Sbeeldstdg 7 C

CaliforniaDepartmentofEducation
EnglishLanguageDevelopmentStandardsforGrade7
Section1:Goal,CriticalPrinciples,andOverview
Goal:Englishlearnersread,analyze,interpret,andcreateavarietyofliteraryandinformationaltexttypes.Theydevelopanunderstandingofhowlanguageisa
complex,dynamic,andsocialresourceformakingmeaning,aswellashowcontentisorganizedindifferenttexttypesandacrossdisciplinesusingtextstructure,
languagefeatures,andvocabularydependingonpurposeandaudience.TheyareawarethatdifferentlanguagesandvariationsofEnglishexist,andtheyrecognize
theirhomelanguagesandculturesasresourcestovalueintheirownrightandalsotodrawuponinordertobuildproficiencyinEnglish.Englishlearnerscontribute
activelytoclassandgroupdiscussions,askingquestions,respondingappropriately,andprovidingusefulfeedback.Theydemonstrateknowledgeofcontentthrough
oralpresentations,writing,collaborativeconversations,andmultimedia.Theydevelopproficiencyinshiftinglanguageusebasedontask,purpose,audience,andtext
type.
CriticalPrinciplesforDevelopingLanguageandCognitioninAcademicContexts:WhileadvancingalongthecontinuumofEnglishlanguagedevelopmentlevels,
Englishlearnersatalllevelsengageinintellectuallychallengingliteracy,disciplinary,anddisciplinaryliteracytasks.Theyuselanguageinmeaningfulandrelevant
waysappropriatetogradelevel,contentarea,topic,purpose,audience,andtexttypeinEnglishlanguagearts,mathematics,science,socialstudies,andthearts.
Specifically,theyuselanguagetogainandexchangeinformationandideasinthreecommunicativemodes(collaborative,interpretive,andproductive),andthey
applyknowledgeoflanguagetoacademictasksviathreecrossmodelanguageprocesses(structuringcohesivetexts,expandingandenrichingideas,andconnecting
andcondensingideas)usingvariouslinguisticresources.
PartI:InteractinginMeaningfulWays
A.
CorrespondingCommonCoreState
StandardsforEnglishLanguageArts*
Collaborative
1.Exchanginginformationandideaswithothersthroughoralcollaborativediscussionsonarangeofsocialandacademictopics
SL.7.1,6;L.7.3,6
2.InteractingwithothersinwrittenEnglishinvariouscommunicativeforms(print,communicativetechnologyandmultimedia)
W.7.6;WHST.7.6;SL.7.2;L.7.3,6
3.Offeringandjustifyingopinions,negotiatingwithandpersuadingothersincommunicativeexchanges
W.7.1;WHST.7.1;SL.7.1,4,6;L.7.3,6
4.Adaptinglanguagechoicestovariouscontexts(basedontask,purpose,audience,andtexttype)
W.7.45;WHST.7.45;SL.7.6;L.7.1,3,6
B.
Interpretive
5.ListeningactivelytospokenEnglishinarangeofsocialandacademiccontexts
SL.7.1,3,6;L.7.1,3,6
6.Readingcloselyliteraryandinformationaltextsandviewingmultimediatodeterminehowmeaningisconveyedexplicitlyandimplicitly
throughlanguage
RL.7.17,910;RI.7.110;RH.7.110;
RST.7.110;SL.7.2;L.7.1,3,6
7.Evaluatinghowwellwritersandspeakersuselanguagetosupportideasandargumentswithdetailsorevidencedependingonmodality,
texttype,purpose,audience,topic,andcontentarea
RL.7.45;RI.7.4,6,8;RH.7.46,8;
RST.7.46,8;SL.7.3;L.7.3,56
8.Analyzinghowwritersandspeakersusevocabularyandotherlanguageresourcesforspecificpurposes(toexplain,persuade,entertain,
etc.)dependingonmodality,texttype,purpose,audience,topic,andcontentarea
RL.7.45;RI.7.45;RH.7.45;RST.7.45;
SL.7.3;L.7.3,56
C.
