1

ARevolutionaryTracktoDevelopment:
RuralIndependenceinRenewableEnergyandIndias
Future

AleshaLemire,MichaelaMerryfield,
andBenjaminPhilipGeorge
ResearchPaper

Economics329:DevelopmentandEconomics
withProfessorDr.AlokKumar
ThursdayDecember4th,2014

Abstract:
Theabilitytobedomesticallyindependent,throughglobalinterdependence,hasbeenthe
developmentpathassociatedwiththegrowthpatternofmodernstates.Energyisasourceoflife
bymeansofprovisionofelectricity,butalsoanimportantinputofproduction.Thereal
implicationsofenergyasaunitofproductionistherelativecostexpendedorsavedasaresultof
energyuse.Inatraditionaldevelopmentpath,energyconsumptionreliesonfossilfuels,thusany
nationstrivingtodeveloptheireconomyandsocietymustbewaryoffallingintoanimperialistic
developmentpath.Fortunately,withinnovativetechnologiesandcostefficientmethodsof
energyproduction,andgrowingsentimentsofagreenerglobaleconomy,wefindthatthereal
impactsofenergyarenolongerhomogeneouslydetermined.Utilizingrenewablesourcesof
energy,countriescanchallengetheenergyimperialisticstatusquothatbirthsapathdependent
growthpatterninherentlydefinedbythedevelopedcountriesthatinstilledsuchsystemsinthe
pasttogrowtheireconomies.Additionally,renewableenergywillallowdevelopingcountriesto
becomemoregloballycompetitivebyadoptingcostsavingandincomegeneratingenergy
generationmethods,whilecomplyingwithinternationalstandardssuchastheKyotoProtocol.
Costeffectiveandcostefficientalternativeenergyproductioncanbeviewedasatoolto
reproachpathdependencyontraditionalandmoderndevelopment,butalsoasapathcreation
developmentapproachthatwillallowdevelopingcountriestoplaycatchup,makingthem
competitivewithdevelopednations.

TotalPageCount:21writtenpages+6pagesofBibliographyandAppendix
TotalWordCount:7,009words

TableofContent
1.0Introduction
1.1TheRoleofTechnologicalInnovationinDevelopment
1.1aTheRelationshipbetweenElectricityConsumptionandGrowthinHuman
Development
1.2PathDependencyandEnergyPovertyandtheColonialisticInfluence
1.3TheGroundworkforFutureConceptualFrameworks
1.4ChallengesFacingImplementationofNewTechnologies
1.5ImplicationsofEnergyProductiononHumanDevelopment
1.6RelationshipbetweenEnergyConsumptionandHumanDevelopmentIndices
2.0IndianAsADomesticAnalogy
2.1IndiasPotentialforGrowth
2.2EnergyCompetitionresultingfromIncreasingDemandsandConstrainedSupply
2.3SocialImmersionofTechnology
2.4PathtoEnergyIndependence
3.0AnEnergyIndependentFuturebyRenewableEnergy

1.0Introduction:
Nottoolongago,theideaofagreenworldseemedeconomicallyunattainableand
environmentalismwasaconceptofluxuryinacapitalisticderivedworld.However,witha
rapidlygrowingglobalpopulationandincreasingconcernaboutenvironmentalsustainability,
dialogueonrenewableenergyhasbecomecriticalcomponentofhumandevelopment.Inour
paper,wewilldefinerenewableenergyastheenergythatcomesfromnaturallyreplenishable
resourcessuchassunlight,waves,tides,rain,windandgeothermalheattheseareenergysources
thatcanreplacetraditionalenergysourcesinfourareas:electricitygeneration,hotwater/space
heating,motorfuels,andrural(offgrid)energyservices(Sandra,AriefBoediono,EkoNuryono,
andSoemarno,2010).WewilluseIndiaanditspotentialfortransitioningentirelytorenewable
energyasabenchmarkforouranalysistodeterminetheimplicationsofagreenerworld.By
analysingtheglobalbenefitsofrenewableenergyasaenergysubstitute,wecanidentifythe
domesticbenefitsofarenewableenergytransformationinIndia.Consideringthis,wewillthen
discusstheroleofrenewableenergyinIndia'sdevelopmentsofar,anditsfuturepotential.
Furthermore,wewilloutlinetheobstaclesanddifficultiesthatIndiafacesinswitchingto
renewableenergy,andpoliciesthatcancontributetoitswideracceptanceandimplementation.

Inaglobalcontext,thepastdecadehasseensignificanttechnologicaladvancementinthe
renewableenergysector.Theglobalinstilledcapacityandproductionhasincreased,andthecost
formuchoftherequiredtechnologyhasgonedown.Furthermore,domesticandinternational
policiessupportingrenewableenergyarebecomingincreasinglywidespread.Withtherising
fearsofglobalwarmingandclimatechange,thebenefitsofexpandingtherenewableenergy
sectorarepotentiallyenormous.Renewableenergymeansanunendingsourceofcontinuous
energy,butitisalsoasourceofenergythatrequirestechnologicalassistancetomaintainhigh
levelsofefficiency.Todayrenewableenergyiscurrentlybeingthoughtofnotonlyasawayof

increasingenergysecurity,butalsoasameansofreducingcarbonemissionsandproviding
socialbenefits.Ithasgreatpotentialtosignificantlyadvancedevelopmentincountriesaround
theworld,andgovernmentsarebecomingincreasinglyawareandsupportiveofthis.Although
themaingoalofexpandingtherenewableenergysectoristoprovideenergysecurityandexpand
energyservice,theeffectofrenewableenergycanbenefitcountriesinotherwaysaswell.These
include,reducingthehealthandenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththeuseoffossiland
nuclearfuels,improvingeducationalopportunities,creatingjobs,reducingpoverty,and
increasinggenderequality(Ren21,2014).Additionally,renewableenergyprovideslowcarbon
energy,whichwouldallowustolivesustainablyandslowtheprocessofclimatechange.

