Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INSTITUTI I ARKEOLOGJIS
TIRAN
ILIRIA
REVIST ARKEOLOGJIKE
Redaksia
Luan PRZHITA (Kryeredaktor)
Gzim HOXHA (Sekretar i redaksis)
Shpresa GJONGECAJ
Ilir GJIPALI
Saimir SHPUZA
Redaktor teknik
Elio HOBDARI
Redaktor gjuhsor
Adelina ERPJA
Redaktor pr gjuhn angleze
Nevila MOLLA
ILIRIA
REVIST ARKEOLOGJIKE
INSTITUTI I ARKEOLOGJIS, 2013
ISSN 1727-2548
Rovena KURTI
PRENDI 1974, f. 112; JUBANI 1969, f. 40, 42; BODINAKU 1982, f. 69, 83-84; ANDREA 1985, f. 91; ALIU
2004, f. 126-127; Idem. 2012, f. 218.
2
JUBANI 1995, f. 369.
74
dhe nga disa autor t huaj. Duke e trajtuar n nj kontekst m t gjer t marrdhnieve
midis Egjeut dhe Adriatikut Verior apo Europs Qendrore gjat Bronzit t von,
Hammond dhe Harding theksojn rolin q zinte bregu perndimor i Shqipris n rrugt
e kalimit t nj sr elementesh t prodhimit metalurgjik nga Europa Qendrore drejt
Egjeut, duke theksuar dhe pranin e qelibarit n luginn e Matit dhe tumn 1 t Barit3.
Po ashtu, prania e qelibarit n luginn e Matit prmendet nga Fulvia Lo Schiavo si nj
ndr treguesit e kontakteve t vendosura prgjat bregdetit lindor t Adriatikut n
fundin e Bronzit dhe fillimin e periudhs s Hekurit 4.
Ndrkoh q studimet mbi qelibarin n territorin e Shqipris kan mbetur t
kufizuara, nj sr punimesh i jan referuar qarkullimit t tij n kulturat protohistorike
t dy brigjeve t Adriatikut, Ballkanit Qendror dhe Egjeut 5. Origjina e largt e
klasifikonte qelibarin si nj material ekzotik, i cili bashk me vlerat estetike, por dhe
magjike-religjioze q i qen bashkangjitur, i jepte atij nj vler ekonomike si objekt
shkmbimi. Rrjedhimisht, studimi i tij do t ofronte nj informacion t pasur jo vetm t
karakterit social, por dhe mbi marrdhniet ndrkulturore dhe rrugt e komunikimit q
do t lidhnin Europn Veriore me Mesdheun. Krahas prdorimit t tij si element i
stolisjes, vlersimi i qelibarit si material me veti magjike dhe kuruese prmendet dhe
nga nj sr autorsh antik6. Kjo mund t ket qen dhe nj nga arsyet e gjetjes s tij
n shum tempuj kryesisht n Greqi, por dhe n Itali, n gjysmn e par t mijvjearit
t par para Kr.7
Paralelisht, analizat shkencore t prbrjes dhe origjins s materialit kan filluar
q n fundin e shekullit XIX dhe kan evoluar deri te metoda m e prdorur sot, ajo e
spektroskopis me rreze infra t kuqe (infra-red spectroscopy)8. Ndonse burime
t qelibarit ka n vende t ndryshme t bots9, pjesa m e madhe e materialit t gjetur
n kontekste arkeologjike nga Europa, Ballkani apo gjith Mesdheu, ka rezultuar t
jet e llojit succinite, me origjin nga brigjet e Baltikut, i formuar 60 deri n 30 milion
vjet m par n shtresa t hershme gjeologjike10. Burime t tjera, shum m pak t
Rovena KURTI
75
11
76
Rovena KURTI
77
14
PALAVESTRA 1997, f. 17, Plate 1; HARDING HUGHES-BROCK 1974, f. 154-156, fig. 4-6; NEGRONI
CATACCHIO 1971; FORENBAHER 1995, f. 275-278.
15
PALAVESTRA 1997, f. 35.
78
tuma 2 e Barit (Tipi 1, 3-4). Dallohet n kt faz dhe rruaza e tipit Allumiere nga
tuma e Perlatit n Mat, nj nga dy tipat m karakteristik dhe me prhapje t gjer
gjat dy shekujve t fundit t mijvjearit t dyt para Kr., ku kryesojn t dyja brigjet
e Adriatikut Verior16. Ajo ka nj shprndarje m t kufizuar drejt Jugut, me vetm pak
raste n Greqi17. Ndonse n disa harta t shprndarjes s tipit tjetr, i ashtuquajtur
Tyrini, me form cilindrike ose lehtas bikonike dhe nj kurriz t theksuar n qendr,
shohim t piketuar dhe luginn e Matit18, deri m sot nuk e njohim n literaturn
ekzistuese pranin e tij n territorin e Shqipris. M tepr tipit i afrohet nj rruaz n
form bikonike nga tuma 2 e Barit (Tab. III: 8), por asaj i mungon kurrizi i theksuar,
nj element ky i rndsishm n morfologjin e tipit.
Shfaqja e qelibarit n territorin e Shqipris gjat mijvjearit t dyt lidhet thuajse
me t njjtn koh t shfaqjes s tij n vendet e tjera t Ballkanit apo n t dyja brigjet e
Adriatikut19. Data m e hershme lidhet me fillimin e shekullit XVI para Kr., kur qelibari
shfaqet n Greqi, n varret e dysta t Mikens20. Afrsisht gjat t njjtit shekull rruazat
e qelibarit hasen edhe n Ballkanin perndimor dhe bregdetin Dalmat. Ktu, bregu
verilindor i Adriatikut dhe pjesa e tij e brendshme (Istria, pjesa veriore e Dalmacise dhe
Lika) ishin zonat kryesore t prqendrimit t qelibarit. Nj tjetr zon e dallueshme sht
Ballkani Qendror, prgjat rrjedhs s lumenjve Drina, Zapadna-Morava dhe Ibar21.
