra cngt

43

T ngun in 3 pha qua b iu chnh pha ly ra in p mt pha c th

0

lch pha vi bt k pha no ca ngun in t 0 n 360 . Sau qua bin dng (di
dng bin p t ngu ) L , dng in ra c mc ni tip vi ph ti Z ampemt v
1

cc cun dng ca watmet v cng t.

in p c ly ra t mt pha bt k ca ngun in (v d pha BC), qua bin
p t ngu L v t vo cun p ca watmet cng nh ca cng t, vnmt ch in
2

p u ra ca bin p t ngu L .
2

*Vic kim tra cng t theo cc bc sau y:

1. iu chnh t quay ca cng t: iu chnh L , t in p vo cun p ca
2

watmet v cng t bng in p nh mc U = U ; iu chnh L sao cho dng in

N

vo cun dng ca watmet v cng t bng khng I = 0, lc ny watmet ch 0 v cng

t phi ng yn. Nu cngt quay th l hin tng t quay ca cngt.
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l khi ch to thng c lc ma st bao
gi cng phi to ra mt mmen b ban u, nu mmen ny qu ln (ln hn mmen
ma st gia trc v tr) th xut hin hin tng t quay ca cngt.
loi tr hin tng t quay, ta phi iu chnh v tr ca mu t trn trc ca cngt
sao cho tng mmen hm, tc l gim mmen b cho n khi cngt ng yn th
thi.
2. iu chnh gc = - = 2/: cho in p bng in p nh mc U = U ,
I

dng in bng dng in nh mc I = I . iu chnh gc lch pha = /2 tc l cos

N

= 0. Lc ny watmet ch 0, cng t lc ny phi ng yn, nu cng t quay iu

c ngha l / 2 v cng t khng t l vi cng sut.
iu chnh cho gc / 2 ta phi iu chnh gc hay t thng bng
u

cch iu chnh b phn phn nhnh t ca cun p, hoc c th iu chnh gc hay

1

t thng bng cch iu chnh vng ngn mch ca cun dng. C th cho n khi
I

cng t ng yn. Lc ny th s ch ca cng t t l ca cng sut, tc l gc

/2.
3. Kim tra hng s cng t: kim tra hng s cng t C th cn phi iu
p

chnh sao cho cos = 1 (tc l = 0), lc ny watmet ch P = U.I.

Cho I = I , U = U lc P = U I
N

N N

o thi gian quay ca cng t bng ng h bm giy t. m s vng N m

cng t quay c trong khong thi gian t. T ta tnh c hng s cng t:
44

Hng s ny thng khng i i vi mi loi cngt v c ghi trn mt cngt.

V d: trn cng t c vit : 1kWh = 600vng . iu ny c nghi l C = 600 vng
p

/1kWh.
Trong thc t i khi ngi ta s dng mt i lng nghch o vi hng s
C l hng s k:
p

thun tin, trn hp s ngi ta tnh ton cho k = 1kWh/1 s, s d dng cho
ngi dng. Nu C (hoc k) khng bng gi tr nh mc ghi trn mt cng t th ta
p

phi iu chnh v tr ca nam chm vnh cu tng (hoc gim) mmen cn M cho
c

n khi C (hoc k) t c gi tr nh mc.

p

Sai s ca cng t c tnh nh sau :

Sau khi tnh nu sai s ny nh hn hoc bng cp chnh xc ghi trn cngt
l c. Trng hp ln hn th phi sa cha v hiu chnh li cngt ri kim tra
li.
m. Cng t in t:
ch to cng t in t, ngi ta bin i dng in I thnh in p U t l vi n:
1

U =k I
1

mt in p khc t l vi in p t vo U:
U =k U
2

qua b phn in t (nhn analog) s nhn c in p U t l vi cng sut P:

3

U = k .P
3

Tip theo in p ny s ln lt qua cc khu: qua b bin i in p-tn s (hoc b

bin i A/D), vo b m, ra ch th s. S ch ca c cu ch th s s t l vi nng
lng N = CW trong khong thi gian cn o nng lng .

45

Hnh 5.10. S khi nguyn l ca cngt in t

Tt c cc b bin i trn y u thc hin bng mch in t.
Cng t in t c th t ti cp chnh xc 0,5.
5.4. o cng sut v in nng trong mch cao p
o cng sut mch 3 pha trong mch cao p ngi ta s dng thm cc bin
dng v bin p o lng
Kt qu o c nhn vi h s my bin dng, bin p

Hnh 5. 11 o cng sut 3 pha trong mch in cao p

46

Chng 6: KHI NIM CHUNG V CM BIN

Mc tiu :Trang b cho sinh vin cc khi nim c bn v cm bin, cc thng
s c bn khi s dng cm bin v phng php chun cm bin
6.1 Khi nim chung
6.1.1Vai tr ca cm bin trong o lng v iu khin
Cc b cm bin ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong lnh vc o lng v iu
khin. Chng cm nhn v p ng theo cc kch thch thng l cc i lng khng
in, chuyn i cc i lng ny thnh cc i lng in v truyn cc thng tin v
h thng o lng iu khin, gip chng ta nhn dng nh gi v iu khin mi
bin trng thi ca i tng.
6.1.2 Cc c trng c bn
6.1.2.1 nhy ca cm bin
Khi nim
i vi cm bin tuyn tnh, gia bin thin u ra s v bin thin u
vo m c s lin h tuyn tnh:

.s = S.m

(6.1)

i lng S xc nh bi biu thc S = m

c gi l nhy ca cm bin

Trng hp tng qut, biu thc xc nh nhy S ca cm bin xung

quanh gi tr mi ca i lng o xc nh bi t s gia bin thin s ca i
lng u ra v bin thin m tng ng ca i lng o u vo quanh gi tr
:
s

S=

(6.2)
m

m=mi
php o t chnh xc cao, khi thit k v s dng cm bin cn lm
sao cho nhy S ca n khng i, ngha l t ph thuc nht vo cc yu t sau:
- Gi tr ca i lng cn o m v tn s thay i ca n.
- Thi gian s dng.
- nh hng ca cc i lng vt l khc (khng phi l i lng o)
47

ca mi trng xung quanh.

Thng thng nh sn xut cung cp gi tr ca nhy S tng ng vi
nhng iu kin lm vic nht nh ca cm bin.
* nhy trong ch tnh v t s chuyn i tnh
ng chun cm bin, xy dng trn c s o cc gi tr si u ra tng
ng vi cc gi tr khng i mi ca i lng o khi i lng ny t n ch
lm vic danh nh c gi l c trng tnh ca cm bin. Mt im Qi(mi,si)
trn c trng tnh xc nh mt im lm vic ca cm bin ch tnh.
Trong ch tnh, nhy S xc nh theo cng thc (6.3) chnh l
c ca c trng tnh im lm vic ang xt. Nh vy, nu c trng tnh
khng phi l tuyn tnh th nhy trong ch tnh ph thuc im lm vic.
i lng ri xc nh bi t s gia gi tr si u ra v gi tr mi u vo
c gi l t s chuyn i tnh:
S
ri
m Qi

(6.4)

T (6.4), ta nhn thy t s chuyn i tnh ri khng ph thuc vo im lm

vic Qi v ch bng S khi c trng tnh l ng thng i qua gc to .

* nhy trong ch ng
nhy trong ch ng c xc nh khi i lng o bin thin tun
hon theo thi gian.
Gi s bin thin ca i lng o m theo thi gian c dng:

m(t) = m 0 + m 1 cos t (6.5)

Trong m0 l gi tr khng i, m1 l bin v tn s gc ca bin thin
lng o u ra ca cm bin, hi p s c dng (6.5)

s(t) = s o + s1 cos(t + )
- so l gi tr khng i tng ng vi m0 xc nh im lm vic Qo trn
48

ng cong chun ch tnh.

