Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bimbingan belajar
NEWTONSIX
(belajar jadi lebih asyik)
BAHASA INGGRIS
KATA PENGANTAR
(Dari manajemen NS)
Sebelumnya kita ucapkan selamat untuk teman-teman yang sudah lulus sma, tak terasa tiga
tahun sudah perjuangan di sma telah berlalu dan tentunya meninggalkan kesan yang mendalam
DAFTAR ISI
- Structure and written expression
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
T enses
Causative
Passive Voice
Modals
Gerund and to Infinitive
Agreement/Concord
C lauses
Conditional Clause (IF)
Parallel Structure
Direct and Indirect sentence (reported speech)
Wish, as if/as though, would rather
Phrasal Verbs
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Conjunctions
Parallel Verbs
- Error recognition
- reading
Rumus : S + V1
Adverb of time : everyday, once, twice, three times, etc
Adverb of frequency : always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, etc
E.g. :
Istia asri parinda goes to campus everyday.
She always wear a green cloth at campus three times a week.
The sun rises (general truth).
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada masa sekarang.
Rumus : S + have/has + V3
Biasanya diikuti oleh : yet, already, just
E.g.:
I have already swept the floor
He has just moved to another country
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang telah berlangsung beberapa lama dan terus
berlangsung sampai sekarang.
Rumus : S + V2
Adverb of time : yesterday, last night, twenty hours ago, just now
E.g.:
They went to Medan last week
Rumus : S + had + V3
Bisa diikuti oleh : already, just
Pemakaian :
S + had + V3 before S + V2
After S + had + V3 , S + V2
S + had + V3 when S + V2 (atau) S + V2 when S + had + V3
E.g.:
Fika had already swept the floor before her mother came home.
After Adit had had dinner, he went to bed.
PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah berlangsung beberapa lama tetapi masih terus
berlangsung ketika kejadian lain terjadi dimasa lampau.
FUTURE TENSE
SIMPLE FUTURE
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada masa yang akan datang.
Rumus : S + will/shall + V1
Adverb of time : tonight, tomorrow, soon, next week, etc
E.g.:
Istia will go abroad next week.
My grandpa will recover from his illness soon.
Rumus : S + will/shall + be + V1
Adverb of time : at 9 tonight, at this time, next week, etc
E.g.:
She will be swimming in the lake at 3 tomorrow.
He will be teaching at this time next month.
8.
5.
CHAPTER III
PASSIVE VOICE
Bentuk kalimat dimana subjek atau pokok kalimatnya dikenai suatu tindakan.
S + be + V3 (past participle)
(be)I
: am, is, are
(be)II
: was, were
(be)III
: been
(be)ing
: being
(be)inf
: be
1.
2.
I3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
TENSES
Simple Present
Simple Past
Present Continous
Past Continous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Future Perfect
Past Future
Past Future Perfect
Modals Aux.
ACTIVE
S + Verb1(s/es) + O
S+verbII
S+am,is,are+ Ving
S+was/were+Ving
S+has/have+VIII
S+had+ VIII
S+shall/will+V1
S+will+have+ VIII
S+would+ V1
S+should/would+have+ VIII
S+modal+ V1
PASSIVE
S+am,is,are+VerbIII
S+was/were+VerbIII
S+am,is,are+being+ VIII
S+was/were+being+ VIII
S+has/have+been+ VIII
S+had +been+ VIII
S+shall/will+be+ VIII
S+will+have+been+ VIII
S+would+be+ VIII
S+should/would+have+ been+VIII
S+modal+be+ VIII
Questions:
1. All the books in the library______by the minister of Finance last year.
A. Were given
C. has given
B. gave
D. give
2. have you posted the mail?
Not yet sir, it _____at five oclock.
A. Will posted
C.posts
B. Will post
D. will be posted
3. What should ________to be accepted as the collegian of state acountancy college?.
A. To be done
C. being done
B.
Be done
D.been done
4. Its no use expecting an answer today, as your proposal_______by his mother.
A.had not yet been receive
C. will not have been received yet
B. is not receive yet
D. will receive
5. Jones
: Why doesnt she accept the job?
Michle
: ___________________________
A. Because she hasnt been offered it
C. because she didnt offer it
CHAPTER IV
MODALS
Modals adalah kata kerja bantu yang memberikan arti tambahandan harus diikuti dengan kata kerja bentuk
dasar(Vinf) yang terdiri dari: Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need, dare, used to.
MODAL + VERB 1
1. Can/could/may/might
Menyatakan suatu kemungkinan suatu peristiwa.
Eg: It might rain tomorrow
2. Should
Menyatakan suatu anjuran/ saran
Eg: You should study hard to pass USM STAN
Menyatakan arti seharusnya dalam bentuk present
Eg: As agood moslem, We should obey our parents
3. Must
Keharusan mutlak
you must work at department of finance to be rich young man.
Kesimpulan logis
Andi bought new car, He must be rich.
MODAL PERFECT
S + Modals + Have + VIII + Object
1. Could have + VIII
Menyatakan suatu yang sebenarnya kejadian yang bisa terjadi diwaktu lampau namun tidak terjadi
2. Might have+ V III
Menyatakan suatu kemungkinan dari suatu kejadian yang telah terjadi di waktu lampau.
3. Should have + VIII
Menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sehausnya terjadi di waktulampau namun tidak terjadi.
4. Mut have + VIII
Menyatakan kesimpulan logis dari kejadian masa lalu.
Questions:
1. Narjik was absent two days. He____sick.
A. Could be
C. might have been
B. will
D. should
2. He told me about the history of this village
He_______here for along time
A. must have lived
C. would have lived
B. should be living
D. ought to have lived
3. There is a bird in a locked room. It _____down the chimney.
A. might have come
C. should have come
B. would have come
D. should come
4. Bedu passed the exams with flying colour.
She ____hard for it
A. must study
C. must have studied
CHAPTER V
GERUND AND TO INFINITIFE
1.Gerund
Gerund adalah kata kerja yang berubah fungsi menjadi kata benda dengan cara penambahan ing setelah
kata kerja. Gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai:
Subjek
Object
Predicate complement
Noun modifier
Adapun kata-kata yang harus diikuti oleh bentuk Gerund adalah:
Mind, avoid, keep, enjoy, finish, deny,permit, risk, admit, appreciate, image, dislike, consider, delay,
detest, forbid, stop, forget, dan remember.hate, cant help, cant stand, prefer, neglect, practice,
,regret.