1.1TheRoleofTechnologicalInnovationinDevelopment
Thecapabilitytoadaptandadoptnewtechnologycandeterminetherateofeconomicand
socialdevelopmentofacountry.Incontrast,theinabilitytoadapttotherapidchangesof
technologicaladvancementcancausesocialandeconomicinequalitiestoform.Theeconomics
ofrevolutionaryperiodsillustratesthetrendingpoweroftechnologicalinfluenceinsocietal
development.IntheFrenchRevolutionortheAmericanRevolution,theuseofhighgrade
armourandswordsandcannonsrespectivelygavetheFrenchrebelsandtheAmericansthe
abilitytochallengethestatusquoofasocietytheyweremerelyborninto.Inanotherinstance,
theIndustrialRevolution(17601830)wastheproductofatransitionfromhandproduction
manufacturingmethodstonewtechnologicallyadvancedindustrialmanufacturingthis
technologicaladvancementledtourbanizationanddemocratizationbutalsodrovetheprocessof
productioninkeyindustries,whichencouragedmassemploymentinEngland.Thereason
technologicaladvancementisbeneficialisbecausemarketdriventechnologicalimplementation
isaresultofcostreductionandimprovedefficiency.IntheIndustrialrevolution,itwasthe
beginningofunprecedentedandsustainedeconomicgrowththatledtoanoverallgrowthin

EnglandandtheUS.Therefore,thesuccessofindustrialinnovationtheindustrialrevolutionis
arguablynotageneralizedmethodofgrowth,eventhoughitprovedsuccessfulinEuropeinthe
19thcentury.Itcan,however,beviewedasaperspectivegrowththatappliedtothestatebecause
ofthedemocraticnatureofthestateinthatgiventimeperiodbutalsoitwastheoutcomesofpast
eventsandsharedexperiences.

1.1aTheRelationshipbetweenElectricityConsumptionandGrowthinHumanDevelopment
AccordingtoMeissenandSengLung(2005:P.2),thePresidentandaSeniorResearcher
attheGlobalEnergyNetworkInstitute,whoranseveralregressionteststhattestedeconomicand
socialindicatorsofhumandevelopmentagainstelectricityconsumptionpercapitatodetermine
theoutcomeofelectricityconsumptioninsocialprogress,thereisempiricalevidenceshowing
thatelectricityconsumptionpercapitahasastrongcorrelationtoeconomicandsocial
developmentindicesinhighhumandevelopmentcountries.Moreimportantly,inmediumand
lowhumandevelopmentcountries,therewasaextremelystrongcorrelationbetweenelectricity
consumptionpercapitaandsocialandeconomicdevelopmentindices.Givenanyfactor,an
incrementalchangeinelectricityconsumptioninlowormediumHDIcountriestendstohave
greaterimpactsongrowthanddevelopmentvariableslikehealthcareandeducation,whichis
twothirdsthecompositionoftheHDI.Anincreaseinelectricityconsumptionpercapitahas
greaterutilitygainspercapitainlowandmediumHDIcountriesthaninhighHDIcountriesdue
tothelawofdiminishingmarginalutilityonelectricityconsumption,whichleadstoashiftinthe
individualbudgetconstraintandincreasingmarginalutilitycurvesinlowandmediumHDI
countriesbutnothighHDIcountries.Inthisinstance,theyarguedthatinhighHDIpercapita
countries,therearealreadyrealizedgainsfromincreasedelectricityconsumptionthus
decreasingthemarginalreturnontheunitsofelectricityconsumption,whichresultsinalesser
increaseinHDIperunit.Asillustratedin(Figure4),theCoHeadofAsianEconomicResearch

atHSBCHoldingsplcandaManagingDirectorandSeniorEconomistatHSBC,Research
DivisionHongKong,Dr.FredericNeumannfoundthatelectricityproductionismorevolatile
thanindustrialproduction,whichmeansthateconomicgrowthanddevelopmentdoesnot
necessarilymeangrowthinhumandevelopment.Theimpactsoftimelagsstemmingfrom
legislativeproceduresanddelayedpublicpolicyimplementationleadstopolitical
marginalizationduetolackofurbanization,whichinthecaseofIndia,ledtorural
marginalization.Therefore,theeffectofchangeinenergyproductionandthedemandandsupply
forenergyhasmoredrasticimplicationsonpoliticalandsocialpolicythaneconomicchange.

Using60countries(Figure2),theUnitedNationsHumanDevelopmentIndexplotsthe
annualpercapitaelectricityconsumptiontomeasurelevelsofinequality.Thedataderivedfrom
1997plotsthatthethresholdlevelis4,000kilowattspercapitaincountrieswithHDI
correspondingto0.9orgreater.Nocountrywithlessthan4,000kilowattspercapitahadaHDI
levelof0.9orgreater.Thealarmingfiguresillustratedthetwoextremes.Of27countrieswitha
HDIlevelof0.7andbelow,and20withHDIlevelsof0.6,24countriesinthefirsttestand19
countriesinthesecondtesthadanannualpercapitaoflessthan1,000kw.Incontrast,inthe
groupwith5,000kWpercapita,nocountryhadaHDIlevellowerthan0.9.TheHDIshowsthe
disparityinhumandevelopmentbetweenthehighandlowendcountries(Pasternak,2000:P.4).
TheUNHDIreportcombinesthedataforstandardofliving,representedbyadiscountedvalue
ofgrossdomesticproductpercapita,longevity,andeducationalattainment.ThehighHDI
countriessuchasAustralia,Germany,France,Japan,Netherlands,Spain,Italy,UK,US,Canada,
countriesthatareclassifiedasindustrializedcountries,allhavecolonialisticpaststhatallowed
themtoexploittheAsianandAfricannationsforeconomicgrowth.Ontheotherhand,countries
withcolonialistichistorieslikeEthiopia,Congo,India,Pakistan,andotherdevelopingnations
havelowelectricityconsumptionpercapitaresultinginmarginalization.

1.2PathDependencyandEnergyPovertyinAsiaandtheColonialisticInfluence
Indiasdomesticenergypovertyisderivedfromitscolonialisticheritage,whichadopted
ahistoricalpatternofgrowthfosteringhomogenousmarginalizationtodifferentcountrieswith
similarcolonialisticpasts.TheWorldBank(2011)summarizedthatthefocusoneconomic
growth,stemmingfromBritishoccupation,meantalackofwellestablishedpublic
infrastructure,especiallyintheenergysector.Combiningthiswithrisingpopulations,theWorld
Bankpredictsthattherewillbeapproximately100millionnewpeoplewhowilllackaccessto
energyinsubSaharanAfricaby2030.Thelackofaccesstoelectricityorenergysupplyisa
deprivationofaperson'smostbasichumanrights,andofopportunitiestoimprovehisorher
standardsofliving(WorldBank,2011).Compoundly,theimplicationsofnoorlittleelectricity
consumptioncanallowustofurtherderivethathumandevelopmentislimitedinasituationlike
this,whichtranslatesintoalackofpropersanitationandhealthcare,orlackofpropereducation
attainmentorinfrastructureavailableandaccessible.Hence,thecycleofinequalitybegins,
whichthenleadstomarginalizationandmoreinequality.