N kufijt e shekujve XIV-XII para Kr. datohen n vendin ton varret me rruaza
qelibari si n tumat e Rehovs dhe Luarasit, tuma 16 e inamakut, si dhe tuma e
Shtogjit n Mat, t cilt shoqrohen me objekte metalike mir t datuara. Nj element
t sigurt kronologjik ofron shpata e tipit Egjean nga tuma e Shtogjit, e datuar n
Heladikun e von (LHIIIA) ose n shekullin XIV para Kr. (1430-1300)22. N sasi
thuajse t njjt prania e tij haset deri n fundin e periudhs s Bronzit apo n fazn e
kalimit pr n periudhn e Hekurit gjat shekujve XI-X para Kr.
Nse disa autor t huaj e kan par territorin e Shqipris si nj pik kalimi t
qelibarit nga Veriu i Adriatikut n Greqi gjat Bronzit t von, ashtu si dhe nj sr
objektesh metalike me origjin veriore23, n ann tjetr numri i gjetjeve t qelibarit nga
Shqipria pr kt periudh sht shum i vogl, nga t cilat vetm 32 u prkasin
shekujve XIV-XII para Kr. Vendgjetjet e qelibarit n Europ kishin trhequr vmendjen
e shum autorve drejt piketimit n hart t rrugve natyrore, por dhe kulturore t
16
NEGRONI CATACCHIO 2006 (et.al.) 1464; BOUZEK 1998, f. 383; CULTRARO 2006.
NEGRONI CATACCHIO 2006 (et.al.), Fig. 7.
18
BOUZEK 1993, f. 143, Fig. 2; Idem. 2001, 383; CULTRARO 2006, f. 1542.
19
PALAVESTRA 1997, f. 34.
20
HARDING HUGHES-BROCK 1974, f. 145-172; NEGRONI CATACCHIO 2011, f. 56.
21
PALAVESTRA - KRSTI 2006, f. 43.
22
KILIAN-DIRLMEIER 1993, f. 49-56; BODINAKU 1995, f. 263; KILIAN-DIRLMEIER 1985, f. 258.
23
HARDING 1972.
17
Rovena KURTI
79
kalimit t tij nga Baltiku drejt Europs Qendrore dhe Mesdheut24. Ndrkoh, numri
gjithnj e m i lart i ktyre vendgjetjeve do t drejtonte disa autor drejt rivlersimit t
termit rrug t kalimit t materialit, duke e par qarkullimin e tij n kontekstin e nj
rrjeti kompleks marrdhniesh, t cilat ndrpriten e ndryshojn drejtimin pr arsye t
ndryshme ekonomike dhe kulturore25. Si thekson dhe Hughes-Brock: Qelibari ashtu
si objektet e tjera do t ishte nj ndr mjetet e shkmbimit, me shprndarje t gjer
midis grupeve t ndryshme n gjith Europn q nga Neoliti, dhe duke luajtur nj rol t
caktuar n proceset ekonomike dhe sociale, ashtu si dhe armt apo stolit26.
Periudha e fundit e Bronzit n Mesdheun Lindor karakterizohet nga shkmbime
intensive ndrrajonale n distanca t largta t lndve t para dhe nj variacioni
elementesh t kulturs materiale27. N kt kontekst duhet ta shohim dhe qarkullimin e
qelibarit n territorin e sotm t Shqipris n Bronzin e von, periudh gjat s cils
sht vshtir t vsh nj vij ndarse t ndikimeve veriore apo jugore, t reflektuara n
kategori t ndryshme t kulturs materiale, prfshir dhe kontekstet e varreve me rruaza
qelibari. Kshtu, krahas shpats me origjin Egjeane nga varri 9 i tums 2 t Shtogjit
kemi dhe nj maj heshte me origjin veriore. N varret e Bronzit t von t tums s
Rehovs, krahas gjilprave me qaf t fryr t tejshpuar me origjin veriore, gjenden
dhe rruaza prej guri gjysm t muar si sht kornalina, e cila haset dendur n varret
mikenase. Ashtu si n Rehov, rruazat e kornalins jan gjetur n sasi t konsiderueshme
n varre t Bronzit t von n tumn e Luarasit, dhe n sasi m t ult n tumn 1 t
Barit. sht shum e mundshme q futja e tyre n Juglindje t Shqipris ka qen si
rezultat i kontakteve me qendrat mikenase ku rruazat e kornalins gjenden me shumic,
t siguruara nga kta t fundit prmes tregtis me lindjen28. Gjithashtu, kombinimi i
kornalins me qelibarin, dy materiale me ngjyra t ngjashme, sht karakteristik e
qendrave mikenase, por dhe jasht Egjeut, n qendra me influenc t lart mikenase29.
Nj tjetr element me influenc jugore n kto varre jan dhe spiralet e floririt apo pafta
prej t njjtit material n tumn e Rehovs, t konsideruara gjithashtu me origjin nga
bota mikenase30. N fazn fundore t Bronzit dhe fillimin e Hekurit, varri 2 i tums 2 t
Barit prmban dy gjilpra bronzi pa kok me origjin veriore, ndrkoh q n tumn 1
rruazat e qelibarit shoqrohen me nj amforisk importi Egjean t periudhs submikenase31.
Edhe n territorin e Epirit gjat Heladikut IIIB rruazat e qelibarit shoqrohen si me
24
DE NAVARO 1925, f. 481-507; NEGRONI CATACCHIO 1978, f. 659-696; BOUZEK 1993, f. 141-146.