- s1 l bin bin thin u ra do thnh phn bin thin ca i lng o
gy nn.
- l lch pha gia i lng u vo v i lng u ra.
Trong ch ng, nhy S ca cm bin c xc nh bi t s vi
im l vic xt Q0 theo cng thc:
S
S 1
m1 Q0

nhy trong ch ng ph thuc vo tn s i lng o, S = S(f ) . S

bin thin ca nhy theo tn s c ngun gc l do qun tnh c, nhit hoc in
ca u o, tc l ca cm bin v cc thit b ph tr, chng khng th cung cp tc
thi tn hiu in theo kp bin thin ca i lng o. Bi vy khi xt s hi p c
ph thuc vo tn s cn phi xem xt s mch o ca cm bin mt cch tng
th.
6.1.2.2 tuyn tnh
Khi nim
Mt cm bin c gi l tuyn tnh trong mt di o xc nh nu trong di
ch , nhy khng ph thuc vo i lng o. Trong ch tnh, tuyn
tnh chnh l s khng ph thuc ca nhy ca cm bin vo gi tr ca i
lng o, th hin bi cc on thng trn c trng tnh ca cm bin v hot
ng ca cm bin l tuyn tnh chng no i lng o cn nm trong vng ny.
Trong ch ng, tuyn tnh bao gm s khng ph thuc ca nhy ch
tnh S(0) vo i lng o, ng thi cc thng s quyt nh s hi p (nh tn
ring f0 ca dao ng khng tt, h s tt dn cng khng ph thuc vo i
lng o
Nu cm bin khng tuyn tnh, ngi ta a vo mch o cc thit b hiu
chnh sao cho tn hiu in nhn c u ra t l vi s thay i ca i lng
o u vo. S hiu chnh c gi l s tuyn tnh ho.
ng thng tt nht
Khi chun cm bin, t kt qu thc nghim ta nhn c mt lot im
tng ng (si,mi) ca i lng u ra v i lng u vo. V mt l thuyt,
i vi cc cm bin tuyn tnh, ng cong chun l mt ng thng. Tuy
nhin, do sai s khi o, cc im chun (mi, si) nhn c bng thc nghim thng
khng nm trn cng mt ng thng.

49

ng thng c xy dng trn c s cc s liu thc nghim sao cho sai s

l b nht, biu din s tuyn tnh ca cm bin c gi l ng thng tt
nht. Phng trnh biu din ng thng tt nht c lp bng phng php bnh
phng b nht. Gi s khi chun cm bin ta tin hnh vi N im o, phng trnh
c dng:

s = am + b
Trong
a

N . S i .mi S i . mi
N . mi2 ( mi ) 2

S . m m .S . m
b
N . m ( m )
2

2
i

lch tuyn tnh

i vi cc cm bin khng hon ton tuyn tnh, ngi ta a ra khi nim
lch tuyn tnh, xc nh bi lch cc i gia ng cong chun v ng
thng tt nht, tnh bng % trong di o.
6.1.2.3 Sai s v chnh xc
Cc b cm bin cng nh cc dng c o lng khc, ngoi i lng cn o
(cm nhn) cn chu tc ng ca nhiu i lng vt l khc gy nn sai s gia gi
tr o c v gi tr thc ca i lng cn o. Gi x l lch tuyt i gia gi
tr o v gi tr thc x (sai s tuyt i), sai s tng i ca b cm bin c tnh
bng:

x
.100
x

Sai s ca b cm bin mang tnh cht c tnh bi v khng th bit chnh xc

gi tr thc ca i lng cn o. Khi nh gi sai s ca cm bin, ngi ta thng
phn chng thnh hai loi: sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin.
- Sai s h thng: l sai s khng ph thuc vo s ln o, c gi tr khng i
hoc thay i chm theo thi gian o v thm vo mt lch khng i gia gi tr
thc v gi tr o c. Sai s h thng thng do s thiu hiu bit v h o, do iu
kin s dng khng tt gy ra. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra sai s h thng c th l:
Do nguyn l ca cm bin.
50

+ Do gi tr ca i lng chun khng ng.

+ Do c tnh ca b cm bin.
+ Do iu kin v ch s dng.
+Do x l kt qu o.
- Sai s ngu nhin: l sai s xut hin c ln v chiu khng xc nh. Ta
c th d on c mt s nguyn nhn gy ra sai s ngu nhin nhng khng th
d on c ln v du ca n. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra sai s ngu nhin c
th l:
+ Do s thay i c tnh ca thit b.
+ Do tn hiu nhiu ngu nhin.
+ Do cc i lng nh hng khng c tnh n khi chun cm bin.
Chng ta c th gim thiu sai s ngu nhin bng mt s bin php thc
nghim thch hp nh bo v cc mch o trnh nh hng ca nhiu, t ng iu
chnh in p ngun nui, b cc nh hng nhit , tn s, vn hnh ng ch
hoc thc hin php o lng thng k.

6.1.2.4. nhanh v thi gian hi p

nhanh l c trng ca cm bin cho php nh gi kh nng theo kp v
thi gian ca i lng u ra khi i lng u vo bin thin. Thi gian hi p l
i lng c s dng xc nh gi tr s ca nhanh.
nhanh tr l khong thi gian t khi i lng o thay i t ngt n khi
bin thin ca i lng u ra ch cn khc gi tr cui cng mt lng gii hn
tnh bng %. Thi gian hi p tng ng vi % xc nh khong thi gian cn
thit phi ch i sau khi c s
bin thin ca i lng o ly gi tr ca u ra vi chnh xc nh
trc. Thi gian hi p c trng cho ch qu ca cm bin v l hm ca cc
thng s thi gian xc nh ch ny.
Trong trng hp s thay i ca i lng o c dng bc thang, cc thng s
thi gian gm thi gian tr khi tng (tdm) v thi gian tng (tm) ng vi s tng t
ngt ca i lng o hoc thi gian tr khi gim (tdc) v thi gian gim (tc) ng vi
s gim t ngt ca i lng o. Khong thi gian tr khi tng tdm l thi gian
cn thit i lng u ra tng t gi tr ban u ca n n 10% ca bin thin
tng cng ca i lng ny v khong thi gian tng tm l thi gian cn thit
51

i lng u ra tng t 10% n 90% bin thin bin thin tng cng ca n.
m

m0
t
s

Hnh 6.1
Tng t, khi i lng o gim, thi gian tr khi gim tdc l thi gian cn
thit i lng u ra gim t gi tr ban u ca n n 10% bin thin tng cng
ca i lng ny v khong thi gian gim tc l thi gian cn thit i lng u
ra gim t 10% n 90% bin thin bin thin tng cng ca n.
Cc thng s v thi gian tr, tdm, tm, tdc, tc ca cm bin cho php ta nh gi
v thi gian hi p ca n.
Tng t, khi i lng o gim, thi gian tr khi gim tdc l thi gian cn
thit i lng u ra gim t gi tr ban u ca n n 10% bin thin tng cng
ca i lng ny v khong thi gian gim tc l thi gian cn thit i lng u
ra gim t 10% n 90% bin thin bin thin tng cng ca n.
Cc thng s v thi gian tr, tdm, tm, tdc, tc ca cm bin cho php ta nh gi
v thi gian hi p ca n.
6.1.2.5. Gii hn s dng ca cm bin

Trong qu trnh s dng, cc cm bin lun chu tc ng ca ng lc c hc,

tc ng nhit... Khi cc tc ng ny vt qu ngng cho php, chng s lm thay
i c trng lm vic ca cm bin. Bi vy khi s dng cm bin, ngi s dng
cn phi bit r cc gii hn ny.
Vng lm vic danh nh
Vng lm vic danh nh tng ng vi nhng iu kin s dng bnh thng
ca cm bin. Gii hn ca vng l cc gi tr ngng m cc i lng o, cc i
lng vt l c lin quan n i lng o hoc cc i lng nh hng c th
thng xuyn t ti m khng lm thay i cc c trng lm vic danh nh ca
cm bin.

52

 Vng khng gy nn h hng

Vng khng gy nn h hng l vng m khi m cc i lng o hoc cc i
lng vt l c lin quan v cc i lng nh hng vt qua ngng ca vng lm
vic danh nh nhng vn cn nm trong phm vi khng gy nn h hng, cc c
trng ca cm bin c th b thay i nhng nhng thay i ny mang tnh thun
nghch, tc l khi tr v vng lm vic danh nh cc c trng ca cm bin ly
li gi tr ban u ca chng.
6.2 Phn loi cm bin
6.2.1 phn loi theo nguyn l chuyn i
Cm bin c gi tn theo nguyn l chuyn i s dng trong cm bin. Nhng cm bin in tr-cm bin c chuyn i l in tr, cm bin in t-cm bin
c chuyn i lm vic theo nguyn l v lc in t cc i lng khng in cn o c bin i thnh s thay i ca cc thng s nh in cm h cm hoc t thng,
cm bin ha in- chuyn i lm vic da trn hin tng ha in
6.2.2 Phn loi theo tnh cht ngun
-

Cm Pht in: cm bin c i lng ra l in p U, sc in ng E, dng

in I cn u vo l cc i lng khng in cn o
- Cm bin thng s: cm bin c i lng ra l cc thng s nh: in tr R, in
cm L, h cm M u vo l cc i lng khng in cn o
6.2.3 Phn loi theo phng php o
- Cm Bin c chuyn i bin i trc tip
- Cm bin c chuyn i b
6.3 Cc hiu ng thng dng trong cm bin
Hiu ng nhit in
Hai dy dn (M1) v (M2) c bn cht ho hc khc nhau c hn li vi
nhau thnh mt mch in kn, nu nhit hai mi hn l T1 v T2 khc nhau,
khi trong mch xut hin mt sut in ng e(T1, T2) m ln ca n ph thuc
chnh lch nhit gia T1 v T2.

