1. Discuss four frequently used internet services?

E-mail

Electronic mail, often abbreviated as email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital

messages, designed primarily for human use. E-mail systems are based on a store-and-
forward model in which e-mail computer server systems accept, forward, deliver and store
messages on behalf of users, who only need to connect to the e-mail infrastructure,
typically an e-mail server, with a network-enabled device (e.g., a personal computer) for
the duration of message submission or retrieval. Rarely is e-mail transmitted directly from
one user's device to another's.

An electronic mail message consists of two components, the message header, and the
message body, which is the email's content. The message header contains control
information, including, minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient
addresses. Usually additional information is added, such as a subject header field.

Originally a text-only communications medium, email is extended to carry multi-media

content attachments, which were standardized in with RFC 2045 through RFC 2049,
collectively called, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME).

The foundation for today's global Internet e-mail service was created in the early
ARPANET and standards for encoding of messages were proposed as early as, for
example, in 1973 (RFC 561). An e-mail sent in the early 1970s looked very similar to one
sent on the Internet today. Conversion from the ARPANET to the Internet in the early
1980s produced the core of the current service.

Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the File
Transfer Protocol (FTP), but is today carried by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP), first published as Internet Standard 10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of
transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters
using a message envelope separately from the message (headers and body) itself.
Usenet

• Is a large collection of discussion groups, accessible via the Internet, involving

millions of people from all over the world
• Has over 30,000 discussion groups of regional or local interest
• Is free, but requires access to a news server
• There is no central authority which controls Usenet
• There are well established procedures for forming new non-local discussion g

Telnet

The Telnet protocol is often thought of as simply providing a facility for remote logins to
computer via the Internet. This was its original purpose although it can be used for many
other purposes.

It is best understood in the context of a user with a simple terminal using the local telnet
program (known as the client program) to run a login session on a remote computer where
his communications needs are handled by a telnet server program. It should be emphasised
that the telnet server can pass on the data it has received from the client to many other types
of process including a remote login server.

Some practical uses of Telnet include:

• Telnet is a Protocol that lets you use the power of the Internet to connect you to
databases, library catalogs, and other information resources around the world.
• Telnet lets you connect directly to another computer on the Internet and run
programs on the computer (provided you have access permission (Username and
Password).
• Theoretically you have a lot of power at your fingertips. Your dumb terminal or
very old PC can run programs on the worlds most powerful computers.
 • Several Telnet Clients exist on most platforms telnet on UNIX/DOS,
NiftyTelnet/BetterTelnet PPC on Macs etc.

Telnet may have a few practical drawbacks also

• Telnet is old. It is text based only.

• You have to know how to run programs at the other end.
o Different Computer System
o Different Commands, Directory Structures
o Different Language -- Programming and ``spoken''

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

• One of the protocols within the TCP/IP protocol suite

• Is used to facilitate the transfer of files from one host to another
• User can use FTP to transfer files to/from two hosts when they possess an account
on each host
• Internet users may receive files from hosts which have been set up with anonymous
FTP

WWW (World Wide Web)

The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the
Internet. With a Web browser, one can view Web pages that may contain text, images,
videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them using hyperlinks.

2. Discuss the similarities and differences between intranets and extranets?

Intranet

An intranet is a private computer network based on the communication standards of the

Internet. It is smaller version of the Internet that only the members of an organization can
see. Companies can create, within their walls, a manageable, secure version of the World
Wide Web. Using Intranets (and extranets) will change the culture of an organisation. By
making a lot of information easily available, you empower staff to make informed
decisions. Intranets allow an organization to spend less time on things that bring no value
such as chasing down the right information to solve a problem. Productivity increases as
corporate knowledge is more accessible and the data is more accurate.

• Flexibility in time of delivery of knowledge is gained as information is always a

click away

Intranets allow for a place where boundaries are lowered and information exchange is
encouraged. This leads to more informed employees with the ability to make better, faster
decisions. This in turn leads to better productivity and more time for revenue generation.

Extranets

Having all of your key business information easily and quickly accessible will help your
business to prosper. Providing those on your supply chain, including your customers, with
all the information they need to improve their business relationship with you will help your
business to grow and develop. Intranets and extranets make use of all the technology of the
internet to supply these things through secure managed channels so helping you to monitor
and control your business in a cost-effective way. If used properly they can drastically
speed up the pace with which you can communicate within a geographically dispersed
community.

Just as there are many internal uses for web technology, companies often need to find
better ways to communicate with external customers and suppliers. Extranets can improve
your sales, marketing, supplier and customer service channels by allowing these groups of
users to access your extranet and obtain the information they need.