Apabila didahului oleh kata depan ( preposition) maka wajib di bentuk ke dalam Gerund.
Kata kata dibawah ini bisa diikuti oleh Gerund atau To Infinitife yaitu: remember, start, begin, love,
like continue,hate, stop, forget
2. Infinitife
1. Sebagai subject
Example: To understand Cost Accountancy is not easy
2. Sebagai keterangan dari suatu kata benda
Example: I have something to do
3. Sebagai keterangan dari kata sifat
4. Example: English is easy to understand if we have great eager
5. Sebagai keterangan dari kata kerja
Example: They come to help you solve the problem
6. Sebagai keterangan dari Wh-word
Example: I dont know how to make my mother happy
Questions:
1. I heard you decided to buy a new book on Kwitang?
Well, I considered________one because our lending book is not enough but I finally decided not to.
A to buy
C. bought
B. wanted to buy
D. Buying
2. Im accustomed__________at 14.00 P.M. after coming back from my campus.
A. take a nap
C. taking a nap
B. taken anap
D. Took a nap
3. I used to ________________in the morning to keep my health.
A. walk
C. To walk
B. walking
D. Walked
4. ______English can brighten our future.
A. to study
C.studied
B. studying
D. More studied
5. Do you think your mother would object to__________your sister some money.
A.giving
C.given
B.give
D. be given
6. What your mother expect you?
She expect me _____in his company.
A. lead
C. leading
B. is lead
D. To lead
7. what do you think about________the Carita Beach?
A. goes
C.to go
B. going
D. Will go
8. Police stoped_______the person because the doer has been arrested.
A. investigating.
C. To investigate
B. investigate
D. Investigated
9. I cant stand seing his attitude. He always make his mother get angry with him.
A
B
C
D
10. As a good moslem,we must avoid to consume drugs and drinkingalcohol.
A
B
C
D
CHAPTER VI
AGREEMENT/CONCORD
Agreeement adalah penyesuaian antara subjek dengan kata kerjanya dalam suatu kalimat.
A. Singular
1. Subject sebuah kalimat yang diawali dengan kata: every..much..,each of.., one of.
2. Subjek yang menyatakan jumlah,jarak, waktu, volume,uang.
3. Subject yang diikuti oleh kata benda abstrak/gerund
4. Apabila diikuti oleh ungkapan as well as, with, along with, together with, inaddition to,
accompanied by maka subjeknya berbentuk singular jika subjek pertamanya berbentuk
tunggal(singular).
5. Kata a lot of, most, more, some, all, half bila diikuti oleh uncountable noun maka subjeknya
berbentuk singular.
6. Either,or.,neither,nor,dianggap singular bila noun keduanya berbentuk tunggal.
7.
Nobody
Noone
nothin
Allah will not change people destiny until they change it by themselves. (Arradu : 11)
Questions:
1. Many people_____ by a misterious virus which kills human only in five minutes.
A. Has been infected
C . have been infected
B. Had been infected
D. has been being infected
2. Watching TV ______us become lazy person.
A. Makes
C. Are making
B. Have made
D.was making
3. Both Mr. Yusuf Kalla and Mrs. Megawati ______the candidate of the president of Republic of
Indonesia.in the next ellection.
A. wants to become
C. Has Wanted to become
B. want to become
D. Wants becoming
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
TENSES
1.B
2.A
3.A
4.A
5.B
2.
CAUSATIVE
1.B
2.A
3.A
4.B
5.C
3.
6.C
7.D
8.A
9.B
10.A
6.C
7.B
8.C
9.C
10.D
11.B
PASSIVE VOICE
1.A
2.D
3.B
4.C
5.A
4.
6.A
7.C
8.C
9.D
10.C
MODALS
1.C
2.A
3.A
4.C
5C
6.A
7.C
8.A
9.D
10.B
5.
6.D
7.B
8.A
9.B
10.C
6.
AGREEMENT/CONCORD
1.C
2.A
3.B
4.B
5A
6.C
7.D
8.A
9.A
10.B
CHAPTER VII
CLAUSES
A. Adjective Clause
Jenis jenis Relative Pronoun dapat dilihat pada tabel di bawah ini :
Subject
Object
Possesive
Person
Who /
That
Whom /
that
Whose
Thing
Which /
that
Which /
that
Of which
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Who
Subject of person
E.g.: - The girl is my sister
- She broke this door yesterday
The girl who broke this door yesterday is my sister
Whom
Object of person
E.g.: - The man looked so tired
- I saw him driving a car
The man whom i saw driving a car looked so tired
Whose
Possesive of person and thing
E.g.: - The boy looks hungry
- His shoes is green
The boy whose shoes is green looks hungry
Which
Subject and object of thing
E.g.: - The book is expensive
- I bouht it in the bookstore over there
The book which i bought in the bookstore over there is expensive
Of which
Possesive of thing
E.g.: - The car is old
- Its doors are broken
The house, doors of which are broken, is old. (or)
The House of which does broken, is old.
B. Adverbial Clause
Anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai kata keterangan.
Jenis jenis :
1. Adverb of Reason
Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan alasan.
Kata : Because, as, since, for
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
C.
Noun Clause
Anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda dengan menggunakan:
That, what, who, which
+S+P
Where, when, why, whether
Posisi :
1. Sebagai Subjek
Terletak di awal kalimat
E.g.: - What he has done admired everybody in his class room.
- Whether he could pass the test will be announced next week.
2. Sebagai Objek
Terletak setelah kata kerja
E.g.: - Nobody knows why she has involved in the school fighting yesterday.
