Facts About Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)

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x2280 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs36 Facts about Flexib
le AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex96 Control
lers: Practical Installations and Benefits\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\col
no1\colw4380\colsr160\colno2\colw3143\colsr160\colno3\colw3927\colsr160\ql \li11
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charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Naresh Acharya\par\pard\ql \li1548\sb1
\sl-275\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Energy Field of Study\par\pard\qj
\li1161\ri273\sb1\sl-276\slmult0\tx1507 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Asian Inst
itute of Technology \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Pathumthani, Thailan
d\par\pard\ql \li1291\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 nareshach
arya@gmail.com\par\pard\column \ql \li4540\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li57
7\sb146\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Arthit Sode-Yome\par\pard\q
l \li20\sb1\sl-275\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Department of Electrica
l Eng.\par\pard\ql \li714\sb1\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Siam
University\par\pard\ql \li548\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 B
angkok, Thailand\par\pard\ql \li596\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 arthit.s@siam.edu\par\pard\column \ql \li7833\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql \li167\sb122\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Nadarajah Mithulana
nthan\par\pard\ql \li395\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Energy
Field of Study\par\pard\qj \li20\ri972\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\tx364 \up0 \expndtw-4
\charscalex100 Asian Institute of Technology \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 Pathumthani, Thailand\par\pard\ql \li531\sb1\sl-275\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 mithulan@ait.ac.th\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6
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\fs24 A\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs19 BSTRACT\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri220\sb180\sl-23
0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 This paper

presents various facts related to the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 l
andmark development: practical installations, benefits \line \up0 \expndtw-1\cha
rscalex100 and application of FACTS controllers in the electric \line \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 utilities. The history of development of these devices
is \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 presented along with the information rega
rding the first \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 utility installation/demons
tration of FACTS devices. A \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 comprehensive
collection of major FACTS installations \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 arou
nd the world is then presented. The paper also \line \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex102 analyses the benefit that can be achieved and cost \line \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex103 associated with these devices. The paper also presents \
line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 various applications that FACTS devices can h
ave in the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 deregulated market. Various iss
ues related with the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 FACTS controllers are
also presented. The problem of \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 high losses
of advanced FACTS controllers as compared \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 to
conventional counterpart and need to take into \line \up0 \expndtw-2\char
scalex100 account of interaction among controllers in future power \line \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex100 system is highlighted. One real world example of each \l
ine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 major FACTS controller is presented and analyse
d in \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the paper.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb0\sl-2
53\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1151\sb52\sl-253\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs22 1.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 I\ul0\
nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18 NTRODUCTION\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri216\sb197\sl-229\slmul
t0\tx2086\tx4974 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 The
AC transmission system has various limits classified \line \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex100 as static limits and dynamic limits [1-3]. These inherent \line \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 power system limits restrict the power transaction, which
\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 lead to the under utilization of the existin
g transmission \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 resources. Traditionally, fix
ed or mechanically switched \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 shunt and seri
es capacitors, reactors and synchronous \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 g
enerators were being used to solve much of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex100 problem. However, there are restrictions as to the use of \line \up0 \
expndtw-1\charscalex100 these conventional devices. Desired performance was
\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 not being able to achieve effectively. Wear
and tear in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 the mechanical components and slo
w response were the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 heart of the problems. Th
ere was greater need for the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 alternative tech
nology made of solid state devices with \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 fast
response characteristics. The need was further \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex103 fuelled by worldwide restructuring of electric utilities, \line \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex100 increasing environmental and efficiency regulations and \li
ne \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 difficulty in getting permit and right of
way for the \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 construction of overhead
transmission lines [4]. This, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 together w
ith the invention of Thyristor switch \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
01 (semiconductor device), opened the door for the \line \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex100 development of power electronics devices known as \line
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Flexible \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 AC
T
ransmission
Systems \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 (FACTS)\par\pard\qj \l
i1151\ri219\sb2\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 controllers. The p
ath from historical Thyristor based \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 FACT
S controllers to modern state-of-the-art voltage \line \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex102 source converters based FACTS controllers, was made \line \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex104 possible due to rapid advances in high power \line
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 semiconductors devices [1-3]. FACTS controllers h
ave\par\pard\column \ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb49\sl-23
0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 been in use in utilities around the world
since 1970s,\par\pard\qj \li20\ri939\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc

alex100 when the first utility demonstration of first family of \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex102 FACTS named as Static Var Compensator (SVC) was \up0 \expn
dtw-1\charscalex100 accomplished. Since then the large effort was put in
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 research and development of FACTS controllers.\pa
r\pard\ql \li20\sb222\sl-253\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf8\f9\fs22 2.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 H\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f
10\fs18 ISTORY OF \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs22 D\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18 EVEL
OPMENT AND \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs22 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18 TATUS\par\p
ard\ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb32\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 2.1.\tab \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 TATIC \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs
20 V\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 AR \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 C\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf2\f3\fs16 OMPENSATOR\par\pard\qj \li20\ri939\sb193\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Static Var Compensator is the m
ost primitive and first \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 generation of FACTS c
ontrollers. Electric Power \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Research Institute
(EPRI) brings this technology to the \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 market three
decade ago. This compensator consists of a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 fast thy
ristor switch controlling a reactor and/or shunt \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
capacitor bank, to provide dynamic shunt compensation. \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 More than 800 SVCs are being installed worldwide, both \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex103 for utility and industrial \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 (especially
in electric arc\par\pard\qj \li20\ri937\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex101 furnace and rolling mills) application. Even the utilities \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex102 in developing countries took the benefit of SVCs since \up0 \
expndtw-1\charscalex100 its invention. ABB remains the pioneer in deployment of
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 SVC and has supplied 55% of the total installation
of \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 which 13% were being installed in Asian countri
es. The \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 world\u8217?s first demonstration of SVC f
or utility application \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 was installed in \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 1974, which was commercialized by\par\pard\ql \li20\sb
0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 General Electric (GE) [1].\par\pa
rd\ql \li20\sb229\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 As a consequence
of deregulation in UK in \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1990,\par\pard\qj \
li20\ri939\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 voltage control beca
me difficult. To accommodate the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 risk associated wi
th the uncertain future and changing \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 power system c
ondition, UK installed relocatable SVC \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 (RSV). At
present \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 12 RSVC (60 MVAr each) are\par\pard\ql
\li20\sb0\sl-228\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 operational in the NGC
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 (National Grid Company)\par\pard\ql \li20\sb2\sl
-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 system [5].\par\pard\ql \li20\sb228\s
l-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20
2.2.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 HYRISTOR \ul
0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ONTROLLED \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf11\f12\fs20 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ERIES \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20
C\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 APACITOR\par\pard\qj \li20\ri935\sb192\sl-230\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Thyristor Control
led Series Capacitor (TCSC) is a later \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 member
of the first generation of FACTS devices, that \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
03 uses silicon controlled rectifiers to manage a capacitor \line \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 bank connected in series with a line. TCSC allows utility \line
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 to transfer more power further on a particular line
. The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 worlds first three phase TCSC was devel
oped by ABB \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 and installed at Kayenta sub
station, Arizona in 1992, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 that raises the
capacity of a transmission line by almost \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 30%
. By the end of year 2004, seven TCSCs have been \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
100 installed worldwide. In Asia, three TCSC came into \line \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex101 operation; two in China and one in India, bringing Asia \line \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 into the forefront of the advanced FACTS technology.
\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Table \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 1 shows
the complete list of TCSC installed\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-230\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 worldwide as of December 2004.
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no2\colw5590\colsr160\ql \li1151\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1151\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1151\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1151\sb53\sl
-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20
2.3.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 TATIC \ul0\n
osupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 YNCHRONOUS \ul0\nosupersub\
cf11\f12\fs20 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 OMPENSATOR\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb192\
sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Stati
c Synchronous Compensator \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 (STATCOM) is the\par
\pard\qj \li1151\ri216\sb2\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 second ge
neration of FACTS controllers that has a very \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10
0 promising future application. STATCOM has several \line \up0 \expndtw-1\c
harscalex100 advantages of being small/compact, high response speed \line \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 and no harmonic pollution. The world\u8217?s first comme
rcial\par\pard\column \ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6170\sb0\sl
-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb46\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 STATCOM ( 80 MVA, 154 kV) was de
veloped by\par\pard\qj \li20\ri943\sb1\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
105 Mitsubishi Electric Power Products, Inc and was \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex101 installed at Inuyama substation in Japan in 1991. There \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 are around 20 STATCOM operating successfully around \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex104 the world. Table \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 2 lists some m
ajor utility scale\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 STATCOMs which are in operation. \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1260\sb
0\sl-207\slmult0\par\pard\li1260\sb4\sl-207\slmult0\fi2992 \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs18 Table 1: Complete list of TCSC installati
on\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw1671\colsr160\colno2\colw757\col
sr160\colno3\colw9022\colsr160\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li128
3\sb169\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs
18 S.N\par\pard\column \ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li157\sb66\s
l-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Year\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-206\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Installed\par\pard\column \ql \li1260\sb0\sl
-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li966\sb66\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 Voltage\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx2931\tx6154 \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 Country\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Purpose\tab \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 Place\par\pard\ql \li884\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\char
scalex100 level (kV) \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1260\sb51\sl-207\slmult0\fi
0\tx1800\tx3012\tx3585\tx4569\tx7519 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 1992\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 USA\tab \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 230\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 To increase power tran
sfer capability\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Kayenta substation, Arizona\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4409\colsr160\colno2\colw2800\colsr16
0\colno3\colw4241\colsr160\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1260\sb
6\sl-207\slmult0\tx1795\tx3007\tx3580 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \

expndtw-2\charscalex100 1993\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 USA\tab \up0 \exp
ndtw-1\charscalex100 500\par\pard\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li
1260\sb23\sl-207\slmult0\tx1795\tx2795\tx3580 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 3\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1998\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Sweden\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 400\par\pard\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li1260\sb8\sl-207\slmult0\tx1795\tx2925\tx3580 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 4\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1999\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
Brazil\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 500\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb110\sl
-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Controlling line power flow and\par\p
ard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 increased loading\
par\pard\qj \li20\ri646\sb25\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Sub Sy
nchronous Resonance \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 mitigation\par\pard\qj \li20\r
i68\sb9\sl-208\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 To damp inter-area low freq
(0.2 Hz) \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 oscillation\par\pard\column \ql \li7519\
sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb6\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 C.J.Slatt substation in Northern Oregon\par\pard\ql \li7519\sb0\sl-207\sl
mult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb23\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Stde\p
ar\pard\qj \li20\ri1116\sb112\sl-208\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 One a
t Imperatriz and another one at Sarra \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 de Mesa\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4409\colsr160\colno2\colw2800\colsr160\
colno3\colw4241\colsr160\ql \li1260\sb129\sl-207\slmult0\tx1795\tx2932\tx3580 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 5\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 2002\tab \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 China\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 500\par\pard\colu
mn \ql \li20\sb25\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Stability improve
ment, low-\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 fr
equency oscillation mitigation\par\pard\column \qj \li20\ri1509\sb26\sl-206\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Pinguo substation, State power south \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 company, Guangzhou\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1
\colw4409\colsr160\colno2\colw2800\colsr160\colno3\colw4241\colsr160\ql \li1260\
sb166\sl-207\slmult0\tx1795\tx2992\tx3580 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 6\tab \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2004\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 India\tab \up
0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 400\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb63\sl-207\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Compensation, Damping\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-206\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 interregional power oscillation\par\pard\col
umn \ql \li20\sb166\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Raipur substati
on\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw4409\colsr160\colno2\colw2800\co
lsr160\colno3\colw4241\colsr160\ql \li1260\sb175\sl-207\slmult0\tx1795\tx2932\tx
3580 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 7\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2004\tab
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 China\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 220\par\pa
rd\column \qj \li20\ri223\sb71\sl-208\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Incr
ease Stability margin, suppress \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 low frequency osci
llation\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb175\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 North-West China Power System \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li1260\sb0\sl-2
07\slmult0\par\pard\li1260\sb95\sl-207\slmult0\fi2918 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs18 Table 2: Partial list of utility scale STATCOM
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno1\colw1663\colsr160\colno2\colw760\colsr
160\colno3\colw3700\colsr160\colno4\colw5177\colsr160\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li1281\sb203\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 S.N\par\pard\column \ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql \li157\sb100\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Year\par\par
d\ql \li21\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Installed\par\pard\c
olumn \ql \li1883\sb203\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Voltage\par
\pard\ql \li887\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Capacity,\par\p
ard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx2000 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Country\tab
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 level\par\pard\ql \li959\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx200
3 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 MVAR\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 (kV)\par\
pard\column \ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb203\sl-207\slmul
t0\tx2802 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Purpose\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 Place\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols5\colno1\colw3423\colsr160\colno2\colw78
3\colsr160\colno3\colw798\colsr160\colno4\colw2889\colsr160\colno5\colw3257\cols
r160\ql \li1260\sb32\sl-207\slmult0\tx1790\tx2951 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1991\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Japan
\par\pard\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1260\sb11\sl-207\slmult0
\tx1790\tx2951 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
1992\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Japan\par\pard\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207\slm
ult0 \par\pard\ql \li1260\sb9\sl-207\slmult0\tx1790\tx3004 \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1995\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 USA\par\pard\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1260\sb10\sl-207\
slmult0\tx1790\tx3102 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 4\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 2001\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 UK\par\pard\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1260\sb11\sl-207\slmult0\tx1790\tx3004 \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 5\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2001\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 USA\par\pard\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1260\sb9\sl207\slmult0\tx1790\tx3004 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 6\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 2003\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 USA\par\pard\column \ql \li20
\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 80\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-17
6\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 MVA\par\pard\ql \li20\sb120\sl-207\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 50 MVA\par\pard\ql \li20\sb112\sl-207\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 100\par\pard\ql \li20\sb2\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 MVA\par\pard\ql \li20\sb112\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 0 to +225\par\pard\ql \li20\sb115\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 -41 to\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 +133\par\pard\ql \li20\sb113\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
100\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb32\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
154\par\pard\ql \li4516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb11\sl-207\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 500\par\pard\ql \li4516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li20\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 161\par\pard\ql \
li4516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1
\charscalex100 400\par\pard\ql \li4516\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb1
1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 115\par\pard\ql \li4516\sb0\sl-20
7\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb9\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 13
8\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb32\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Po
wer system and voltage stabilization\par\pard\ql \li5464\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li20\sb11\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Reactive compen
sation\par\pard\ql \li5464\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb9\sl-207\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 To regulate bus voltage\par\pard\ql \li5464\sb
0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb10\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 Dynamic reactive compensation\par\pard\qj \li20\ri42\sb116\sl-206\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 dynamic reactive compensation during \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 critical contingencies\par\pard\qj \li20\ri125\sb9\sl-208\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 dynamic var control during peak load \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 conditions\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb32\sl-207\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Inumaya substation\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1371\sb116\sl206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Shin Shinano Substation, \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 Nagona\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1217\sb9\sl-208\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 Sullivan substation in TVA \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 power
system\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1650\sb10\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 East Claydon 400 kV \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Substation\par\pard\qj \li2
0\ri1282\sb0\sl-422\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 VELCO Essex substation
\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 SDG&E Talega substation\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6010\colsr160\colno2\colw5590\colsr160\ql \li1151\sb0\
sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1151\sb230\sl-230\slmult0\tx1866\tx3182\tx4468 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 2.4.\tab \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 TATIC\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ERIES\tab \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\f
s16 YNCHRONOUS\par\pard\ql \li1946\sb3\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 OMPENSATOR\par\pa
rd\ql \li1151\sb192\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf10\f11\fs20 Static \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Series Synchronous Compens

