Reservoir Petrophysics PETR 2311 Fall 2014 inal Exam -11"" Dec (8:00 AM to10:50 AM firm) First Name Last Name Skins IMPORTANT: a) In all problems, show your work. }) Please keep your student ID on the table for the proctor to check throughout the test. ¢) Please write only your student ID on the cover sheet. d) Please write all answers in the space provided. Backs of pages must be labeled with the problem number. Please instruct the grader to look at the back if you want them to do so. e) Numbering pages will certainly help ensure nothing is lost PD You can use either pencil or pen (black or blue) for this test. @) You can bring a simple scientific calculator to the exam. Programmable calculator, graphing calculators, computers, tablets, cell phones, PDAs, smart phones are NOT allowed. If you don’t have a simple scientific calculator, please borrow one from your ‘friends before the test h) This is a closed book test. No written material, books etc. will be allowed. 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I.commit to follow the rules of academic honesty of the University of Houston. ‘Student Signature DatePETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 First Name Last Name Student 1D Question No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 | Total Possible iG |e oP a) ts Achieved Problem 1 (17 points =2+3+3+1+2+2+2+2) a. Sketch a plot of how porosity and permeability vary with depth in a deltaic reservoir. aan alot. z z Urlaponclondt of gram daze Gug qnewero => fog poras => ughor K b Ifyou know the mass and volume of a water filled clean sandstone core and you know the total mass of the grains, derive the equation for the porosity. a v 1H, = Yh, w= 1 glom oan 9 glo t= Vg + Vp ane Juve $= Ve 2 [Orewa] L Vr Uy c. Listat least three factors that affect porosity. Sorting Comattabow Yroue ohe ape Bound water (allbets ihctive porosity) Charm alsPETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 4. Compressional waves in rock travel about (ice as fasi)the same speed, half as fast) as shear waves in the same rock. Circle one answer e. Draw atypically phase diagram. Label the regions for solid, liquid, and gas phases. Label the critical point. Crikieal point Legged Poy sti Gao F £ Draw two capillary tubes in wetting liquid and air. Draw a capillary tube for a non-wetting liquid in air. an | a {4 ~ lng | oa bape | egg os wittieg espa is nen-u g. State Archimedes principle in one sentence. An abject placsd via Daud euporenscs a Puoyank Qe scl ta He wang oP He cplaned Rd vg h, Describe the difference between effective porosity and total porosity. fetal parasite, includes alld pos apace. Effectime perwaat., oneLiceles ands, eee pees wile whch on ack of hich Dred com (Low.PETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 Problem 2 (16 points = 12 + 4) ‘A clean sandstone zone is marked on the following logs. Note that the scale on the resistivity log is linear, which is unusual but not intended to trick you. The vertical scale is two feet per division. ‘TRAVEL TIME. mcnseEoHDS PER FT andr, RESISTIVITY OHMS #4741 7 Vmatrix =21000 ft/sec a. What is the water saturation in that zone? You may assume the same formation water throughout “e ae 0.05 ohm-m. Use rules of thumb as necessary. Ry = _ Q =) nuda of Prewnb- eer ie sila, “tog : # btpt (-8) Btme om the dome Long LOS mw RZ (Tm Yrom Dog 1 s/t Drom Gog Ake = 1849 ps/ft from ull, of Prunl Moca = ne ~ Ve =z AtprAtme SHAME Ml Ate —Btine 1BI- NE anuclery ae ae #4 i ra é 1PETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 b. Describe how you would get a better value for the resistivity of the formation water if you were given the salinity and ionic composition. i, Conyok namitvok, oflPoct to eatin wabect NaCl sai 1 Vee “atullt ) Hl vw he chart al) seassbicte aba Pun ton 2) Nath concordePETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 Problem 3 (15 points = 13 + 2) A flat rectangular plate of area 100 cm? glides on a layer of oil | mm thick ona stationary table. The plate is pulled at a constant velocity of lemv/see by a movable wire of width 10 em that bounds thin film of the same oil of height 5 em. Moveable wirePETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 b. Suppose the height of the oil film bounded by the moveable wire were 10. em. Circle the single correct statement about the ratio of the surface tension to the viscosity: a._Less than Part a _ = deponcs ond Muct met on L b. Equal to Parta 4. Insufficient information to compare to Part a ce, Greater than Part aPETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 Problem 4 (20 points = 6 + 6 + 2+ 6) A clean sandstone reservoir 50 feet thick with permeability 100 mD has Sw=1. The pressure in the reservoir 100 ft from a 5 inch diameter well is 5000 psi. You may approximate the pressure in the well as zero. a. Calculate the rate of flow into the well in cgs units. _& ae awh J W(%,)PETR2311 Pinal Exam Fall 2014 b. Suppose the well was fractured to create a vertical planar fracture into which the flow can occur, You may again approximate the pressure in the fracture as