T1

(M2)
(M1)

e T1

T2
(M2)

53

Hnh 6.2 S hiu ng nhit in

Hiu ng nhit in c ng dng o nhit T1 khi bit trc nhit T2, thng
chn T2 = 0oC.

Hiu ng ho in
Mt s tinh th gi l tinh th ho in (v d tinh th sulfate triglycine) c
tnh phn cc in t pht vi phn cc ph thuc vo nhit , lm xut hin
trn cc mt i din ca chng nhng in tch tri du. ln ca in p gia
hai mt ph thuc vo phn cc ca tinh th ho in.

Hnh 6.3 ng dng hiu ng ha in

Hiu ng ho in c ng dng o thng lng ca bc x nh sng. Khi
ta chiu mt chm nh sng vo tinh th ho in, tinh th hp th nh sng v
nhit ca n tng ln, lm thay i s phn cc in ca tinh th. o in p
V ta c th xc nh c thng lng nh sng .
Hiu ng p in
Mt s vt liu gi chung l vt liu p in (nh thch anh chng hn) khi b
bin dng dc tc ng ca lc c hc, trn cc mt i din ca tm vt liu xut
hin nhng lng in tch bng nhau nhng tri du, c gi l hiu ng p
in. o V ta c th xc nh c cng ca lc tc dng F
F

Hnh6 .4 ng dng hiu ng p in

Hiu ng cm ng in t
Khi mt dy dn chuyn ng trong t trng khng i, trong dy dn xut
hin mt sut in ng t l vi t thng ct ngang dy trong mt n v thi
gian, ngha l t l vi tc dch chuyn ca dy. Tng t nh vy, trong mt
khung dy t trong t trng c t thng bin thin cng xut hin mt sut in
ng t l vi tc bin thin ca t thng qua khung dy.

54

Hnh 6.5 ng dng hiu ng in t

Hiu ng cm ng in t c ng dng xc nh tc dch chuyn ca
vt thng qua vic o sut in ng cm ng.
Hiu ng quang in
- Hiu ng quang dn: (hay cn gi l hiu ng quang in ni) l hin
tng gii phng ra cc ht dn t do trong vt liu (thng l bn dn) khi chiu vo chng
mt bc x nh sng (hoc bc x in t ni chung) c bc sng nh hn mt
ngng nht nh.
- Hiu ng quang pht x in t: (hay cn gi l hiu ng quang in
ngoi) l hin tng cc in t c gii phng v thot khi b mt vt liu to
thnh dng c th thu li nh tc dng ca in trng.
Hiu ng quang - in - t
Khi tc dng mt t trng B vung gc vi bc x nh sng, trong vt liu
bn dn c chiu sng s xut hin mt hiu in th theo hng vung gc
vi t trng B v hng bc x nh sng.

V
Hnh 1.6

ng dng hiu ng quang in t

Hiu ng Hall
Khi t mt tm mng vt liu mng (thng l bn dn), trong c dng
in chy qua, vo trong mt t trng B c phng to vi dng in I trong tm
mt gc , s xut hin mt hiu in th VH theo hng vung gc vi B v I.
55

Biu thc hiu in th c

dng:
VH = K H .I.B. sin

Trong KH l h s ph thuc vo vt liu v kch thc hnh hc ca tm

vt li

X
Hnh 6.7 ng dng hiu ng Hall

Hiu ng Hall c d n g x c n h v t r c a m t v t c h u y n
n g . Vt cn xcnh v tr lin kt c hc vi thanh nam chm, mi thi im,
v tr thanh nam chm xc nh gi tr ca t trng B v gc tng ng vi tm
bn dn mng lm vt trung gian. V vy, hiu in th VH o c gia hai cnh
tm bn dn l hm ph thuc vo v tr ca vt trong khng gian.
6.4 Chun cm bin
6.4.1 Khi nim
ng cong chun cm bin l ng cong biu din s ph thuc ca i
lng in (s) u ra ca cm bin vo gi tr ca i lng o (m) u vo.
ng cong chun c th biu din bng biu thc i s di dng s = F(m ), hoc
bng th nh hnh 1.1a.

S
S1

Hnh 6.8 ng cong chun cm bin

a) ng cong chun b) ng cong chun cm bin tuyn

56

tnh
Da vo ng cong chun ca cm bin, ta c th xc nh gi tr mi cha bit
ca m thng qua gi tr o c si ca s.
d s dng, ngi ta thng ch to cm bin c s ph thuc tuyn tnh
gia i lng u ra v i lng u vo, phng trnh s= F(m) c dng s = am
+b vi a, b l cc h s, khi ng cong chun l ng thng (hnh 1.1b).
6.4.2 Phng php chun cm bin
Chun cm bin l php o nhm mc ch xc lp mi quan h gia gi tr
s o c ca i lng in u ra v gi tr m ca i lng o c tnh n
cc yu t nh hng, trn c s xy dng ng cong chun di dng
tng minh ( th hoc biu thc i s). Khi chun cm bin, vi mt lot
gi tr bit chnh xc mi ca m, o gi tr tng ng si ca s v dng ng
cong chun.
s
m1

m2

S1
S2

Hnh 6.9 Phng php chun cm bin

a, Chun n gin
Trong trng hp i lng o ch c mt i lng vt l duy nht tc ng
ln mt i lng o xc nh v cm bin s dng khng nhy vi tc ng ca cc
i lng nh hng, ngi ta dng phng php chun n gin. Thc cht ca
chun n gin l o cc gi tr ca i lng u ra ng vi cc gi xc nh
khng i ca i lng o u vo. Vic chun c tin hnh theo hai cch:
- Chun trc tip: cc gi tr khc nhau ca i lng o ly t cc mu
chun hoc cc phn t so snh c gi tr bit trc vi chnh xc cao.
- Chun gin tip: kt hp cm bin cn chun vi mt cm bin so snh
c sn ng cong chun, c hai c t trong cng iu kin lm vic. Khi tc
ng ln hai cm bin vi cng mt gi tr ca i lng o ta nhn c gi tr
tng ng ca cm bin so snh v cm bin cn chun. Lp li tng t vi cc gi
tr khc ca i lng o cho php ta xy dng c ng cong chun ca cm

57

bin cn chun.
b, Chun nhiu ln
Khi cm bin c phn t b tr (tr c hoc tr t), gi tr o c u ra ph
thuc khng nhng vo gi tr tc thi ca i lng cn o u vo m cn
ph thuc vo gi tr trc ca ca i lng ny. Trong trng hp nh vy,
ngi ta p dng phng php chun nhiu ln v tin hnh nh sau:
- t li im 0 ca cm bin: i lng cn o v i lng u ra c gi
tr tng ng vi im gc, m=0 v s=0.
- o gi tr u ra theo mt lot gi tr tng dn n gi tr cc i ca
i lng o u vo.
- Lp li qu trnh o vi cc gi tr gim dn t gi tr cc i.
Khi chun nhiu ln cho php xc nh ng cong chun theo c hai
hng o tng dn v o gim dn.

58

CHNG 7 : CM BIN O NHIT

Mc tiu : Trang b cho sinh vin kin c bn v cc phng php o nhit ,
lm quen vi mt s thit b o nhit c trn th trng
7.1 Thang nhit , im chun nhit .
- Thang Kelvin n v 0K, trong thang o Kelvin ngi ta gn cho im nhit cn
bng ca trng thi nc, nc : 273,150K
- Thang Celcius 0C, mt Celcius bng mt Kelvin. Quan h gia Celcius v
Kelvin c th hin:
T(0C)=T(0K)-273,15
- Thang Fahrenheit 0F:
9
5

T(0F)= T(0C)+32
T(0C)=( T(0F)-32)

5
9

7.2. Cm bin nhit in tr.

7.2.1 Nguyn l

Nguyn l chung o nhit bng cc in tr

L da vo s ph thuc in tr sut ca vt liu theo
nhit .

Trong trng hp tng qut, s thay i in tr

1

Theo nhit c dng:

R(T) = R0.F(T-T0)

Hnh 7.1 Nhit k gin n

R0 l in tr nhit T0, F l hm c trng cho

Vt liu v F = 1 khi T = T0.

Hin nay thng s dng ba loi in tr o nhit l: in tr kim

loi, in tr silic v in tr ch to bng hn hp cc oxyt bn dn. Trng hp
in tr kim loi, hm trn c dng:

59

R(T) = R0(1 + AT + BT 2 +CT3)

Trong nhit T o bng oC, T0=0oC v A, B, C l cc h s thc
nghim. Trng hp in tr l hn hp cc oxyt bn dn:
1
T

R(T)=R0.exp[ B(

1
)]
T0

T l nhit tuyt i, B l h s thc nghim.

