Kasey Hernandez

Annotated Bibliography
English 1301

Annotated Bibliography based on research question,

What are the psychological effects of a rape victim?

Santiago, J. M., McCall-Perez, F., Gorcey, M., & Beigel, A. (1985). Long-term
psychological effects of rape in 35 rape victims. American Journal of Psychiatry,

142(11), 1338-1340.
Thirty- five rape victims who had been assaulted within 2-46 were interviewed and
tested, being compared to 110 non abused. The rape victims were found to be
significantly more depressed, generally anxious, and fearful than control subjects.
Only one rape situation variable, the survivor having been a prior victim of sexual
assault, was found to be related to a higher degree of depression and anxiety. This
is useful because it shows that statistically rape victims have a higher depression
and anxiety rate proving that they are significantly affected. This is relevant to my
research question because it talks about the mental state of the victims.

Kilpatrick, D. G., Resick, P. A., & Veronen, L. J. (1981). Effects of a rape experience: A
longitudinal study. Journal of Social Issues, 37(4), 105-122.
Rape victims were taken into a study being accessed 1 month, 6 months, and 1
year post rape to determine their psychological state. The findings were that
victims were significantly more anxious, fearful, suspicious, and confused than non
victims for at least a year after their assaults. However, there was significant
improvement on those as well as other measures of personality and mood state
over time. This is relevant to my question because it talks about the well-being of
the victims and their mentalities.

Kasey Hernandez
Annotated Bibliography
English 1301

Krulewitz, J. E. (1982). Reactions to rape victims: Effects of rape circumstances,

victim's emotional response, and sex of helper. Journal of Counseling Psychology,

29(6), 645.
Upset victims were seen as having more serious and more long-lasting problems,
were more likely to be encouraged to try and forget the incident. Especially the
men, they evaluated victims' degree of emotional upset as an emotion of rape
aftermath. Consistent sex differences indicated that women were more
sympathetic with and more willing to talk with rape victims than were men. Results
rape victims and sex differences in identification with and empathy for female rape
victims.

Resick, P. A. (1993). The psychological impact of rape. Journal of interpersonal

violence, 8(2), 223-255.

Typical patterns of recovery, types of symptoms, and variables affecting recovery.
The problems that are discussed here are fear and anxiety, posttraumatic stress
disorder, depression, poor self-esteem, social adjustment issues, and sexual
dysfunctions. Preassault variables such as prior psychological functioning and life
stressors; within-assault variables such as acquaintanceship status, level of
violence and post assault variables such as social support and participation in the
criminal justice system.

Walker, J., Archer, J., & Davies, M. (2005). Effects of male rape on psychological
functioning. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(3), 445-451.
Since the 1970s there has been a wealth of literature on the effects of rape on
women. However, the study of the effects of male rape has never really been
looked into. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological state of 40
male rape survivors, and compare their level of functioning with a control group.
The male rape group had much poorer psychological functioning than the control

Kasey Hernandez
Annotated Bibliography
English 1301

group, and lower self-esteem. Most survivors reported high levels of stress and
unpleasant thoughts such as suicide.
Campbell, R., Ahrens, C. E., Sefl, T., Wasco, S. M., & Barnes, H. E. (2001). Social
reactions to rape victims: Healing and hurtful effects on psychological and
physical health outcomes. Violence and victims, 16(3), 287-302.
102 rape survivors were interviewed about the social reactions they received from
family and friends post-rape. Research showed whether rape victims have similar
perceptions as to what constitutes a "positive" and "negative" social reaction.
Results indicated that victims often agree as to what reactions are healing positive,
but that they do not agree as to what is hurtful negative. Results indicated that
survivors who had someone believe their account of what happened or were
allowed to talk about the assault and considered these reactions to be healing
meaning that they had fewer emotional and physical health problems than victims
who considered these reactions hurtful, or victims who did not experience these
reactions at all.
Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991). Treatment of
posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: a comparison between cognitivebehavioral procedures and counseling. Journal of consulting and clinical

psychology, 59(5), 715.

Researchers measured the PTSD symptoms, rape-related distress, general
anxiety, and depression were administered at pretreatment, post treatment, and
follow-ups. SIT produced significantly more improvement on PTSD symptoms
than did SC and WL immediately following treatment. At follow-up, PE produced
superior outcome on PTSD symptoms. The implications of these findings and
direction for treatment and future research are discussed.