Productive
Expressinginformationandideasinformaloralpresentationsonacademictopics
SL.7.46;L.7.1,3
Writingliteraryandinformationaltextstopresent,describe,andexplainideasandinformation,usingappropriatetechnology
W.7.110;WHST.7.12,410;L.7.16
Justifyingownargumentsandevaluatingothersargumentsinwriting
W.7.1,89;WHST.7.1,89;L.7.13,6
Selectingandapplyingvariedandprecisevocabularyandotherlanguageresourcestoeffectivelyconveyideas
W.7.45;WHST.7.45;SL.7.4,6;
L.7.1,3,56
CaliforniaEnglishLanguageDevelopmentStandardsforGrade7October5,2012
PartII:LearningAboutHowEnglishWorks
A.
StructuringCohesiveTexts
CorrespondingCommonCoreState
StandardsforEnglishLanguageArts*
RL.7.5;RI.7.5;RH.7.5;RST.7.5;
W.7.15,10;WHST.7.12,45,10;SL.7.4
RI.7.5;RH.7.5;RST.7.5;W.7.15,10;
WHST.7.12,45,10;L.7.1,36
B.
ExpandingandEnrichingIdeas
3.Usingverbsandverbphrases
4.Usingnounsandnounphrases
W.7.5;WHST.7.5;SL.7.6;L.7.1,36
5.Modifyingtoadddetails
W.7.45;WHST.7.45;SL.7.6;L.7.1,36
1.Understandingtextstructure
2.Understandingcohesion
C.
ConnectingandCondensingIdeas
6.Connectingideas
7.Condensingideas
PartIII:UsingFoundationalLiteracySkills
W.7.5;WHST.7.5;SL.7.6;L.7.1,36
W.7.15;WHST.7.12,45;SL.7.4,6;
L.7.1,36
W.7.15;WHST.7.12,45;SL.7.4,6;
L.7.1,36
RF.K1.14;RF.25.34(asappropriate)
*TheCaliforniaEnglishLanguageDevelopmentStandardscorrespondtoCaliforniasCommonCoreStateStandardsforEnglishLanguageArts(ELA)and,forgrades612,Literacyin
History/SocialStudies,Science,andTechnicalSubjects.EnglishlearnersshouldhavefullaccesstoandopportunitiestolearnELA,mathematics,science,history/socialstudies,andother
contentatthesametimetheyareprogressingtowardfullproficiencyinEnglish.
Note:Examplesprovidedinspecificstandardsareofferedonlyasillustrativepossibilitiesandshouldnotbemisinterpretedastheonlyobjectivesofinstructionorastheonlytypesof
languageEnglishlearnersmightorshouldbeabletounderstandorproduce.
Section2:ElaborationonCriticalPrinciplesforDevelopingLanguage&CognitioninAcademicContexts
EnglishLanguageDevelopmentLevelContinuum
TextsandDiscourseinContext
PartI,strands14Corresponding
CommonCoreStateStandardsforEnglish
LanguageArts:
SL.7.1,6;L.7.3,6
W.7.6;WHST.7.6;SL.7.2;L.7.3,6
W.7.1;WHST.7.1;SL.7.1,4,6;L.7.3,6
W.7.45;WHST.7.45;SL.7.6;L.7.1,3,6
Purposesforusinglanguageinclude:
Describing,entertaining,informing,
interpreting,analyzing,recounting,
explaining,persuading,negotiating,
justifying,evaluating,etc.
Texttypesinclude:
Informationaltexttypesinclude:
descriptionsoraccounts(e.g.,scientific,
historical,economic,technical),recounts
(e.g.,biography,memoir),information
reports,explanations(e.g.,causal,
factorial),expositions(e.g.,speeches,
opinionpieces,argument,debate),
responses(e.g.,literaryanalysis),etc.
Literarytexttypesinclude:
stories(e.g.,historicalfiction,myths,
graphicnovels),poetry,drama,etc.
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
Smallgroup(onetogroup)
Wholegroup(onetomany)
A.Collaborative
1.
2.
3.
4.
Emerging
Expanding
Bridging
1.Exchanginginformation/ideas
Engageinconversationalexchanges
andexpressideasonfamiliartopicsby
askingandansweringyesnoandwh
questionsandrespondingusingsimple
phrases.
