The Vienna

Settlement and the

Concert of Europe

1814-1832
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Europe, 1812
Before the Congress of Vienna.
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Europe, 1815
Europe after the Congress.
September 1814

CONGRESS OF VIENNA
CONVENES
 Vienna,
1814
Expected Time: 2 months
Actual Time: 9 months

Diplomats present: 700

Dominant Figures: 5

Goals
1. Restore Balance of Power
2. Restore “legitimacy”
3. Compensation
Austria
Metternich

ü Foreign minister of
Austria

ü M.I.P Europe:
1814 to 1848

ü Reactionary,
opponent of war
 Francis I

ü Emperor of
Austria

ü Timid soul

ü Only job is to
restrain
Metternich
Britain
 Lord
Castlereagh

ü British Foreign
Minister, 1815-
1822

ü Realistic, but has

vision of peace

ü Wants peace
through some
type of
organization
Posterity will ne'er
survey
A nobler grave than
this: Here lie the
bones of Castlereagh:
Stop, traveller, and
piss.

● -Lord
Byron
 Russia Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
● Third level
● Fourth level
● Fifth level

ü Czar Alexander I

ü Complex, unstable

ü Has vision of a
“Holy Alliance”
 Prussia
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Second level
● Third level
ü King Frederick William
● Fourth level
III & Karl von ● Fifth level

Hardenburg

ü Goals:
ü Recover Prussian
territory lost to
Napoleon
ü Gain additional
territory in northern
Germany (Saxony).
 France

ü King Louis XVIII

[Bourbon]

ü Talleyrand,
foreign minister
Congress of Vienna, 1815

THE SETTLEMENT
 Balance of Power

Territorial Adjustments:
Belgium (former Austrian Netherlands) to
Netherlands (House of Orange)
Austria receives parts of N. Italy
(Lombardy & Venetia)
Russia receives Finland & most of Poland
Norway goes to Sweden (from Denmark)
Sardinia receives Savoy
 Balance of Power, cont.
Britain GAINS
Islands in West Indies, land in S. America, Ceylon
in Indian Ocean, & S. Africa’s Cape Colony
Reorganization of German States
German Confederation of 39 autonomous states
Francis I of Austria president of Confederacy
France restored to 1792 borders
 The Legacy of
Napoleon?
“Napoleon ‘exported’ the
Revolution to Europe.”
NATIONALISM & LIBERALISM
 The Concert of Europe
‘An Alliance System’

Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818

Acted as international government/
policeman
Greatest threats: nationalism and
liberalism
Lasts as long as memories of
Napoleonic Wars last
The Age of Metternich

The Revolt against Revolt

 Conservatism vs.
Liberalism & Nationalism
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Second level
● Third level

● Fourth level

● Fifth level
 19th Century Liberals

Who were they?

Those excluded from the existing
political process; they were NOT
democratic.
From the middle class --> bourgeois.
Hostile to the privileged aristocracy.
They sought the removal of economic
restraints (laissez-faire economics).
 19th Century
Conservatives
Who were they?
Traditional ruling classes
Peasants
Skepticism regarding Enlightenment
principles
Against the "excessive" belief in individual
rights
Church, State, and Family: the sources of
social order
The Revival of Religion

Catholic countries
restored power &
status of the church

Protestant countries
witnessed religious
revivalism
The Second
“Great
Awakening” in
America
 Political Challenges to
Conservative Rule
Popular revolts for Constitutional rule:
Spain
Russia
Nationalist movements:
Italy
Balkans and Greece
Wars of Independence in Latin
America
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Second level
● Third level

● Fourth level

● Fifth level

Nationalist Movements
 Round One: Crisis in Germany

Wartburg Festival
Carlsbad Decrees
Attacked who?
Is censorship ever effective?
The Tzar is upset
Round Two: Spain & Italy

The Congress at Troppau

Revolution in Spain, 1820
Liberal revolt
Congress of Verona, 1822
Crushed by French troops
Revolutions in Italy
The Carbonari
Congress of Laibach, 1821
Results
“When a state, by revolutionizing
itself, leaves the alliance, the
alliance has the right to compel
it to return.”