HUGHES-BROCK 2011, f. 108; PALAVESTRA 2007, f. 351.
26
HUGHES-BROCK 2011, f. 108.
27
GALANAKI (et.al.) 2007; HEYMANS WIJNGAARDEN 2011, f. 124.
28
LAFFINEUR 1999, f. 61-76; HUGHES-BROCK 2011, f. 100; HEYMANS WIJNGAARDEN 2011, f. 128.
29
HUGHES-BROCK 1993, f. 221; CINQUEPALMI (et.al.) 2006, f. 1618.
30
ALIU 2012, f. 211.
31
BEJKO 1994, f. 122.
25
80
32
33
Rovena KURTI
81
Cultrardo t nj rruge hipotetike Egnatia n kalimin e qelibarit nga perndimi drejt lindjes
n fundin e mijvjearit t dyt para Kr.43
Gjat Bronzit t von qelibari ka qen nj material i rrall dhe tregues statusi. Si
dhe paraqitet n Fig. 2, thuajse t gjitha varret me rruaza qelibari kan nj takm t
pasur mortor dhe shoqrohen me materiale t tjera importi, si qelqi, kornalina, si dhe
objekte prej floriri, apo arm dhe en, qofshin kto t fundit imitacione apo objekte
importi. Po ashtu, numri i vogl i rruazave t qelibarit n prgjithsi (do varr prmban
nga 1 deri n 14 rruaza), por dhe n raport me ato t kornalins n t njjtat varre n
tumat e Luarasit dhe Rehovs, sugjeron se qelibari ishte nj material i rrall dhe prdorej
nga persona me status t privilegjuar n komunitetet prehistorike t Bronzit t von.
N tumn e Rehovs kemi nj raport t prgjithshm prej rreth 10 rruazash qelibari
dhe 453 prej kornaline pr Bronzin e von44. Ashtu si n vendet e tjera rreth nesh,
rruazat e qelibarit kan qen prdorur nga t dyja gjinit, si femrat dhe meshkujt, por
t lidhura m ngusht me stolisjen femrore n formn e vargjeve, kombinuar n
shumicn e rasteve edhe me rruaza qelqi dhe guri.
Qelibari gjat periudhs s Hekurit
Ashtu si n periudhn e Bronzit, dhe n at t Hekurit vendgjetje e vetme e qelibarit
jan kontekstet e varreve. Gjat fazs s par t Hekurit t hershm, dhe kryesisht
prgjat shekujve IX-VIII para Kr., haset nj munges e qelibarit si n veri, dhe n jug
t vendit. Nj situat e ngjashme shihet dhe n Ballkan45, ndrkoh q n Greqi pas
rnies s qytetrimit mikenas, qelibari dhe materialet e tjera t importit ndeshen m
rrall prgjat periudhave protogjeometrike dhe gjeometrike46. Gjithashtu, edhe n
gadishullin Apenin, i cili do t prbj nj zon kye t tregtis dhe t prodhimit t
objekteve t qelibarit n Mesdhe prgjat mijvjearit t par, vihet re nj prqendrim
m i ult n fillim t mijvjearit krahasuar me shekujt n vijim47.
Nj faz e dyt e rndsishme e qarkullimit t qelibarit n vendin ton lidhet me
Hekurin e zhvilluar, duke filluar nga shekulli VII, dhe sidomos gjat shekujve VI-V para
Kr. Gjat ksaj kohe ka nj rritje si pr sa i prket sasis, me nj numr prej rreth 5315+
objektesh, por edhe t vendgjetjeve, ku dallohen tre zona kryesore: 1) Shqipria Juglindore,
ndonse me nj numr t ult, n nekropolet e Kolonjs dhe t Pellgut t Kors; 2)
ndrsa prqendrimi m i lart shihet n Shqiprin Veriore, ku dallohet lugina e Matit; 3)
dhe veanrisht skaji verilindor, n zonn e bashkimit t Drinave (Fig. 3).
43
82
Rovena KURTI
83
Qelibari n kt faz sht prdorur pr tre kategori gjetjesh: I) rruaza; II) varse
t vogla ose amuleta; III) dhe shum rrall si element dekorativ i aplikuar n fibula.
I) Kategoris s rruazave i prkasin dhe n kt faz pjesa m e madhe e objekteve
t qelibarit ose rreth 99% e numrit t prgjithshm, e prfaqsuar nga nj tipologji m
e pasur ku dallohen tre grupe kryesore. N grupin e par prfshihen gjith rruazat
amorfe; n t dytin forma gjeometrike t ndryshme, ndrsa n grupin e tret jan
veuar rruazat e zbukuruara me dekor i cili konsiston n incizim ose kanelyra.
1) Rruazat amorfe prbjn shumicn dhe ndeshen thuajse n t gjitha vendgjetjet.
Pjesa m e madhe e tyre kan faqzime t rregullta si dhe prerje trthore t rregullt,
Tab. I: 18-22.
2) Grupi tjetr m i prfaqsuar formohet nga rruaza t formave t ndryshme
gjeometrike:
a) forma globulare kryeson n grupin e formave gjeometrike, m pak jan sferike t
plota, ndrsa shumica kan form sferike t shtypur me diametr q varion nga 0,5 cm deri
n 1,1 cm, t shpuara vertikalisht n qendr, Tab. I: 23-28, Tab. IV: 42-43. Ato i ndeshim n
Shtogj/tuma 1; Rrethe-Bazje/tuma 148; Urak/tuma 1; Perlat/tuma 2; Klos/tuma 149; Burrel/
tuma 3; Knet/tuma 1, 2 dhe 5; inamak/tuma 1-2, 5 dhe n tumn e Rehovs.