2.InteractingviawrittenEnglish
Engageinshortwrittenexchanges
withpeersandcollaborateonsimple
writtentextsonfamiliartopics,using
technologywhenappropriate.
3.Supportingopinionsand
persuadingothers
Negotiatewithorpersuadeothersin
conversations(e.g.,togainandhold
thefloororaskforclarification)using
learnedphrases(e.g.,Ithink...,
Wouldyoupleaserepeatthat?)and
openresponses.
4.Adaptinglanguagechoices
Adjustlanguagechoicesaccordingto
socialsetting(e.g.,classroom,break
time)andaudience(e.g.,peers,
teacher).
Contributetoclass,group,andpartner
discussionsbyfollowingturntaking
rules,askingrelevantquestions,
affirmingothers,addingrelevant
information,andparaphrasingkey
ideas.
Engageinlongerwrittenexchanges
withpeersandcollaborateonmore
detailedwrittentextsonavarietyof
topics,usingtechnologywhen
appropriate.
persuadingothers
conversations(e.g.,toprovidecounter
arguments)usinglearnedphrases(I
agreewithX,but..),andopen
responses.
purpose(e.g.,explaining,persuading,
entertaining),task,andaudience.
Contributetoclass,group,andpartner
discussionsbyfollowingturntaking
rules,askingrelevantquestions,
affirmingothers,addingrelevant
informationandevidence,
paraphrasingkeyideas,buildingon
responses,andprovidinguseful
feedback.
Engageinextendedwrittenexchanges
withpeersandcollaborateoncomplex
writtentextsonavarietyoftopics,
usingtechnologywhenappropriate.
persuadingothers
conversationsusingappropriate
register(e.g.,toacknowledgenew
information)usingavarietyoflearned
phrases,indirectreportedspeech
(e.g.,IheardyousayX,andIhavent
thoughtaboutthatbefore),andopen
responses.
task(e.g.,facilitatingascience
experiment,providingpeerfeedback
onawritingassignment),purpose,
task,andaudience.
PartI,strands58CorrespondingCommon
CoreStateStandardsforEnglishLanguage
Arts:
7.
8.
SL.7.1,3,6;L.7.1,3,6
RL.7.17,910;RI.7.110;RH.7.110;
RST.7.110;SL.7.2;L.7.1,3,6
RL.7.45;RI.7.4,6,8;RH.7.46,8;
RST.7.46,8;SL.7.3;L.7.3,56
RL.7.45;RI.7.45;RH.7.45;RST.7.45;
SL.7.3;L.7.3,56
Texttypesinclude:
B.Interpretive(page1of2)
5.
6.
Expanding
Bridging
5.Listeningactively
Demonstrateactivelisteninginoral
presentationactivitiesbyaskingand
answeringdetailedquestionswith
occasionalpromptingandmoderate
support.
6.Reading/viewingclosely
a)Explainideas,phenomena,
processes,andtextrelationships(e.g.,
compare/contrast,cause/effect,
problem/solution)basedonclose
readingofavarietyofgradeleveltexts
andviewingofmultimediawith
moderatesupport.
b)Expressinferencesandconclusions
drawnbasedonclosereadingofgrade
appropriatetextsandviewingof
multimediausingavarietyofverbs
(e.g.,suggeststhat,leadsto).
c)Useknowledgeofmorphology(e.g.,
affixes,roots,andbasewords),
context,referencematerials,andvisual
cuestodeterminethemeaningof
unknownandmultiplemeaningwords
onfamiliarandnewtopics.
5.Listeningactively
answeringdetailedquestionswith
minimalpromptingandsupport.
readingofavarietyofgradeleveltexts
andviewingofmultimediawithlight
support.
drawnbasedonclosereadingofgrade
leveltextsandviewingofmultimedia
usingavarietyofpreciseacademic
verbs(e.g.,indicatesthat,influences).
context,referencematerials,andvisual
cuestodeterminethemeaning,
includingfigurativeandconnotative
meanings,ofunknownandmultiple
meaningwordsonavarietyofnew
topics.
context,referencematerials,and
visualcuestodeterminethemeaning
ofunknownandmultiplemeaning
wordsonfamiliartopics.
