microbiology

(microbial disease part 2)

week10
presented by Amanda Arceo

key concepts

unit highlights
key words

oral and GI diseases

mumps

Hansens disease

nervous system diseases

food poisoning

Tetanus

salmonellosis

botulism

typhoid fever

mad cow disease

cholera

water purification

travelers diarrhea

sewage treatment

peptic ulcer

bioredmediation

rotavirus

food microbes

hepatitis

food preservation

environmental microbiology
food production

microbiology

giardiasis
bacterial

meningitis

rabies

Oral and GI Diseases

Mumps

Food poisoning

Salmonellosis

Typhoid

Cholera

Travelers diarrhea

Peptic ulcers

Rotavirus

Hepatitis

Giardiasis

Mumps
is caused by paramyxovirus and is transmitted

by saliva or droplets that enter via the oral

cavity or respiratory tract.

The virus causes swelling of the parotid gland.

20-40% of cases are asymptomatic.

When the disease appears in adult males, there

is a 20-40% of inflammation of the testes which

can lead to sterility.

Mumps is part of the MMR vaccine and the

incidence decreased dramatically since the

vaccine began usage.

Food Poisoning
is caused by ingesting toxins, many of which

can be produced by bacteria.

can and will continue to produce the toxin

after ingestion.

Bacteria that produce toxin include:

Campylobacter jejune, Staphylococcus

aureus, Clostridium perfringens, C.
botulinum, and Bacillus cereus.

S. aureus
releases enterotoxins A or D which inflames

the intestinal lining and inhibits water

absorption causing diarrhea

These enterotoxins cause brain stimulation to

cause vomiting

Resistant to heat and drying and part of the

normal microflora of many humans

can easily be introduced to food post-

cooking via improper handling

C. perfringens
produces an enterotoxin that causes food

poisoning

its released during sporulation when

undercooked meats and gravies are kept

warm for a long period of time

produces diarrhea and takes longer to

appear and pass than S. aureus poisoning

C. botulinum
produces neurotoxins that produce the fatal

food poisoning botulism

well look at this more closely soon

B. cereus
secretes a toxin that causes vomiting

(someone asked about rice earlier this year,

this bacteria is found in rices and can make

you sick if you dont properly store/handle
rices and other grains)

Salmonellosis
caused by several species of the genus

Salmonella

over 2000 species with different surface antigens

found in the GI tracts of many animals, including

poultry, birds, rodents and reptiles

symptoms include pain, fever, bloody diarrhea

bacteria invades the mucosa of the small and

large intestine

lasts 1-4 days and is not often treated with

antibiotics to avoid drug resistance

Typhoid

Salmonella typhi

one of the most serious epidemic intestinal diseases

utilizes vehicle transmission and is common in poor

sanitation areas and can be spread via shellfish, raw
fruit or vegetables

the bacteria invades the mucosa of the upper small

intestine and then into lymphoid tissue

Symptoms include headache, malaise, fever,

characteristic rose spots on the trunk, abdominal
distention, tenderness and enlargement of the
spleen.

Typhoid Mary

Cholera

V. cholerae

can outbreak anywhere sanitation is poor and fecal matter exists in the
water

can survive outside of the body in cool, alkaline water

invades the intestinal mucosa, multiplies and releases a potent

enterotoxin

Results in significant secretion of fluids and chloride ions from the

intestines

as many as 22 liters of fluids and electrolytes may be lost a ay

treatment involves replacing fluids and electrolytes

most deaths occur due to loss of fluids which causes blood viscosity
and causes shock

Travelers Diarrhea

mild to severe diarrhea occurs I almost half of all

international travelers annually

most common cause is E. coli which is responsible for

40-95% of cases

Travel exposes people to strains they havent

previously encountered

E. coli O157:H7 is a deadly strain which causes

bloody diarrhea, massive recalls of food and forced
a change in how hamburgers were cooked

when you hear about the outbreaks of E. coli, its

this strain theyre referencing
6% develop kidney issues which can lead to kidney
failure

Peptic Ulcers
are lesions on the mucous membrane of the

esophagus, stomach or duodenum caused

by Helicobacter pylori. As of yet, no one
has determined the route of infection or
portal of exit for the bacteria. Antibiotics
can be used to cure the infection but must
be done carefully.

Rotavirus
transmitted by the fecal-oral route, replicate

in the intestine, damage the intestinal

epithelium and cause watery diarrhea

Its one of the common causes of infant

mortality in developing countries

They are retroviruses with double-stranded

RNA

treatment is to restore fluids and keep

electrolytes balanced

Hepatitis
involves inflammation of the liver and is

mostly caused by viruses

there are 5 types of hepatitis

Hep A (HAV): single-stranded RNA

transmitted fecal-oral

replicates in the GI then spreads through the

blood to the liver, spleen and kidneys.
Jaundice, malaise, nausea, diarrhea,
abdominal pain and lack of appetite are
common symptoms

Hepatitis
there are 5 types of hepatitis
Hep B (HBV): double-stranded DNA

transmitted via contaminated body fluid

replicates in the liver, lymphoid tissue and

blood forming tissues

symptoms are similar to HAV but can be

chronic and destroy liver cells

there is a vaccine for HBV that is 95% effective

Hepatitis
there are 5 types of hepatitis
Hep C (HCV): caused by at least 2 RNA viral

agents and transmitted by blood

leading reason for liver transplants

enzymes are released into the blood from the

liver, which serves as a diagnostic tool

in 20% of chronic infections, cirrhosis and liver

cancer occur

Hepatitis
there are 5 types of hepatitis
Hep E (HEV): fecal oral route via

contaminated water in Asia and Africa

Hep D (HDV) caused by the presence of

both the Hep D virus as well as HBV. HDV

cannot infect without HBV being present.