Format e mposhtme, b-e, jan m t pakta n numr, me nga 5 deri n 20 rruaza
pr do form:
b) rruaza n trajt disku t holl, shumica rrethore ose t faqzuara, 3 ose 4 kndore,
t prmasave t vogla, 0,5 (diam.) x 0,2 cm (trash.), Tab. II: 29-40, Tab. IV: 10-12
(Shtogj/tuma 1; Klos/tuma 1; Rrethe-Bazje/tuma 1; Urak/tuma 1; Perlat/tuma 2;
Knet/tuma 1, 2 dhe 4; Krum/tuma 1, 5 dhe inamak/tuma 1-3 dhe 5);
c) unazore t vogla me diametr q varion nga 0,2 cm n 0,4 cm, the trashsia 0,2
cm, Tab. II: 41-42, Tab. IV: 13-18 (Urak/tuma 1; Perlat/tuma 2; Krum/tuma 1;
inamak/tuma 5; Rehov);
d) n form konike, bikonike e shkurtr ose e strzgjatur, gjat. 0,8-1,8 cm, Tab. II:
43-47, Tab. IV: 19-22 (Klos/tuma 1; Rrethe-Bazje/tuma 2; Knet/tuma 2, si dhe n
inamak/tuma 3, 5 dhe 9);
e) n form cilindrike, me prerje rrethore, ovale ose dhe e faqzuar, gjat: 0,5-2 cm,
Tab. II: 48-54 (Klos/tuma 1; Rrethe-Bazje/tuma 1; Perlat/tuma 2; Knet/tuma 5;
Krum/tuma 1, 5, dhe inamak/tuma 1 dhe 16);
f) n aspektin sasior, n grupin e formave gjeometrike pas rruazave globulare vijojn
forma gjeometrike si trekndore, trapezoidale, katrkndore dhe rombike, Tab. II: 55-62,
Tab. III: 63-73, Tab. IV: 23-31. Rruazat trekndore dhe trapezoidale kan gjatsi q
varion nga 0,8 cm deri n 2,2 cm dhe trashsi nga 0,2 cm n 0,4 cm, disa jan petashuqe
48
49
84
q dallohen pr forma shum t rregullta, ndrsa t tjerat kan prerje trthore katrkndore
ose t rregullt, t shpuara t gjitha prgjat aksit kryesor (Burrel/tuma 1; Rreth-Bazje/
tuma 1 dhe 250; Sanxhak/tuma 3; Shtogj/tuma 1; Klos/tuma 151; inamak/tuma 1, 3, 5, 8
dhe 16; My-Has/tuma 3; Borov). Rruazat rombike jan t shpuara prgjat aksit m
t gjat, me prerje trthore trekndore ose katrkndore, disa m t rregullta, ndrsa t
tjera me knde te harkuara dhe brinj paksa t rregullta. Dimensionet variojn nga 1,8
(gjat.) x 0,3-0,8 cm (trash.), n 3,5 x 0,5 cm (Shtoj/tuma 4; Shtogj/tuma 1; Rreth-Bazje/
tuma 1, 2 dhe 7; Klos/tuma 1; inamak/tuma 1, 3 dhe 16; Krum/tuma 6);
3) Zbukurimi me kanelyra ose incizim sht aplikuar n nj numr shum t vogl
rruazash, 13 gjithsej:
a) me form sferike ose sferike t shtypur, t zbukuruara me kanelyra vertikale,
nga 8 deri n 12 kanelyra, t cilat i japin rruazs formn e rozets. Gjithsej jan 8 cop,
me diam. q varion midis 1,3 dhe 2,6 cm, ndrsa lartsia midis 0,9-1,5 cm, Tab. III: 7477, Tab. IV: 34 (Knet/tuma 1 dhe inamak/tuma 1 dhe 16);
b) cilindrike ose tubulare, e zbukuruar me vija rrethore transversale t incizuara, e
prfaqsuar vetm nga 3 ekzemplar nga i njjti varr n tumn nr. 5 e inamakut, gjat.
1,9 cm, Tab. III. 78, Tab. IV: 32;
c) nj drejtkndore (gjat. 2,8 cm) dhe nj me form t strzgjatur t rregullt (gjat.
3,2 cm), zbukuruar t dyja me kanelyra gjatsore, Tab. III: 73, Tab. IV: 31, 33 (inamak/
tuma 4 dhe 16);
II) Nj numr i vogl gjetjesh jan t shpuara n njrin ekstrem duke u dhn atyre
formn e varseve ose amuletave, gjithashtu pjes prbrse e gjerdanit. Ato kan n
prgjithsi madhsin e rruazave, por dallohen dhe disa me prmasa m t mdha:
1) varse n form bajameje, me prerje trthore ovale, me nj shpim q prshkon
ekstremin e gjer, ndrsa ekstremi tjetr prfundon me maj, gjat. 2,5 cm, Tab. III: 81,
Tab. IV: 36 (Shtogj/tuma 1: varri 1);
2) varse n form ovale dhe me prerje t trthort ovale, gjat. e ruajtur: 2,2 cm,
Tab.III: 80; Tab. IV: 35 (inamak/tuma 5);
3) varse ose rruaz n formn e shishes, 3 ekzemplart i prkasin tums nr. 5 t
inamakut, gjetur jasht varreve, gjat. nga 1,6 n 2 cm, Tab. III: 79, Tab. IV: 37-39.