Withapproximately850millionor70%oftheIndianpopulationlivinginrural
communities,themajorityofIndiansremaineconomicallyandsociallystagnant.Inlightof
risinginequalities,thisleadstotheextensionofpoliticalmarginalizationofruralitesbecause
theydonotsharethesameabilitytogeneratethesamelevelofbackupenergy.Naturally,those
whocouldaffordtouseexternalsourcesofenergyasbackuptothefaultingcentralized
electricitysupplyarebetteroffthanthosewithoutanexternalsourceofenergy.AGENIreport
suggestthattheoccurrencesofblackoutsoccurbecausemanydistributionslinesinIndiaare
datedandovercapacitated.Asaresult,someoccurrencessuchastheAgraGwaliorblackout
affectedapproximately10millionpeople(Beg&Meissen,2013:P.16).Theywerealarmedby

thepracticesaffectingbehaviourinIndiathatwerederivedfrombeingapartoftheblackout
culture.Shockingly,InIndia,especiallyinruralsocieties,thepopulationhasbecomeaccustomed
tothecultureofblackouts.Powershortagesareacomponentofeverydaylifeandpeopleeven
preparefortheoccurrencebybuyingcandlesorgeneratorspeoplehavenormalizedand
internalizedthatunstableflowofelectricityiscommonpracticeandislikelytooccur.

PlannedorunplannedblackoutsareabigprobleminIndia,sometimesaffectingasfewas
100peopletoasmanyas670millionpeople(NewYorkTimes,2012).BegandMeissen(2013)
explainthatblackoutsoccurinIndiabecauseofunderfundedenergy(electricity)generation
capacityand/orpoorlymanagedinfrastructuresthatcausewiringcongestionandfaultywirings.
SengLungandMeissenwouldarguethatunlikeenergygridsinhighHDIcountriesliketheUS
andEngland,Indiahasnoalreadyestablishedrealizedgainsinenergyinfrastructureandpolicy
implementation.WhiletheWestwasdevelopingtheirsocieties,whichincludeda
wellestablishedandfunctionablecentralizedstructureofenergyproduction,Indiawasbeing
colonized.Therefore,theWesthasalreadyrealizedgainswhileIndiadoesnot.

Theproblemofglobalanddomesticinequalityinenergyconsumptionandelectricityuse
affectsthelevelofhumandevelopmentacountryhasachievedtodate.Thelevelofinequalityin
IndiaisdependentonthecolonialisticpastexperienceandeventswithMahatmaGandhi,India
mayhaveachievedpoliticalindependencebutcontinuedtobeeconomicallyandsocially
interdependentonotherstolivesustainablelives.Thisshiftisdefinedbythemovefrom
economiccolonialismtoecoenergyimperialism.Figure2demonstratesthatapproximately15%
ofthesamplepopulationenjoyedaHDIlevelof0.9orgreater,andonlyaround18.5%used4,
000kWhofelectricityormore.Conversely,morethan66%ofthesamplepopulationusedless
than1,000kWhperpersonperyearthataccountedforlessthan16%ofglobalelectricityuse

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(Pasternak,2000).Statistically,therelationshipbetweenenergyconsumptionandnew
technologyinenergyconsumptiononeducationattainment,useofhealthservices,etc.,as
mentionedaboveinPoppswork,isverydifferentfromonecountrytothennext.Or,inthecase
ofIndiaandsimilarcountries,fromonepersontothenext.Dometicinequalityinelectricity
consumptionstirsinequalitiesthatleadtomarginalizationofagroupinsociety.Theuseof
renewableenergytogivethemarginalizedenergyindependencecanraisethelevelofHDIfor
Indiaandsimilarcountries,especiallybecauseenergyindependentsystemsfavorthe
decentralizedgenerationandcontrolofenergyandelectricityuse.

Brown,Peers,Robb(1994,2006,2001)denotehistoricallythatIndiasascentasa
technological,civilizedsocietystartedin1848withtheappointmentGovernorGeneralLord
DalhousietotheEastIndiaCompany.UnderDalhousie,thechangesinIndiaweremorethanjust
politicallyandsociallymotivatedbutalsopavedthewayforthedemocratizationprocessinIndia
whichwassupportedbytechnologicaladvancementsinrailwaysystem,canals,andmost
importantly,telegraphsandcommunicationsystems.Whentherushoftechnologyand
commercializationoftheagriculturalsectorwassloweddownduetoeconomiccrisis,rural
agriculturalfarmersinIndianolongerhadaccesstoasecuremarketanddependedonthewhims
anddemandsoftheinternationalmarkets(Stein,1998:P.260).Thus,theimplicationofthat
economiccrisisalmostcrippledsmallagriculturefarmersinIndia,leadingtomanylargescale
faminesacrossIndiainthelatterhalfofthe19thcentury.Sincethen,however,postWWII
developmenthasmadeIndiaoneofthefastestgrowingeconomiesintheworld,thereby
expandingitsinternationalinfluenceinothercountries,butnotwithoutincreasingdomesticand
internationalinequalities.

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Eventoday,Indiafacesmanychallengesinbothruralandurbanareasregardingissuesof
internationalinterdependence,corruption,malnutrition,inadequatepublichealthcare,domestic
andregionalterrorism,poverty,casteinequalities,religiousviolence,andterritorialdispute.In
spiteofsustainedeconomicgrowthanddemocraticfreedoms,freedomfromwantforthe
disadvantagedinsocietyremainstobeabigissueinhibitinghumandevelopment(Metcalf&
Metcalf,2006:P.304).Therefore,theimplicationsofenergyindependenceisafactorofthe
decentralizednatureofthesmartgrid,orenergyinnovationitremainstobethemostsustainable
longtermenergyalternativethatopposesthestatusquo.Theflawsofthecentralizationof
electricitydistributionandenergyproductionaresystematicbecausesupplyforenergyis
determinedbylimitedsourceswhichtendtodictatethepriceofelectricityconsumed.The
economicargumentofdemandandsupplysuggeststhatashortageinsupplywillleadtoaprice
increase.InIndia,powershortagesareacommonpractice,therefore,withtheopportunitycostof
energybeinggreater,theincrementalchangesintherelativepriceofenergypricesis
exponentiallysummed.