Cc h s c xc nh chnh xc bng thc nghim khi o nhng nhit
bit trc. Khi bit gi tr cc h s, t gi tr ca R ngi ta xc nh c
nhit cn o.
Khi bin thin ca nhit T (xung quanh gi tr T) nh, in tr c th coi
nh thay i theo hm tuyn tnh:
R(T+T)=R(T).(1+RT)
Trong :
R

1 dR
.
R(T ) dT

c gi h s nhit ca in tr hay cn gi l nhy nhit nhit T.

nhy nhit ph thuc vo vt liu v nhit .
V d 0oC platin (Pt) c R=3,9.10-3/oC.

Cht lng thit b o xc nh gi tr nh nht m n c th o c cng

xc nh s thay i nh nht ca nhit c th pht hin c:

R
R0

,
min

Thc ra, in tr khng ch thay i khi nhit thay i do s thay i in

tr sut m cn chu tc ng ca s thay i kch thc hnh hc ca n.
7.2.2 Nhit k in tr kim loi
Vt liu
Yu cu chung i vi vt liu lm in tr:
- C in tr sut ln in tr ban u R0 ln m kch thc nhit
k vn nh.
- H s nhit in tr ca n tt nht l lun lun khng i du, khng trit

60

tiu.
- C bn c, ho nhit lm vic.
- D gia cng v c kh nng thay ln.
Cc cm bin nhit thng c ch to bng Pt v Ni. Ngoi ra cn dng
Cu, W.
- Platin :
+ C th ch to vi tinh khit rt cao (99,999%) do tng chnh xc
ca cc tnh cht in.
+ C tnh tr v mt ho hc v tnh n nh cu trc tinh th cao do m
bo tnh n nh cao v cc c tnh dn in trong qu trnh s dng.
+ H s nhit in tr 0oC bng 3,9.10-3/oC.
+ in tr 100oC ln gp 1,385 ln so vi 0oC.
+ Di nhit lm vic kh rng t -200oC 1000oC.
-

Nikel:

+ C nhy nhit cao, bng 4,7.10-3/oC.

+ in tr 100oC ln gp 1,617 ln so vi 0oC.
+ D b oxy ho khi nhit cao lm gim tnh n nh.
+ Di nhit lm vic thp hn 250oC
ng c s dng trong mt s trng hp nh tuyn tnh cao ca in
tr theo nhit . Tuy nhin, hot tnh ho hc ca ng cao nn nhit lm vic
thng khng vt qu 180oC. in tr sut ca ng nh, do ch to in tr
c in tr ln phi tng chiu di dy lm tng kch thc in tr.
Wonfram c nhy nhit v tuyn tnh cao hn platin, c th lm vic
nhit cao hn. Wonfram c th ch to dng si rt mnh nn c th ch to c
cc in tr cao vi kch thc nh. Tuy nhin, ng sut d sau khi ko si kh b
trit tiu hon ton bng cch do gim tnh n nh ca in tr.

61

Bng 7.1

Thng s

Cu

Ni

Pt

Tf (oC)

1083

1453

1769

3380

c (JoC-1kg1)

400

450

135

125

(WoC-1m1)

400

90

73

120

l x106 (oC)

16,7

12,8

8,9

x108 (m)

1,72

10

10,6

5,52

x103 (oC-1)

3,9

4,7

3,9

4,5

7.2.2.1Cu to nhit k in tr
trnh s lm nng u o dng in chy qua in tr thng gii hn gi
tr mt vi mA v in tr c nhy nhit cao th in tr phi c gi tr
ln. Mun vy phi gim tit din dy hoc tng chiu di dy. Tuy nhin khi
gim tit din dy bn li thp, dy in tr d b t, vic tng chiu di dy
li lm tng kch thc in tr. hp l ngi ta thng chn in tr R 00C
c gi tr vo khong 100, khi vi in tr platin s c ng knh dy c vi m
v chiu di khong 10cm, sau khi qun li s nhn c nhit k c chiu di c
1cm. Cc sn phm thng mi thng c in tr 0oC l 50, 500 v 1000, cc
in tr ln thng c dng o di nhit thp.
- Nhit k cng nghip: s dng cho mc ch cng nghip, cc nhit k phi
c v bc tt chng c va chm mnh v rung ng, in tr kim loi c
cun v bao bc trong thu tinh hoc gm v t trong v bo v bng thp. Trn
hnh 3 . 2 l cc nhit k dng trong cng nghip bng in tr kim loi platin

3
7

6
4
4
62

Hnh 7.2 Nhit k in

- Nhit k b mt:
Nhit k b mt dng o nhit trn b mt ca vt rn. Chng thng c ch
to bng phng php quang ho v s dng vt liu lm in tr l Ni, Fe-Ni
hoc Pt. Cu trc ca mt nhit k b mt c dng nh hnh v 3.3. Chiu dy lp
kim loi c vi m v kch thc nhit k c 1cm2.

Hnh 7.3 Nhit k b mt

c trng chnh ca nhit k b mt:

- nhy nhit :

~5.10-3/oC i vi trng hp Ni v Fe-Ni

~4.10-3/oC i vi trng hp Pt.

- Di nhit s dng:

-195oC 260 oC i vi Ni v Fe-Ni.

-260oC 1400 oC i vi Pt.

Khi s dng nhit k b mt cn c bit lu n nh hng bin dng

ca b mt o.
7.2.2.2Nhit k in tr silic
Silic tinh khit hoc n tinh th silic c h s nhit in tr m, tuy nhin
khi c kch tp loi n th trong khong nhit thp chng li c h s nhit in
tr dng, h s nhit in tr ~0,7%/oC 25oC. Phn t cm nhn nhit ca cm
bin silic c ch to c kch thc 500x500x240 m c m kim loi mt pha
cn pha kia l b mt tip xc.
Trong di nhit lm vic ( -55 200oC) c c th ly gn ng gi tr
in tr

Cc cm bin theo nhit theo cng thc:

63

RT = R0
Trong R0 v T0 l in tr v nhit tuyt i im chun
S thay i nhit ca in tr tng i nh nn c th tuyn tnh ha bng
cch mc them mt in tr ph
7.2.2.3 Nhit k in tr oxyt bn dn
*Vt liu ch to
Nhit in tr c ch to t hn hp oxyt bn dn a tinh th nh:
MgO, MgAl2O4, Mn2O3, Fe3O4, o2O3, NiO, ZnTiO4.
Trong R0() l in tr nhit T0(K).
nhy nhit c dng:

b
T2

V nh hng ca hm m n in tr chim u th nn biu thc c th

vit li: Vi B c gi tr trong khong 3.000 - 5.000K.
Cu to
Hn hp oxuyt c trn theo mt t l thch hp Sau c nn nh dng v
thit k nhit ti ~ 1000oC. Cc dy ni kim loi c hn ti hai im trn b mt
c ph mt lp kim loi, mt ngoi c th bc bi mt lp thy tinh

Hnh 7.4 Cu to nhit in tr c v bc thy tinh

Nhit in tr c nhy nhit rt cao nn c th dng pht hin nhng
bin thin nhit rt nh c 10-4 -10-3K. Kch thc cm bin nh c th o
nhit ti tng im. Nhit dung cm bin nh nn thi gian hi p nh. Tu
thuc thnh phn ch to, di nhit lm vic ca cm bin nhit in tr t vi
n khong 300oC.

64

7.3 Cm bin cp nhit.

7.3.1 Hiu ng nhit in
Phng php o nhit bng cm bin nhit ngu da trn c s hiu ng
nhit in. Ngi ta nhn thy rng khi hai dy dn ch to t vt liu c bn cht
ho hc khc nhau c ni vi nhau bng mi hn thnh mt mch kn v nhit
hai mi hn l t v t0 khc nhau th trong mch xut hin mt dng in. Sc
in ng xut hin do hiu ng nhit in gi l sc in ng nhit in. Nu mt
u ca cp nhit ngu hn ni vi nhau, cn u th hai h th gia hai cc xut
hin mt hiu in th. Hin tng trn c th gii thch nh sau:
Trong kim loi lun lun tn ti mt nng in t t do nht nh ph thuc bn
cht kim loi v nhit . Thng thng khi nhit tng, nng in t tng.
Gi s nhit T0 nng in tr

t0

trong A l NA(t0), trong B l NB(t0) v

nhit T nng in tr trong A l NA(t),
trong B l NB(t), n u NA(t0) > NB(t0) th ni
chung NA(t) > NB(t).
Xt u lm vic (nhit t ), do NA(t)T1

Hnh 7.5 s nguyn l cp nhit

ngu

> NB(t) nn c s khuych tn in t t

A B v ch tip xc xut hin mt hiu
in th eAB(t) c tc dng hn ch s khuych
Tng t ti mt tip xc u t do (nhit t0) cng xut hin mt hiu
in th eAB(t0).
Gia hai u ca mt dy dn cng c chnh lch nng in t t do, do
cng c s khuch tn in t v hnh thnh hiu in th tng ng trong
A l eA(t,t0) v trong B l eB(t,t0).
Sc in ng tng sinh ra do hiu ng nhit in xc nh bi cng thc sau:
Phng trnh gi l phng trnh c bn ca cp nhit ngu. T phng trnh
nhn thy nu gi nhit t0 = const th
Chn nhit mt mi hn t0 = const bit trc lm nhit so snh v o
sc in ng sinh ra trong mch ta c th xc nh c nhit t mi hn th
hai.
65