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
Emerging
5.Listeningactively
answeringbasicquestionswith
promptingandsubstantialsupport.
readingofavarietyofgrade
appropriatetextsandviewingof
multimediawithsubstantialsupport.
drawnbasedonclosereadingof
gradeappropriatetextsandviewingof
multimediausingsomefrequently
usedverbs(e.g.,showsthat,based
on).
PartI,strands58CorrespondingCommon
CoreStateStandardsforEnglishLanguage
Arts:
7.
8.
SL.7.1,3,6;L.7.1,3,6
RL.7.17,910;RI.7.110;RH.7.110;
RST.7.110;SL.7.2;L.7.1,3,6
RL.7.45;RI.7.4,6,8;RH.7.46,8;
RST.7.46,8;SL.7.3;L.7.3,56
RL.7.45;RI.7.45;RH.7.45;RST.7.45;
SL.7.3;L.7.3,56
Texttypesinclude:
B.Interpretive(page2of2)
5.
6.
Emerging
Expanding
7.Evaluatinglanguagechoices
Explainhowwellwritersandspeakers
uselanguagetosupportideasand
argumentswithdetailedevidence
(e.g.,identifyingtheprecise
vocabularyusedtopresentevidence,
orthephrasingusedtosignalashiftin
meaning)whenprovidedwith
substantialsupport.
usespecificlanguagetopresentideas
ofsupportargumentsandprovide
detailedevidence(e.g.,showingthe
clarityofthephrasingusedtopresent
anargument)whenprovidedwith
moderatesupport.
8.Analyzinglanguagechoices
Explainhowphrasingordifferent
commonwordswithsimilarmeaning
(e.g.,choosingtousethewordpolite
versusgood)producedifferenteffects
ontheaudience.
Explainhowphrasing,differentwords
withsimilarmeaning(e.g.,describinga
characterasdiplomaticversus
respectful)orfigurativelanguage(e.g.,
Thewindwhisperedthroughthenight.)
produceshadesofmeaningand
differenteffectsontheaudience.
Bridging
usespecificlanguageresourcesto
presentideasorsupportarguments
andprovidedetailedevidence(e.g.,
identifyingthespecificlanguageused
topresentideasandclaimsthatare
wellsupportedanddistinguishingthem
fromthosethatarenot)when
providedwithlightsupport.
Explainhowphrasing,differentwords
withsimilarmeaning(e.g.,refined
respectfulpolitediplomatic),or
figurativelanguage(e.g.,Thewind
whisperedthroughthenight.)produce
shadesofmeaning,nuances,and
differenteffectsontheaudience.
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
LanguageArts:
SL.7.46;L.7.1,3
W.7.110;WHST.7.12,410;L.7.16
W.7.1,89;WHST.7.1,89;L.7.13,6
W.7.45;WHST.7.45;SL.7.4,6;
L.7.1,3,56
Texttypesinclude:
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
C.Productive(page1of2)
9.
10.
11.
12.
Emerging
Expanding
Bridging
9.Presenting
Plananddeliverbriefinformativeoral
presentationsonfamiliartopics.
10.Writing
a)Writeshortliteraryand
informationaltexts(e.g.,anargument
forwearingschooluniforms)
collaboratively(e.g.,withpeers)and
independently.
b)Writebriefsummariesoftextsand
experiencesusingcompletesentences
andkeywords(e.g.,fromnotesor
graphicorganizers).
11.Justifying/arguing
a)Justifyopinionsbyprovidingsome
textualevidenceorrelevant
backgroundknowledgewith
substantialsupport.
b)Expressattitudeandopinionsor
temperstatementswithfamiliar
modalexpressions(e.g.,can,may).
9.Presenting
Plananddeliverlongeroral
presentationsonavarietyoftopics,
usingdetailsandevidencetosupport
ideas.