1.3TheGroundworkforFutureConceptualFrameworks
Byanalysingdifferentvariableseffectingeconomicandsocialindicesthatleadto
advancementinhumandevelopment,wecanestablisharelationshipbetweentechnological
advancementsinrenewableenergyasacostsavingandincomegeneratingtoolforeconomic
andsocialdevelopmentinIndia.SacchidanandaMukherjee,anAssistantProfessoratthe
NationalInstituteofPublicFinanceandPolicyandDebashisChakraborty,anAssistant
ProfessorattheIndianInstituteofForeignTrade,identifiedacollectiveinfluenceofdifferent
measuressuchasinflowofFDI,anexportorientedeconomicmodel,privatizationofindustrial
licensing,andongoingtariffreforms,inensuringsteadygrowthoverthelast10yearsinIndia.
PriortoNarendraModiselection,Indiahadalreadytakenlegislativeactiontowardsexpanding

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theircitizenscapabilitieswithprogramssuchastheSarvaShikshaAbhiyan(SSA)which
dictatesthateverystateinIndiamusthaveaelementaryuniversaleducationinitiativeforall
childrenaged614.OtherexamplesincludetheNationalRuralHealthMission(NRHM),a
healthinitiativefrom20052012thatpromotedreductioninInfantMortalityRatesandMaternal
Mortality,universalaccesstopublichealthcareservicesforwomenshealth,childhealth,
immunization,nutrition,andhygiene,andthetheNationalRuralEmploymentGuaranteeAct
(NREGA),whichempowerseveryonewiththeRighttoEducationActandFoodSecurityActs,
especiallythoseinruralareas(2010:P.2).

Theseestablishedinitiativesformedpartofthegroundworkrequiredforamoreeducated
societyinIndia.ThishasresultedinafreerIndia,freefrompastcolonialismandimperialism
effects,whichcanresultinthecontinuingsocietalexpansionofhumancapabilitiesbrought
aboutbyimprovedhealthcareandeducation.Thereby,establishingthepremiseforexpanding
themostbasichumanrightstotheIndianpopulation.ThepossibilitiesofIndiaareendless
becauseofthegeopoliticalstructureofthestate.Beingtheseventhlargestcountrybylandmass,
thesecondlargestcountrybypopulation,thelargestintermsofpopulationgrowth,andthe
largestdemocracyintheworld,theimplicationsofanenergycrisisinIndiawillbedetrimental
toitssociety.Moreimportantly,withtheprobabilityofanenergycrisisbecomingseemingly
inevitableandloomingcloserdaybydaybecauseofnonrenewablemarketvolatility,growing
energydemandsputtingastressonlimitedenergysupplyandIndiasglobalinterdependenceon
oilgeneratingcountriesforeconomicandsocialsustainability,theneedforanenergyrevolution
isvitalfordevelopmentalprogress(seeFig.1&3).Indiaalsopossessesimmensenaturalwealth
intermsoflandmassavailable,agriculturallands(ruralsocieties),andahighlyskilled
urbanizedpopulous,andduetothechangingpoliticalstructureestablishedbynewlyelected
PrimeMinisterNarendraModi,whofasttrackedtherenewableenergyinitiativeinGujaratas

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ChiefMinister,themodelforenergyindependenceinIndiaispoliticallysupported.Inaddition,
withthegrowingeconomiccostofenergymaintenancetheWorldBank(2013)suggestthatit
willtake$450billioninannualinvestmentby2030tosustainthecurrent(i.e2014)levelof
energydemands.Therefore,theeconomiccostofenergyindependenceisalsoalongtermsocial
benefit.

1.4ChallengesFacingImplementationofNewTechnologies
Theissuepertainingtonewtechnology,especiallyinenergyproductionandelectricity
consumption,isthattechnologicalchangerequiresaninfluxofcapitalornewformsofcapitalto
establishthevariousinfrastructuresrequiredsuchasthemodificationofpowergridsthis
processisnotonlycostlybutalsotimeconsumingbecauseimplementationrequirescooperation
fromvariousinternational,public,andevenprivateactorsofresearchanddevelopment.Inthe
wakeoftheOPECenergycrisisin1973,industriesandcorporationschoseasubstitutiveroute,
therebymerelytransformingoldenergyintensivetechnologiestolessenergyintensive
innovations,whichwerecostsavingandenergyefficientinvestments.Consequently,thegeneral
changesinenergypricesmovequickerthangainsinenergyconservation(Berndt,1990).Martin
(2009)identifiesthemainissuesconcerningtechnologicaladvancementsinenergyinnovation:
Firstly,thetechnicalconstraintofademandbasedenergymarketmeansthatnotonlyis
infrastructuralcosthigh,butalsoenergystoragecostforperiodswithlowenergydemandor
highnonrenewableenergysupply.Secondly,theeconomicandsocialcostbenefitanalysisof
technologicaladvancementinenergyprojectsfavorsthemostefficient,energymaximizing,and
greenhousegasemissionreducingalternativewhichdonotnecessarilymeanrenewableenergy
willbethechoiceforshorttermchange.Forexample,cogenerationsuseasystemof
regenerationthatusesalreadyusedenergybyCombinedheatandpower(CHP)systemsorthe
distributionofheatandsteaminfactories,powersthatarenoteasilytransportedfromlocationto

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locationcanbetheshorttermsolutionforenergychangeratherthanestablishinganewsystem
ofenergygeneration.Thirdly,theregulatorybarrierstoentry,politicaloreconomic,affectsthe
costofproductionandpricecompetitivenesswhichhinderstheprogressofdevelopmentinthe
renewableenergysector.Alackofpoliticalincentivetochangetoasmartgridcoupledwith
therequirementofcostlyinvestmentsrequiredtoupgradeservicesthatwouldalsoaffect
corporateprofitshavedisincentivizednaturalmonopoliestomovetowardsrenewableenergy
sources.Thiscausesthemtoprefersolutionsthatguaranteestableincomeoverthelesscostly
solutionthatgeneratesnogains(Pp.2930).