zero. Calculate the flow into the fracture from both sides of the fracture. You may simplify to use a rectangular volume with side 200 ft. (about the same size as the cylinder in 3a) B Flow direction Flow direction} 4 Vivo budPETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 ¢. Based on your answers to 3a and 3b, does the fracturing increase or decrease the flow? Explain why you answer is reasonable or not. emer 2,1 X10" Orare Qaep carer TB X10 1 oce Abe Praicbinung vacmaasas Ha Pow Duy Pecos his reubk in roroanrabh Decaree Be rastive Wows ees Plow which dooy nat crus all He Pind te crows vito He welll ch =4PETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 4. Returning to the radial geometry in 3a, if all the flow goes up the well 10000 ft from the bottom of the well to the surface, calculate the pressure drop between the bottom of the ‘well and the surface in psi? You may ignore gravity for this problem. le Sion to ashing fen He wa dro, Te lua onl)! et 7 Qi __ re AP Whos ep AL AP =_ BphA T i = 8 lief (socae Je )5.3x 10" ¢ on®/ose.) ee “LL Agres.) [Aue dy : DP = 3,7 par Lower at Ma surface Hho ak the Dotto o) He well nt Jem.PETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 Problem 5 (16 points = 4+10 + 2) —— Surface of the Earth Drillpipe ‘Wellbore Reservoir Suppose the pressure at the surface of the earth is 1 atm and the pressure in the well bore at the reservoir at 8000 ft depth is 5000 psi. a. What density of drilling fluid in the well bore is necessary to hold the pressure in the reservoir, i¢., no flow? The drillpipe is 6 inches in diameter and the wellbore is 8 inches in diameter. Poe B+ oan es JV Mite) [psec er = Yeaael) rarpa 12b. We remove the drillpipe and reduce the density of the drilling fluid so that the pressure in the well bore at the reservoir is reduced by half. Fluids can now flow out of the reservoir, into the well, and up to the surface, If the water saturation in the reservoir is 80% and there is negligible oil in the reservoir, which is the volumetric flow of gas in egs units at the top of the well? ‘The base (absolute) permeability is 100 mD. The pressure in the reservoir is constant 100 ft from the well. The thickness of the reservoir is 50 ft. Use reasonable rules of thumb for any other parameters you are not given. K.,= 10% ~ K = 20% ------ kK. = 40% ---- K" = 60% --~-~. vw 13PETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 14Q; Qa Fs = Drop Prse PETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 cS Prone check 4 = Ol oP a pode of Hunk 4 2500 pi) oo S.TX 10 om ‘ ct Osttim of cel whee Pay ~ 5 (S000 4 2800 par) = 3450 pow ioe) ie. ee 1.45 X10" cm? foe c. Describe in words how you would obtain a value of the viscosity of gas that is better than w ‘the rule of thumb. Deldvmvna Ho cowpaatlins af He. gre Delrimena the were ied anetaga. chy hiend ten pod dad cnitieal pracowe pa Ha ge Ott he nesewoi tins “pe Five sop pe las Pha pooude — ro- Sirens Ut Nine be | tie charle ’ JewPETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 Problem 6 (16 points = 2 +2 +6 +6) A core is extracted from a reservoir and the capillary pressure curve is measured in the lab. The rock in the core is barely consolidated, so wien the pressure was removed going to the lab, the entire core expanded (grains and pores) by 10%. Water Saturation (%) a. Using a simple packing model of spherical grains, estimate the change in porosity. oo wold of sphere qhaws foie! 4 queue, oye Su = b. Using a simple pipe model, estimate the change in permeability. sine @ peveple pepe rnedal, K = 8? Us | temple pepe 9 ld, k~ & Rowe = 1b Ryo pao = Cet)” aso = 20 KyaPETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 c. Translate the lab capillary pressure curve to a reservoir capillary pressure curve and label the reservoir pressure on the same curve. Sasatt I Punclion i He ¢ 2 f Tres 602 O,0n Qrouniine He Peaals aha cans fhe posure to Ha tab Pbss) - e Choe d. Ifthe core has 80% saturation of 40 °API oil and no gas was observed, at what height above the free water level was the core taken? 5.762 Sut.2 SeePETR2311 Final Exam Fall 2014 Mass | 1kg= 1000 g= 0.001 metric ton Tengh [Tin =2.54 em m= 100 em = 1000 mm = 10° micrometer = 10"° angstrom = 39.37 in = 3.2808 ft = 1.0936 yd 0006214 mile 1 t= 12 in= 13 yd = 0.3048 m = 30.48 om Volume | Tai" 1000 L = 10" em? = 10" mk = 35.5145 A = 920.85 imperial gallons =264.17 gal = 629 barrels 1 = 1728 in? = 7.4805 gal = 0.028317 m? = 28.317 L= 28317 em? 1 barrel = 42 gal ‘Speed | 1 mile/hour = 1.46667 fisec = 44.7 cm/sec Force ‘Tkg*(9.8 misec’) = 2.20462 Ibs and IN=1 kg ms? = 10° dynes = 10° g crs? = 0.22481 1b weight | 1 b= 4.4482 x 10* dynes Pressure | Tatm= 101305 % 10° Nim? (Pa) = 101.395 kPa = 1.01525 bar = 1.01325 * 10° dyneslom™ = 760 mam Hig at 0 °C (tort) = 10.333 m HO at 4 °C = 14,696 Ibin® (psi) = 33.9 HO at 4°C = 29.921 in, Hg at 0°C Energy) 17=1Nm= 10" ergs= 10" dyne em=2.778 » 107 KWh= 0.23901 cal=0.7376 RID = 9.486% 107 Btu Power | 1 W=1Jis=0.23901 calls = 0.7376 R bls =9.486 » 10" Buals= 1341 x 10" hp ‘Area | Tare = 43560 8° 10,0929 mt | hectare = 10000 m? 18