ator \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (SSSC) is a\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri219\sb1\sl
-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 complementary second-generation FACT
S controller, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 which is simply a series versi
on of STATCOM. SSSC \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 are not yet in commercial
operation as an independent \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 controller\par\
pard\ql \li1151\sb230\sl-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 2.5.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 U\ul0\nosupersub\
cf2\f3\fs16 NIFIED \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 P\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 OW
ER \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 F\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 LOW \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf11\f12\fs20 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ONTROLLER\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri217
\sb192\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20
Combining the STATCOM and the SSSC into a single \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscal
ex100 device with a common control system represents the \line \up0 \expn
dtw-1\charscalex100 third generation of FACTS known as Unified Power \lin
e \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Flow Controller (UPFC). It has the unique
ability to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 control real and reactive power
flow independently. The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 first utility dem
onstration of a UPFC is being \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 const
ructed at the Inez substation of American Electric\par\pard\column \ql \li6170\s
b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb165\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex100 Power in 1998 [6]. Recently, 80 MVA UPFC is being\par\pard\qj \li20\ri
946\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 constructed at Gangjin subst
ation in South Korea. Table \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3 shows the deta
ils of UPFCs installed in two locations.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb226\sl-230\slmult0\
tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 2.6.\tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ONVERTIBLE \ul0\nosupersub
\cf11\f12\fs20 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 TATIC \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20
C\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 OMPENSATOR\par\pard\qj \li20\ri942\sb192\sl-230\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 The most rece
nt development in the field of FACTS \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 controll
ers is the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u8220?Convertible Static Compensato
rs\par\pard\qj \li20\ri940\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 (CSC)
\u8221?. The CSC offers the full flexibility by allowing \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex100 its converters to be connected in shunt (STATCOM), in \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex100 series (SSSC), in shunt/series (UPFC) or in series/series \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex102 Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) with two lines. \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex105 The worlds first CSC is installed at New York Power \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex101 Authority\u8217?s Marcy 345 kV substation, which is capable
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 of operating in eleven different control modes.
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{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;3;(0,0);(9,0);(0,2)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;8;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
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g3}{\bkmkend Pg3}\par\pard\ql \li4207\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4207\sb0
\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4207\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li4207\sb128
\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs18 Tabl
e 3: Complete list of TCSC installations\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols4\colno
1\colw1676\colsr160\colno2\colw759\colsr160\colno3\colw3901\colsr160\colno4\colw
4964\colsr160\ql \li1288\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1288\sb143\sl-207\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 S.N\par\pard\c
olumn \ql \li1836\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li156\sb40\sl-207\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Year\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 Installed\par\pard\column \ql \li2745\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li899\sb40\sl-207\slmult0\tx1880 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Capacit
y\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Voltage\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-162\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Country\par\pard\ql \li961\sb0\sl-162\slmult0\tx1
799 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 , MVA\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 level
(kV)\par\pard\column \ql \li6796\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb143\sl207\slmult0\tx2821 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Purpose\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 Place\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5331\colsr160\coln
o2\colw3263\colsr160\colno3\colw2856\colsr160\ql \li1260\sb143\sl-207\slmult0\tx
1806\tx2695\tx3595\tx4495 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 1998\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 USA\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 320\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 138\par\pard\column \qj \li20\ri2
90\sb41\sl-206\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Dynamic voltage support and
added real \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 power supply facility\par\pard\column
\ql \li20\sb143\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 AEP Inez substation
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw2540\colsr160\colno2\colw750\colsr
160\colno3\colw8160\colsr160\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-207\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1260\
sb61\sl-207\slmult0\tx1806 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 2003\par\pard\column \ql \li20\sb165\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 South\par\pard\ql \li20\sb1\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 Korea\par\pard\column \ql \li1911\sb165\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 Dynamic voltage support and added real\par\pard\ql \li20\sb0\sl-162
\slmult0\tx925\tx5329 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 80\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\chars
calex100 154\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Gangjin substation\par\pard\ql \l
i1911\sb0\sl-162\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 power supply facility\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6010\colsr160\colno2\colw5590\colsr160
\ql \li1151\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1151\sb153\sl-253\slmult0\tx1866
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs22 3.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 F\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18 ACTS \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs22 A\
ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18 PPLICATION\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri215\sb197\sl-229\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 FACTS controlle
rs can be used for various applications \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 to e
nhance power system performance. One of the \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscal
ex100 greatest advantages of using FACTS controllers is that it \line \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex103 can be used in all the three states of the power system, \lin
e \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 namely: (1) Steady state, \up0 \expndtw-1\cha
rscalex100 (2) Transient and \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 (3) Post\par\pard\
qj \li1151\ri220\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 transient stea
dy state. However, the conventional devices \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 find
little application during system transient or \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
ex100 contingency condition.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb226\sl-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 3.1.\tab \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 TEADY STATE \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f1
2\fs20 A\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 PPLICATION\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri223\sb192\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Various
steady state applications of FACTS controllers \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 in
cludes voltage control \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (low and high), increas