Sc in ng ca cp nhit khng thay i nu chng ta ni thm vo mch

mt dy dn th ba (hnh 1.26) nu nhit hai u ni ca dy th ba ging nhau.
Tht vy:

Trong trng hp a:
E ABC (t, t 0 ) = e AB (t) + e BC (t 0 ) + e CA (t 0 )
V: Nn:
e AB (t 0 ) + e BC (t 0 ) + e CA (t 0 ) = 0

E ABC (t, t 0 ) = e AB (t) e AB (t 0 )

t0

C
t0

t0

2
3
3

B
(a)

t1
4

(b)

Hnh 7.6 S ni cp nhit vi dy dn th 3

Trng hp b:
E ABC (t, t 1 , t 0 ) = e AB (t) e AB (t 0 ) + e BC (t 1 ) + e CB (t 1 )
e BC (t 1 ) = e CB (t 1 )
E ABC (t, t 0 ) = e AB (t) e AB (t 0 )

Nu nhit hai u ni khc nhau s lm xut hin sc in ng k sinh.

66

7.3.2 Cu to cp nhit
Vt liu ch to
ch to cc nhit in c th dng nhiu kim loi v hp kim khc nhau.
Tuy nhin chng phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Sc in ng ln ( d dng ch to dng c o th cp).
- C bn c hc v ho hc nhit lm vic.
- D ko si.
- C kh nng thay ln.
- Gi thnh r.
Hnh 1.27 biu din quan h gia sc in ng v nhit ca cc vt liu
dng ch to in cc so vi in cc chun platin
Ed

3
6
7
8

11

10

Hnh 7.7: Quan h gia sc in ng v nhit

- Cp Platin - Roi/Platin
Cc dng l hp kim Platin (90%) v ri (10%), cc m l platin sch.
Nhit lm vic ngn hn cho php ti 1600oC , E =16,77mV. Nhit lm
vic di hn <1300oC.
ng c tnh c dng bc hai, trong khong nhit 0 - 300oC th E 0.
Trong mi trng c SiO2 c th hng nhit 1000 - 1100oC.

67

ng knh in cc thng ch to = 0,5 mm.

Do sai khc ca cc cp nhit khc nhau tng i nh nn loi cp nhit
ny thng c dng lm cp nhit chun.
- Cp nhit Chromel/Alumel:
Cc dng l Chromel, hp kim gm 80%Ni + 10%Cr + 10%Fe. Cc m
l Alumen, hp kim gm 95%Ni + 5%(Mn + Cr+Si).
Nhit lm vic ngn hn ~1100oC, E = 46,16 mV. Nhit lm vic di
hn < 900oC.
ng knh cc = 3 mm.
- Cp nhit Chromel/Coben:
Cc dng l chromel, cc m l coben l hp kim gm 56%Cu + 44% Ni.
Nhit lm vic ngn hn 800oC, E = 66 mV.
Nhit lm vic di hn < 600oC.
- Cp nhit ng/Coben:
Cc dng l ng sch, cc m l coben.
Nhit lm vic ngn hn 600oC.
Nhit lm vic di hn <300oC.
Loi ny c dng nhiu trong th nghim v d ch to. Quan h gia sc
in ng v nhit ca mt s cp nhit cho hnh 3.8
Ed

E
J
K

R
S

B
0

tC

Hnh 7.8 Sc in ng ca mt s cp nhit ngu

E-Chromel/Constantan

R- Platin-Rodi
68

(13%)/Platin J- St/Constantan
(10%)/Platin
K- Chromel/Alumel

S- Platin-Rodi

B-Platin-rodi (30%)/ Platin-rodi (6%)

Cu to
Cu to in hnh ca mt cp nhit cng nghip trnh by trn hnh 3.9.

6
7

8
1
Hnh 7.9 Cu to cp nhit ngu
1) V bo v 2) Mi hn 3) Dy in cc 4) s cch in
5) b phn lp t 6) Vt ni dy 7) Dy ni 8) u ni dy
u lm vic ca cc in cc (3) c hn ni vi nhau bng hn vy, hn kh
hoc hn bng tia in t. u t do ni vi dy ni (7) ti dng c o nh cc vt
ni (6) dy t trong u ni dy (8). cch ly cc in cc ngi ta dng cc
ng s cch in (4), s cch in phi tr v ho hc v bn c v nhit
nhit lm vic. bo v cc in cc, cc cp nhit c v bo v (1) lm
bng s chu nhit hoc thp chu nhit. H thng v bo v phi c nhit dung
nh gim bt qun tnh nhit v vt liu ch to v phi c dn nhit khng qu
nh nhng cng khng c qu ln. Trng hp v bng thp mi hn u lm
vic c th tip xc vi v gim thi gian hi p
7.4 Ho k, nhit k bc xa
Cc cm bin quang thuc loi cm bin o nhit khng tip xc, gm:
ho k bc x ton phn, ho k quang hc.
7.4.1.Ho k bc x ton phn
Nguyn l da trn nh lut: Nng lng bc x ton phn ca vt en tuyt
i t l vi lu tha bc 4 ca nhit tuyt i ca vt.
E = T 4

69

Trong : l hng s, T l nhit tuyt i ca vt en tuyt i (K).

Thng thng c hai loi: ho k bc x c ng knh hi t, ho k bc
x c k Trong s hnh (1.30b): nh sng t ngun bc x (1) p ti gng phn
x (3) v hi t ti b phn thu nng lng tia bc x (4), b phn ny c ni vi
dng c o th cp (5).
B phn thu nng lngc th l mt vi nhit k in tr hoc l mt t hp
cp nhit, chng phi tho mn cc yu cu:
+ C th lm vic bnh thng trong khong nhit 100 - 150oC.
+ Phi c qun tnh nhit nh v n nh sau 3 - 5 giy.
+ Kch thc nh tp trung nng lng bc x vo o.

Trn hnh 3.11 trnh by cu to

ca mt b thu l t hp cp nhit
(1) thng dng cp cromen/coben
(2) Ph bng bt

Ha k dng gng phn x tn

tht nng lng thp ( ~ 10%), ha k

Hnh 7.11 B thu nng lng

1) Cp nhit 2)lp ph platin

dng thu knh hi t tone tht t 30 - 40%.

Tuy nhin loi th nht li c nhc im
l khi mi trng nhiu bi, gng b bn,
phn x gim do tng sai s.
Khi o nhit bng ho k bc x sai s thng khng vt qu 27oC,
trong iu kin:
+ Vt o phi c den xp x bng 1

70

+ T l gia ng knh vt bc x v khong cch o (D/L) khng nh

hn 1/16.
+ Nhit mi trng 20 2oC.
Trong thc t en ca vt o <1,
khi

1
2
3

Hnh 7 . 1 2 : hiu chnh nhit theo en

Khong cch o tt nht l 1 0,2 mt

7.4.2 Ho k quang in
Ho k quang in ch to da trn nh lut Plng:
Trong l bc sng, C1, C2 l cc hng s.
IT
T1
T2
T3
0.65 m

Hnh 7.13 S ph thuc ca cng nh sng vo bc sng v nhit

Trong hnh (1.33) ta nhn thy d ph thuc gia I v ; do ngi ta thng

c nh bc sng 0.65m.
4
5

Rb
mA

Hnh 7.14 Ha k quang hc

1) Ngun bc x 2)vt knh 3) Knh lc 4&6) Thnh ngn
7, knh lc nh sng 8, th knh

Khi hng ha k vo vt cn o nh sng t vt bc x cn o nhit (1)

qua vt knh (2), knh lc (3), v cc vch ngn (4), (6), knh lc nh snh (7) ti
th knh (8) v mt. Bt cng tc K cp in nung nng dy tc bng n mu
(5), iu chnh bin tr Rb sng ca dy tc bng n trng vi sng ca
vt cn o.
Sai s khi o:
Sai s do en ca vt o < 1. Khi To xc nh bi cng thc:

ln
Td0 C2

Cng thc hiu chnh: To = Tc + T

Gi tr ca T cho theo th.