10.Writing
a)Writelongerliteraryand
informationaltexts(e.g.,anargument
forwearingschooluniforms)
collaboratively(e.g.,withpeers)and
independentlyusingappropriatetext
organization.
b)Writeincreasinglyconcisesummaries
oftextsandexperiencesusingcomplete
sentencesandkeywords(e.g.,from
notesorgraphicorganizers).
a)Justifyopinionsorpersuadeothers
byprovidingrelevanttextualevidence
orrelevantbackgroundknowledgewith
moderatesupport.
temperstatementswithavarietyof
familiarmodalexpressions(e.g.,
possibly/likely,could/would/should).
9.Presenting
Plananddeliverlongeroral
presentationsonavarietyoftopicsin
avarietyofdisciplines,usingreasoning
andevidencetosupportideas,aswell
asgrowingunderstandingofregister.
10.Writing
a)Writelongerandmoredetailed
literaryandinformationaltexts(e.g.,
anargumentforwearingschool
uniforms)collaboratively(e.g.,with
peers)andindependentlyusing
appropriatetextorganizationand
growingunderstandingofregister.
b)Writeclearandcoherent
summariesoftextsandexperiences
usingcompleteandconcisesentences
andkeywords(e.g.,fromnotesor
graphicorganizers).
a)Justifyopinionsorpersuadeothers
byprovidingdetailedandrelevant
textualevidenceorrelevant
backgroundknowledgewithlight
support.
temperstatementswithnuanced
modalexpressions(e.g.,
possibly/potentially/absolutely,
should/might).
LanguageArts:
SL.7.46;L.7.1,3
W.7.110;WHST.7.12,410;L.7.16
W.7.1,89;WHST.7.1,89;L.7.13,6
W.7.45;WHST.7.45;SL.7.4,6;
L.7.1,3,56
Texttypesinclude:
C.Productive(page2of2)
9.
10.
11.
12.
Emerging
Expanding
Bridging
12.Selectinglanguageresources
a)Useaselectnumberofgeneral
academicwords(e.g.,cycle,
alternative)anddomainspecificwords
(e.g.,scene,chapter,paragraph,cell)
tocreatesomeprecisionwhile
speakingandwriting.
b)Useknowledgeofmorphologyto
appropriatelyselectaffixesinbasic
ways(e.g.,ShelikesX.Hewalkedto
school.).
a)Useagrowingsetofacademicwords
(e.g.,cycle,alternative,indicate,
process),domainspecificwords(e.g.,
scene,soliloquy,sonnet,friction,
monarchy,fraction),synonyms,and
antonymstocreateprecisionand
shadesofmeaningwhilespeakingand
writing.
appropriatelyselectaffixesinagrowing
numberofwaystomanipulate
language(e.g.,Shelikeswalkingto
school.Thatsimpossible.).
a)Useanexpandedsetofgeneral
academicwords(e.g.,cycle,
alternative,indicate,process,
emphasize,illustrate),domainspecific
words(e.g.,scene,soliloquy,sonnet,
friction,monarchy,fraction),
synonyms,antonyms,andfigurative
languagetocreateprecisionand
shadesofmeaningwhilespeakingand
writing.
appropriatelyselectaffixesinavariety
ofwaystomanipulatelanguage(e.g.,
changingdestroy>destruction,
probably>probability,reluctant>
reluctantly).
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
PartII,strands12Corresponding
LanguageArts:
2.
RL.7.5;RI.7.5;RH.7.5;RST.7.5;
W.7.15,10;WHST.7.12,45,10;SL.7.4
RI.7.5;RH.7.5;RST.7.5;W.7.15,10;
WHST.7.12,45,10;L.7.1,36
Texttypesinclude:
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
A.StructuringCohesiveTexts
1.
Emerging
Expanding
Applyunderstandingofhowdifferent
texttypesareorganizedtoexpress
ideas(e.g.,hownarrativesare
organizedsequentially)to
comprehendingtextsandtowriting
briefarguments,informative/
explanatorytextsandnarratives.
