wen CHILDREN OF FATE Childhood, Class, and the State in Chile, 1850-1930 [Nara B. Milanich ae Unive Pree Durham nd London Algjuadia Re Dae 2212 Gouda dyepera neineienioenintRopuctioN aad State, Class Society, and Children in Chile ‘The Chie, ade andthe Dota ‘The tia opr brought to the ade anion in November 254 concer he nec shred cre ing ins oor gor od Sng An oil wi pce 0 6 Mai Sew, baat recounted in hs epor, th wttan who opened the door war ‘lly ancoperaiv, At Ea se ete to pean the cen in (Tieson and then predcd te eaty-Lokeg one Eventually, he (Sa ssh 5 gl wove aly condition made me suspect (he epor of abut war ra” Aer ordering the arto the wma and ‘evel other ines, he etched the ase ad ound to oer hte wh haben hen der aed "Theol ets th younger De, ido and jot Man ‘et Pin sbingrberecen he apes ofepprccmattyevenand ten He (eared th dren "ed mate des dened in thy gh hey ‘bed hangerin the tre senaefthe wor" Dla worms ee Sopdet Manel an Rd apy “tines at proved act” Photographs tle atthe jegnsruton how the chien ood ons caesne set witha wonden cr at prop, bf, ‘inthe a rap. sing piney athe camer of ft 0 ose "The jd pad for he crn tobe ated ad fe st his penal per and not dy qed them about ha stan. They Coofee they wor orphane Ing wth rvs and decribed f= tment ht wld lt be eserdinand death newooapes, ow thy ably page ot fac. The threo cou ot 5) bw od they we and i not aw the nyo the moter oFQideotn he Pin cen en hy fata ecm a | bo ng he pares haben ded Subequet eon cond they were lpia, bor fan adtous and post acs tion of wl fete ahd poorer woman whom be asad. The “ne of Mab See” generated eens pes covge at» smement flossing ube preosspsson wth por chee, Eves ‘Ad wha came of thee? Sever dae afer they were taken into eoarecsody, Doss Eran Saber apete ble the Judge. reunsing that thy be vered ther care A prominent mec ‘bef he Sacgo ete nd wid of Don Mek Concha y Tor ‘haul fare, Dae Emlans had no psn eaneton te ‘se Bathe wished place the clren a he la tha she and an ‘ssc, Dota Jona Gara de Joan, had ecely ude The ge rte er roan nd he los fhe Scie ever ea Tne coed the Paina na he vey ft warded 1 Inston ttn ssccndng dead, woul aor ee of towns tf por ehiren. Aer stay eure aration thea placed ‘Del ad jot Mal wth "ed stir fr whom they probly wert ae eva in each formate eteance and orl te {Wage Acorn th lg jos Manel an hi rather Rito west vertu sent eotops soci wih antag la epenage whe they would eet insracton natn trades, Thereer acrenary wast of the Patina nih bu pobebl ate can be reconsructd fm the expense of ote the: poor a ae les minors ths soe Dela wut come of age x dome vant the dependency of an npoveritied cidood morphing seas Ta eto te saboraton of lt sevice, Aker fw ye inthe Weaihzprerbsther wold emerge with ew pope fo beeing Independene arising tal engloment na wn Nosed cr pehaps arr esate The to woul fon anne ad epen deat underae ‘My earch on cle ad amy i lotth cet Ce ad mein soothe offcs of Das Ata Nunta de ose. Themen er ofa prominent, Doss Alc wa the president of he Scat retecra da nfnc the eam rgd bythe Pinas which ‘nd ert Is centenary sve ers ule She ad ped overshout th oration which provide seve to more hh 9 sei children and employ sw of undress wl the rt enon sng. Dots Ale bond withthe Protector es ot et = roduc fhe yes she ha deveed tts good wera howe Her ‘aos was more intimate and profane aml Fo she ‘pn ome, Dota outing the rots second founder va at [Beat gendnother And Dona Elana who ad ced the Pacis from the eur, wa the rse-gandmete her husband For oe entry far generation of worsen om th ee tity kt le clan dod the Poector. Prompted by my qottos shot the spt story, Dota Als nd er shad Don ge ams povided ceca ‘xp of thr especie pansies The coupes inne of tet fal histor was sng they could sponte ito ‘welche af great gundmnoter, This gene veation Shae ale generis of Ciesn ete spate copy. os shen tha aps de the Protectors have hissy rece then the the Poenas—poar abandoned, grate o arpa ‘nos wthlieifanyknwedgeof he ntact. Dot Akin, Don ogee pet-gandimatery and he Pana ‘in fhe imi the ce oe sentiments domestic eng ‘pent and chdearng™ Sach anaes of etl power eine te rl bie they tie end, seni cre an tbe domestics Nitorle lemie, slo \ alm, ntnaion, pds frmstion- tthe sae ine a cles ff the sate have posted xt sch anaes pose pl Repltony los can ape epishenmensl dahon eer explain them we eso sme genene dn ipa ether than nla lng he spect ris, content. and lector, Narr fer ‘venaon ees ima anary morn“ where none exe ‘And an emphasis on top-down projects iy oversee acti ie ec® Bde bor Cie mgpes sever onl ekiaes int, Posing the elstionahip beeen publi etry ed the rate sphere {5 zao-nim cont obec the extent to which hee to ese cual dew on common wellofeltul bles price A dxpy Senne soils ctrl etry, Kishi ws sl etal to the ‘chet ofc iw nd teal person. This shred since ‘yo means peed toon Dewees te