Ato kan nj trup globular t zgjatur i cili n nj rast i afrohet forms ovale, me faqen
e pasme lehtas t shtypur. N pjesn e qafs ato ngushtohen dhe dallohen dy mnyra
t trajtimit t qafs. N nj rast koka unazore e profiluar ndahet nga trupi nga incizim
i thell (Tab. IV: 37), ndrsa te dy t tjerat nga dy vija t incizuara t cilat n mes
formojn nj kurriz t leht bikonik. Koka e profiluar e ktyre t fundit sht e ndar
50
51
Rovena KURTI
85
prmes kanelyrave t shkurtra n katr pjes (Tab. IV: 38-39). Prve shpimit t tyre
prgjat aksit qendror, rruaza m e plot ka dhe nj vrim n qaf, por vetm n
njrn an, e cila lidhet me shpimin vertikal. Kto mnyra shpimi te nj rruaz lidhen
ndoshta me funksionin e tyre dhe si rruaza, dhe si varse apo amuleta;
4) varse e tipit wineskin52, me form gjysm-elipsoidale, me faqen e pasme t
shesht, ndrsa e siprmja konvekse (Tab. III: 83). Skaji i siprm veohet nga trupi
gjysmelipsoidal nga dy kanelyra horizontale midis t cilave formohet nj kurriz i holl,
lehtas i ngritur n reliev. Koka ose skaji i siprm zbukurohet me gdhendje dhe incizime,
duke formuar disa fusha t vogla, prej gropzimesh gjysmelipsoidale dhe kurrizesh t
incizuara nga vija vertikale. Gjithsesi, sht e vshtir t dallohet qart dekori i fushave t
koks pr arsye t dmtimit t ksaj pjese. sht e shpuar horizontalisht n skajin e siprm,
ndonse kjo pjes sht e dmtuar. Gjat. e ruajtur 2,9 cm (skaji i poshtm mungon); gjer.
2,9 -3,2 cm; trash. 0,7-1 cm. Ktij tipi n Shqipri i prket vetm nj gjetje rasti nga Kruja;
5) varse petashuqe n form dardhe, gjat. 5,2 cm, Tab. III: 82 (Tuma e Rehovs
jasht varreve)53 .
III) Prdorimi i qelibarit si element mbushs dhe dekorativ pr fibula sht i pranishm
n nj rast nga varri nr. 36 i tums nr. 5 t inamakut, Tab. IV: 40. Fibula jo e plot i
prket tipit me pllak gjyslykore, e formuar prej nj pllake kocke nga e cila ruhet
vetm nj segment i qendrs, pas s cils qndron dhe nj fragment i kapses prej
hekuri. Dy disqe t holla prej qelibari t gjetura n t njjtin varr, me pjesn e siprme
lehtas t harkuar ose paksa konike dhe me diametr t njjt me t dyja gropzimet e
qendrs s disqeve prej kocke (diam. 1,1 cm), ndonse jo t gjetura n pozicionin e
tyre origjinal, sugjerojn prdorimin e tyre si element mbushs e dekorativ. Dy disqe t
ngjashme, me diametr pak m t vogl (0,7 cm), jan gjetur n t njjtn tum jasht
varreve (Tab. III: 84-85). Ndonse ky tip fibule, i datuar nga mesi i shekullit VII-VI
para Kr., ka nj prhapje t gjer kryesisht n Peloponez deri n brigjet e Azis s
Vogl dhe Afriks Veriore, si dhe Italin e Jugut dhe m pak n Ballkan, rastet e
ruajtjes s disqeve prej qelibari jan m t rralla54. N Shqipri fibula me pllak gjyslykore
kocke ose fildishi vijn nga varreza e Borovs t datuara ktu n mesin e shekullit VI
para Kr.55, ndrsa nj numr m i madh i kapseve t fibulave, prej hekuri apo bronzi,
vijn nga varre t periudhs s Hekurit si n Jug, dhe nVeri t vendit56.
52
Termi i referohet nj forme t caktuar ene e prdorur pr ruajtjen dhe transportimin e vers, n
trajt thesi, e prodhuar prej lkure kafshsh.
53
ALIU 2012, f. 135-136, Tab. XLVI: 506.
54
LO SCHIAVO 2010, f. 887-888; STOOP 1976, f. 148-149, tipi no. 17, Tav. LXX: 10; DUNBABIN 1962,
f. 433-437; BLINKENBERG 1926, f. 262-271.
55
ALIU 1994, f. 43.
56
ALIU BEJKO 2009, f. 78, tipi VI; ALIU 2012, f. 201, tab. XXIV, 311, f. 312; CEKA 1974, f. 143; LO
SCHIAVO BIETTI-SESTIERI 1974, f. 253, fig. 17.3.
86
57
58
Rovena KURTI
87
62
Ibid., f. 244.
Ibid., f. 244-253; PALAVESTRA 1997, f. 19, Plate II: 7, 9; 29, Plate VII a: 18; 31, Plate VIII a: 20.
64
Ibid., 29, Plate VII a: 18; f.31, Plate VIII a: 20.
65
PALAVESTRA KRSTI 2006, f. 318.
66
RAPOSSO 1998.
67
PALAVESTRA 1997, f. 37.
68
Ibid., 29, Plate VIIb: 16.
69
PALAVESTRA KRSTI 2006, f. 194-197.
70
Ibid., f. 318.
71
PALAVESTRA 1997, f. 17, Plate 1: 8-9.
63
88
72
73
Rovena KURTI
89
90
lidhen me Gadishullin Apenin, ku n shekujt VI-V para Kr. kryeson Italia e Jugut.
Edhe pr Ballkanin Palavestra sugjeron se objektet e qelibarit punoheshin n qendra
t ndryshme t Italis s Jugut. Nuk prjashtohet gjithsesi dhe mundsia e punishteve
lokale, si pr shembull kur bhet fjal pr varsen e tipit wineskin, tipike kjo pr
Ballkanit Qendror. Duhet t prmendim ktu dy fragmente qelibari nga varri 41 i
tums 1 t Rrethe-Bazje n luginn e Matit85, t dyja t pashpuara dhe jo t plota, nga
t cilat ajo me prmasa t mdha ruan nj gjatsi prej 6,5 cm dhe 3,5 cm e gjer (Fig.