-Troppau protocol
 Round Three: Russia

Death of Tzar Alexandar I

Nicholas I appointed heir to throne
Moscow regiment & others wanted
Constantine
The Decembrists Revolt, 1825
Moscow regiment refused to take
oath, Nicholas used force &
crushed revolt.
The Decembrists
 Nicholas I

“Orthodoxy,
Autocracy, and
Nationalism”
Round Four: Greece

Cry for Greek

Independence
Why are the Europeans
sympathetic?
Results
Treaty of Adrianople, 1829
Independent Greece
 Overview of the
Revolutions: 1820-1825
Revolutions Abroad

1804-1830
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Second level
● Third level

● Fourth level

● Fifth level

Revolutions in Latin
 The Haitian Revolution
‘…the only successful slave revolt in
history…’

1659-1804: Saint-Domingue was

French territory
Slavery was based on relentless terror
Toussaint L’Ouverture led successful
independence movement
 Revolution of
1830’s
The Conservative
Order is Shaken
at Home
“When France has a cold,
all Europe sneezes.”

- Metternich
France in the 19th Century

A Crisis of Identity?
 1814 to 1830 Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
● Third level

● Fourth level

Reign of Louis XVIII ● Fifth level

Conservative, realistic &

agreed to a Charter
1820, son murdered
Conservative Reactions
Reign of Charles X
1824
Reactionary
The Four Ordinances
 The Four Ordinances

1. Dissolved the entire parliament

2. Strict censorship imposed
3. Limited franchise to wealthiest
people
4. Called for new elections
The July Revolution
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Second level
● Third level

● Fourth level

● Fifth level
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level Louis-Philippe
● Third level The Citizen King
● Fourth level
(1830-1848)
● Fifth level

Doubled right to vote

(1/30)
Catholicism: “religion
of the majority”
Censorship abolished
Industrial boom in
France + acquisition
of Algiers
One major flaw?
 Louis-Philippe: The
Citizen King?
Socially, very
conservative (no
sympathy for
working class)
Worker revolts in
Lyons, 1832 & 1834
By 1848, Louis-
Philippe will be
forced to flee
 A United Netherlands?:
1815-1830

North: Dutch, Protestant, seafarers and traders.

South: French, Catholic, farmers and individual
workers.
With the help of the Lord Palmerston
& the British.

BELGIUM BECOMES
INDEPENDENT (1830)
Revolutions of 1830
 The British Response
1789-1832

From Political Repression to the Great Reform

Bill
 The British Response?
Reactionary, at first. Click to edit Master text styles
Edmund Burke’s Reflections on Second level
the Revolution in France, 1790 ● Third level
● Fourth level
William Pitt the Younger ● Fifth level

Led coalition against Napoleon in

Europe
Led a campaign against radicals
at home
Suspended Habeas Corpus, etc.
 The British Response?
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Lord Liverpool’s
Second level
● Third level
Ministry (Tory)
● Fourth level
Corn Laws, 1815
● Fifth level

Coercion Acts, 1817

“Peterloo” Massacre
Six Acts of
Parliament, 1819
 The Six Acts of 1819

1. Forbade large unauthorized meetings

2. Raised the fines for seditious libel
3. Speeded up trials for political dissidents
4. Increased newspaper taxes
5. Prohibited the training of armed groups
6. Allowed local officials to search homes
 The British Response?

By 1825, Younger
Click to edit Master text styles Tories moderate
Second level
● Third level
the party
● Fourth level

● Fifth level
Produce liberal
foreign & economic
policies
Catholic
Emancipation
George Canning Act, 1829
 The British Response, cont.

William IV Click to edit Master text styles

Second level
1830 ● Third level
● Fourth level
Whigs called for ● Fifth level

parliamentary reforms
Earl Grey
(leader of the Whig Party)
asked by William IV to form a
new government
 The British Response, Cont.

A reform bill increased the electorate

by 50% and “Rotten Boroughs” were
replaced
Great Reform Bill did not resolve all
political inequities
BUT marked a new beginning in
English government
The Conservative Order
and the Challenges of
Reform
Important Leaders
(1815-1832)
 METTERNICH,
AUSTRIAN FOREIGN
MINISTER
 FREDERICK
WILLIAM III OF
PRUSSIA
ALEXANDER I
OF RUSSIA
NICHOLAS I
OF RUSSIA
TALLEYRAND,

FRENCH
FOREIGN
LOUIS XVIII
OF FRANCE
CHARLES X
OF FRANCE
 LOUIS
PHILIPPE OF
FRANCE
 LORD
CASTLEREAGH,
BRITISH FOREIGN
MINISTER
 LORD
LIVERPOOL,
BRITISH PRIME
MINISTER
WILLIAM IV
OF BRITAIN