Chapter 22: Biodiversity

Read Chapter 10 from the Environmental Science textbook

Sections 1 & 2 Page 259
Section 10.1: What is biodiversity?
A. A world rich in biodiversity
a. ___________________________ - the number and variety of different species in a given area
b. Unknown diversity
i. We have not finished cataloging all the ___________________ that exist on Earth.
ii. ________ millions species are known to scientists, mostly _________________
iii. Unknown species exist in remote ________________________, deep in the _____________________, and even in
_____________________.

c. Levels of diversity
i. __________________ diversity all the differences between populations of species, as well as between different
species
ii. __________________ diversity the variety of habitats, communities and ecological processes within and between
ecosystems
iii. __________________ diversity all the different genes contained within all members of a population
1. A _________ is a piece of __________ that codes for a specific trait that can be inherited by offspring.
B. Benefits of Biodiversity
a. Species are connected to ecosystems
i. When scientists study ________________ closely, they find that it plays an important role in an
__________________________.
ii. Every species is probably either ______________________ on or _________________________ upon by at least one
other species.
iii. _________________________________ - a species that is critical to the functioning of an ecosystem
b. Species and population survival
i. ___________________ diversity is a critical factor in species survival
ii. When a population shrinks, its genetic diversity ________________
c. Medical, industrial, and agricultural uses
i. ______________________ of the drugs prescribed in the US are derived from plants
ii. Almost all antibiotics are derived from chemicals found in ___________
iii. Name 3 common medicines derived from plants and their uses
1. ____________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________

iv. Name two food that originate from each of the following regions:
1. North, Central, and South America: _______________________
2. Northeastern Africa, Central Asia: ________________________
3. India, East Asia, and Pacific Islands: ______________________
d. Ethics, aesthetics, and recreation
i. _________________ - things have the right to exist
ii. _________________ - personal enjoyment
iii. _________________ - tourism
Section 10.2: Biodiversity At Risk
A. Current extinctions
a. Species prone to extinction
a. _______________________ species a species that is likely to becomes extinct if protective measures are not taken
immediately
b. _______________________ species a species that has a declining population and that is likely to become
endangered if it is not protected
B. How do humans cause extinctions?
a. Habitat _______________________ and fragmentation
a. Habitat loss causes almost _________________ of the extinctions now occurring
b. Example: _________________________________________________
b. Invasive exotic species
a. __________________________ - a species that is not native to a particular region
b. Example: _________________________________________________
c. Harvesting, hunting, and poaching
a. __________________________ were hunted to extinction
b. ________________ were almost hunted to extinction
c. _______________________ - illegal hunting
d. Pollution
a. __________________________, ____________________________,
___________, and other chemicals used by humans are making their way into food webs around globe
b. ____________, a pesticide, affected the ________________________.
C. Areas of critical biodiversity
a. ___________________________ - species that are native to and found only within a limited area
b. _______________________________- cover less than ________ of the Earths land surface, but scientists estimate
over ___________ of the worlds species live there
c. ________________________ and ______________ Ecosystems
a. Reefs contain the ___________________ of the biodiversity of the ocean

b. Coastal areas have been threatened by _________________________

d. _______________- have a distinct, but limited set of species
e. __________________________________ - the most threatened areas of high species diversity
a. Most have lost at least ___________ of their original natural vegetation
b. Include mostly ________________________, ______________ areas and ___________________.
f. Biodiversity in the United States . . . hotspots include
a. ____________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________
d. ____________________________________________
e. ____________________________________________
Section 10.3 The Future of Biodiversity
A. Saving species one at a time
a. ___________________________________ - breeding species in captivity with
the hope of reintroducing them to their natural habitats.
a.Example: _______________________________________________
b. _______________________________________
a. ______________________ - any form of genetic material
c. Zoos, aquariums, park, and gardens living _____________________ of the
worlds biodiversity
d. More study is needed saving a few ________________________ does little to
preserve a __________________.
B. Preserving habitats and ecosystems
a. Conservation strategies
i. Most conservationists now give priority to protecting
_________________________________.
ii. Focus on ___________________________
iii. Identify areas of native habitat that can be _____________________,
_____________________, and linked into ________________ networks.
b. More study is needed about the working of ___________________ and
________________________.
C. Legal protection for species
a. US Laws
a. ____________ - Endangered Species Act
b. Designed to _________________ plant and animal species in danger of
__________________________.

b. Recovery and habitat conservation plans

a. Species ____________________ plan for each listed species
b. Attempts to restrict human uses of _______________ - can be controversial
c. Habitat conservation plan attempts to protect one or more species across
____________________ areas of land.
D. International cooperation
a. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
(_______) facilitates efforts to protect _______________ and _________________.
a. ______________ government agencies
b. ____________ private conservation organizations
b. International trade and poaching
a. _____________ (the convention on International Trade in endangered
species)
b. First effective effort to stop the slaughter of __________________________
c. Caused a drop in the price of ________________ and a decline in
_________________________________.
c. The biodiversity treaty
a. United Nations conference on Environment and Development, also as the
first ________________________.
b. Biodiversity Treaty to preserve __________________________ and
ensure the sustainable and fair use of _______________ resources in all
countries
d. Private conservation efforts
a. ____________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________
c. ____________________________________________
d. ____________________________________________
E. Balancing human needs
a. Endangered species may be a source of _____________ or __________________.
b. A species may not seem ______________________ to those who do not
understand the species ____________ in an ecosystem.
c. People need to understand the _______________ of biodiversity