IV: 41). Edhe pse e fragmentuar, ajo mund t prezantoj nj fragment materiali bruto
pr prodhim rruazash. Fragmenti nuk shoqrohet me rruaza t tjera n varr dhe prmban
gjurm t punimit mbi t, si shpime t vogla jo t tejshpuara. Megjithat nuk prjashtohet
mundsia se kemi t bjm me nj tjetr varse t tipit wineskin me prmasa t
mdha, s cils i mungon ekstremi i siprm.
Prfundime
N terma t kronologjis relative, qarkullimi i qelibarit n territorin e Shqipris prgjat
protohistoris, ashtu si dhe n Ballkan, dhe m gjer n Mesdhe, njeh dy faza kryesore,
t cilat i prkasin respektivisht periudhs s Bronzit t von, duke nisur nga shekulli XIV
deri n shekujt XI-X para Kr., dhe asaj t Hekurit t zhvilluar kryesisht n shekujt VI-V
para Kr. Gjat t dyja fazave shihen tri zona kryesore t prqendrimit t materialit: lugina
85
Rovena KURTI
91
Fig. 5. Kontekstet e varreve me rruaza qelibari t Hekurit t zhvilluar n luginn e Matit dhe
n tumat e Shtojit.
92
Rovena KURTI
93
Fig. 7. Kontekstet e varreve me rruaza qelibari t Hekurit t zhvilluar nga tuma t tjera n
verilindje.
e Matit dhe zona e bashkimit t Drinit t Zi dhe t Drinit t Bardh, t cilat kan pasur
prqendrimin kryesor n Hekurin e zhvilluar dhe n sasi t ult n Shqiprin Juglindore.
I gjetur vetm n kontekste varresh, qelibari ishte objekt luksi dhe element prbrs
i stolisjes, kryesisht asaj femrore, n form e rruazave, ndrsa n Hekurin e zhvilluar,
shum m rrall ai prdorej dhe pr varse apo si element dekorues i fibulave. Ashtu si
dhe kategori t tjera t kulturs materiale, qelibari ishte tregues i marrdhnieve kulturore
midis komuniteteve t ndryshme fisnore protohistorike, t cilat ndanin midis tyre zakone,
shije, por dhe elemente t prbashkta t kostumit apo t shprehjes s statusit.
Lista e tabelave86
Tab. I: Bari 1, varri 47: nr. 3, 11; Bar 2, varri 2: nr. 1-2, 5, 7, 13; Mat/ Shtogj 2,
varri 9: nr. 4, 17; Kashar: nr. 6, 10; Perlat 2, varri 3: nr. 8-9; inamak 16, varri 2: nr. 1416; inamak 1, varri 6: nr. 18-19; Mat/ Shtogj, jasht varreve: nr. 20, 22; Burrel 1, varri
32: nr. 21; Mat/ Shtogj 1, varri 14 dhe 16: nr. 23 dhe 24; Knet 2, varri 5: nr. 26-27;
Rrethe-Bazje 1, varri 38: nr. 28.
86
Vizatimet jan n shkalln 1:1, prve nr. 31-32, 35-37 dhe 40-42 n Tab. II, t cilat paraqiten n
shkalln 2:1.
94
Tab. II: Mat/ Shtogj 1, varri 1: nr. 29, varri 14: nr. 51, jasht varreve: nr. 56; RretheBazje 1, varri 38: nr. 41, vari 19: nr. 47, varri 16: nr. 61; Rrethe Bazje 2, varri 8: nr. 30,
38; Rrethe-Bazje 7, varri 15: nr. 32, 46, 59; Klos 1, varri 5: nr. 31; Burrel 1, varri 32: nr.
33, 39; Burrel 3, varri 4: nr. 36-37, 50, 52; Knet 2, varri 5: nr. 35, 43; Knet 4, varri
5: nr. 34; Knet 5, varri 16: nr. 40; inamak 1, varri 18: nr. 49, inamak 3, varri 3: nr.
44-45, 48, varri 12: nr. 55, 57; varri 13: nr. 62; inamak 5, varri 3: nr. 42, 54; inamak
7, varri 13: nr. 60; inamak 16, varri 4: nr. 53; Shtoj 4, varri 11: nr. 58.
Tab. III: Burrel 1, varri 32: nr. 63; Rrethe-Bazje 1, varri 23: nr. 66; Rrethe-Bazje 7, varri
15: nr. 64-65; inamak 1, varri 35: nr. 77; inamak 3, varri 3: nr. 70; inamak 3, varri 13: nr.
68-69; inamak 4, varri 18: nr. 72-73; inamak 5, varri 2: nr. 78, 80, jasht varreve: nr. 80,
84-85; inamak 8, varri 18: nr. 67, varri 13: nr. 71; inamak 16, varri 4: nr. 74-76; Shtogj 1,
varri 1: nr. 81; Rehov, jasht varreve: nr. 82; Kruj, gjetje rasti: nr. 83.
Tab. IV: Bar 2, varri 2: nr. 1-9; inamak3, varri 3: nr. 19-20, 23; inamak 4, varri 18:
nr. 31; inamak 5, varri 32: nr. 10, 12; varri 3: nr. 13-18, 21-22, varri 13: nr. 24-27, varri
2: nr. 32, 35, varri 36: nr. 40, jasht varreve: nr. 37-39; inamak 8, varri 13: nr. 28-30;
inamak 16, varri 4: nr. 33, Klos 1, varri 5: nr. 11; varri 9: nr. 42; Knet 1, varri 5: nr. 34;
Shtogj 1, varri 1: nr. 36; Rrethe-Bazje 1, varri 41: nr. 41; Urak 1, varri 11: nr. 43.