- She realizes that she has lost her new green shoes.
3. Sebagai Pelengkap
Terletak disebelah to be atau berfungsi sebagai pelengap keterangan.
E.g.: - That is what i want.
- I have no idea why she leaves me alone.
Contoh Soal :
1. She is so slow as she never gets to class on time.
a. Is
c. As
b. So
d. On
2. Dont forget to register this week so you can vote in the election...
a. To register
c. So
b. This week
d. Can
3. I didnt hear...because there was to much noise when i was sitting.
a. What said
c. What did he say
b. What he said
d. What was he saying
4. Sumbawa is not quite fertile, ...it is very good for breeding cattle.
a. Since
c. Yet
b. As
d. For
5. The living room was ... tht i had to move to another room to continue my reading.
a. Much noisy
c. Too noisy
b. So noisy
d. Very noisy
6. He never cheats in the classroom...he is considered naughty.
a. Although
c. And
b. However
d. Since
7. The people which cheated on the examination had to leave the room.
a. The people
c. Had to
b. Which
d. Leave
8. Could you please tell me...
a. Where is STAN secretariat?
b. Where STAN secretariat?
c. Where STAN secretariat is?
d. Where did STAN secretariat?
MODALS
Modals adalah kata kerja bantu (auxulary verb) yang member tambahan arti pada kalimat.
Fungsi modals:
A. Ability menyatakan kemampuan
Modals : can / could
Catatan : can/could = to be + able to (atau) to be + capable V ING
B. Permission menyatakan izin
Modals : - can / could - to be allowed to
- May / might - to be permitted to
(makna aktif) (makna pasif)
C. Possibility menyatakan kemungkinan
Modals : - can / could
- May / might
D. Obligation menyatakan keharusan
Modals : - must
- Should
- Ought to
Catatan : must = have/has/had + to = harus
E. Logical Conclusion menyatakan kesimpulan logis dari suatu kejadian / pernyataan.
1. Jika pernyataan (keadaan) berbentuk Present Tense, maka kesimpulan dinyatakan dengan
menggunakan modal:
Can / could
May / might
V1
Must
+
be + VING
Should / ougth to
be + complement
2. Jika pernyataan (keadaan) berbentuk past tense, maka kesimpulan dinyatakan dengn modal perfect.
Could / might
V3
Ought to / should
+ have
been + VING
Must
been + complement
could
contoh :
Might have = mungkin sudah...
Ought to/ should + have = seharusnya sudah
(digunakan untuk menyatkan peristiwa yang tidak terjadi dimasa lampau)
Must have = pasti sudah...
(digunakan untuk menyimpulkan sesuatu yang pasti terjadi dimasa lampau)
Could have = seharusnya..
(digunakan untuk peristiwa yang tidak terjadi dimasa lampau)
Would + V1 adalah modal yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang dilakukan secara rutin
(berulang ulang) dimasa lampau.
Contoh Soal :
1. He went by bus, but he...by car.
a. Might of gone
c. Could have gone
b. Should gone
d. Ougth have gone
2. Mom & dad just left for the airport twenty minutes ago, so they...there yet.
a. Cant have gotten
c. Had better have gotten
b. Shouldnt have gotten
d. Could have gotten
3. Tropical forests(A) can be find(B) in Shouteast(C) Asia countries(D).
4. The light is out in her room; she...
a. Must go to bed
c. Must gone to bed
b. Must have gone to bed
d. Must be gone to bed
5. She went to the office by taxi, but she...by bus.
a. Might of gone
c. Could have gone
b. Should gone
d. Ought have gone
6. The garden was very clean. Somebody...
a. Must have cleaned
c. Should have cleaned
b. Ought have cleaned
d. Might cleaned
7. He hasnt finished reading. He ... the whole content of it.
a. Could have known
c. Shouldnt have known
b. Had better have
d. Cant have known
CHAPTER VIII
CONDIITIONAL CLAUSE (IF)
If clauses digunakan untuk menyatakan sebuah kondisi atas kejadian atau keberadaan sesuatu.
Contoh : If you mix sugar with water, it will dissolve
Here, the sugar will dissolve on the condition that you mix it with water.
Ada tiga tipe if clauses:
Type 1. mengenai kejadian nyata
Dalam tipe 1, if clause dalam present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present, future, atau
imperative.
Contoh:
If you go to the drug store, buy me a soft drink. (present ; imperative)
If Mary calls, Ill invite her to the concert. (present ; future)
If Mary should call, Ill invite her to the concert. (modal ; future)
Type 2
Type 2 is concerned with hypothetical or unreal situations in the present. (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi
yang tidak nyata saat ini.)
If I had the money, I would buy a motorcycle.
This is called a hypothetical if clause because I dont have the money but I am imagining what I would do if I did.
Type 3
Type 3 is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past.
If I had known you were sick, I would have made you some soup. (past perfect-modal past)
Here the implication is that I didnt know you were sick (and that you may no longer be sick).
If you had been here yesterday, you could have seen Pam. (past perfect-modal past)
It is clear in the example that you were not here yesterday.
Kata if sangat membantu untuk mengenali if clause, namun, tidak selalu digunakan.
Type 1: should
If you should get a letter from Greece, give me a call.
Should you get a letter from Greece, give me a call.
Type 2: were
If you were taller, you could reach the light.
Were you taller, you could reach the light.
Type 3
If I had agreed, Jim would have married me.
Had I agreed, Jim would have married me.
Unless, which has a meaning similar to if not, can also be used in conditional clauses.
If it doesnt rain, well go to the lake.
Unless it rains, well go to the lake.