Applyunderstandingofthe
organizationalfeaturesofdifferenttext
types(e.g.,hownarrativesare
organizedbyaneventsequencethat
unfoldsnaturallyversushowarguments
areorganizedaroundreasonsand
evidence)tocomprehendingtextsand
towritingincreasinglyclearand
coherentarguments,
informative/explanatorytextsand
narratives.
a)Applyknowledgeoffamiliar
languageresourcesforreferringto
maketextsmorecohesive(e.g.,how
pronounsreferbacktonounsintext)
tocomprehendingtextsandwriting
brieftexts.
a)Applyknowledgeoffamiliarlanguage
resourcesforreferringtomaketexts
morecohesive(e.g.,howpronouns
referbacktonounsintext,howusing
synonymshelpsavoidrepetition)to
comprehendingtextsandwritingtexts
withincreasingcohesion.
b)Applybasicunderstandingofhow
ideas,events,orreasonsarelinked
throughoutatextusingeveryday
connectingwordsorphrases(e.g.,at
theend,next)tocomprehendingtexts
andwritingbrieftexts.
Bridging
Applyunderstandingofthe
organizationalstructureofdifferent
texttypes(e.g.,hownarrativesare
organizedbyaneventsequencethat
unfoldsnaturallyversushow
argumentsareorganizedaround
reasonsandevidence)to
comprehendingtextsandtowriting
clearandcohesivearguments,
informative/explanatorytextsand
narratives.
b)Applygrowingunderstandingofhow
ideas,events,orreasonsarelinked
throughoutatextusingavarietyof
connectingwordsorphrases(e.g.,for
example,asaresult,ontheotherhand)
tocomprehendingtextsandwriting
textswithincreasingcohesion.
a)Applyknowledgeoffamiliar
languageresourcesforreferringto
maketextsmorecohesive(e.g.,how
pronouns,synonyms,or
nominalizationsareusedtorefer
backwardinatext)tocomprehending
textsandwritingcohesivetexts.
b)Applyincreasingunderstandingof
howideas,events,orreasonsare
linkedthroughoutatextusingan
increasingvarietyofacademic
connectingandtransitionalwordsor
phrases(e.g.,forinstance,inaddition,
consequently)tocomprehendingtexts
andwritingtextswithincreasing
cohesion.
LanguageArts:
W.7.5;WHST.7.5;SL.7.6;L.7.1,36
W.7.5;WHST.7.5;SL.7.6;L.7.1,36
W.7.45;WHST.7.45;SL.7.6;L.7.1,36
Texttypesinclude:
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
B.Expanding&EnrichingIdeas
3.
4.
5.
Emerging
Expanding
Bridging
Useavarietyofverbsindifferent
tenses(e.g.,present,past,future),and
aspects(e.g.,simple,progressive)
appropriateforthetexttypeand
discipline(e.g.,simplepastandpast
progressiveforrecountingan
experience)onfamiliartopics.
Expandnounphrasesinbasicways
(e.g.,addingasensoryadjectivetoa
noun)inordertoenrichthemeaning
ofsentencesandadddetailsabout
ideas,people,andthings.
Useavarietyofverbsindifferenttenses
(e.g.,present,past,future),andaspects
(e.g.,simple,progressive,perfect)
appropriateforthetask,texttype,and
discipline(e.g.,simplepresentfor
literaryanalysis)onanincreasing
varietyoftopics.
Expandnounphrasesinagrowing
numberofways(e.g.,addingadjectives
tonounsorsimpleclauseembedding)
inordertoenrichthemeaningof
sentencesandadddetailsaboutideas,
people,andthings.
Useavarietyofverbsindifferent
tenses(e.g.,present,past,future),and
aspects(e.g.,simple,progressive,
perfect)appropriateforthetask,text
type,anddiscipline(e.g.,thepresent
perfecttodescribepreviouslymade
claimsorconclusions)onavarietyof
topics.
Expandnounphrasesinanincreasing
varietyofways(e.g.,morecomplex
clauseembedding)inordertoenrich
themeaningofsentencesandadd
detailsaboutideas,people,and
things.
Expandsentenceswithsimple
adverbials(e.g.,adverbs,adverb
phrases,prepositionalphrases)to
providedetails(e.g.,time,manner,
place,cause)aboutafamiliaractivity
orprocess.