1.5ImplicationsofEnergyProductiononHumanDevelopment
TheUSEnergyInformationAdministration(2014)reportedthatcrudeoilpriceswerethe
primarydriverinsettingoverallenergyprices.Byusingoilpricesasapriceindicator,wecan
explaintherelationshipbetweenenergyandqualityoflife.Ascomponentsofstandardofliving,
educationalattainmentandlivingstandardsiscorrelatedtoelectricityconsumption.Abdelkarim,
Youssef,Mhenni,andRault(2014),identifiedthreeimpactsofenergyoneducationattainment
inAfricatheyarguethatenergyimproveslearningandworkingconditionsinschoolsand
offices,thusimprovingthequalityoftheschool,andtheincentiveforparentstosendtheir
childrentoschool.InAfrica,theincreaseofenergyuseandelectricityconsumptionaddressed
theproblemsthequantitativeproblems(i.e.absenteeism)andqualitativeissuesofeducation(P.
5).TheHumanDevelopmentReport,inchapters2and3,outlinestherelationshipbetween
healthandeducationtothedevelopmentofhumancapabilitiesandnotethatabsenteeismand
lackofteachingqualityasthedrivingforceoflowlevelsofeducationinSubsaharanAfricaand
Asia(HDIReport,2014).Thesecondimpactsofenergyoneducationisenergyimprovesthe
homecondition,establishinganenvironmentsuitableforlearningenhancingtheircapabilityin
educationbygivingthemfreedomtostudyatwillandwithoutworry(P.6).Thethirdimpactis

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thatenergyimprovesthegeneralconditionsoflearningbyincreasingaccesstoenergyone
increaseschildrensaccesstohealthservices(WHO,2006).Mosthouseholdmedicinesalso
requireacoldstoragefacilitiestostayeffective,whichreducestherateofillnesses,Abdelkarim
et.al.(2014)arguethatimprovementinhealthconditionsdecreasedthelevelofabsenteeismin
Africancountriesbecausestudentsweremorehealthy(P.7).

Thecostofoil,andthusenergyprices,cangreatlyaffectthelivesofmanypeoplewhose
businessesandlivelihoodscanbedrasticallyalteredbyeventhesmallestchange.Afterthe2008
Recession,thefocusongreendevelopmentwassloweddownandthefocusonmore
energyefficientproductswasdeveloped.Thisoccurredbecauseontopofthepoliticaland
legislativelagthataffectspolicychanges,theeconomiccostassociatedinnewrenewableenergy
generationandstorageinademandbasedenergymarketwasastronomicalwhennonrenewable
supplyofenergywashigh.Sincethen,however,innovationintherenewableenergysectorshas
broughtforthtechnologyisthatnotonlycostefficient,butalsomorecapableandpowerfulthan
previoustechnology(Wolf,2010).Theunendingpotentialforrenewableenergygenerationis
attractivetoinvestorsseekinglongtermreturns,whichisnotsurprisingconsideringprivate
investmentbyIBM,Google,etc.havedoubled.TheWorldBanks(2012)energyinvestments
demonstrateashifttowardsrenewableandcleanenergysupply,bywhichtheyallocated44%or
some$3.66billioninrenewableenergyand17%and$1.35billioninenergyefficientresearch
anddevelopment,whilstonlyinvest11%or$880millioninoilresearchanddevelopment.

Withextensiveglobalinvestmentintorenewableenergytechnologies,andincreasing
interestalreadytakingplaceinternationally,renewableenergyisbecomingeconomically
feasiblefordevelopingcountriessuchasIndia.Thisgivesthesestatesinauniqueopportunity
forplacingthemselvesattheforefrontofrenewableenergyinnovation,developmentand

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infrastructure.Indiafirstbegantolookatrenewableenergyafterthetwoglobaloilcrisesduring
the1970's,withtheestablishmentofaCommissionforAdditionalSourcesofEnergyinthe
DepartmentofScienceandTechnologyin1981.Thecommissionhadamandatefordevising
programsandpoliciesforthedevelopmentofnewandrenewableenergysources.Thiswas
followedbytheDepartmentofNonConventionalEnergySourcesin1982whichwasupgraded
in1992totheMinistryofNonConventionalEnergySources,orasitisnowknown,the
MinistryofNewandRenewableEnergy.Thesedomesticadvancementsareimportant,butthe
Indianenergysectorisstilllargelyreliantonnonrenewableenergysources,andisafflictedby
criticalshortcomingsintheprovisionofbasicelectricityservicestherefore,itisstillnecessary
fortheIndiangovernmenttofindandimplementalternativegovernancesolutionsforintegrating
lowcarbondevelopmentoptionsintoitsenergymarket.

1.6RelationshipbetweenEnergyConsumptionandHumanDevelopmentIndices
In2009,duringtheGreatRecession,thelackofdemandforenergyduetodecreasing
productionsledtonegativegrowthandsurprisinglylowoilprices.TheUSEIAreportalso
showsthatinOECDcountries,aminorpriceincreaseofenergycanleadtoareductionin
consumptionbecausemostenergyusersdonothavetheincometosupplementbothcosts.
Duringtheeconomiccrisis,whichalsoencompassedanenergycrisis,consumptiongrowthwas
consistentlynegativefor8economicquarters,buthavealsobeenstagnantornegativesince2005
(2014).TheGrangerCausalitytestresultsdemonstratestrongcorrelationbetweenincreasing
studentenrollmentandpositiveGDPpercapitagrowth(P.10).Theyshowedthathigheroil
consumptioninfluencedlevelsofeconomicgrowthhigherconsumptionlevelsledtohigher
economicgrowthanddevelopment.Thesocietalandenvironmentalimpactsofenergy
generationanddistribution,andtheassociatedcosts,hasalastinginfluenceonapersonslife
trajectory.Theimplicationsofinnovativetechnologyandtherapidrateofchangeis

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advantageoustoourgeneration.Abdelkarimet.al.(2014)suggeststhatpublicelectricityaccess
strategiesshouldtargetpublicfacilitieslikeschoolssothattheycanprovideessentialservices
neededtoimprovelifequalityandgenerateincome(P.15).AccordingtotheHuman
DevelopmentReportbytheUN,therelationshipbetweendemandforenergyandlevelof
educationiscloselyrelatedtotheprocessofdemocratizationinthe8MilleniumDevelopment
Goals.Theyfoundingeneral,themoreeducatedasocietybecomes,themorepeopleacquire
awarenessabouttheirsurroundingsandbegintobecomeactiveparticipantsindemocratic
actionsthatwillleadtotheirinterestsbeingmet,therebyincreasingtheirrightsandprivilegesin
society.