Soal
1. Get me a glass of lemonade, if you to the kitchen.
a. go
c. went
b. will go
d. going
2. If I you, Id save some of your lottery winnings.
a. was
c. were
b. will be
d. be
3. If the chair break, Mr. Dow can fix it for us.
a. might
c. will
b. should
d. may
4. This sailboat go faster if there were more wind.
a. would
c. might
b. will
d. can
5. a tornado come, go to the basement immediately.
a. should
c. will
b. if
d.were
6. If Allen had come sooner, he could eaten dinner with us.
a. had
c. have
b. has
d. will
7. I wont lend you this money you promise to pay it back.
a. if
c. when
b. unless
d. whether
8. If the car been larger, we would have bought it.
a. had
c. have
b. has
d. could be
9. all agreed, Sara would have been given the scholarship.
a. we had
c. had we
b. had
d. we
10. Are you thinking about going to the Bahamas for the holidays?
No, but if I the time, I would definitely go.
a. have
c. have had
b. had
d. would have
Kunci Jawaban
1. A
6. C
2. C
7. B
3. B
8. A
4. A
9. C
5. A
10. B
CHAPTER IX
Parallel Structure
#) use parallel structure with coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or)
(same structure),
(same structure),
and
But
or
(same structure)
Examples:
I need to talk to the manager or the assistant manager.
He eats and sleeps only when he takes a vacation.
The exam that he gave was short but difficult.
They are not interested in what you say or what you do.
#) use parallel structure with paired conjunctions (both.and, either or, neither .. nor, and not only but also)
Both
Either
Neither
Not only
(same structure)
and
or
nor
but also
(same structure)
Examples:
I know both where you went and what you did.
He wants either to go by train or to go by plane.
#) use parallel structure with comparisons (-erthan, morethan)
Morethan
-er.than
(same structure)
lessthan
(same structure)
Examples:
Asas
My school is farther than
your school.
The sameas
Renting those apartments
costs about the same as leasing them.
Similarto
Soal
1. The committee decided to cancel its law suit, to approve the contract, and that it would adjourn the meeting.
A
B
C
D
2. Air travel is fast, safe, and it is convenient.
A B C
D
3. Rock music is not only popular in the United States but also abroad.
A
B C D
4. Every day the watchman would lock the doors, turning on the spot lights, and walk around the
A
B
C
D
building.
5. To control quality and making decisions about production are among the many responsibilities of an
A
B
C D
industrial engineer.
6. I suggest that the instructor react to the situation by changing the textbook instead of to modify the
A
objectives of the course.
D
7. The insurance program used to include not only employees but their families.
A
B
C
D
8. The six main parts of a business letter are the address, the inside address, the salutation, the body,
A
B
C
the closing, and signing your name.
D
9. The new electric typewriters are equipped not only with an element for foreign languages but also
A
a key for correcting errors automatically.
B
C
D
10. Please send me the smallest, most recently published, and less expensive dictionary that you have
A B
C
D
available.
Jawaban
1. D
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. B
10. D
B C
CHAPTER X
Direct and Indirect sentence (reported speech)
#) You want to tell someone else what Jesse said.
Direct
- Jesse said Im feeling ill.
Reported
- Jesse said (that) he was feeling ill.
#) When we used reported speech, we are usually talking about the past. So verbs usually change to the past in
reported speech.
Am/is was are were
have/has had will would
can could
Do/want/know etc. did/wanted/knew etc.
did did or had done
Other examples:
I want to go on holiday but I dont know where to go.
*Jesse said (that) he wanted to go on holiday but he didnt know where to go.
Jesse said I woke up feeling ill and so I stayed in bed.
*Jesse said (that) he woke (or had woken) up feeling ill and so he stayed (or had stayed) In bed.
#) If you are reporting something and you feel that it is still true, you do not need to change the tenses of the verb.
Example:
Direct
- Jesse said New York is bigger than London.
Reported Jesse said (that) New York is (or was) bigger than London.
#) must, might, could, would, should, and ought stay the same in reported speech. May in direct speech normally
changes to might in reported speech.
May (direct) might (reported)
#) say and tell
If you say who you are talking to, use tell:
Zack told me that he didnt like Thomas. (not Zack said me..)
Otherwise, use say:
Zack said (that) he didnt like Thomas. (not Zack told (that) he..)
#) We also use the infinitive (to do/to stay, etc) in reported speech. Especially for orders and requests)
Direct
Stay in bed for a few days, the doctor said to me.
Reported The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.
Direct Dont shout, I said to Gina
Reported I told Gina not to shout.
Soal
1. Direct Can you open the door for me? Linda asked.
Reported Linda asked me . the door for her.
a. to open
c. opening
b. open
d. opened
2. Jill said, Ann has bought a new car.
Jill said (that) Ann bought a new car.
a. has
b. had
c. having
d. have
3. Yesterday: Angela said, Jill is ill.
Today, you see Jill is looking well. You say:Angela said you ill.
a. was
c. are
b. is
d. were
4. Please dont tell anyone what happened, Angela said to me.
Angela asked me anyone what (had) happened.
a. dont tell
c. to not tell
b. not to tell
d. not telling
5. Ann said, I am hungry.
Ann said that she hungry.
a. were
c. had
b. would
d. was
6. Tom said, I need my pen.
Tom said that he his pen.
a. needed
c. need
b. needs
d. will need
7. He said, I ought to work hard.
He said that he to work hard.
a. ought to
c. ought
b. oughted
d. is
8. Jessica said, I may use the money.
Jessica said (that) she use the money.
a. can
c. might
b. is
d. may
9. Dont wait for me if Im late, Ann said.
Ann said not to wait for her if she late.
a. is
c.were
b. was
d. will
10. Jim said,Im going away for a few days. Ill phone you when I get back.
Reported Jim said (that) he going away for a few days and phone me when he got back.
a. was, would
c. was, will
b. were, would
d. were, will
1. A 2. B
6. A 7. C
3. D
8. C
4. B
9. B
5. D
10. A
CHAPTER XI
Wish, as if/as though, would rather
#) Wish
We use wish to say that we regret something, that something is not as we would like it to be.