e of\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri218\sb1\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100
thermal loading, post-contingency voltage control, loop \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x100 flows control, reduction in short circuit level and power \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex100 flow control. SVC and STATCOM can be used for \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 voltage control while TCSC is more suited for loop flow \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 control and for power flow control.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb
230\sl-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12
\fs20 3.1.1.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ONGE
STION \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 M\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ANAGEMENT\par\p
ard\qj \li1151\ri219\sb192\sl-230\slmult0\tx4094 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Congestion management is a serious concern
for \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Independent System Operator \tab \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 (ISO) in present\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri215\sb1\s
l-229\slmult0\tx4917 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 deregulated electricity mark
ets as it can arbitrarily \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 increase the pr
ices and hinders the free electricity trade. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105
FACTS devices like TCSC, TCPAR \tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 (Thyri
stor\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri221\sb2\sl-230\slmult0\tx1834 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex101 Controlled Phase Angle Regulator) and UPFC can help \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex102 to reduce congestion, smoothen locational marginal \line \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 prices \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 (LMP) and to inc
rease the social welfare by\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri223\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 redirecting power from congested interface to un
der \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 utilized lines [7-8].\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb22
6\sl-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\f
s20 3.1.2.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ATC I\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 MP
ROVEMENT\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri220\sb193\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 In many deregulated market, the power t
ransaction \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 between buyer and seller is allowed bas
ed on calculation \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 of ATC. Low ATC signifies that t
he network is unable to \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 accommodate further tran
saction and hence does not \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 promote free compe
tition. FACTS controllers like \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 TCSC, TCPAR and U
PFC can help to improve ATC by \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 allowing more power
transactions [9-10].\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb228\sl-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 3.1.3.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 R\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 EACTIVE \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 P\
ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 OWER AND \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 V\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf2\f3\fs16 OLTAGE \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16
ONTROL\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri217\sb194\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 The use of shunt FACTS controllers like
SVC and \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 STATCOM for reactive power and volt
age control is \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 well known [11-13].\par\pard\ql \
li1151\sb229\sl-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf11\f12\fs20 3.1.4.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 L\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\
fs16 OADING \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 M\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ARGIN \ul
0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 I\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 MPROVEMENT\par\pard\qj \
li1151\ri219\sb193\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f10\f11\fs20 Several blackouts in many part of the world occurs \line \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 mainly due to voltage collapse at the maximu
m\par\pard\column \ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb111\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 loadability point. Series and shunt
compensations are\par\pard\qj \li20\ri938\sb1\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex100 generally used to increase the maximum transfer \line \up
0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 capabilities of power networks. The recent advancemen
t \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 in FACTS controllers have allowed the
m to be used \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 more efficiently for increasi
ng the loading margin in the \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 system [14-15].
\par\pard\ql \li20\sb229\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 3.1.5.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 P\ul0\nosuper

sub\cf2\f3\fs16 OWER \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 F\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16
LOW \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 B\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ALANCING AND \ul0
\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ONTROL\par\pard\qj \li20\
ri945\sb193\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11
\fs20 FACTS controllers, especially TCSC, SSSC and UPFC, \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex106 enable the load flow on parallel circuits and different \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 voltage levels to be optimized and controlled, with a \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex103 minimum of power wheeling, the best possible
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 utilization of the lines, and a minimizing o
f overall \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 system losses at the same time.\par\par
d\ql \li20\sb229\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf11\f12\fs20 3.2.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 D\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3
\fs16 YNAMIC \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 A\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 PPLICATI
ON\par\pard\qj \li20\ri935\sb194\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Dynamic application of FACTS controllers include
s \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 transient stability improvement, oscilla
tion damping \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 (dynamic stability) and vol
tage stability enhancement. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 One of the m
ost important capabilities expected of \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 F
ACTS applications is to be able to reduce the impact of \line \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex104 the primary disturbance. The impact reduction for \line \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex100 contingencies can be achieved through dynamic voltage \lin
e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 support (STATCOM), dynamic flow control (TCSC) or
\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 both with the use of UPFC.\par\pard\ql \li2
0\sb230\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\
f12\fs20 3.2.1.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 R
ANSIENT \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 TABILITY \ul0
\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 E\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 NHANCEMENT\par\pard\qj \l
i20\ri937\sb193\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
0\f11\fs20 Transient instability is caused by large disturbances such \line \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex104 as tripping of a major transmission line or a generator
\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 and the problem can be seen from the first s
wing of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 angle. FACTS devices can reso
lve the problem by \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 providing fast and rapi
d response during the first swing \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 to control
voltage and power flow in the system [16].\par\pard\ql \li20\sb229\sl-230\slmul
t0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 3.2.2.\tab
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 O\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 SCILLATION \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf11\f12\fs20 D\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 AMPING\par\pard\qj \li20\ri939\
sb192\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20
Electromechanical oscillations have been observed in \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex100 many power systems worldwide and may lead to partial \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex100 power interruption if not controlled. Initially, power \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 system stabilizer (PSS) is used for oscillation damping in
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 power system. Now this function can be more effect
ively \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 handled by proper placement and setting
of SVC, \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 STATCOM and TCSC [17-18].\par\pard\ql \l
i20\sb226\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
1\f12\fs20 3.2.3.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 D\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16
YNAMIC \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 V\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 OLTAGE \ul0\n
osupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ONTROL\par\pard\qj \li20\ri
935\sb196\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\f
s20 Shunt FACTS controllers like SVC and STATCOM as \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101
well as UPFC can be utilized for dynamic control of \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex101 voltage during system contingency and save the system \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 from voltage collapse and blackout.