Difference between intranet & extranet

An intranet is an information portal designed specifically for the internal communications
of small, medium or large businesses, enterprises, governments, industries or financial
institutions of any size or complexity. Intranets can be custom-designed to fit the exact
needs of businesses no matter where they are situated. Users of intranets consists mainly of:

Members of the executive team.

Accounting and order billing.
Managers and directors.
Sales people and support staff.
Customer service, help desk, etc..

An extranet is somewhat very similar to an intranet. Extranets are designed specifically to

give external, limited access to certain files of our computer systems to:

Certain large or privileged customers.

Selected industry partners.
Suppliers and subcontractors... etc.

Therefore, a carefully designed extranet can bring additional business to our

company.

Similarities Intranets and extranets:

They both use secured Internet access to the outside world.

Both can drastically save your company or organization a lot of money.
Both need a user ID & password to control access to the whole system.
The professional development team at My Web Services has the expertise and the right
tools to design the right intranet or extranet that will meet your exact needs, both for today
and the future.

3. Discuss the opportunities brought by internet for government, Business,

Individual?
The Internet provides opportunities can be used for a variety of things.
For individual:

Some of the things that individual can do via the Internet are:

• E-mail: E-mail is an online correspondence system. With e-mail you can send and
receive instant electronic messages, which work like writing letters. Your messages
are delivered instantly to people anywhere in the world, unlike traditional mail that
takes a lot of time.
• Access Information: The Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any
kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The
'search engines' on the Internet can help you to find data on any subject that you
need.
• Shopping: Along with getting information on the Internet, you can also shop
online. There are many online stores and sites that can be used to look for products
as well as buy them using your credit card. You do not need to leave your house
and can do all your shopping from the convenience of your home.
• Online Chat: There are many 'chat rooms' on the web that can be accessed to meet
new people, make new friends, as well as to stay in touch with old friends.
• Downloading Software: This is one of the most happening and fun things to do via
the Internet. You can download innumerable, games, music, videos, movies, and a
host of other entertainment software from the Internet, most of which are free.

For Government:
 Internet gives a more advantages or brought opportunities for Government:

- To introduces easily the objective and goal of the Organization or the

government police.
- Press new information via electronic subscription, with web site
- Call for comments on administrative or legislative proposals
- Direct and easy access & feedback of citizens to the gvt
- Direct links to other institutions and with branch of office
- Considerable potential for reduction of "paperwork" and oral/written
standard requests
- Permanently accessible information site (24 h/day)
- Immediate information transmission from different linked
organization.
- Easy electronic filing

For Business:
Some of the opportunities internet gives for Business area:
- advertising the company product or service
- permanently accessible information site to advertising the company
product or service
- sales their product online
- link between the branch offices
- immediate information transmission from different linked
organization to the main office
4. What is dialup and direct connection?

Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access via telephone lines. The user's
computer or router uses an attached modem connected to a telephone line to dial into an
Internet service provider's (ISP) node to establish a modem-to-modem link, which is then
used to route Internet Protocol packets between the user's equipment and hosts on the
Internet.

Dial-up access may also be an alternative for users on limited budgets. Dial-up requires
time to establish a usable telephone connection (several seconds, depending on the
location) and perform handshaking for protocol synchronization before data transfers can
take place.. Dial-up access is a transient connection, because either the user or the ISP
terminates the connection.

Modern dial-up modems typically have a maximum theoretical transfer speed of 56 kbit/s
(using the V.90 or V.92 protocol), and our PC can then access information, web pages, and
other data via the net at a standard rate of around 53Kbps to 56Kbps.

Direct connection
Direct connections are considered one of the best types of internet connection available,
they offer very fast, high bandwidth and reliable connections with a fixed monthly fee or
the amount of fee is done due to the service line agreement between the ISP and the user. In
direct connections we have a static Public address and a dedicated line and the connection
always or 24 hours enable. Because a direct or lised-line connection uses a totally separate
medium to transfer data it doesn't affect your ability to make/receive phone calls.

5. What is the difference between the Internet and the World Wide Web?

The internet is a worldwide network of networks. This network provides an extensive

transport network for diverse applications. Devices in one location can connect to devices
in a different location. There are many services that can be placed on the network - from
Web Servers to private virtual networks, email or even voice applications such as Voice
Over IP (VOIP).

The World Wide Web generally refers too the web sites, accessible through the internet
that are linked by hyperlinks.

6. List down the disadvantages of peer to peer/workgroups LAN?

Disadvantages of peer-to-peer LAN

Peer-to-peer networks have many disadvantages:

• this system is not centralized, making administration difficult

• lack of security
• no link in the network is reliable

Therefore, peer-to-peer networks are only useful for a small number of computers
(generally about 10), and only suitable for applications that do not require a high level of
security (it is not advisable in a business network containing sensitive data).