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CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Melting
Point (C)
Boiling
Point (C)
Radius
(pm)
Lithium
180.5
1347
152
Sodium
97.8
897
186
Potassium
63.3
766
227
Rubidium
39.31
688
248
Cesium
Francium
28.4
674.8
248
250
1300
1100
900
700
0
20
40
60
Atomic number
80
100
page 180
pages 174181
1500
250
200
150
100
50
0
20
40
60
Atomic number
80
100
200
150
50
20
Solutions Manual
40
60
80
Atomic number
100
120
85
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
page 181
b. platinum (Pt)
d. carbon (C)
representative
b. barium (Ba)
c. iron (Fe)
8A
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
1B 2B
Solutions Manual
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B
8B
transition
Metals
Metalloids
Nonmetals
86
representative
2A
a. lithium (Li)
c. promethium (Pm)
1A
transition
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
odic table.
Practice Problems
page 186
Period
Block
a. [Ne]3s2
b. [He]2s2
17
[Kr]5s24d105p5
b. s2p3
N, P, As, Sb, Bi
c. s2p6
Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
b. s1
s-block
c. s2d1
d-block
d. s2p1
p-block
lights, is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Would you expect xenon to be a metal,
a nonmetal, or a metalloid? Where would you
expect it to be on the periodic table? Explain.
Nonmetal; the nonreactive gases are noble gases
in group 18 on the right of the periodic table
odic table and label the s-, p-, d-, and f-blocks.
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10
s-block
Group
c.
d-block
p-block
1s22s22p4
f-block
Sketches should look similar to Figure 6.8.
Solutions Manual
87
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Practice Problems
page 189
largest: Na
smallest: S
page 194
b. ionic radius
bromine
c. atomic radius
bromine
d. ionization energy
19. Challenge Determine which of the following
88
fluorine
Solutions Manual
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
250
Li
Kr
Ar
100
Ne
50
Na
150
Mastering Concepts
25. Explain how Mendeleevs periodic table was
in error.
200
page 198
Section 6.1
300
Chapter Assessment
10
20
30
40
Atomic number
In general, atomic radii decrease across a period
due to increased nuclear charge; they increase
down a group due to valence electrons placed
in larger orbitals belonging to higher principal
energy levels.
Solutions Manual
89
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
nonmetal, or metalloid.
a. oxygen
Lanthanum
nonmetal
b. barium
metal
c. germanium
metalloid
72
La
Hf
138.906
178.49
Actinium
Rutherfordium
89
104
Ac
Rf
(227)
(261)
d. iron
metal
b. halogens
2. group 1
following elements.
a. a metal used in thermometers
Hg
3. group 2
4. group 17
Sn
Transition Metals
Halogens
Noble gases
90
Solutions Manual
Rn
d. noble gases
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Hafnium
57
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Mastering Problems
37. If the periodic table were arranged by atomic
mass, which of the first 55 elements would be
ordered differently than they are in the existing
table?
Argon and potassium would be switched. Cobalt
and nickel would be switched. Tellurium and
iodine would be switched.
nil
un
b(i)
tr(i)
quad
Section 6.2
Mastering Concepts
41. Household Products Why do the elements
pent
hex
sept
oct
en(n)
stability?
ns 2np 6, where n is the energy level
Si
Solutions Manual
91
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
c. [He]2s 22p 6
group 18, period 2, p-block
d. [Ne]3s 23p 1
group 13, period 3, p-block
Number of
Elements
18
18
92
Mastering Problems
54. Fireworks Barium is a metal that gives a
green color to fireworks. Write the electron
configuration for barium. Classify it according
to group, period, and block in the periodic table.
Its electron configuration is [Xe]6s 2. It is in
group 2, period 6, s block.
Solutions Manual
CHAPTER
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
3p1.
Electron Configuration
Period
Group
Element
Electron
Configuration
a.
Mg
[Ne]3s 2
14
Ge
b.
c.
12
Cd
[Kr]5s 24d 10
d.
[He]2s 1
c. 5
d. Li
Section 6.3
Mastering Concepts
58. What is ionization energy?
Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove
an electron from a neutral atom in its gaseous
state.
Solutions Manual
a. 2
ionization energy?
a. Li, N
N
b. Kr, Ne
Ne
c. Cs, Li
Li
93
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
65. Explain the octet rule. Why are the first period
Mastering Problems
70. Sport Bottles Some sport bottles are made of
Lexan, a plastic containing a compound of the
elements chlorine, carbon, and oxygen. Order
these elements from greatest to least according
to atomic radius and ionic radius.
atomic radius: chlorine, carbon, oxygen
ionic radius: chlorine, oxygen, carbon
Oxygen
[Ne]3s23p2
[He]2s22p4
Ionic electron
configuration
[Ne]
[Ne]
Atomic radius
(1012 meters)
118
73
Ionic radius
(1012 meters)
41
140
1; 8
68.
94
Atomic electron
configuration
Solutions Manual
CHAPTER
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
B
C
Atomic radius
(1012 m)
Ionic radius
(1012 m)
Carbon
77
15
Nitrogen
75
146
Oxygen
73
140
Mixed Review
73. Define an ion.
An ion is an atom that has lost or gained one or
more electrons.
measured directly.
ative?
a. K, As
As
b. N, Sb
N
c. Sr, Be
75. What is the metalloid in period 2 of the periodic
Solutions Manual
Be
95
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
[Ar]4s2
Atomic
Number
Density
(g/cm3)
Nitrogen
1.25 103
Phosphorus
15
1.82
Arsenic
33
5.73
Antimony
51
6.70
Bismuth
83
9.78
Element
Density (g/cm3)
7
6
5
4
3
2
platinum
Think Critically
86. Apply Sodium forms a 1 ion, while fluorine
forms a 1 ion. Why dont these two elements
form 2 and 2 ions, respectively?