Present: Subject + wish + Subject + Verb2
I wish I knew Sues telephone number. (I dont know it)
Past: Subject + wish + Subject + had + verb3
I wish I had known that Ann was ill. I would have gone to see her. (I didnt know that she was ill, so I didnt
go to see her)
#) As if/as though
You can use as if to say how someone or something looks/sounds/feels etc.:
Examples:
The house looked as if nobody was living in it.
Tom sounded worried. Tom sounded as if he was worried.
Ann sounds as if shes got a cold.
You can also use as though:
Ann sounds as though shes got a cold.
#) would rather
a) would rather + bare infinitive (keinginan di masa sekarang atau di masa depan)
examples: - I would rather stay at home.
- I would rather not go out.
b) would rather + Subject + past tense (menginginkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu)
examples: - I would rather you went to the shop.
- I would rather she cooked.
Soal:
1. I would rather the offer.
a. to receive
c. receive
b. receiving
d. receives
2. Id rather you the car now.
a. fixed
c. will fix
b. fix
d. can fix
3. Ive just come back from holiday but I feel tired and depressed. I dont feel as if I had holiday.
a. had
c. had had
b. has
d. have
4. We took an umbrella because it as if it going to rain.
a. looked, was
c. looked, were
b. looks, was
d. looks, were
5. My room is too small.
I wish my room larger.
a. are
c. were
b. is
d. can be
6. She would rather the chance.
a. takes
b. took
7. I wish I him the key. He would have chased the car.
a. give
b. had given
8. Mira would rather an apple than an orange.
a. has
b. have
9. I dont like Michelle. He talks as if he everything.
a. knows
b. know
10. Its raining. I wish I my umbrella.
a. brought
b. bring
kunci Jawaban:
1. C
2. A
3. D
6. C
7. B
8. B
4. A
9. D
5. C
10. A
c. take
d. taking
c. gave
d. given
c. had
d. have had
c. knowing
d. knew
c. have bring
d. brings
CHAPTER XII
Phrasal Verbs
Dibawah ini adalah sebuah daftar yang berisi 200 phrasal verbs yang umum digunakan. Phrasal verbs adalah frasa
yang lazimnya terdiri atas dua kata yang memenuhi struktur verb + adverb atau verb + preposition. Satu phrasal
verbs bisa saja mempunyai lebih dari satu makna, tergantung konteksnya. Bebrapa phrasal verbs memelukan objek
langsung (someone/something), sementara yang lain tidak. Selain itu, beberapa phrasal verbs dapat dipisahkan
objek, sementara yang lain harus digunakan serangkai.
Verb
Meaning
Example
invite on a date
ask around
add up to something
equal
back something up
reverse
back someone up
support
blow up
explode
blow something up
add air
break down
break down
get upset
break in
enter forcibly
break something in
break in
interrupt
end a relationship
break up
break out
escape
make unhappy
bring someone up
raise a child
bring something up
bring something up
vomit
call around
cancel
call on someone
call on someone
visit someone
call someone up
phone
calm down
catch up
check in
not
care
someone/something
for
in.
check out
leave a hotel
check someone/something
out
The company
employees.
check
someone/something
look at (informal)
cheer up
become happier
cheer someone up
make happier
chip in
help
clean something up
tidy, clean
find unexpectedly
come apart
separate
become sick
come forward
originate in
rely on
consume less
cut in
interrupt
come
down
something
out
with
count
someone/something
on
checks
out
all
new
cut in
cut in
stop providing
do
someone/something
over
do something over
do again (N.Amer.)
discard
do something up
fasten, close
dress up
drop back
drop in/by/over
drop someone/something
off
drop out
eat out
eat at a restaurant
end up
eventually reach/do/decide
fall apart
machine.
fall down
fall out
fall out
fill something in
to write
(N.Amer.)
fill something up
find out
discover
discover
get along/on
get around
have mobility
get away
go on a vacation
get back
return
information
in
blanks
get on something
overcome a problem
get together
get up
get up
stand
reveal hidden
someone
ruin a secret
give in
give something up
quit a habit
give up
stop trying
go after someone
follow someone
go after something
information
about
go against someone
compete, oppose
go ahead
start, proceed
go back
return to a place
go out
date
go over something
review
go over
go without something
grow apart
grow back
regrow
grow up
become an adult
hand something in
submit
hang in
hang on
hang out
hang up
hold someone/something
back
hide an emotion
hold on
hold
onto
someone/something
hold
someone/somethingup
rob
continue doing
keep something
someone
not tell
keep someone/something
out
keep something up
let someone in
allow to enter
look
after
someone/something
take care of
try to find
investigate
look
someone/something
from
for
tears
at
his
look out
check, examine
look something up
look up to someone
make something up
make up
make someone up
apply cosmetics to
mix something up
pass away
die
pass out
faint
pass something up
choose
point someone/something
out
look
out
someone/something
for
postpone
extinguish
assemble
put
up
with
someone/something
tolerate
put something on
meet unexpectedly
run
over
someone/something
run
something
rehearse, review
run away
run out
set something up
arrange, organize
set someone up
trick, trap
shop around
compare prices
show off
sleep over
stay somewhere
(informal)
run
someone/something
into
over/through
for
the
night
limit
switch something on
return an item
take off
start to fly
tear something up
think back
consider
dispose of
refuse
turn something on
turn something up
turn up
appear suddenly
try something on
sample clothing
test
use something up
wake up
stop sleeping
warm someone/something
up
warm up
wear off
fade away
work out
exercise
work out
be successful
make a calculation
Contoh Soal:
1. I told every guest to their shoes before entering my house
a. take on
c. try on
b. take off
d. try out
answer: B
2.
Latihan Soal:
A Night Out
Dave's a funny chap! He never wants to (1)
in the evenings, but when he does, he never wants to go home
again!
Last Thursday was a typical example. I phoned him and asked if he wanted to go out to our local pub for a quick
drink. At first, he said that he didn't want to - he would rather (2)
and watch the telly. But after about 10
minutes, I managed to persuade him to come to the pub.