Ngoi ra sai s ca php o cn do nh hng ca khong cch o, tuy nhin
sai s ny thng nh. Khi mi trng c bi lm bn ng knh, kt qu o cng b
nh hng

Chng 8:CM BIN QUANG

Mc tiu :Trang b cho sinh vin kin c bn v cc cm bin quang, lm quen
vi mt s thit b cm bin quang c trn th trng
8.1.Ngun pht quang si t v bn dn
8.1.1 Khi nim c bn v nh sng
-

Cm bin quang -c s dng chuyn i thng tin t nh sng nhn thy

hoc tia hng ngoi, tia t ngoi thnh tn hiu in
- nh sng c hai tnh cht c bn l sng v ht
- Dng sng ca nh sng l sng in t pht ra khi c s chuyn in t gia cc
mc nng lng ca nguyn t ca ngun sng
- Tnh cht ht ca nh sng th hin qua s tng tc ca nh sng vi vt cht.
nh sng bao gm cc ht photon c nng lng ph thuc tn s w=h, - tn
s nh sng, h-hng s planck h=6.6256*10-34 Js
- Trong vt cht cc in t lin kt trong nguyn t c xu hng thot khi
nguyn t tr thnh in t t do. gii phng cc in t lin kt cn cung
cp cho n mt nng lng bng nng lng lin kt. Nhn chung loi in tch c gii phng do chiu sng ph thuc bn cht ca vt liu b chiu sng. Khi
chiu sng cht in mi v bn dn tinh khit cc in tch c gii phng l
cp in t-l trng. Hin tng gii phng cc ht dn di tc ng ca nh
sng do hiu ng quang in gy nn s thay i tnh cht in ca vt liu. y
l nguyn l c bn ca cm bin quang
- B-c sng ngng ca nh sng c th gy nn hin tng gii phng in t
max=hc/w1
Kt lun: Hiu ng quang in t l thun vi s lng ht dn c gii phng
do tc dng ca nh sng trong mt n v thi gian. Tuy nhin ngay c khi < max
khng phi mi photon chiu xung b mt u tham gia vo vic gii phng ht dn
v mt s s b phn x t b mt, mt s khc chuyn ha thnh nng lng ca chng
thnh nhit
8.1.2 Ngun sng
-

Ngun sng quyt nh mi c tnh quan trng ca bc x. Vic s dng cm

bin quang ch c hiu qu khi n ph hp vi bc x nh sng
- Cc ngun sng thng dng: n si t, dit pht quang v Lazer
a, n si t
- Cu to: gm si vonfram t trong bng thy tinh hoc thch anh cha cc kh tr
hoc halogen gim bay hi ca si t
-

c im n si t

Di ph rng
Hiu sut pht quang(t s quang thng trn cng sut tiu th)
thp

Qun tnh nhit ln nn khng th thay i bc x mt cch

nhanh chng
Tui th thp, bn c hc thp
b, iot pht quang LED(light-Emitting-Diode)

L ngun sng bn dn trong nng lng gii phng do ti hp in t-l

trng gn chuyn tip p-n ca diode s lm pht sinh cc photon
- c im ca n LED
Thi gian hi p nh c ns, c kh nng iu bin n tn s cao
nh ngun nui
Ph nh sng hon ton xc nh
Tui th cao, t ti 100.000 gi
Kch thc nh
Tiu th cng sut thp
bn c hc cao
Quang thng tng i nh c mW v nhy vi nhit
c, Lazer
-

Lazer(Light Amplification by stimulated Emission Radiation) pht sng n sc

da trn hin tng khuch i nh sng bng bc x kch thch
- Cu to gm 4 thnh phn c bn: Mi trng tc dng, c cu kch thch, c cu
phn x v b phi gp u ra
8.2.Quang tr, t bo quang in
- Cm bin quang in thc cht l cc linh kin quang in, thay i trng thi in
khi c nh sng thch hp tc ng vo b mt ca n
8.2.1 T bo quang dn
-

c trng ca t bo quang dn l in tr ca n ph thuc vo thng lng ca

bc x v ph ca bc x nh sng. T bo quang dn l mt trong nhng cm
bin c nhy cao.C s vt l ca t bo quang dn l hin tng quang dn
do kt qu ca hiu ng quang in bn trong. Hiu ng quang in l hin tng
gii phng cc ht ti in trong vt liu bn dn di tc dng ca nh sng
Vt liu ch to cm bin Cds(cadmium sulfid), Cdse(Cadmium selenid),
CdTe(Cadmium Telurid)
Tnh cht ca cm bin quang dn:
in tr ti Rco ph thuc vo hnh dng, kch thc, nhit v bn cht
ha l ca vt liu. Khi b chiu sng in tr ti gim rt nhanh, quan h

4
Hnh 8.1 Quan h gia in tr v chiu sng ca cm bin quang dn

 gia in tr v ri l phi tuyn

T bo quang dn c nhy cao cho php n gin ha trong cc ng
dng nhng c mt s nhc im:
c tnh in tr- ri phi tuyn
Thi gian hi p tng i ln
Thng s khng n nh do gi ha
nhy ph thuc nhit
ng dng ca t bo quang dn
+ iu khin rle

iu khin trc tip

iu khin qua transzitor

Hnh 8.2 ng dng ca t bo quang dn

Khi c thng lng nh sng chiu ln t bo quang dn, in tr R gim xung

ng k cho dng in I chy qua t bo. Dng in s dng trc tip hoc thng
qua khuch i ng m rle
+ Thu tn hiu quang: t bo quang dn c th c s dng bin xung quang thnh
xung in. S ngt qung ca xung nh sng chiu ln t bo quang in s c phn
nh thnh xung in ca mch o,v vy cc thng tin m xung nh sng mang ti s
c th hin trn xung in.Ngi ta ng dng mch o ny m vt hoc o tc
quay ca a.
8.2.2 Photodiot
-

Tip xc gia P v N to nn vng ngho ht dn v tn ti mt in trng

v hnh thnh hng ro th Vb. Khi dng in t ln chuyn tip I=0
Nguyn l lm vic: Khi chiu sng ln b mt dit bn dn bng bc x c bc
sng nh hn bc sng ngng <s s lm xut hin thm cc cp in t v l
trng.

Vng ngho
Chuyn tip

P
in tr-ng

Chuyn tip

+
-

Hnh 8.3 Cu to cu Photodiot

cc ht ny c th tham gia vo dn v lm tang dng in I cn ngn cn
qu trnh ti hp chng tc l phi nhanh
chng tch cp in t, l trng di tc dng
ca in trng. iu ny ch c th xy ra
vng ngho v s chuyn ri ca cc in tch
ko theo s gia tng dng in ngc Ir.
t c iu nh sng phi t ti vng
ngho sau khi i qua b dy ca cht bn
dn v tiu hao nng lng khng nhiu.Cng
i su vo cht bn dn quang thng cng
gim (x)= 0.e-x thc t cc dit c lp
Hnh 8.4 S thay th Photodiot
bn dn rt mng s dng nh sng hu hiu ng thi vngch
ngho
phi dn
rng
quang
s hp th l cc i
- Ch hot ng
+ Ch quang dn

Es ngun phn cc ngc

diot
Rm- o tn hiu
c tnh Vn-ampe ca
photodiot ng vi mc quang
thng khc nhau
Ir=Es/Rm+Vd/Rm

Hnh 8.5 c tnh V-A ca Photodiot

ng vi mc quang thng khc nhau
+Ch quang th: trong ch ny khng c in p ngoi t vo it. Photodiot
hot ng ging nh mt ngun dng. Ngi ta o th h mch v dng ngn mch Voc
v Isc. c im ch ny l khng c dng ti do khng c ngun in phn cc
ngoi do c th gim nhiu v cho php o quang thng nh
-

S s dng photodiot : ty thuc mc ch s dng photodiot ngi ta chn

ch lm vic cho n
+ ch quang dn

Hnh 8.6 S ng dng ca Photodiot

ch quang dn

S tc ng nhanh

V0=(R1+R2).Ir
in tr ti ca diot nh
v bng (R1+R2) /k
K- h s khuch i tn s
lm vic, C2 c tc dng b tr nh hng ca t k sinh Cp1 vi iu kin R1
Cp1=R2C2
+ Ch quang th
S tuyn tnh
V0=Rm.Isc

CP1
R2

R1

Ir
Eb

Vo

C2

R1+R2

Rm

Isc
+

Vo

R=Rm
Hnh 8.7 S ng dng ca Photodiot ch quang th
8

8.2.3 Phototranzitor
-

Phototranzitor l tranzitor silic loi NPN vng bazo c th c chiu sng,

khng c in p t ln bazo, ch c in p t ln C, chuyn tip B-C phn
cc ngc(hnh a)

-Nguyn l: khi chuyn tip B-C c chiu sng n hot ng hot ng ging
photodiot ch quang dn vi dng ngc:
Hnh 8.8 Cu to Phototranzitor
Ir=I0+Ip
trong : I0- dng in ngc trong ti
Ip- dng quang in khi c thng lng nh
sng chiu qua b dy X
Dng Ir ng vai tr l dng bazo gy nn dng colector Ic=(+1)
Ir=(+1) I0 +(+1) Ip
- h s khuch i dng ca transzitor khi u chung emitor