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-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20
3.2.4.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 SSR E\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 LIMINA
TION\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb192\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Subsynchronous resonance \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104
(SSR) is a phenomenon\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri219\sb2\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-1\charscalex100 which can be associated with series compensation under \lin
e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 certain adverse conditions. TCSC have d
ynamic \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 characteristics that differ drasticall
y from conventional \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 series capacitors espe
cially at frequencies outside the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 operati
ng frequency range and hence is used in \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 Stde, \line
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Sweden\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 for the elim
ination of SSR in the power system.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb230\sl-230\slmult0\tx1
866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 3.2.5.\tab \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 P\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 OWER \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\
f12\fs20 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 YSTEM \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 I\ul0\
nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 NTERCONNECTION\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri215\sb193\sl-229\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Interconnection
of power systems is becoming \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 increa

singly widespread as part of power exchange \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x100 between countries as well as regions within countries in \line \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex101 many parts of the world. There are numerous examples \line \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex101 of interconnection of remotely separated regions within
\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 one country. Such are found in the N
ordic countries, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Argentina and Brazil. In
cases of long distance AC \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 transmission,
as in interconnected power systems, care \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 has
to be taken for safeguarding of synchronism as well \line \up0 \expndtw-1\chars
calex100 as stable system voltages, particularly in conjunction \line \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex102 with system faults. With series compensation, bulk AC \
line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 power transmission over distances of more than
1,000 \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 km are a reality today and has been
used in Brazil north-\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 south interconnection.
With the advent of TCSC, further \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 potential
as well as flexibility is added to AC power \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 transmission.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb227\sl-230\slmult0\tx1866\tx3649\tx44
63 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 3.3.\tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 A\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 PPLICATION\tab \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 IN\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs
20 D\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 EREGULATED\par\pard\ql \li1946\sb0\sl-230\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 E\ul0\nosupersub\c
f2\f3\fs16 NVIRONMENT\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri214\sb196\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Apart from its traditional appl
ication for voltage control, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 power flow con
trol and enhancing steady state and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 dyna
mic limits, FACTS controllers are finding new \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 applications in the present deregulated environment. One \line \up0 \exp
ndtw-1\charscalex100 of the applications is in controlling the \u8220?parallel f
low\u8221? or \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \u8220?loop flow\u8221?. Loop f
low results in involuntary reduction \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 in trans
mission capacity that may belong to some other \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
0 utility and hence foreclose beneficial transactions \line \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex100 through that line. Utilities can also make use of FACTS \line
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 controllers in their tie lines, either to shield i
t from the \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 neighbouring effects, such as whe
eling transactions or to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 participate in such
transaction. FACTS devices can also \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 be implem
ented to ensure the economy in operation by \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
placing it in a suitable line such that least cost generators \line \up0 \expndt
w-1\charscalex100 can be dispatched more. It can also be used to reduce the \lin
e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 losses in the system. Yet, another application is
to use \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 FACTS to relieve the congestion in th
e system. FACTS \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 devices can be strategically
placed such that congestion \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 cost is reduced
, curtailment is decreased and price \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 vo
latility due to congestion is minimized.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb227\sl-253\slmult
0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs22 4.\tab \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 B\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18 ENEFITS AND \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf8\f9\fs22 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18 OSTS\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri218\sb197
\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 The b
enefits from the use of FACTS devices are many, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
00 however, not all are tangible. Similarly, the cost of \line \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 FACTS devices are also huge. The world second UPFC \line
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 came into operation at the end of year 2004 in Keep
co \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 power system in Korea. It was the l
argest single \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 procurement order ever placed
by Keepco. From this, it \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 is clear how expensi
ve these technologies are. But, the \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 cost has
to computed against anticipated benefits. One of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscale

x105 the reasons for low deployment of FACTS is because\par\pard\column \ql \li6
170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6
170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb46\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex105 very little has been done to show their profitableness.\par\pard\qj \
li20\ri936\sb1\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 FACTS devices can
save the system from potential \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 threat of system
collapse, which can have very serious \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 consequences
on other economic sector as well. It can \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 help to a
void the wide spread blackout. The opportunity \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 cos
t of FACTS controllers in these situations has to \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 taken into consideration.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb227\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 4.1.\tab \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 B\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ENEFITS\par\pard\ql \li6170\sb0\s
l-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb32\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 4.1.1.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
E\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 NVIRONMENTAL \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 B\ul0\no
supersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ENEFIT\par\pard\qj \li20\ri936\sb193\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 The construction of new tran
smission line has negative \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 impact on the environ
ment. FACTS devices help to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 distribute the e
lectrical energy more economically \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 through bett
er utilization of existing installation there by \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 re
ducing the need for additional transmission lines. For \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
101 example, in Sweden, eight \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 400 kV systems
run in\par\pard\qj \li20\ri936\sb2\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103
parallel to transport electrical energy from the north to \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex107 the south. Each of these transmission systems is \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 equipped with FACTS. Studies have shown that four \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 additional \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 400 kV transmissio
n systems would be\par\pard\qj \li20\ri936\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex104 necessary, if FACTS were not utilized on the existing \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 systems.\par\pard\ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \
li20\sb65\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
1\f12\fs20 4.1.2.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 I\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16
NCREASED \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 TABILITY\pa
r\pard\qj \li20\ri935\sb195\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Instabilities in power system are created due to
long \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 length of transmission lines, in
terconnected grid, \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 changing system loads
and line faults in the system. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 These i
nstabilities results in reduced line flows or even \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex100 line trip. FACTS devices stabilize transmission systems \line \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 with increased transfer capability and reduced risk of
\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 line trips.\par\pard\ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb66\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 4.1.3.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 I\ul0\n
osupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 NCREASED \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 Q\ul0\nosupersub\cf
2\f3\fs16 UALITY OF \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 U
PPLY\par\pard\qj \li20\ri938\sb193\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Modern industries require high quality of ele
ctricity \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 supply including constant voltage a
nd frequency, and no \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 supply interruptions. Vo
ltage dips, frequency variations \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 or the los
s of supply can lead to interruptions in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
01 manufacturing processes with high economic losses. \line \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex100 FACTS devices can help to provide the required quality \line \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 of supply.\par\pard\ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql \li20\sb69\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf11\f12\fs20 4.1.4.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 F\ul0\nosupersub\cf
2\f3\fs16 LEXIBILITY AND \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 U\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\f