Giardiasis

caused by flagellated protozoa Giardia intestinalis

It infects the small intestine of humans, particularly children

its ingested and passes through the stomach and small

intestine to attach t the bowel wall and feeds on the mucus

symptoms include inflammation to the bowel, diarrhea,

dehydration and water loss.

Giardiasis is transmitted via fecal contaminated food and

water

normal sewage treatment and chlorination does not kill

Giardia cysts

Diagnosis is made by microscopic examination of the stool

Nervous System Diseases

Groups
causative agent, portal of

entry/transmission, disease mechanism,

symptoms, treatment/prognosis and
interesting fact.
bacterial meningitis

rabies
Hansens disease
tetanus

botulism
mad cow disease

Bacterial Meningitis

causative agent: varies by age group

Newborns: Group B Strep, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes

Infants and children: Strep. Pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis,

Haemoophilus influenzae type b

Adolescents and young adults: Neisseria meningitidis, Strep. pneu

Older adults: Strep. pneu, N. menin, L. mon

disease mechanism:

Portal of entry: mucus membrane of upper respiratory tract,

transmitted via respiratory secretions

symptoms: sudden onset fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting,

increased sensitivity to light, confusion

treatment/prognosis: antibiotics, if not treated early, theres a high

chance of mortality

interesting tidbit: its more prevalent in boys than girls and 95% of cases
involve children under 5

Rabies

causative agent: R.V., negative stranded RNA virus of the rhabdo virus
family

portal of entry/transmission: can occur through saliva in animals

Human rabies happens often due to bite of animals

Non-bite transmission: aerosols, or person-to-person via transplants, very

rare

disease mechanism: enters, transported to CNS, causes swelling of

brain

symptoms: early stages are asymptomatic. Close to death: swelling,

difficulty swallowing, confusion, hallucinations

treatment/prognosis: series of shots called post-exposure prophylaxis

(HRIG); if not treated early, leads to death

interesting tidbit:in U.S. rabies has been reported in every state but
Hawaii

Hansens Disease

causative agent: Myobacterium leprae (aka leprosy)

portal of entry/transmission: droplets or contact or broken skin

disease mechanism: intracellular acid-fast bacterium, aerobic, round,

immune system responds to presence of bacteria and causes the
lesions

symptoms: skin lesions, growths on skin, thick or dry skin, severe pain,
numbness, paralysis especially in hands and feet, weakness, eye
problems that can lead to blindness, stuffy nose, nosebleeds, ulcers on
soles of feet

treatment/prognosis: various antibiotics for six months to two years

interesting tidbit: as many as two million people are permanently

disabled by Hansens disease, but 95% of adults are unaffected
because theyre naturally immune. Found in armadillos. Unculturable.

Tetanus

causative agent: C. tetani (bacterial spores)

portal of entry/transmission: wounds

disease mechanism: attacks nervous system, infecting

the spinal cord and causing irreversible brain damage

symptoms: spasm and stiffness in jaw and neck muscles,

difficulty swallowing, stiffness of abdominal muscles,
fever, excessive sweating, uncontrolled urination and
defecation, rapid heart rate and elevated blood
pressure.

treatment/prognosis: go to doctor for booster

interesting tidbit: if the nail is dirty and has the tetanus

bacteria on it, its the dirt, not the nail

Botulism

causative agent: C. botulinum

portal of entry/transmission: food-borne and wounds

disease mechanism: releases a toxin thats carried

through bloodstream through motor nerves and the
toxins block nerve agents to muscle.

symptoms: double vision, difficulty

speaking/swallowing, difficulty breathing

treatment/prognosis: if caught early, anti-toxins, if not

you can go into respiratory failure and paralysis may
occur

interesting tidbit:its the most potent toxin known and

one ounce can kill the entire U.S. population

Mad Cow Disease

causative agent: prion (protein))

portal of entry/transmission: ingesting the brain or

spinal cord of infected cow; cannibalism

disease mechanism: slowly destroys brain and spinal

cord

symptoms: in early stages, depression and loss of

coordination, later stages: dementia, final stages:
causes abnormalities of the brain viewed by MRI and
ultimately death within 13 months

treatment/prognosis: no current treatment, some

drugs used to treat symptoms

interesting tidbit: vegans dont get it; those who live

in an area where Mad Cow has been found are not
allowed to donate blood

Environmental
Microbiology
What is pollution? Are microbes part of the

problem or solution?

Many types of pollution can be

decomposed by microorganisms under the

right conditions

Water Purification
to purify drinking water, the water is left so

that particulate matter can settle out, then

alum is added to cause precipitation of
colloids, next water is filtered and then
chlorinated (why filter and chlorinate water)

Sewage Water

has solid and/or dissolved wastes, including feces,

detergents, grease, industrial waste, anything that goes
down a drain

sewage is often treated and reclaimed instead of

dumped into rivers

this requires three steps:

primary treatment: physical means such as screens,

skimmers and settling are utilized

secondary treatment: biological means are used such as

trickling filter systems in which the water is run over a field
of aerobic bacteria ttached to rocks so that biological
decomposiition can occur

tertiary treatment: both physical and chemical methods

are utilized such as filtration, sedimentation and
chlorination or UV treatment

Videos!
Bioremediation of oil spill

Food Microbiology
What food is created by microbes?
bread, sourdough bread, buttermilk, cheese,

vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, olives, poi, soy

sauce, summer sausage, salami, Lebanese
bologna, beer, wine, etc

Game Time!
Lets play!