The Periodic Table

Chapter 5

What is the PERIODIC TABLE?

o Shows all known
elements in the universe.
o Organizes the elements
by chemical properties.
o Listed in order by
number of protons

How do you read the

PERIODIC TABLE?

What is the ATOMIC NUMBER?

o The number of
protons found in the
nucleus of an atom
o Note: this will also be the number of
electrons surrounding the nucleus of
an atom when the atom is in its
neutral state.

What is the SYMBOL?

o An abbreviation of
the element name.
o One or two letters
o If only on lettercapitalized.
o If two, first is
capitalized second is
lowercase.
o How are new elements named?

What is the ATOMIC WEIGHT?

o The number of protons

and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom.

o Note: includes an
average of all isotopes

Now you are almost as smart

as I am!

But not as fine looking!

Man, I look GOOD!

Why is the Periodic Table important

to me?
The periodic table is the
most useful tool to a
chemist.
It organizes lots of
information about all the
known elements.

Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry

was a mess!!!
No organization of
elements.
Imagine going to a grocery
store with no organization!!
Difficult to find information.
Chemistry didnt make
sense.

Beginnings of the Periodic Table

During the nineteenth century (1800s),

chemists began to categorize the

elements according to similarities in
their physical and chemical properties.
The end result of these studies was
our modern periodic table.

Johann Dobereiner 1780 - 1849

In 1829, he classified some

elements into groups of

three, which he called
triads.
The elements in a triad had
similar chemical properties
and orderly physical
properties.

(ex. Cl, Br, I and

Ca, Sr, Ba)-see table

John Newlands 1838 - 1898

In 1863, he suggested that elements be

arranged in octaves because he
noticed (after arranging the elements
in order of increasing atomic mass) that
certain properties repeated every 8th
element.

Law of Octaves

John Newlands

Newlands' claim to see a repeating pattern was met

with savage ridicule on its announcement. His
classification of the elements, he was told, was as
arbitrary as putting them in alphabetical order and
his paper was rejected for publication by the
Chemical Society.

1838 - 1898

Law of Octaves

John Newlands
His law of octaves stated that:
an element exhibits behavior that is
similar to the eighth element
preceding/succeeding it.
The law of octaves failed and never
WHY?
gained acceptance.

1838 - 1898

Law of Octaves

John Newlands - law of octaves

He had some elements out of place and

tried to force some elements where they did

not belong.
For example, iron, a metal, existed in the
same group as oxygen and sulphur, two non
metals. These kinds of discrepancies caused
his table not to be accepted. However, his
work, along with others from his time and
before him, paved the way for Mendeleev to
hit on the right table.

Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the

Table

Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the

Table
SOME PROBLEMS
HOW HIS WORKED
Put elements in rows by He left blank spaces for
what he said were
increasing atomic weight.
undiscovered elements.
Put elements in columns
(Turned out he was
by the way they reacted.
right!)
He broke the pattern of
increasing atomic weight
to keep similar reacting
elements together.

The Current Periodic Table

Mendeleev wasnt too far off.
Now the elements are put in rows by increasing

ATOMIC NUMBER!!

The horizontal rows are called periods and are

labeled from 1 to 7.
The vertical columns are called groups are
labeled from 1 to 18.

GroupsHeres Where the Periodic

Table Gets Useful!!
Elements in the
same group
have similar
chemical and
physical
properties!!

(Mendeleev did that on purpose.)

Why??
They have the same
number of valence
electrons.
They will form the same
kinds of ions.

The Periodic Table and Classes of

Elements
Elements are classified as metals, nonmetals, and
metalloids, according to their properties.
The number of electrons in the outer energy level of
an atom is one characteristic that helps determine
which category an element belongs in.
The zigzag line on the periodic table can help you
recognize which elements belong in which category.

The Periodic Table and Classes of

Elements, continued
Metals are found to the left of the zigzag line.
Most metals are shiny, ductile, malleable, and
are good conductors of electric current and
thermal energy.

The Periodic Table and Classes of

Elements, continued
Nonmetals are found to the right of the zigzag line.
Nonmetals are not shiny, ductile, or malleable, and
are poor conductors of electric current and thermal
energy.

The Periodic Table and Classes of

Elements, continued
Metalloids are the elements that border the zigzag
line.
Metalloids have some properties of metals and some
properties of nonmetals.

Metalloids are also called semiconductors.

Chapter 2 section 2: Grouping the

Elements

1 Alkali Metals
2 Alkaline-Earth Metals
3-12 Transition Metals
13 Boron Group
14 Carbon Group
15 Nitrogen Group
16 Oxygen Group
17 Halogens
18 Noble Gases
*Hydrogen

Alkali Metals
1st column on the periodic table
(Group 1) not including hydrogen.
Very reactive metals, most reactive
of all metals. always combined with
something else in nature (like in salt).
1 electron in the outer level
Soft enough to cut with a butter knife
Uses:
Sodium chloride = table salt
Potassium bromide = photography

Ex. Sodium, potassium, lithium

Group 1

Alkaline Earth Metals

Second column on the periodic
table. (Group 2)
Not as reactive as group 1, but
still very reactive
2 electrons in the outer level
Group 2
Several of these elements are
important mineral nutrients, such
as Mg and Ca (your body needs
to obtain these through the foods
you eat)

Transition Metals
Elements in groups 3-12
Less reactive harder metals
Fairly stable, reacting slowly or
not at all
1 or 2 electrons in the outer level
Includes metals used in jewelry and
construction.
Metals used as metal.
Ex. Iron, copper, gold, nickel, silver
TRANSITION METALS ARE
HIGHLIGHTED IN BLUE

Lanthanides and Actinides

Used to be called rare earth metals
Placed at the bottom of the table for convenience of
reading the table
Lanthanides are used in industry to make alloys (A
mixture of metals)
Actinides; all elements after uranium
are synthetic and break down quickly
All actinides are radioactive
Lanthanides
Actinides

Boron Family
Elements in group 13
Aluminum metal was
once rare and expensive
Reactive
Solids at room
temperature
Ex. Boron, aluminum

Carbon Family

Elements in group 14
Contains elements important
to life and computers.
reactivity varies among the
elements in group.
Carbon is the basis for an
entire branch of chemistry
Organic chemistry.
Silicon and Germanium are
important semiconductors.

Nitrogen Family

Elements in group 15
reactivity varies among the
elements
Nitrogen makes up over
of the atmosphere.
Nitrogen and phosphorus
are both important in living
things.
phosphorus is one of the
elements that are found in
matches

Oxygen Family
Elements in group 16
reactive
Oxygen is necessary for
respiration.
Many things that stink,
contain sulfur (rotten eggs,
garlic, skunks, etc.)

Halogens
Elements in group 17
Very reactive, volatile, all
nonmetals and poor
conductors of electric
current
Always found combined with
other element in nature .
Used as disinfectants and to
strengthen teeth.

The Noble Gases

Elements in group 18
VERY unreactive,
monatomic gases
Used in lighted neon
signs
Used in blimps to fix the
Hindenberg problem.
Have a full valence shell.

Hydrogen

The properties of hydrogen do

not match the properties of any
single group, so hydrogen is set
apart.
Hydrogen is a reactive gas.
1 electron in the outer level
Hydrogen was involved in the
explosion of the Hindenberg.
Hydrogen is promising as an
alternative fuel source for
automobiles