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Amber and other imports such as faence, glass or semi-precious stones, used during
the Bronze and Iron Ages in Albania have not been subjects of systematic study. The
aim of this article is to analyze the presence of amber in the present territory of Albania,
following a chronological span from the Late Bronze Age when it appears first, up to
the 5th century B.C. or the end of the Iron Age.
Amber beads have been mentioned and catalogued by Albanian authors, as part of
the grave goods from various Bronze and Iron Age necropoleis excavated throughout the
country. However, their analysis is very general, lacking descriptive details, and very
limited in typological, chronological and cultural terms. In this context, N. Bodinaku
and S. Aliu mention the first appearance of amber in the 13th-12th centuries B.C. in south
Albania, whereas B. Jubani suggests an inner Balkan route of amber during the advanced
Iron Age, starting from the Dalmatian coast to the Plateau of Dukagjin in Kosovo, and
then to north-east Albania, in the Mat valley in the central-north, and the tumuli of Shtoj
in the northwest of the country. In addition, various foreign authors, such as Hammond
and Harding have stressed the role of the Albanian coast in exchanges between Central
Europe or North Adriatic and the Aegean during the Late Bronze Age, mentioning various
objects travelling north-south, mainly metal products, but also amber.
On the other hand, the study of amber and its social or symbolic aspects, in the
Adriatic, Aegean and Central Balkans has advanced a lot in recent decades.
Furthermore, from the end of the 19th century, the various scientific methods that have
developed in identifying the material composition and origin have proved that most of
the archaeological amber from the Mediterranean comes from the Baltic. In addition,
we expect the same origin of the amber in Albania. However, the analysis of the material
remains a task for the future.
Amber in the Late Bronze Age
Based on the presently available data, the earliest occurrence of amber in Albania dates
to the Late Bronze Age, i.e., from the 14th century B.C., or in terms of the Aegean chronology,
from Late Helladic IIIA2. In the period between the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of
the Iron Age (14-10th centuries B.C.), although in small quantity (a total number of 61 beads
coming exclusively from grave contexts), amber was in present from north to south of the
country : in tumulus 16 at inamak; in the tumuli of Perlat and Shtogj in the valley of Mat;
in tumulus 7 at Pazhok; at Kashar; in the tumuli of Rehova and Luaras in the plateau of
100
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Aegean, in centres with high Mycenaean influence. The appearance of amber in the
Albanian territory coincides with the period when amber begins to appear in a larger
number of sites and, starting from Late Helladic IIIA, its presence increases outside the
Peloponnese. In addition, this period coincides also with the increase of the Mycenaean
influence on the neighbouring regions, which in the territory of Albania is reflected in
other aspects of material culture present in Late Helladic IIIB-IIIB2 (see ref n 37).
In the final phase of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of Iron Age, the
appearance of the Allumiere bead, but also of the arched fibula of Golinjevo type in
the tumulus of Perlat in Mat valley are evidence of exchange established along the
eastern coast of the Adriatic. In the context of intensive maritime exchange between the
two coasts, we see the presence of the arched fibulae in the tumuli of Dukat and Patos,
or other elements of adornment of southern Italian origin, all found in south-west
Albania. Their absence in the interior of the country and in the southeast, where we
find the largest number of amber beads for this phase is not particularly in favour of
Cultrardos theory, who proposed a hypothetical Egnatia road on which amber
travelled from west to east at the end of the second millennium.
In the Late Bronze Age amber was a rare material and a status indicator. As presented
in fig. 2, almost all the graves with amber beads have rich grave inventories, associated
with other imported materials such as glass, carnelian, gold, but also weapons and
vessels, the latter being imitations or imports. The small number of amber beads (each
tomb contains between 1 and 14 beads), but also when compared with other beads such
as carnelian from the same graves in the tumuli of Rehova and Luaras, suggests that
amber was a rare material, used by people of privileged status in the prehistoric
communities of the Late Bronze Age. In the tumulus of Rehova there is a ratio of 10 amber
beads and 453 of carnelian pertaining to the Late Bronze Age. As elsewhere, amber beads
were used by both women and men, but they were more closely related with feminine
adornment as part of necklaces, often combined with glass and stone beads.
Amber in the Iron Age
During the first phase of the Iron Age (particularly the 9th -8th centuries B.C.) we see
a total lack of amber throughout Albania, even though the number of graves belonging
to this period is high, particularly in the south of the country. The same pattern of
decline in amber use and commerce has been encountered in a wider context, particularly
in the Balkans, but also in Greece, where following the collapse of the Mycenaean
civilization, the quantity of amber and other exotica decreases in the Protogeometric
and Geometric periods (see ref n 46).
A second important phase in the use of amber in Albania begins in the advanced Iron
Age, namely from the 7th century B.C., and particularly in the 6th-5th centuries B. C. Again
the amber finds pertaining to this phase come exclusively from funerary contexts. There
is an increase in the number of objects, a total of around 5315+ , but also of the distribution
102
centres, concentrated however in three main areas: 1) north-east Albania which has
provided the largest number of amber objects, particularly the region of the confluence
between Drin i Bardh and Drin i Zi rivers, near the present border with Kosovo; 2) Mat
valley in central-north Albania; 3) and south-east Albania (the region with the smallest
number of finds), namely the necropoleis of Kolonja and Kora (Fig. 3).
Beside its use for beads, characterized by more elaborated shapes, during this time
amber was occasionally used in the production of small pendants or amulets, still as
composite elements of necklaces, and in one case as a decorative element for a fibula
(Tab.: II-IV).
Beads consist mainly of irregular shapes (Tab. 1: 18-22). Another important category
of such finds is represented by a number of various geometric shapes: globular and flat
globular, disc or ring shaped, triangular, rhomboid and trapezoidal. Decorated beads
are rare, 13 in total, mainly consisting of ribbed beads of globular or flat globular
shapes, irregular elongated beads with longitudinal ribs, and cylindrical beads with
circular horizontal incisions.