Expandsentenceswithadverbials(e.g.,
adverbs,adverbphrases,prepositional
phrases)toprovidedetails(e.g.,time,
manner,place,cause)aboutafamiliar
ornewactivityorprocess.
Expandsentenceswithavarietyof
adverbials(e.g.,adverbs,adverb
phrasesandclauses,prepositional
phrases)toprovidedetails(e.g.,time,
manner,place,cause)aboutavariety
offamiliarandnewactivitiesand
processes.
LanguageArts:
7.
W.7.15;WHST.7.12,45;SL.7.4,6;
L.7.1,36
W.7.15;WHST.7.12,45;SL.7.4,6;
L.7.1,36
Texttypesinclude:
Audiencesinclude:
Peers(onetoone)
C.Connecting&CondensingIdeas
6.
Emerging
Expanding
Bridging
6.Connectingideas
Combineclausesinafewbasicways
tomakeconnectionsbetweenandjoin
ideas(e.g.,creatingcompound
sentencesusingand,but,so;creating
complexsentencesusingbecause).
6.Connectingideas
Combineclausesinanincreasing
varietyofways(e.g.,creating
compoundandcomplexsentences)to
makeconnectionsbetweenandjoin
ideas,forexample,toexpressareason
(e.g.,HestayedathomeonSundayin
ordertostudyforMondaysexam)orto
makeaconcession(e.g.,Shestudiedall
nighteventhoughshewasntfeeling
well).
6.Connectingideas
Combineclausesinawidevarietyof
ways(e.g.,creatingcompound,
complex,andcompoundcomplex
sentences)tomakeconnections
betweenandjoinideas,forexample,
toshowtherelationshipbetween
multipleeventsorideas(e.g.,After
eatinglunch,thestudentsworkedin
groupswhiletheirteacherwalked
aroundtheroom.)ortoevaluatean
argument(e.g.,TheauthorclaimsX,
althoughthereisalackofevidenceto
supportthisclaim.).
7.Condensingideas
Condenseideasinsimpleways(e.g.,
bycompoundingverbs,adding
prepositionalphrases,orthrough
simpleembeddedclausesorother
waysofcondensingasin,Thisisa
storyaboutagirl.Thegirlchangedthe
world.Thisisastoryaboutagirl
whochangedtheworld.)tocreate
preciseanddetailedsentences.
7.Condensingideas
Condenseideasinanincreasingvariety
ofways(e.g.,throughvarioustypesof
embeddedclausesandotherwaysof
condensing,asin,Organicvegetables
arefood.Theyremadewithout
chemicalfertilizers.Theyremade
withoutchemicalinsecticides.
Organicvegetablesarefoodsthatare
madewithoutchemicalfertilizersor
insecticides.)tocreatepreciseand
detailedsentences.
7.Condensingideas
Condenseideasinavarietyofways
(e.g.,throughvarioustypesof
embeddedclauses,waysof
condensing,andnominalizationasin,
Theydestroyedtherainforest.Lotsof
animalsdied.Thedestructionofthe
rainforestledtothedeathofmany
animals.)tocreatepreciseand
detailedsentences.
10
PartIII:UsingFoundationalLiteracySkills
FoundationalLiteracySkills:
LiteracyinanAlphabetic
WritingSystem
Printconcepts
Phonologicalawareness
Phonics&wordrecognition
Fluency
SeeAppendixAforinformationonteachingreadingfoundationalskillstoEnglishlearnersofvariousprofilesbasedonage,native
language,nativelanguagewritingsystem,schoolingexperience,andliteracyexperienceandproficiency.Someconsiderationsare:
Nativelanguageandliteracy(e.g.,phonemeawarenessorprintconceptskillsinnativelanguage)shouldbeassessedforpotential
transferencetoEnglishlanguageandliteracy.
SimilaritiesbetweennativelanguageandEnglishshouldbehighlighted(e.g.,phonemesorlettersthatarethesameinboth
languages).
DifferencesbetweennativelanguageandEnglishshouldbehighlighted(e.g.,somephonemesinEnglishmaynotexistinthe
studentsnativelanguage;nativelanguagesyntaxmaybedifferentfromEnglishsyntax).
11

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