2.0ConceptualFrameworkforAnalysis
Theneedforinnovationinrenewableenergydevelopmentisimperativenotonlytomeet
growingglobalenergydemands,economicgrowthandenvironmentalconcerns,buttofacilitate
thedevelopmentanderadicationofpovertyindevelopingcountries.Thefuturesuccessofthe
povertyeradicationindevelopingcountriesisdependentupontheeconomicdevelopmentofthe
state,whichissubsequentlydependentonasustainableandstablesupplyofenergyresources.
Forexample,Indiasrapidlyexpandingeconomyandgrowingpopulationarecombinedfactors
thathasledtoashiftfromagriculturalmarketstoonebasedongoodsandservices,andinturn
hasresultedinanunprecedentedincreaseindomesticdemandforenergy.Indiasrapidly
growingpopulationwillincreasinglydemandmoreenergyforconsumptionandthuswillrequire
thecountrytosignificantlyexpanditsenergyproductioninordertomaintaincurrent
productivityanddevelopmentlevels.Thepotentialbenefitsareunendingforcorporationsand
nationsrenewableenergyallowsthemtobeincompliancewithpreexistinginternational,
regional,anddomesticlawsandregulationssuchastheKyotoProtocol,andthereby,relieving
thepressureonthelegislativebranchtomakerashnewpoliciestoappeaseexternalpressures

18

anduncertainties.Acountrycanhavesustainablegrowth,whilstempoweringtheircitizens,
throughtheuseofrenewableenergytechnology.Renewableenergyrequirestimetoestablishbut
thelongtermbenefitstoacountryanditspopulationistruefreedomfromimperialisticholdson
societythroughoil,orcoal,oranyfluctuationenergyoreconomicsituationthatcanhalttheflow
ofconstantenergyatlowcost.Asmartgridsystemusesanefficiencymodelthatseeksto
maximizeefficiencybyutilizingbothtraditionalsourcesofenergyandnewalternativeand
renewableenergies.Itallowsthemtofunctionstablyatanygivenenergydemandrate
overcomingtheproblemsaccumulatedduetolackofurbanizationandofwellestablished
structuralapplications.Moreover,thebenefitofasmartgridinruralelectrificationextendspast
thispossibilityofenergyindependence,inalsoleadingtooverallincreasesinhuman
developmentbecauseofimprovedhealthandeducationprovidetocitizens.Inmanycountries,
significanttimeandeffortarespenttoattainenergyservices(Ren21,p.5).Energypovertydoes
notgetasmuchattentionasissuessuchashunger,butitisasignificanthurdleinachieving
developmentgoalsofimprovedhealth,prosperityandaliveableenvironment(p.5).
Renewableenergyprovidesanunprecedentedopportunitytoacceleratetheprocessofdisplacing
traditionalenergysourcesfossilfuels,traditionalbiomass,andcarbonbasedfuelsand
makingthetransitiontomodern,sustainableenergyservices(p.5).Inthisway,expanding
renewableenergycanlowerthebarrierstosustainabledevelopment.

2.1IndiasPotentialforGrowth
Indiahasoneofthefastestgrowingenergymarketsintheworldandispredictedto
accountforeighteenpercentoftheincreaseinglobalenergyconsumptionby2035(Yep,2011).
Currently,Indiaislargelydependentonfossilfuelimportstomeettheirenergydemands.By
2030thisdependenceisanticipatedtoexceedfiftythreepercentofthestatesoverallenergy
consumption(Yep,2010)hence,wecanseethatenergysecurityandenvironmental

19

consideration,isvitaltoeconomicdevelopmentandstandardoflivingincreasesfortheIndian
populous(Dadwal,2009,p.665).Indiasgrowingdependenceonenergyimportshasresultedin
asearchforsecureenergysources,shownthroughtheredefinitionofitsforeignenergypolicy
andpossibleimpactsonlocalrelationshipswithregionalpowersandresourcerichdeveloping
states.Tocontinueitsgrowthasanation,Indiawillneedtobolsteritsapproachtoenergy
security.Theimportanceofenergyaccessandsecurityisfurtherhighlightedbyconcernsover
fluctuatingoilandgasprices,decliningoilreserves,andclimatechangeconcerns(Dadwal,
2009,p.678)consequently,securingalongtermenergysupplyhasbecomeanimportant
nationalsecuritygoalforIndia.Bysecuringitsnationalenergysupply,Indiawillalterits
politicalrelationshipswithotherstatesincludingrelationshipswithresourcerich,but
underdevelopednations.Asitsdomesticenergydemandsgrow,Indianforeignsecurityand
energypolicieswillinevitablyhaveanincreasingglobalimpact(Mohan,2009,p.139).

2.2EnergyCompetitionresultingfromIncreasingDemandsandConstrainedSupply
WhileIndia'senergyrelatednationalinterestshavestrengthenedtheirlinkswithJapan,
Russia,EuropeandtheUnitedStates,theyinturnhavethepotentialtoprovokegeopolitical
competitionwithChina,leadingtoanincreaseintensionbetweenthetwostates(Mohan,2009,
p.135).Indiasintensifyingmeasurestogainaccesstooilhaschangedthegeopoliticalbalance
inpoliticallysensitiveareas,andhasputtheirpopulaceincompetitionwithChina,especially
overinfluenceindevelopingnationssuchastheMiddleEastandAfrica.Aclashoverenergy
security,andthepromotionoftheirrespectivepoliticalinfluencesinoilproducingregionsseems
inevitableatthecurrentgrowthrateofbothstates(Kumaraswamy,2007).AsIndiaenhancesits
politicalinfluenceandaggressivelypursuesitseconomicinterestsinresourcerichregions,itis
beginningtofacecriticismandallegationsofneocolonialism(Nelson,2009).Somehave
allegedthattheChinaandIndiasneedsforresources,inspiteoftheirrivalry,canbecompared

20

tothescrambleforAfricainthe19thcenturybyEuropeanColonialPowers(Frynas&Paulo,
2007).Inordertopreservetheirpoliticalstanding,Indiamustrecognizethat,Thegreatertheir
economicandpoliticalcapacitytoinfluenceoutcomeselsewhereintheworld,thestrongerwill
beinternationalscrutinyofthepolicies(Mohan,2009,p.131).Asastatethatwasformerly
subjectedtocolonialismitself,Indiamustaskiftheywillbeabletocopewiththechallengeof
increasingitsenergycapacitywithoutperpetuatingneocolonialism.