+ c th coi Phototranzitor nh t hp gm mt photodiot v 1 tranzitor(hnh

b). Photodiot cung cp dng quang in ti bazo, cn tranzitor cho hiu ng
Khuch i . Cc in t v l trng pht sinh trong vng bazo(di tc dng
ca nh sng) s b phn cc di tc dng ca in trng trn chuyn tip B-C
-

S dng Phototranzitor: Phototranzitor c th dng lm b chuyn mch

hoc lm phn t tuyn tnh. Ch chuyn mch phototranzitor c u im so
vi photodiot l cho php iu khin trc tip dng qua tng i ln.Ngc li
ch tuyn tnh, phototranzitor c u im l cho khuch i nhng tuyn
tnh ca photodiot tt hn
+ phototranzitor chuyn mch

Hnh 8.9 Cc s ng dng Phototranszitor

10

Thng tin s dng dng nh phn: c hay khng c bc x, nh sng ln hn

hay khng ln hn nh sng ngng

Hnh a: iu khin trc tip rle

Hnh b: Sau khi khuch i iu khin rle
Hnh c: iu khin cng logic
Hnh d: iu khin thyristor

8.3 Si quang
Si quang ng dng hin tng phn x ton phn khi nh sng c chiu t
mi trng trong xut c h s chit quang n1 ln (nh nc, thy tinh, cht do trong
xut) qua mt phn cch sang mt mi trng trong xut khc c chit sut n2 nh
hn(nh khng kh). Hin tng phn xu ton phn xy ra khi gc ti (hnh )ln hn
gc phn x ton phn 0

Hnh 8.10 Truyn nh sng trong si quang

Si quang thng thng c dng tr vi li bng vt liu thch anh hoc thy
tinh a thnh phn hoc nha tng hp trong sut vi chit sut ln hn nhiu so vi
khng kh. Bn ngoi li l mt mng v lm bng cht c chit sut nh hn. Nh
trn hnh 8.10 nh sng i vo si quang qua mt u ca si quang v phn x ton
phn lin tc gia mt phn cch li v mng v ri ra ngoi mt u kia ca si.
Nhng tia sng khng phn x ton phn c th xuyn ra ngoi si quang v gy ra
tn hao nng lng nh sng truyn.
Cc si quang c ch to si c b un th phn ln nh vn c truyn
dc theo si.

11

Hnh 8.11 Cm bin quang hc dng si quang kiu nh sng xuyn a, v nh

sng phn x b
Hnh 8.11 l s lp cm bin quang hc dng si quang. Trn SQ: si
quang, T: i tng, TQ: Transzitor quang.
ng knh si quang c 1mm.u im ca loi ny l c th cm nhn nhng
vt c kch thc nh ti 1mm. Cm bin chu tt cc rung ng, va p v u si
quang khng c mch in, thit b no c. Do si quang c ng knh nh nn c
th lun lch v t nhng ni rt hp.
8.4 S lc v p dng cm bin quang
Cm bin quang c s dng rt ph bin trong cng nghip pht hin s
c mt ca vt, m s sn phm.
Pht hin vt th bng long, g gh

12

Chng 9.CM BIN V TR V DCH CHUYN

Mc tiu :Trang b cho sinh vin kin c bn v cc phng php o v tr, lm
quen vi mt s thit b v tr c trn th trng
9.1 Cm bin in cm
Cm bin vt r kiu cm ng ( hay cn gi l cm bin in cm)lm vic da trn
nguyn l cm ng in t. Vt cn o v tr hoc dch chuyn c gn vo mt
phn t ca mch t gy nn s bin thin t thng qua cun o. Cm bin in cm
c chia ra: cm bin t cm v h cm.
Cm bin t cm c khe t bin thin
- Cm bin t cm n: trn hnh 1.10 trnh by s nguyn l cu to ca
mt s loi cm bin t cm n.

2
XV

Xv

R
2

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 9.1 Cm bin t cm n

1, li st t 2, cun dy 3, phn ng
Cm bin t cm n gm mt cun dy qun trn li thp c nh (phn tnh)
v mt li thp c th di ng di tc ng ca i lng o (phn ng), gia phn
tnh v phn ng c khe h khng kh to nn mt mch t h.
S hnh 9.1a: di tc ng ca i lng o XV, phn ng ca cm bin di
chuyn, khe h khng kh trong mch t thay i, lm cho t tr ca mch t bin
thin, do h s t cm v tng tr ca cun dy thay i theo.

S hnh 9.1b: khi phn ng quay, tit din khe h khng kh thay i, lm
13

cho t tr ca mch t bin thin, do h s t cm v tng tr ca cun dy thay

i theo.
H s t cm ca cun dy cng c th thay i do thay i tn hao sinh ra
bi dng in xoy khi tm st t dch chuyn di tc ng ca i lng o Xv
(hnh 9.1c).
Ta thy tng tr Z ca cm bin l hm tuyn tnh vi tit din khe h khng
kh s v phi tuyn vi chiu di khe h khng kh .

Z, L
L=f()
Z5000Hz=f()
Z5000Hz=f()

Hnh 9.2 S ph thuc gia L v Z vi chiu dy khe h khng kh

c tnh ca cm bin t cm n Z = f() l hm phi tuyn v ph thuc tn

s ngun kch thch, tn s ngun kch thch cng cao th nhy ca cm bin cng
cao (hnh 9.2).
- Cm bin t cm kp lp theo kiu vi sai: tng nhy ca cm bin v
tng on c tnh tuyn tnh ngi ta thng dng cm bin t cm kp mc theo
kiu vi sai (hnh 4.3).
xV

xv
xv

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 9.3 Cm bin t cm kp mc theo kiu vi sai

14

c tnh ca cm bin t cm kp vi sai c dng nh hnh 9.4

L
L = f()
L1 - L2 = f()

L2 = f()
Hnh 9.4 c tnh ca cm bin t cm kp mc kiu vi sai
Cm bin t cm c li t di ng
Cm bin gm mt cun dy bn trong c li t di ng c (hnh 4.5).
1
2
XV

l0

lf
l

Hnh 9.5 S nguyn l cm bin t cm li st t

1, cun dy 2, li st t
Di tc ng ca i lng o XV, li t dch chuyn lm cho di lf ca
li t nm trong cun dy thay i, ko theo s thay i h s t cm L ca cun
dy. S ph thuc ca L vo lf l hm khng tuyn tnh, tuy nhin c th ci
thin bng cch ghp hai cun dy ng dng vo hai nhnh k st nhau ca mt
cu in tr c chung mt li st.
9.2Cm bin h cm
15

Cu to ca cm bin h cm tng t cm bin t cm ch khc ch c

thm mt cun dy o (hnh 4.6).
Trong cc cm bin n khi chiu di khe h khng kh (hnh 4 . 6 a) hoc
tit din khe khng kh thay i (hnh 4 . 6 b) hoc tn hao do dng in xoy
thay i (hnh 4 . 6 c) s lm cho t thng ca mch t bin thin ko theo sut
in ng e trong cun o thay i.
- Cm bin n c khe h khng kh:
~

1
3
2

xV
a

b
xv

xv
xv
1

2
~

Hnh 9.6 Cm bin h cm 1, cun s cp 2, gn t 3, li t di ng 4,

cun th cp (cun o)

W2 - s vng dy ca cun dy o.
Khi lm vic vi dng xoay chiu i = I m sin t , ta c:
e

= -W2*d*t =
dt

-W2*W1*oS

di
dt

Ta nhn thy cng thc xc nh nhy ca cm bin h cm c dng tng

t nh cm bin t cm ch khc nhau gi tr ca E0 v L0. nhy ca cm
bin h cm S v SS cng tng khi tn s ngun cung cp tng.
- Cm bin vi sai: tng nhy v tuyn tnh ca c tnh cm bin

16

ngi ta mc cm bin theo s vi sai (hnh 9.6 d,,e). Khi mc vi sai nhy ca
cm bin tng gp i v phm vi lm vic tuyn tnh m rng ng k.
- Bin th vi sai c li t: gm bn cun dy ghp ng trc to thnh hai
cm bin n i xng, bn trong c li t di ng c (hnh9.7). Cc cun th
cp c ni ngc vi nhau sao cho sut in ng trong chng trit tiu ln nhau.