A very limited number of objects are pierced at one extremity, giving them the shape
of a pendant. Part of this category are an oval shaped and one almond shaped pendant,
three bottle shaped pendants, a flat pendant of pear-shape, and a single wineskin
bead or pendant. In one case, amber was used as a filling element on a fragmented
spectacle fibula of bone plaque and iron arch, dated to the 6th century B.C. The two thin
amber discs found in the same grave of tumulus n 5 at inamak were used to fill the two
cavities on the bone plaque of the same diameter. Two other similar discs of a slightly
smaller diameter were found outside the graves of the same tumulus (Tab. III: 84-85).
Almost all the previously mentioned shapes coexist during the 6th-5th centuries
B.C., very often found together as part of composite necklaces. Beside the high number
of beads concentrated in the north-east and central-north Albania (only 72 out of 5315+
are found in the south), the more sophisticated shapes derive also from these areas.
The high number of amber finds in the advanced Iron Age in Albania coincides
with a peak period in amber commerce and use in the Mediterranean, particularly in
the Apennine Peninsula, but also in the western and central Balkans in the 6-5th
centuries B.C., where all the aforementioned types are present. However, the closest
parallels of amber objects in north Albania come from central Balkan which suggests
that amber in the region was provided through communication routes established
among inner Balkan communities. The most diagnostic shapes from north-east Albania
find close parallels with amber beads from the Iron Age necropoleis in Kosovo, namely
from Banja e Pejs (Peka Banja), Rugova (Rogovo), Romaja and Karaga (Karaga).
Like here, some amber beads represent similar simple geometric shapes, sometimes
less carefully worked, with somewhat irregular sides and imperfect shapes. In addition,
the Drin i Bardh valley seem to have played an important role in the cultural
communication between the two areas, as is evidenced also in other elements of material
Rovena KURTI
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culture such as jewelleries and weapons. Further strong evidence of these inner Balkan
cultural contacts represent the tumuli of Mat valley in north-central Albania, which
cultural affinities with the tumuli of Glasinac plateau in Bosnia have led various authors
to use the term Mati-Glasinac culture. Throughout the 6-5th centuries B.C., when the
influence of Glasinac culture reached its height, stretching into neighbouring areas,
amber was found among other characteristic jewelleries of this culture, present in the
valley of Mat. Most of the graves of the tumuli here date precisely to this stage, as
evidenced also by the Glasinac type of fibulae, which in most cases represent a later
variant of the type, dated to the 6th-5th centuries B.C. Jubani was right to suggest that the
contact routes with the plateau of Glasinac do not go through north-east Albania and
Kosovo, both representing peripheral areas of this culture, but run further to the west.
So, another communication and exchange inner Balkan route can be assumed along
the valley of Drina in east Bosnia boundaries, then in its south tributaries in Montenegro,
where along with other elements of the Glasinac culture, amber will appear in the
valley of Mat. Also the wineskin bead or pendant from central-north Albania
represents a typical central Balkan shape of the end of the 6th-5th centuries B.C.
The very low presence of amber along the Albanian Adriatic coast with only 8 beads
from tumulus 4 at Shtoj in Shkodra (north-west Albania), and a single bead fragment
from tumulus 2 at Dukat 2 in south-west does not support the idea of a trans-Adriatic
route of amber for the territory of Albania. Also, the absolute absence of certain Apennine
objects such as the amber figurines, present in central Balkans, suggests that these
communication routes ran further in the north-east Adriatic coast. The absence of amber
along the east coast of the south Adriatic can also be related with the influence of the two
Greek colonies already established along the Albanian coast, namely Epidamnus and
Apollonia, which oriented the region towards closer contacts with Greek centres.
South-east Albania, with a very limited number of amber beads, represents a different
picture. All the graves are associated with Greek imports of the late Archaic and early
Classical Periods. The appearance of amber after four centuries in the necropoleis of
Kolonja and Kora is related to amber commerce expanding over a wider area in the 6th
-5th centuries B.C., such as along the Morava and Vardar valleys, and to amber presence
in Pelagonia, north-west Macedonia or around Lake Ochrid. We should also consider
here the role of Drin i Zi valley as a probable communication route with the territory of
Macedonia and south-east Albania. All these valleys have played an important role in
establishing economic and cultural contacts and exchanges, and in increasing Greek
influence toward the central Balkans from the end of the 6th century B.C. So, rather than
trying to find a transmission route for amber in south-east Albania, we can certainly
assume that Greek influence in the region led to a certain re-evaluation of the material
and its use for personal adornment by the local elites, among other jewellery of southern
origin. The flat cemetery of Borova, which has the highest number of amber beads in
the south-east is a clear expression of this phenomenon, where beside a new burial rite,
104
rich graves and various elements of material culture such as ceramics, weapons and
ornaments, give us a clear picture of Hellenic influence here, as in other centres of
Macedonia, from the end of the 6th-5th centuries B.C.
In the advanced Iron Age amber was also used by both sexes, however, more
commonly by women as part of necklaces which in most cases were composed of
various other materials such as glass, semi-precious stones or copper alloy. They were
found in graves from 1 to 23 beads in the south-east, whereas in the north there are
graves that reach a number of 300 to 600 beads. Amber was a more common element of
body adornment in the north of the country, although most of the graves both in the
north and south (Fig. 4-7) belong to rich inventories, and are representative of the
economic power and high status of the owners. Beside the Greek imported vessels, the
presence of other precious materials such as gold, silver or glass distinguishes these
graves as burials of the advanced Iron Age local elites.
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TAB. I
106
TAB. II
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TAB. III
108
TAB. IV