2.3SocialImmersionofTechnology
Manyarguethatmeetingthefuturedemandnecessarytosupportdevelopmentispossible
withrenewableenergydevelopment.AstudybytheWorldwatchInstitute,whichanalyzesglobal
environmentaldatawithrespecttosustainablesocietaldevelopment,foundthatthemajorityof
expertsinterviewedconsideredlowcarbondevelopmenttobethemostcompatiblewithIndias
effortstoeradicatepoverty,andthereforeinthenationsbestinterest(Makhijani&Ochs,2010).
ForIndia,therearechallengesassociatedwithreducingpovertyandexpandingdomesticaccess
toenergyservices,whilealsocommittingtoalowcarbonfootprint.Asexpandedaboveusing
Martin,thesedifficultiesoftenoccurduetoissueswithfinancialfeasibility,technicalbarriers,
andgovernmentfundingandsupport(Worldwatch,5).Asglobalattentiononrenewableenergy
technologiesincreases,advanceswillbemadethatmayhelptomitigatethesedifficulties.Dr.
Harissarguesthatbyillustratingtheadvantagesofinnovationinenergy,technologieswill
graduallyleadtosocialandeconomicimprovementsandchange,becausethemorewidelythe
technologywillbeusedandthemoreitwillbedemanded,andconsequentlyincreasingtheflow
ofinvestmentofcapitalandconsumptioninenergytechnology.Theseincreasescausethecostof
production,andinturn,thesupplycostofrenewableenergygenerationtoreduceexponentially
overtime(Wolf,2010).Thepotentialfordistributedgeneration,oradecentralizedsystemof

21

distributionandgeneration,willbenefittheruralcommunitiesorthosewholackaccessto
electricityfortheirbasiclivelihoodsmost.

Renewableenergyisthefastestgrowingsectorofglobalenergyproduction.Itcurrently
accountsforonefifthoftheglobalenergyoutputanditssignificancegrowsasinternational
cooperationhasimprovedcosteffectivenessandaccessibility.Thishasbeenfurtheredby
growingenvironmentalconcerns,andcollaborativeeffortssuchasthe1992UnitedNations
FrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC),aninternationalenvironmentaltreaty
withtheobjectiveofpreventingdangerousanthropogenicinterferencewiththeclimatesystem.
The1997KyotoprotocolthatprovidedanamendmenttotheUNFCCCwasanothereventwhich
signifiedgrowingenvironmentalconcerns.Memberstatesthatratifiedthisprotocolcommittedto
reducinggreenhousegasemissionsorengaginginemissionstrading,basedonthepremisethat
globalwarmingisarealityandthatithasbeencausedbymanmadeCO2emissions,and
unsustainableenergypractices.Morerecently,thishasresultedintheformationofthe
InternationalRenewableEnergyAgencyin2009,whichincludes131memberstates,andis
mandatedtopromotetheadoptionandsustainableuseofrenewableenergy.Thisinternational
collaborationhasshownthattheseissuesaregrowinginimportancebothnationallyand
internationallyamongitsmembers.

Energyvulnerability,whichisavitalconcernforallstatestoday,providesadditional
incentiveforadvancement(Dadwal,2009,p.666).Muchofthisprogressisaresultofstatelevel
policyeffortsandeconomicincentives,andthefuturesuccessofrenewableenergywillbe
largelycontingentonacontinuationofthispolicyadvancementandinnovation.Indiasdomestic
energypolicyisincreasinglyfocusedonitsrapidlyexpandingenergydemandsandhasbegunto
respondbyescalatingitsfocusonlowcarbonenergydevelopment.Thereisstillmuchprogress

22

tobemadeintheenergysector,asIndiascurrentenergyproductioninfrastructurewillnotbe
abletomeetincreasingdemands(PowerLine,2006,p.12).Inadditiontoinadequate
infrastructure,Indiaalsofacesinefficientenergytechnologystockandacontinuedhigh
dependenceonprimaryenergysources(Ramanaetal.,2001,p.3).Tomeetitsobjectiveof
energysecurityby2020andenergyindependenceby2030,renewableenergymustbecomea
priorityforthegovernment(Greenwoodetal.,2007,p.45).Astrongrenewableenergymarket
willalsolessengeopoliticaltensionssurroundingenergysecurity,whileimprovingsocial
sustainabilitybymakingenergyservicesaccessibleandaffordable.Indiascommitmentto
growingitsrenewableenergycapabilitieswasdemonstratedwiththe2003ElectricityActand
theestablishmentofasolidregulatoryframework,inadditiontotheNationalActionPlanon
ClimateChange(Dadwal,2009,p.677).

ToensureasuccessfulrenewableenergymarkettheIndian
governmentmustimplementcoherentanddefinedenergypolicies
that,ensureoptimalutilizationofdomesticenergyresources,
developmentandharnessingofrenewableenergyresources,increase
inenergyefficiency,promotionofenergyconservationand
encouragementofinnovationanddevelopmentoftechnology,allof
whichareessentialstepstoensurethecountrysenergysecurity
(Singh,2010,p.804).

2.4PathtoEnergyIndependence
Globalclimatechangeisathreattoallnations,butitisofparticularimportanceto
developingcountries.Developingcountrieshavetheopportunitytodiversifytheirenergy
suppliesandcommittolowcarbonenergytechnologyandmarketdevelopmentattheground

23

level,ensuringtheirenergysecurityandfuturesuccess.Byleapfroggingtechnologiesand
steeringclearofthecarbonintensivepathfollowedbyindustrializedstatesIndiacanbecomea
worldleaderratherthanadependentnation.Thisforwardthinkinginitiative,candrastically
reducepollution,aswellastheadversesideeffectsonpublichealth,associatedwithit.Itwill
alsobypassthesecurityvulnerabilityandgeopoliticalrisksofrelyingonfossilfuelimports,
whiledevelopingadomesticrenewableenergymarket,improvingemploymentandthequality
oflifeforIndiancitizens.Indiaisstandingonthebrinkofopportunity.Renewableenergy
technologyisamongthemostvitaloftheIndiasnationalinterests,becauseitisonlywithstable
andsustainedaccesstoenergyresourcesthattheirdevelopmentalgoalswillbeachieved.