s16 PTIME\par\pard\qj \li20\ri943\sb193\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 Unlike new overhead transmission lines that t
ake several \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 years to construct, FACTS installation
requires only 12 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 to 18 months. FACTS installation h
as the flexibility for \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 future upgrades and require
s small land area.\par\pard\ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb6
6\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs
20 4.1.5.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 F\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 INANCIA
L \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 B\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ENEFIT\par\pard\qj
\li20\ri936\sb192\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
10\f11\fs20 Financial benefit from FACTS devices comes from the \line \up0 \expn
dtw-1\charscalex100 additional sales due to increased transmission capability, \
line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 additional
wheeling
charges
due
to
increased \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 transmission capability and du
e to delay in investment of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 high voltage tr
ansmission lines or even new power \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 gener
ation facilities. Also, in a deregulated market, the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex104 improved stability in a power system substantially \line \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex103 reduces the risk for forced outages, thus reducing risks \li
ne \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 of lost revenue and penalties from power contra
cts. \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16820\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstar
t Pg5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw6010\colsr160\
colno2\colw5590\colsr160\ql \li1151\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1151\sb0\
sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1151\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1151\sb53
\sl-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs
20 4.1.6.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 R\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 EDUCED
\ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 M\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 AINTENANCE \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf11\f12\fs20 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 OST\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri216\s
b192\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20
The overhead transmission lines need to be cleared from \line \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex102 the surrounding environment (e.g. tree branches) from \line \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex107 time to time. In comparison to this, the FACTS \lin
e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 maintenance cost is very minimum. In addition, as
the \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 number of transmission line increases,
the probability of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 fault occurring in a line
is also high. So, by utilizing the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 transmissi
on systems optimally with the use of FACTS, \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
the total number of line fault is minimized, thus reducing \line \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 the maintenance costs.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb226\sl-230\slmult0\t
x1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 4.2.\tab \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 OSTS\par\pard\qj \li1151\r
i212\sb194\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\
fs20 As compared to conventional devices, FACTS \line \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 controllers are very expensive. The approximate cost per \line \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 kVar output of various conventional devices and FACTS
\line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 controllers are shown in Table 4 [19]. Howe
ver, the cost \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 per kVar decreases for high
er capacity of FACTS \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 controllers. The tota
l cost also depends on the size of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 fixed and
controlled portion of the FACTS controllers. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104
The FACTS equipment cost represent only half of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex103 total FACTS project cost. Other costs like civil works, \line \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex100 installation, commissioning, insurance, engineering and \line
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 project management constitute the other half
of the \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 FACTS project cost.\par\pard\ql \li1
331\sb167\sl-207\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\
fs18 Table 4: Cost of conventional and FACTS controllers\par\pard\ql \li1260\sb2
23\sl-230\slmult0\tx3415 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\
fs20 FACTS Controllers\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Cost (US $)\par\pard\ql
\li1260\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\tx3415 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Shunt Capacito

r\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 8/kVar\par\pard\ql \li1260\sb53\sl-230\slmul
t0\tx3415 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Series Capacitor\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\cha
rscalex100 20/kVar\par\pard\ql \li1260\sb61\sl-230\slmult0\tx3415 \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 SVC\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 40/ kVar controlled portio
ns\par\pard\ql \li1260\sb62\sl-230\slmult0\tx3415 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
TCSC\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 40/ kVar controlled portions\par\pard\ql
\li1260\sb54\sl-230\slmult0\tx3415 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 STATCOM\tab \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 50/ kVar\par\pard\ql \li1260\sb62\sl-230\slmult0\tx34
15 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 UPFC Series Portions\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 50/ kVar through power\par\pard\ql \li1260\sb68\sl-230\slmult0\tx3415 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 UPFC Shunt Portions\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 50/ kVar controlled\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb0\sl-253\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li115
1\sb117\sl-253\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\
f9\fs22 5.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 I\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18 SSUES
\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri217\sb196\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 High cost and high losses, appropriate size and setti
ng, \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 location and procurement availability are
some major \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 issues with the use of FACTS controlle
rs. Even with the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 long history of development,
proven technology and \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 long list of benefits,
FACTS controllers are not yet \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 widely deployed
because of the high cost as compared to \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the conven
tional counterpart.\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri214\sb162\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-1\charscalex100 The procurement availability of FACTS controllers is \line
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 also a major issue. Market for SVC is widely devel
oped \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 and can be procured competitively. While
, very limited \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 competition exists regarding t
he procurement of TCSC \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 and STATCOM. For the c
ase of UPFC, it is more likely \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 that there w
ill be no competition at all. Another \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
important concern is the losses, which increase with \line \up0 \expndtw0
\charscalex103 higher loading and FACTS devices produce more loss \line \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex100 than the conventional ones. So, more effort is needed in \l
ine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 the development of semiconductor switches that
are fast \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 and, at the same time, have lo
w switching and \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 conduction losses. Size of
FACTS controllers also bears \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 significance,
since cost increases proportionally with the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103
size. Similarly appropriate setting and location are \line \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex102 important to obtain the desired performance. These are\par\pard\co
lumn \ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par
\pard\ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb46\sl-230\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex100 to be addressed during the planning stage of the FACTS\p
ar\pard\qj \li20\ri939\sb1\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 project.
As the number of FACTS controllers increases \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 in th
e power system, the interactions among the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 co
ntrollers itself will be a serious concern that requires \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 separate in-depth study.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb227\sl-253\slmult0\tx745 \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs22 6.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18 ELECTED \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs22 C\
ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18 ASE \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs22 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf9
\f10\fs18 TUDIES\par\pard\ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb33\
sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20
6.1.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 SVC\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 IN \ul0\
nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 HAILAND\par\pard\ql \li20\
sb192\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20
The power system in Thailand during \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 1990s was
\par\pard\qj \li20\ri939\sb2\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 undergo
ing strong expansion. A weak part of the bulk \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 syst
em was a tie-line linking major generation located in \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1

01 the central region with the load in the south. The length \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex103 of this interconnection is about \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 700
km. Transient\par\pard\qj \li20\ri938\sb2\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex101 stability was a limiting factor for power transmission of \line \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex100 this interconnection. Therefore, an SVC rated 50 MVAr \line
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 inductive to \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 300 MV
Ar capacitive at \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 230 kV, was\par\pard\ql \li20\
sb2\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 installed in \up0 \expndtw-1\c
harscalex100 1994 at Bang Saphan substation, located\par\pard\qj \li20\ri93
3\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 midway along the interconnecti
on. The purpose of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 SVC is consequently to
increase the transient stability, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 thereby in
creasing the power transmission capability of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102
the system by a considerable amount. At the same time \line \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex101 the SVC provides continuous voltage control under \line \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex101 various operating conditions of the system. The SVC at \lin
e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Bang Saphan has enabled a considerable increase o
f the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 active power transmission capability
of the power \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 corridor to the south. W
ithout the SVC, the power \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 transmission c
apacity was limited to below 200 MW due \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 to tr
ansient stability limitations of the tie-line. With the \line \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex102 SVC in operation, the power transmission capacity has \line \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex102 been raised to well over \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 30
0 MW, representing an\par\pard\qj \li20\ri944\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 improvement of power transmission capacity by more \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 than 50% over existing lines.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb224\s
l-230\slmult0\tx745\tx2454 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f1
2\fs20 6.2.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 TCSC\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16
IN\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 B\ul0\nosuper
sub\cf2\f3\fs16 RAZIL \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20
N\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\f
s16 ORTH\ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 -S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 OUTH\par\par
d\ql \li814\sb2\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
1\f12\fs20 I\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 NTERCONNECTION\par\pard\qj \li20\ri941\s
b193\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 A
n example of AC interconnection of separate power \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex100 systems within one country is found in Brazil. There are \line \up0 \expnd
tw-1\charscalex100 two main power systems in the country which were \lin
e \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 previously not interconnected, the North System
and the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 South System. The system was connecte
d with 500 kV \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 AC line of 1,000 km long line
and series compensated in \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 several places.\pa
r\pard\qj \li20\ri935\sb161\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 The TCS
C is located at the Imperatriz substation and \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Sar
ra de Mesa, which are the terminal points of the \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex100 interconnection. The task of TCSC is to damp low-\line \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex102 frequency inter-area power oscillations between the \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 power systems on either side of the inter-conne
ction. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 These oscillations (0.2 Hz) would otherwise
constitute a \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 hazard to power system stability.\par
\pard\ql \li20\sb226\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf11\f12\fs20 6.3.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 STATCOM\ul0\nosuper
sub\cf2\f3\fs16 AT \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 SDG&E\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs
16 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 ALEGA \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf11\f12\fs20 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 UBSTATION\par\pard\qj \li20\ri94
0\sb192\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs2
0 The STATCOM installed in the SDG&E system at the \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 Talega 138 kV substation is being applied to relieve \line \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex102 transmission system constraints in the area through
\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 dynamic var control during peak load conditi
ons. It is \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 operating as a STATCOM with a rat
ed dynamic reactive \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 capacity of \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 100 MVAr. The main objectives
of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Talega STATCOM are to regulate and con
trol the 138 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 kV AC system voltage, to give dy
namic reactive power \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 support following system
contingencies, and to provide
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}
-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 high rel
iability with redundant parallel converter design\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri216\sb0\
sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 and modular construction and ope