Hnh 9.7 Cm bin h cm vi sai

1, cun s cp 2, cu th cp 3, li t
V nguyn tc, khi li t v tr trung gian, in p o Vm u ra hai
cun th cp bng khng. Khi li t dch chuyn, lm thay i mi quan h gia
cun s cp vi cc cun th cp, tc l lm thay i h s h cm gia cun s
cp vi cc cun th cp. Khi in tr ca thit b o ln, in p o Vm gn
nh tuyn tnh vi hiu s cc h s h cm ca hai cun th cp
9.3Cm bin in dung.
Mt s hnh dng ca cm bin in dung thng gp

Hnh 9.8 Mt s hnh dng ca cm bin in dung thng gp

Nguyn l lm vic ca cc cm bin in dung da trn s tc ng tng h gia
hai in cc to thnh mt t in.in dung ca n s thay i di tc ng ca
i lng u vo.
- Cm bin in dung chia thnh hai nhm chnh: cm bin my pht v cm bin
thng s
17

Cm bin in dung my pht i lng ra l in p my pht, i lng vo l di

chuyn thng, di chuyn gc ca bn in cc ng ca ca cm bin. Loi ny
thng dng o cc i lng c hc
U=q/c=(q)/(S)

- Cm bin in dung thng s c i lng ra l s thay i in dung ca cm bin i

lng i lng vo vo l s di chuyn.
c=(S)/
9.4Cm bin Hall.
Cm bin Hall l mt mnh bn dn mng c kt cu c bit. Khi c
dng in I chy dc theo tm bn dn, ng thi c t cm B tc ng ln tm
ny th trn hai cc ngang ca n xut hin sut in ng Hall.

EH = kH.I.B.sin
I: dng in dc theo cm bin
B: t cm xuyn qua cm bin
gc lch gia I v B
kH: h s Hall
Cm bin Hall c dng rng ri trong cc thit b o t, cm bin tip
cn, c di o t 1 106 Gauss.
9.5Cm bin tip cn
- Cm bin tim cn c s dng pht hin s c mt hay khng c mt ca
i tng bng k thut cm bin khng c tip xc c hc.
- Cm bin tim cn s dng nguyn l thay i in cm hay in dung ca
phn t mch in khi c mt hoc khng c mt i tng. Cm bin ny c cu
trc tng i n gin, khng i hi tip xc c hc nhng tm hot ng b
hn ch vi khong cch ti a 100mm
- Hin nay cc cm bin tim cn da trn nguyn l vi sng v quang hc c
tm hot ng ln v c s dng rng ri trong thc t
9.5.1 Cm bin tim cn in cm

18

Cu to: 1 b cm bin tim cn in cm gm 4 khi chnh:

Cun dy v li Ferit
Mch dao ng
Mch pht hin
Mch u ra
- Nguyn l lm vic: Mch dao ng pht dao ng in t tn s radio. T tr-ng
bin thin tp trung t li st s mc vng i tng kim loi t i din vi n. Khi
i tng li gn s c dng in Foucault cm ng trn b mt i tng to nn mt ti
lm gim bin tn hiu dao ng. B pht hin s pht hin ra s thay i trng thi
bin mch dao ng...Mch b pht hin s v tr ON pht tn hiu lm mch ra
v tr ON. Khi mc tiu ri khi
Trng ca b cm bin bin mch dao ng tng ln trn gi tr ng-ng v
b pht hin tr v v tr OFF l v tr bnh th-ng

19

Hiu s bin tc ng v khng tc ng ca b tc ng t-ng ng vi s

tr vi cm bin. N tng ng vi im pht hin v im nh ca cm bin i din
b mt i tng.
-

Phm vi ca cm bin tim cn in cm lin quan n khong cch gia b

mt ca cm bin v i tng c lin quan n hnh dng ca li v dy qun.
- Nhng yu t nh hng n tm(phm vi) ca cm bin
Kch th-c v hnh dng li, cun dy, vt liu li
Vt liu v kch th-c i tng
iu kin in t xung quanh
Nhit mi trng xung quanh
9.5.2 Cm bin tim cn in dung
-

Cm bin tim cn in dung: s c mt ca i tng lm thay i in dung

ca cc bn cc cm bin. Cm bin tim cn in dung cng gm 4 b phn
+ Cm bin(cc bn cc cch in)
+ Mch dao ng
+ B pht hin
+ Mch u ra

c im: cm bin tim cn in dung khng i hi i tng l kim loi. i

tng pht hin c th l cht lng, vt liu phi kim, thy tinh, nha. Tc
chuyn mch tng i nhanh, c th pht hin cc i tng kch

th-c nh, phm vi cm nhn ln

Vt pht hin
Cm bin

20

- Hn ch ca cm bin tim cn in dung l chu nh h-ng ca m v

bi. Cm bin tim cn in dung c vng cm nhn ln hn vng cm nhn ca cm
bin tim cn in cm. V d vi ng 18mm cm bin in dung c vng cm nhn l
10mm, vng cm nhn ca cm bin tin cn in cm l 8mm. Vi ng 30mm vng
cm nhn ca cm bin tim cn in dung l 25 mm, in cm l 15mm
- b nh h-ng ca mi trng cc cm bin tim cn in dung th-ng c
chit p iu chnh

21

Chng 10 O LU LNG VN TC LU CHT V MC

10.1
-

o lu lng bng chnh lch p sut

Mt trong nhng nguyn tc ph bin o lu lng cht lng, kh v hi l
nguyn tc thay i gim p sut qua ng thu hp. u im ca cc dng c
ny l n gin chc chn khng c ting n, d ch to hng lot, o c bt
k mi trng, nhit v p sut no, gi thnh thp
Kho st nguyn l dng chy trong mt ng dn c t thit b thu hp. Khi c
dng cht lng chy qua l thu hp th tc ca n tng ln so vi tc trc
l thu hp. Do p sut dng chy ca ra ca l thu hp gim xung to nn
s chnh lch p sut pha trc v pha sau l thu hp. S dng p k vi sai o c s chnh lch p sut ny t o c lu lng ny

Tc dng chy sau ng thu hp ln hn trc ng do p sut sau ng ln

hn
p1 p2

L-u l-ng ph thuc vo tc nn cng ph thuc vo chnh lch p sut

d 2
4
d 2
Q
4
G

d: -ng knh l thu hp;

10.2

v22 v12

2 ( p1 p2 )
2

( p1 p2 )

- h s l-u l-ng

- mt dng chy

o mc bng cm bin in dung

22

S dng s ph thuc in dung ca phn t nhy cm ca b chuyn i vo

mc cht lng
Cu to: phn t nhy cm in dung c thc hin di dng cc in cc hnh
tr trn t ng trc hay cc in cc phng t song song vi nhau. Cu to
ca cc phn t th cm in dung c xc nh theo tnh cht ha l ca cht
lng. Vi cht lng cch in(c in dn sut nh hn 10-6 simen/m) ta c cc
s cm bin nh hnh di y
Cm bin o mc cht lng cch in

3
1

2
H
H
h
h
d
1
D

b
a
Hnh 10.2 Cm bin o mc cht lng cch
-

Hnh a: phn t th cm gm 2 in cc ng trc 1 v 2 c phn nhng chm

vo cht lng. Cc in cc to thnh 1 t in hnh trn, gia hai in cc in
y cht lng c chiu cao h, H-h l khng gian cha hn hp hi kh. in
dung ca t in hnh tr -c xc nh bng ph-ng trnh:
2
c

ln ( D / d )

23

Trong : + : hng s ca in mi in y gia 2

in cc
+ 0: hng s in mi ca chn khng
H: chiu cao in cc
+ D, d: -ng knh ngoi v trong ca in cc
-

Vi t hnh tr trn hnh a c hng s in mi khc nhau, in dung ca t l:

c=c0+ c1+c2

y c0: in dung ca cch in xuyn qua np

c1: in dung gia hai in cc c cha cht
lng
c2: in dung ca khng gian cha hi v kh
Vy

c c0

2 L 0 h 2 r 0 ( H h)

ln( D / d )
ln( D / d )

i vi hi v kh r=1 cn c0= hng s nn

2 0 H
h
c c0
[1 ( L 1) ]
ln( D / d )

Ph-ng trnh c tnh tnh ca phn t nhy in dung i vi mi tr-ng cch

in
-

o mc cc cht lng dn in (c in dn sut >10-4 simen/m) ngi ta s

dng phn t th cm c cch in ngoi(hnh b), phn t th cm l cc in
cc kim loi 1 c ph lp cch in 2 v nhng chm vo cht lng. in cc th
2 l thnh b cha (nu l kim loi) hay l in cc ring.
in dung ton phn ca phn t nhy cm c tnh bng
c c0

c1c2
c1 c2

trong
c0: in dung ca cch in xuyn qua np

c1: in dung gia in cc 1 v b mt cht lng trn gii hn c cch

in
c2: in dung ca t in to bi mt cht lng trn mt gii hn cch
in v thnh b

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. L Vn Doanh - Phm Thng Hn - Nguyn Vn Ho V Thch Sn on
Vn Tn,(2002), Cc B cm bin trong k thut o lng v iu khin; NXB Khoa
hc k thut;
2. Th.s Hong Minh Thng, Gio trnh cm bin cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc k
thut;
3. Phm Cng Ho, K thut cm bin , NXB Khoa hc k thut
4. Ng Vn Ky, K thut o, Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Thnh ph H Ch Minh,
1993.