Indiaisacountrythatcanprofoundlybenefitfromexpandingrenewableenergyservices.
TheIndiangovernmentisveryawareofthis,andambitiousrenewableenergygoalshavebeen
set.WhatareelementsthatmakeIndiaaprimecandidateforswitchingentirelytorenewable
energy?Energyinequalityisabigfactor.Nearly400millionIndians(approximatelyonethirdof
thecountryspopulation)donothaveaccesstoelectricity(WorldBank2013).Thisincludes
100,000unelectrifiedvillages(WorldBank2013).Asaresultofunequalaccesstoenergy,
Indiaspercapitaelectricityconsumptionisonly639KWh,whichisoneofthelowestratesin
theworld(WorldBank2013).EnergyinequalityisnottheonlyenergyproblemthatIndiafaces,
however.CurrentlyoverthreequartersofIndiasenergyisproducedbyburningcoalandnatural
gas.Withrapideconomicgrowthandarisingpopulation,carbonemissionsareaproblem,and
thisisnotasustainabledevelopmentpath.In2007,Indiawasoneofthehighestproducersof
carbonemissions,withanoutputofover1.6kilotons(WorldBank2013).Thisisnotonlyan
issuebecauseofclimatechangetheresanotherfactoraswell.Indiascoalreservesare
predictedtorunoutinapproximatelyfortyfiveyears(WorldBank2013).Indiaisthesixth
largestglobalconsumerofenergy,yetdoesnotpossessenoughfossilfuelreservestomeetthe

24

growingdemandforenergy(Dadwal,2010,p.2).Renewableenergywillhelpcorrectthese
issues,andhasbecomecriticaltosustainIndiasgrowth.Fortunately,Indiaisacountrythathas
vastpotentialforrenewableenergyproduction.Thecountryisnaturallyendowedwithahuge
landmassthatreceivesthehighestsolarirradiationintheworld,alongcoastlineandhighwind
velocities(Ren21,2014,p.2),allofwhichofferopportunitiesforenergysources.Muchofthis
potentialremainsremainsuntapped(p.2).AstudybytheWorldBankestimatesthatIndiahas
150GWofrenewableenergypotential,abouthalfintheformofsmallhydropower,biomass,
andwindandhalfinsolar,cogeneration,andwastetoenergy(Sargsyanet.al.,2011,p.5).
Currently,renewableenergyinIndiaisdominatedbywindenergy,inwhichthecountryis
rankedfifthintheworld(Fig.5)(Dadwal,2010).AsofJuly31,2009,Indiahadinstalleda
capacityof10,464MW.Excludingoffshoreenergygeneratingpotential,theIndianWind
EnergyAssociationcalculatestheonshorepotentialforwindenergytobeapproximately65,000
MW(Dadwal,2010).

3.0AnEnergyIndependentFuturebyRenewableEnergy
Asof2013,Indiastotalrenewableenergycapacitywas15GW,asubstantialincrease
fromonly5GWin2005(WorldBank,2013).Asof2010,renewableenergysourcesaccounted
foronly3.5%ofIndiasenergyproductionincreasingthisnumberandmeetingtargetswillbe
challenging,costly,andwillrequirestrongpolicysupport.Thegovernmenthassetambitious
targetsforthefuture,includingincreasingthecountrysrenewableenergycapacityto55GWby
2022(WorldBank,2013).Additionally,theNationalActionPlanonClimateChange(NAPCC)
hassetagoalofincreasingannualrenewableenergygenerationby1%.Thesewillbedifficult
feats,andtomeetthesetargetsthereismuchthatneedstobedone.Toaccomplishsuch
ambitiousgoals,Indiawillhavetodoubleitswindcapacity,quadrupleitssmallhydropower
capacity,fullyrealizecogenerationcapacity,andincreasebiomassrealizationbyafactoroffive

25

tosix(Sargsyan,et.al.,2011,p.5).

Popp(1998)designedapaperthatusesdataestimatesfromenergypatentstounderstand
theeffectsofnewtechnologyonindustrialenergyconsumption,anditseffectonenergypricing
onthedevelopmentoftechnologiesthatpromoteenergyconservationandprovidingnewsources
ofenergy(P.1).Asaresultofhisstudy,headdedthatenergypricesareafactorsin
energyefficientinnovativeactivity.Theeffectsofinnovativetechnologyinenergyconsumption
hasvariousimportantpolicyimplicationsthatcanestablishanewstatusquoinacountry.Asthe
costofenergyincreaseduetopoliciessuchastheKyotoProtocolorBtuTax,etc.,orlackof
supplyinenergyduetocrisis,sodoestheincreasingthecostofelectricityconsumptionper
capita,whichwillthenleadtothedevelopmentandinnovationofmoreenergyefficient
technologies(Popp,1998:P.2).Inmostcountries,electricityproductionanddistributionis
centralizedandcontrolledbythegovernment,ornaturalmonopoliesaredomesticpricemakers
ofenergypricesthataredeterminedbytheinternationalpriceofthemostdominantenergy
sourceatthetime,suchascoalorinmorecontemporarytime,oil.Underthecentralized
paradigm,electricityismainlyproducedatlargegenerationfacilities,shippedthroughthe
transmissionlines,anddistributiongridstransfertheelectricitytotheendconsumers(Martin,
2009:P.2).Thelackofdiversifiedproductionsystemshasleadtocongestionandunstable
distributiongridsinIndia.Energyindependencecanleadtoruraldemarginalizationand
improvedoverallstandardsofliving.Thedecentralizedandunendingnatureofrenewable
energygenerationcanbringabouttheelectrificationofruralcommunities,byusingsolarpower
tobringwatertohomes,orelectricitytohomes,schools,andclinicsthatcanpower
infrastructureandelectricalgoods,withoutdependingontheunstableandcongestedcentralized
gridsthus,minimizingstressingdemandsononeoutputofproductionandtherebyreducing
overallblackoutsorlackofaccess.

26

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28

Appendix

Figure1:Source:UNHD(2012).AsofEOY2011,WorldPopulation=7BillionWorldGDP=
$61TrillionPPPDollarsWorldEnergyUse=0.5ZetaJoules(~82billionbarrelsofoil)Avg.
ConsumptionperCapita=$9,000.UNConferenceonSustainableDevelopment,2022June,
2012.Downloadedfromwww.pelicanweb.org/solisustv08n11supp1.html.

29

Figure2:Source:AlanD.Pasternak(2000).GlobalEnergyFuturesandHumanDevelopnment:
AFrameworkforAnalysis.U.S.DepartmentofEnergy:LawrenceLivermoreNational
Laboratory.Downloadedfrom
http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/energytrends/currentusage/.

30

Figure3:Source:ExxonMobil(2003).EnergyNeeds:WorldEnergyDemand.WashingtonPost
on3rdofApril,2003..Downloadedfrom
http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/library/energytrends/currentusage/

31

Figure4:Source:Dr.FredericNeumannandPrithvirajSrinivas(2014).UnfoldingtheTapestry:
AGuidetoIndiasStates.HSBCGlobalResearch:MacroeconomicsAsiaonSeptember2014

Figure5.Source:Ren21(2014),Renewables2014GlobalStatusReport.Downloadedfrom
http://www.ren21.net/ren21activities/globalstatusreport.aspxon20thOctober,2014.