rational flexibility \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 through auto-reconfiguration
design.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb226\sl-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 6.4.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 UPFC
\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 AT \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 AEP\ul0\nosupersub
\cf2\f3\fs16 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 I\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 NEZ \ul
0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 S\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs16 UBSTATION\par\pard\qj \l
i1151\ri219\sb192\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f10\f11\fs20 The first UPFC (\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs18 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1
0\f11\fs20 320 MVA) was commissioned in \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 1998
at America Electric Power (AEP) Inez substation. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 At
that time, the Inez load area has power demand of \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
around \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 2,000 MW and was served by long heav
ily\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri218\sb2\sl-229\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 lo
aded 138 kV transmission lines. During normal power \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex103 delivery, there was very small voltage stability margin \line \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex100 for system contingencies. Single contingency outages in \line
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 the area will adversely affect the underlyin
g \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 138 kV\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri217\sb3\sl-229\slm
ult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 system, and, in certain cases, a second
contingency \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 would be intolerable, resulting
in a wide-area blackout. \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 UPFC was installed
at Inez substation to provide reliable \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 power
supply to the Inez area with effective voltage \line \up0 \expndtw-1\ch
arscalex100 support and added real power supply facilities. More \line \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 than \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 100 MW increase
in power transfer, excellent\par\pard\qj \li1151\ri223\sb2\sl-230\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 voltage support at the Inez bus and reduction
in real \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 power loss by more than 24 MW was achieved
with this \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 installation.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb223
\sl-253\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs22
7.\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs18 ONCLUSIONS\p
ar\pard\qj \li1151\ri218\sb197\sl-229\slmult0\tx2420\tx4313\tx5440 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex106 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 With the history of more than
three decades and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 widespread
research
and
development,
FACTS \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 controllers
are now considered a proven and mature \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
technology. \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 The
operational \tab \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 flexibility \tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 and\par\par
d\qj \li1151\ri213\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 controllabil
ity that FACTS has to offer will be one of the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
0 most important tools for the system operator in the \line \up0 \expndt
w-1\charscalex100 changing utility environment. In view of the various \l
ine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 power system limits, FACTS provides the most re
liable \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 and efficient solution. The high initi
al cost has been the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 barrier to its deploymen
t, which highlight the need to \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 device proper
tools and methods for quantifying the \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
benefits that can be derived from use of FACTS.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb221\sl-27
6\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 R\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf5\f6\fs19 EFERENCES\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb158\sl-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 [1]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex106 N.
G.
Hingorani
and
L.
Gyugyi,\par\pard\ql \li11
51\ri225\sb0\sl-307\slmult0\fi720\tx1861 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8220?Un
derstanding FACTS\u8221?, IEEE Press, 1999. \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
[2] \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Y. H. Song and A. T. Johns, \u8220?
Flexible AC\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb0\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 Transmission System \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (FACTS)\u8221?, IEE Power\
par\pard\ql \li1871\sb1\sl-205\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 and Energy
Series 30, 1999.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb83\sl-230\slmult0\tx1866\tx4411\tx5221 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [3]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u8220?FACTS

Application\u8221?,\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 IEEE\tab \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 Power\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex100 Engineering Society, FACTS Application Task\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb1\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Force, 1998.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb79\
sl-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [19]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex106 A. Sode-Yome and N. Mithulananthan,\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb1\sl
-227\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \u8220?Comparison of shunt capacito
r, SVC and\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10
0 STATCOM in static voltage stability margin\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb1\sl-230
\slmult0\tx4680\tx5570 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 enhancement,\u8221?
Inter
national\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Journal\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 of\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Ele
ctrical Engineering Education, UMIST, Vol.\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb3\sl-230\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 41, No. 3, July 2004.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb77\s
l-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [11]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex100 C. P. Gupta, S. C. Srivastava and R. K. Varma,\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb1\
sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u8220?Enhancement of static voltag
e stability margin\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb0\sl-228\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex102 with reactive power dispatch using FACTS\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb1\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 devices\u8221?, 13th PSCC in Trondheim
, June 28-\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb3\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
July 2nd, 1999.\par\pard\ql \li1151\sb77\sl-230\slmult0\tx1866 \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 [4]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 John J. Paserba, \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex100 \u8220?How FACTS Controllers\par\pard\ql \li1871\sb0\sl-230
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Benefit AC Transmission Systems\u822
1?, IEEE\par\pard\column \ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6170\s
b0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li6170\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li740\sb
46\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Power Engineering Society Gene
ral Meting,\par\pard\ql \li740\sb3\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
Denver, Colorado, 6-10 June 2004\par\pard\ql \li20\sb79\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [5]\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf14\f15\fs20 http://www.nationalgrid.com\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs20 , 2005\
par\pard\ql \li20\sb77\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [9]\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Y Xia, YH Song, CC Liu, YX Sun, \u8220?Available\
par\pard\ql \li740\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Transfer
C
apability
Enhancement
Using\par\pard\ql \li20\ri948\sb0\sl-307\slmult0\fi7
20\tx740 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 FACTS Devices\u8221?, IEEE Trans. P. S, 2
003 \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [10] \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 C
. A. Canizares, A. Berizzi, P. Marannino,\par\pard\ql \li740\sb0\sl-180\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u8220?Using FACTS Controllers to Max
imize\par\pard\ql \li740\sb1\sl-202\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Availab
le Transfer Capability\u8221?, Bulk Power\par\pard\ql \li740\sb6\sl-227\slmu
lt0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 System
Dynamcis
and
Control
IV\par\pard\ql \li740\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Restructuri
ng, August 24-28, 1998, Santorini,\par\pard\ql \li740\sb3\sl-230\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Greece.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb77\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [12]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 P. Rao, ML
Crow, Z Yang, \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u8220?STATCOM\par\pard\ql \li740
\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Control for Power System Vo
ltage Control\par\pard\ql \li740\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
0 Applications\u8221?, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,\par\pard\ql \li740\sb3\sl
-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2000.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb77\sl-230\s
lmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [13]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100
JY Liu, YH Song, P Metha, \u8220?Strategies for\par\pard\ql \li740\sb0\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Handling UPFC Constraints in Stea
dy-State\par\pard\ql \li740\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Pow
er Flow and Voltage Control\u8221?, IEEE Trans.\par\pard\ql \li740\sb0\sl-230\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Power System, 2000.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb80\s
l-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [7]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex101 S.N. Singh, A.K. David, \u8220?Optimal Location of\par\pard\ql \li740\sb1