Both ions have the configuration 1s22s22p6, a
stable, noble gas configuration.
96
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Atomic number
88. Generalize The outer-electron configurations
Solutions Manual
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
2nd
3rd
4th
1010
1905
2910
4957
Number
Ionization
energy
5th
6th
6265 21238
Ta
3000
8.64 1019 J
Pt
900
Ba
Tl
Pb
Bi Po
75
77
79
81
83
85
1 eV
__
9.38 eV
1.60 1019 J
_ _ __
87
1.33 1018 J
Atomic number
For the d-block elements, the highest values
occur for half-filled and near half-filled d orbitals.
(W with a configuration of 5d6 has the highest
melting point.) Relating to Hunds rule, it seems
that metallic bonding strengthens as the number
of unpaired electrons increases, reaching a
maximum when the orbital is half-filled. Note
Solutions Manual
Boron:
1000 J
1 mol
kJ
800
mol
kJ
6.02 1023 atoms
1.33 1018 J
Rn
73
1.60 1019 J
1000 J
1 mol
kJ
_
_ __
1.50 1018 J
Hg
57
1 eV
__
5.40 eV
mol
kJ
1.50 1018 J
At
Cs
55
Beryllium:
Au
200
100
kJ
1000 J
1 mol
_
_ __
mol
kJ
8.64 1019 J
400
300
Lithium:
Ir
La
1000
900
800
700
600
500
520
Os
Hf
2000
4000
Challenge Problem
91. Ionization energies are expressed in kilojoules
per mole (one mole contains 6.02 1023 atoms),
but the energy to remove an electron from a
gaseous atom is expressed in joules. Use the
values given in Table 6.6 to calculate the energy,
in joules, required to remove the first electron
from an atom of Li, Be, B, and C. Then, use the
relationship 1 eV = 1.60 1019 J to convert the
values to electron volts.
1 eV
__
8.31 eV
1.60 1019 J
Carbon:
1090
1 mol
1000 J
kJ
_
_ __
KJ
mol
1.81 1018 J
1.81 1018 J
1 eV
__
11.3 eV
1.60 1019 J
97
Cumulative Review
92. Define matter. Identify whether or not each of
the following is a form of matter. (Chapter 1)
a. microwaves
no
d. velocity
no
e. a speck of dust
yes
indicated. (Chapter 2)
a. 1.1 cm to meters
1.1 102 m
b. 76.2 pm to millimeters
7.62 108 mm
c. 11 mg to kilograms
1.1 105 kg
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Additional Assessment
Writing in Chemistry
96. Triads In the early 1800s, German chemist
J. W. Dobereiner proposed that some elements
could be classified into sets of three, called
triads. Research and write a report on
Dobereiners triads. What element comprised
the triads? How were the properties of elements
within a triad similar?
Dobereiner noticed that the atomic weight of
strontium fell midway between the atomic
weights of calcium and barium, elements that
possessed similar chemical properties. He also
studied the halogen triad composed of chlorine,
bromine, and iodine and the alkalimetal triad
made up of lithium, sodium, and potassium.
Dobereiner proposed that nature contained triads
of elements in which the middle element (when
ordered by atomic weight) had properties that
were an average of the other two members.
98
Solutions Manual
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Document-Based Questions
pages 202203
Series
II
III
IV
VI
VII
He
Li
Be
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
Ca
So
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Co
Ni(Cu)
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
Mo
Ru
Ag Cad
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Rh
Pd(Ag)
Cs
Ba
La
Yb
Ta
Os
Au
Hg
Tl
Bi
Ir
Pt(Au)
Rd
Kr
7
8
Xe
9
10
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
VIII
11
12
Th
Groups of Elements
radius of Mg.
b. The electronegativity of C is greater than the
electronegativity of B.
c. The ionic radius of Br- is greater than the
atomic radius of Br.
d. The first ionization energy of K is greater
than the first ionization energy of Rb.
d
Solutions Manual
99
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Characteristics of Elements
Element
Block
inert gas
Characteristic
belong?
a. 1
b. 17
c. 18
d. 4
N:
1.29 g
_
100 25.8%
O:
3.71 g
_
100 74.2%; N O
5.00 g
5.00 g
s-block
p-block
d-block
f-block
only in
a. the d-block
b. groups 13 through 17
c. the f-block
d. groups 1 and 2
b
Percent Nitrogen
Percent Oxygen
N2O4
30.4%
69.6%
N2O3
N2O
63.6%
36.4%
N2O5
25.9%
74.1%
N2O3?
a. 44.75%
b. 46.7%
c. 28.1%
d. 36.8%
d
a.
b.
c.
d.
1
13
15
18
Short Answer
11. Write the electron configuration for the element
arsenic (As).
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p3
28.0 g
100 36.8% nitrogen
76.0 g
Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 6
decay of iodine-131.
131 I
53
131 Xe
54
0
1
Solutions Manual
100
N2O4
N2O3
N2O
N2O5
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
CHAPTER
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Alpha particle
deected at a
large angle
Extended Response
Beam of
alpha particles
Li
Be
Valence e-
First ionization
energy
520
900
800
1090
7300
1760
2430
2350
14,850
3660
4620
25,020
6220
37,830
Gold foil
Zinc-suldecoated screen
Most alpha particles
pass through the foil
with little or no
deection
Alpha particle
deected at a
small angle
BECAUSE
BECAUSE
BECAUSE
BECAUSE
16. T, F
17. T, T, CE
18. T, T
19. T, T
101