Well, we had a nice evening, and the 'quick drink' turned into a longer drink; the more Dave and I drank, the more
we wanted to drink. The pub closed at 11 o'clock, so we had to (3)
then, but Dave wanted to (4)
and
persuaded me that we should go to the nightclub in town to continue our 'conversation'. There weren't many
people in the nightclub, but that didn't stop us from having a good time! I finally (5)
home at 5 o'clock in
the morning, feeling very happy, tired, and drunk.
The way my head felt on Friday morning (or, to be more accurate, Friday afternoon!), I had to agree with our
friends who say that Dave and I are a bad influence on each other!
go out / stay out / stay in / drink up / get back
Choose the correct phrase to fill in the blanks:
1.
a. go out
b. stay out
c. stay in
d. go in
2. a. go out
b. stay out
c. stay in
d. go in
3.
a. drink in
b. drink up
c. drink out
d. drink on
4.
a. go out
b. stay out
c. stay in
d. go in
5.
a. get out
b. get in
c. get on
d. get back
6. On my way to the campus. I a friend whom I had not met for years.
a. Ran off
c. Ran down
b. Ran over
d. Ran into
7. The heat by a pile of paint rags is not able to escape as fast as it is made.
a. give off
c. given off
b. given in
d. give in
8. If you have time, please the trash. Put it near the gate outside.
a. take on
c. take off
b. take in
d. take out
CHAPTER XIII
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are mudah dikenali. Yang termasuk countable nouns adalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung.
Contohnya: "pen". Kita dapat menghitung banyaknya pulpen. Contoh yang lain sebagai berikut:
dog, cat, animal, man, person, bottle, box, litre, coin, note, dollar, cup, plate, fork, table, chair, suitcase, bag
Countable nouns bisa berbentuk singular atau plural:
My dog is playing. (singular)
My dogs are hungry. (plural)
Kita dapat menggunakan indefinite article a/an dengan countable nouns:
A dog is an animal.
Ketika bentuknya singular, kita harus menggunakan kata a/the/my/this sebelumnya:
I want an orange. (bukan I want orange.)
Where is my bottle? (bukan Where is bottle?)
Ketika bentuknya plural, kata itu dapat berdiri sendiri:
I like oranges.
Bottles can break.
Kita dapat menggunakan some, any, few, every, all, dan many dengan countable nouns:
I've got some dollars.
Have you got any pens?
I've got a few dollars.
I haven't got many pens.
All dogs go to heaven.
Every book is a source of knowledge.
"People" termasuk dapat dihitung. "People" adalah bentuk jamak atau plural dari "person":
There is one person here.
There are three people here.
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns adalah benda atau zat, konsep, dan sebagainya yang tidak dapat dibagi menjadi elemenelemen terpisah. Kita tidak dapat menghitung hal tersebut. Sebagai contoh, kita tidak dapat menghitung
"milk". Kita dapat menghitung "bottles of milk" atau "litres of milk", tapi kita tidak dapat menghitung milk
itu sendiri.
Dibawah ini contoh lain dari uncountable nouns:
music, art, love, happiness, advice, information, news, furniture, luggage, rice, sugar, butter, water
electricity, gas, power, money, currency
Biasanya uncountable nouns diperlakukan sebagai kata yang singular. Kita menggunakan singular
verb/predikat tunggal. Contohnya:
This news is very important.
Your luggage looks heavy.
Kita tidak menggunakan indefinite article a/an dengan uncountable nouns. Kita tidak dapat mengatakan "an
information" atau "a music". Tetapi kita harus mengatakan:
a piece of news
a bottle of water
a grain of rice
Kita dapat menggunakan some dan any dengan uncountable nouns:
I've got some money.
Have you got any rice?
Kita juga dapat menggunakan little, all, dan much dengan uncountable nouns:
I've got a little money.
All the love in the world is here.
I haven't got much rice.
Countable and Uncountable
Terkadang, kata benda yang sama dapat menjadi countable maupun uncountable, biasanya dengan adanya
penggantian makna.
Countable
Uncountable
hair
light
noise
paper
room
time
work
Contoh Soal:
1. Not from South Africa, although most of the worlds supply originates there. (USM STAN, 2008)
a. every gold comes
c. all gold comes
b. all gold come
d. every gold come
jawaban: c
2. When you board on a plane, you have to go through inspection where they
a. inspect a luggage
c. inspect luggages
b. inspect an luggage
d. inspect your luggage
jawaban: d
Latihan Soal:
1. like to go to the beach in Summer.
a. Every people
b. All people
2. You must take before sleep. You have a bad cold.
a. your medicines
b. your the medicine
3. . Is running out. Please hurry!
c. Many people
d. All person
c. your medicine
d. your every medicine
a. Time
b. A time
4. Sorry, but can I borrow ? I think I lost my purse.
a. a money
b. some money
c. Every time
d. Many times
c. few money
d. all money
CHAPTER XIV
Conjunctions
Conjunctions atau konjungsi berfungsi menghubungkan kata dengan kelompok kata dalam satu kalimat atau
menghubungkan kaimat dengan kalimat yang lain. Beberapa diantaranya sebagai berikut
1. Therefore = karena itu
UI is a famous university in Indonesia. Therefore many students want to study there.
2. After all = bagaimanapun juga
We have to be thankful for what we have now. After all, there are more people less fortunate than us.
3. All the same = namun demikian
The new government has given them a new market. All the same, some of them keep selling at the dirty
place.
4. Consequently = akibatnya
His father died 4 years ago. Consequently, he cant study in university.
5. For = since = because = as = karena
Everybody is looking for him because he is the only person who knows where the key is.
6. In order that/in order to = supaya
We must study hard in order that we can pass the exam/in order to pass the exam.
7. In case = kalau-kalau
Youd better take an umbrella in case it rains.
8. Otherwise = jika tidak
Please study hard otherwise youll fail the exam.
9. Nevertheless = however = namun/akan tetapi
She is poor. Nevertheless, she is happy.
10. Although/though/even though/in spite of/despite = walaupun/-menyatakan hubungan pertentangan
Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.
In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.