\sl-227\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 FACTS Devices for Congestion Manag
ement\u8221?,\par\pard\ql \li740\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103
Elsevier Science, Electric Power System\par\pard\ql \li740\sb3\sl-230\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Research 58 (2001) 71-79\par\pard\ql \li20\
sb77\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [8]\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 K.S. Verma, S.N. Singh, H.O. Gupta, \u8220?Location\par\pard\ql \l
i740\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex108 of Unified Power Flow
Controller for\par\pard\ql \li740\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex102 Congestion Management\u8221?, Electric Power\par\pard\ql \li740\sb3
\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 System Research 58 (2001) 89-96.\p
ar\pard\ql \li20\sb77\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [17]\ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 N. Mithulananthan, C. A. Canizares, J. Reeve\par\
pard\ql \li740\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 and G. J. Rogers,
\u8220? Comparison of PSS, SVC,\par\pard\ql \li740\sb1\sl-227\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex101 and STATCOM Controllers for Damping\par\pard\ql \li7
40\sb2\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Power System Oscillations\
u8221?, IEEE Trans. PS\par\pard\ql \li740\sb2\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 786-792, May 2003.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb78\sl-2
30\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [18]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x104 N. Yang, Q. Liu, and J. D. McCalley, \u8220?TCSC\par\pard\ql \li740\sb0\sl230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 Controler Design for Damping In
terarea\par\pard\ql \li740\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 Oscil
lation\u8221?, IEEE Trans. PS, Vol 12, pp. 941-\par\pard\ql \li740\sb3\sl-230\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 946, Apr. 1997.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb78\sl-23
0\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [14]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
101 C. A. Canizares, Z. T. Faur, \u8220?Analysis of SVC\par\pard\ql \li740\sb0\s
l-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 and TCSC Controllers in Voltage
Collapse\u8221?,\par\pard\ql \li740\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x104 IEEE Trans. PS. Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 158-165,\par\pard\ql \li740\sb1\sl-230\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Feb 1998\par\pard\ql \li20\sb77\sl-230\slm
ult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [15]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 L
. Gyugyi, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u8220?Dynamic Compensation of AC\par
\pard\ql \li740\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Transmission Li
nes by Solid-State Synchronous\par\pard\ql \li740\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-1\charscalex100 Voltage Sources\u8221?, IEEE Trans. PD, Vol. 9, No.\par\pard\
ql \li740\sb2\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2, pp. 757-763, April
1994.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb78\sl-230\slmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
[6]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 B.A. Renz, A. Keri, A.S. Mehraba
n, C.\par\pard\ql \li740\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Schau
der, E. Stacey, L. Kovalsky, L. Gyugyi,\par\pard\ql \li740\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 A. Edris, \u8220? AEP Unified Power Flow Controller\
par\pard\ql \li740\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Performance\
u8221?, IEEE Trans. PD, Vol. 14, No. 4,\par\pard\ql \li740\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 pp. 1374-1381, 1999.\par\pard\ql \li20\sb80\sl-230\s
lmult0\tx745 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [16]\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10
0 R.J. Nelson, J. Bian, D.G. Ramey, T.A. Lemak,\par\pard\ql \li740\sb0\sl-228\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 T.R. Rietman, J.E. Hill, \up0 \expndtw-1\c
harscalex100 \u8220?Transient Stability\par\pard\ql \li740\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Enhancement With FACTS Controllers\u8221?, Sixth\par
\pard\ql \li740\sb1\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Internatinal Con
ference on AC and DC Power\par\pard\ql \li740\sb2\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 Transmission, 29 April-3 May 1996.
}
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80}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv
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}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24}

Facts About Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)

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{\rtf1{\fonttbl

{\f2 Times New Roman Bold;}

0\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs20 This paper

since 1970s,\par\pard\qj \li20\ri939\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc

6\sl-207\slmult0\tx1795\tx3007\tx3580 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \

\cf10\f11\fs20 Static \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Series Synchronous Compens

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p{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}

\sn geoRight}{\sv 43}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 43}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;3;(0,0);(9,0);(0,2)}}

cludes voltage control \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (low and high), increas

\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 3.1.5.\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 P\ul0\nosuper

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\sn geoRight}{\sv 845}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 43}}

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p{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\s

of power systems is becoming \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 increa

to computed against anticipated benefits. One of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscale

2\f3\fs16 LEXIBILITY AND \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs20 U\ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\f

\li1260\sb53\sl-230\slmult0\tx3415 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Shunt Capacito

em was a tie-line linking major generation located in \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,0);(43,0);(43,43);(0,43)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,274);(20,274);(20,0);(0,0)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(2494,20);(2494,0);(0,0)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,0);(43,0);(43,10);(0,10)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,0);(43,0);(43,273);(0,273)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,0);(9,0);(9,10);(0,10)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,0);(43,0);(43,290);(0,290)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,0);(43,0);(43,10);(0,10)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(2134,20);(2134,0);(0,0)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,276);(20,276);(20,0);(0,0)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(2494,20);(2494,0);(0,0)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,0);(43,0);(43,9);(0,9)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,0);(43,0);(43,291);(0,291)}}

{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,0);(43,0);(43,43);(0,43)}}

sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 and modular construction and ope

p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 [3]\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u8220?FACTS

lex101 S.N. Singh, A.K. David, \u8220?Optimal Location of\par\pard\ql \li740\sb1

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