I couldnt sleep despite being very tired.
The house isnt very nice. I like the garden though.
Even though I was really tired, I couldnt sleep.
11. Unless = kecuali jika/-menyatakan syarat
Ill see you tomorrow unless I have to work late.
12. As long as/providing/provided = hanya jika/tetapi hanya jika/-menyatakan syarat
You can borrow my car as long as you promise not to drive too fast.
Travelling by car is convenient provided/providing (that) you have somewhere to park.
13. During/for = selama
I fell asleep during the film.
We watched television for two hours last night.
14. While = sementara
I fell asleep while I was watching the film.
Contoh Soal:
1. You should take some extra money something unexpected happens.
a. unless
c. in case
b. although
d. therefore
jawaban: C
2. Learning to play a musical instrument often motivates a child to be disciplined and focused; it can impart a
feeling of social worth. (USM STAN, 2008)
a. because
c. and
b. so
d. moreover
jawaban: d
Latihan Soal:
1. I didnt get the job I had the necessary qualifications. The expression that cannot be used to complete the
sentence is
a. even though
c. despite the fact that
b. although
d. while
2. the weather is good, were going to have a picnic.
a. providing
c. however
b. although
d. while
3. Among the students, Fandi is the shortest one; , he is the fastest Sprinter in Surabaya.
a. moreover
c. however
b. otherwise
d. in order to
4. I repeatedly apologized for what happened, she wouldnt forgive me.
a. but
c. nevertheless
b. however
d. therefore
5. We should have the results of your blood test within a few days; I am going to start you on a preliminary
treatment program.
a. meanwhile
c. otherwise
b. however
d. therefore
6. I was so scared I was also curious about the old lady.
a. and
c. however
b. but
d. instead
7. Mr. Prasetyo is a noted economist
a. as well as an effective lecturer
b. and too efficient lecture
c. but he gives a good lecture
d. however he gives a lecture very well also
CHAPTER XV
Parallel Verbs
Biasanya sebuah subject memiliki dua kata benda yang dihubungkan oleh kata and. Kedua kata benda itu
harus parallel dengan bentuk sebagai berikut:
Contoh:
James makes his bed and cleans up his room every morning.
V
and V
Makes
and cleans = parallel verbs
Contoh lainnya:
- Ann is cooking dinner and (is)* talking on the phone at the same time.
- I will stay home and (will)* study tonight.
- I am going to stay home and (am going to)* study tonight.
* auxiliary verb atau helping verb tidak perlu diulang ketika kedua kata kerja dihubungkan oleh kata and.
Contoh Soal:
1. Anne can eat and TV at the same time.
a. watches
c. watched
b. watch
d. watching
jawaban: B
2. Some people concentrate better when the are studying or reading and to music at the same time.
a. listen
c. to listen
b. listened
d. listening
jawaban: D
Latihan Soal:
1. We should not discriminate between and the rich
a. poor people
c. a poor person
b. poor
d. the poor
2. Due to the increase in the price of fossil fuels, cooking is a trial for the poor and .
a. maintain a healthy life is a problem.
b. maintaining a healthy life becomes a problem,
c. maintain life is healthy,
d. maintaining a healthy life does becomes a problem.
3. I wish I could work hard, get a good pay, and.
a. take care of my family at the same time.
b. taking care of my family at the same time.
c. take care of my family is the same time.
d. taking care of my family at once.
4. She hopes that she can become a good mother and .
a. raising successful children.
c. raised successful children.
b. raised successful children.
d. raise successful children.
5. his motto for life is work hard and
a. play hardly
b. plays hardly
c. play hard
d. played hard
EROR RECOGNITION
1. Writers like William Shakespeare and Edgar Allan Poe are not only prolific but too interesting.
A
B
C
D
2. In spite Nellies fear of heights, She decided to fly with a group of her classmates to the
A
B
C
Bahamas during the spring recess.
D
3. Let Nancy and her to make all the plants for the party, and you and I will provide
A
B
C
the refreshments and entertainment.
D
4. Louie got his sister read his class assignment, and then asked her to write the report
A
B
for him because he did not have enough time.
C
D
5. After rising the flag to commemorate the holiday, the mayor gave a long speech.
A
B
C
D
6. Maribel has registered for both the afternoon anthropology class as well as the evening
A
B
C
sociology lecture.
D
7. Dr. Hawkin, which is the professor for this class, will be absent this week because of illness.
A
B
C
D
8. This class has canceled because too few students had registered before registration closed.
A
B
C
D
9. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.
A
B
C
D
10. George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasnt neither.
A
B
C
D
11. After John had eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.
A
B
C
D
12. Because Sam and Marry had done all the work theirselves, they were unwilling to give the
A
B
C
D
resulst to Jane.
13. These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return
A
B
C
D
later.
14. Many theories on conversing the purity of water has been proposed, but not one has been
A
B
C
as widely accepted at this one.
D
15. Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the students lost the
A
B
C
D
opportunity to lease the apartment.
16. The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to submit the proposal.
A
B
C
D
17. After to take the medication, the patient became drowsy and more manageable.
A
B
C
D
18. It has been a long time since we have talked to John, isnt it?
A
B
C
D
19. Peter and Tom plays tennis every afternoon with Marry and me.
A
B
C
D
20. He was drink a cup of coffee when the telephone rang.
A
B
C
D
21. We called yesterday our friends in Boston to tell them about the reunion that we are planning.
A
B
C
D
22. Please give me a few coffee and some donuts if you have any left.
A
B
C
D
23. The work performed by these officers are not worth our paying them any longer.
A
B
C
D
24. He isnt driving to the convention in March, and neither they are.
A
B
C
D
25. Because they have moved away, they hardly never go to the beach anymore.
A
B
C
D
26. If I am rich, I want to buy Bali island.
A
B
C
D
27. The president went fishing after he has finished with the conferences.
A
B
C
D
28. Those homework that your teacher assigned is due on Tuesday unless you have made prior
A
B
C
D
arrangements to turn it in late.
29. My cousin attends an university in the Midwest which specializes in astronomy.
A
B
C
D
30. Because they have moved away, they hardly never go to the beach anymore.
A
B
C
D
Reading
Reading adalah pokok bahasan yang cakupannya luas. Namun bagian reading dalam USM STAN sebenarnya tidak
susah, asal tahu apa maksud soal dan bagaimana cara menetukan jawabannya. Biasanya, soal-soal Reading
mencakup hal-hal sebagai berikut:
-
Jenis Teks
Mengetahui jenis teks membantu kita dalam menjawab soal, misalnya dalam menentukan judul, ide pokok, dan
maksud yang ingin disampaikan. Jenis-jenis teks secara umum sebaagai berikut:
1.
Recount: Menceritakan kembali suatu peristiwa dengan tujuan sekadar memberitahu atau menghibur
pembaca.
2. Report: Mendeskripsikan sesuatu hal dengan apa adanya, berdasarkan fenomena alami, buatan manusia,
ataupun sosial di dalam lingkungan kita.
3. Discussion: Memaparkan sekurang-kurangnya dua pendapat mengenai suatu isu/masalah.
4. Explanation: Menjelaskan proses-proses yang ada terkait pembuatan atau pelaksanaan dalam
fenomena/kejadian alami atau sosial budaya.
5. Narrative: Menceritakan suatu hal dengan tujuan menghibur. Hal-hal yang diceritakan bersifat
problematic, dengan urutan kejadian tertentu yang berujung pada konflik atau krisis yang diakhiri
resolusi.
6. Procedure: Mendeskripsikan bagaimana sesuatu terjadi lewat rangkaian kejadian atau langkah-langkah
tertentu.
7. Description: Mendeskripsikan seseorang, tempat tertentu, atau hal tertentu.
8. Review: Kritik/Ulasan tentang suatu karya atau acara untuk khalayak ramai. Review juga menunjukkan
bagaimana suatu karya termasuk film, acara televise, buku, drama, opera, pameran, konser, daan
pertunjukkan balet. Exposition (Analitical): Persuades the reader or listener that something is the case.
9. Exposition (Hortatory): karangan yang berusaha meyakinkan pembaca, yang berisi argument-argumen
tentang suatu masalah.
10. News Item: Menginformasikan kepadaa pembaca tentang kejadian tertentu yang dianggap penting untuk
diberitakan.
11. Anecdote: Karangan yang bertujuan untuk menceritakan kejadian yang unik, lucu, atau luar biasa.
Contoh Soal:
People express their personalities in their clothes, their cars, and their homes. A study shows that our diets are
also an expression of our personalities. Perhaps we dont choose foods only for taste and nutrition. We might
choose them because they tell people something about us. For example, some people eat mainly gourmet foods,
such as caviar and lobster, and they only eat in expensive restaurants (never in cafeterias or snack bars). They
might want to tell the world that they know about the better things in life.
Human beings can eat many different kinds of food, but some people choose not to eat meat. These vegetarians
often have more in common than just their diet. Their personalities might be similar, too. For example, vegetarians
in the United States may be creative people, and they might not enjoy competitive sports or jobs. They worry
about the health of the world, and they probably dont believe in war.
Some people eat mostly fast-food. One study shows that many fat-food eaters have a lot I common with each
other, but they are very much different from vegetarians. They are competitive and good at business. They are also
in a hurry. Many fast-food eaters might not agree with this description of their personalities, but its a common
picture of them.
Some people also believe that people of the same astrological sign, have similar food personalities. Arians (born
under the sign of Aries, between March 21 and April 19) usually like spicy food, with a lot of onions and pepper.
People with the sign of Taurus (April 20 to May 20) prefer healthful fruits and vegetables, but they often eat too
much. Sgittarians (November 22 to December 21) like ethnic foods from many different countries. Aquarians
(January 20 to February 18 ) can eat as much meat and fish as they want, but sugar and cholesterol are sometimes
problems for them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Jawaban:
1. C
2. D
3. D
4.
5.
6.
D
A
C
Latihan Soal:
Neither a Borrower nor a Lender Be
Both borrowers and lenders in the sub-prime mortgage market are wishing they had listened to the old saying:
neither a borrower nor a lender be.
Last year people with poor credit ratings borrowed $605 billion in mortgages, a figure that is about 20% of the
home-loan market. It includes people who cannot afford to meet the mortgage payments on expensive homes
they have bought, and low-income buyers. In some cases, the latter could not even meet the first payment.
Lenders include banks like HSBC, which may have lost almost $7 billion.
Both sides can be blamed. Lenders, after the 2-3 percentage point premium they could charge, offered loans,
known as 'liar loans', with no down payments and without any income verification to people with bad credit
histories. They believed that rising house prices would cover them in the event of default. Borrowers ignored the
fact that interest rates would rise after an initial period.
One result is that default rates on these sub-prime mortgages reached 14% last year- a record. The problems in
this market also threaten to spread to the rest of the mortgage market, which would reduce the flow of credit
available to the shrinking numbers of consumers still interested in buying property.
So, the housing market will remain weak; borrowers with weak credit histories will find the credit window closed;
people with adjustable-rate mortgages will have to spend less so they can meet their increased payments; tighter
lending standards and falling home prices will reduce consumers' ability to tap the equity in their homes.
But as long as the labor market remains strong, which it has done despite job losses in housing-related industries,
and as long as real incomes continue to go up, consumers might complain, but they are unlikely to go on a buyers'
strike on a scale that will make this slowdown become a recession. Therefore, we should not be too worried, but,
at the same time, we should be a bit cautious and watch closely how things develop.
1. Sub-prime mortgage loans were offered
a. only to low income families.
b. to people who wanted to by very expensive houses.
c. to people with poor credit histories.
d. to people with sufficient credit.
2. Who believed that rising house prices would cover them in the event of a default?
a. borrowers
b. lenders
c. both
d. none of the above
3. Borrowers have been caught out
a. because they lied when applying for the loan.