sd amy bate dows sug hiretonaipwascharcterinnd by ore thant metic onpation. ‘second entqu concems the regulatory inet el thre as ay nineteen Lath Alpen ste wh the wheel 0 “impos win the pve sper tar the Cen oe Laan it sonal developments a wel th etna entiation of cl ‘ood an maton would wn oie rate king al en chldeno sate fomason and naton using Yea wl ho bra Sitar tibia unieional empleo tp own neve: oa than competing np, onlin beeen pation sno ‘lated dreamacrpon of ple acon Sate shes empased i tevemion Sate pacts pod dint abiguas, 1 tte sparen contratone ae fay const wth the pola eae ht Chen Iberal sposted. At Chan A Fake fas ‘Steere, lean embod Sinden tensa sosaaing Ipc imps an expesion of ate power (the expense flips ‘thoy bt fr empha on pera eedom and See wil ine omic an roc fe smpes ste conticion® The hor of e- ron and fry Che ys bare eon theater al of he runt eta he ate tematic appro aspect ol he ‘Church eactonl dominion over mrage and ety, tifa ‘coli eonsracts of pe nd pray, coupled with ewe Ural lets of pcy ad peonl Sead, mtaneouy withew from some sear had once coged Most consi wa the do eptn fre: and exumaclocally Af he 850 the cour ‘ay pursed carer of mance, o i ions, which they a ane proceed wh mote gor Meu departing rm) long anding canon an Tran pl adi th il Cade end a ecogaze onal he marge promi exchanged between panes ‘at someine nse eal elton: In the mow fr-echng refer, explore in prs athe Code cotlaved poet iveigton, and teed bith reptey made te ‘erding filma ptetr ens oto ving eer sia ‘noon of fami Rone oie th eves Uber ea fe ‘roan an pro ones publ utes etd tems Paves of the power acer lpm in lations eting thers the uneete freedom to renpie ont ofsping. The di‘cipal frm of eras n Chie bls tht sie eal equ one tar of priya nda ert, had ae aly ferent oasgueneesformen an fo wore I preeuay ected clon The impuse to ckcurserption satya inthe Nery of Publebenecence. As wil be dace in par Il. he epson 3 Sat faded cl were pra represented a cha ablation of pul espns pon chien san serena. Chlrens ‘sams pated socal ssane othe oor and pce by ering 1 deughouse for cowting chen we er sd tases espe he oierou thor ote rmcendetal ue iene | io other woes dd welare continued to be oxteze o pete oust and acene had be nt li er The expan lon ofthese yams wich contin eu he et decades ofthe ‘went ent, peed and perp een enhanced the cil Imparance of informal apd pate pronion for poe chien. The > enduring enraiy of pinta houses ta sate wear sraey com | ple biray model of down itrention an popu essance ‘uma hlter not aly epee the tna inherent inthe ras porue tard he pre they partly dopace th pc Inga emphasis on the tte ager As explored in prt foeason cle nd id renring recto nos xa a ‘eracule veut of power icing he naples, nd paonage win beso Sudha oct ngs tothe oe quot an pcos of sci epaduton and zeltone of éomintion be ten masts and sera das apd minor and elite ad pb ‘Anditreelshow houschols bot wealthy and humble expt poor nd paren acs In shor den dere cl gedesae enero ower at operated ihn and aoe hols, tt ‘exerci bene "ae and Soc” As Mig! Centens g ‘etl dcpinein Latin Aeneas ecu ne rina in sca ‘be ary, othe pnterty a Earope or Noth Aer, bat thin fae an hounolde nde, ete Ue of ate ‘etecention often reference imple er xp he wk of Michel Foucault, Foul ant argued tht owes wast ony not even mary nestedin there "Rltionsofpowerandhencethwne hat must be made of hem, ecm extend Beyond the in of he Se hens "The Sts supestrctartin clan toa west & ower etc tht invert the ody, seal, the falas. now, techolog, =" Ix Chil, eracleKoi, elec | practonand partca fect damon rine cositedvame ‘hose "pectin of power tat fection oui below a ange | ‘hese panne onamich move minute every" ‘Uttely shitingou ln thst ote evel of coc power has addon latary ec. Anajes of top-down tren oni sepng endo ary nati, nd cldood signer nly to the exe that sey ae ate of repulaton and estnce oe cusses of ther cltons of pone Such amet ‘eng butte dare teint signee ofthe mesons ofhuan experience’ Ths igifcance isan undeng premise of ths sau Sours, Methods Framevorks ‘has whl tis book concerned withthe eon of pl eines see oomaton, snd cs elton, ako 2 Natori ethnography of dren spd aon faa Latin American sc. doping al enscoudy soc stra approach, [sok To tenet vc ‘etd one in which chieennuringon he sop running ete in ‘hesrcts coming ofageinhabe ec evan quees—ate igo This oa mews ster anaemia round betwen uneconstucted empire and whelealeposerachliem,ctsng rnysourcesto yell prcicesewel x cours ol eperiene eel ‘soci comtrscion Atte mm tine, dont ake "te and" (ypc and “pate or amo bended nites wh ad ‘or pdetemined meaning In hsping th acl hrc a> otc Seok to show aw the denis ofthe elena ‘co social group and oe tine ‘One sch category cen. Who or what wa cil? Ar itr a end ensopsngts of chdhond fave shown the ane eo thi {ston from obvious, varying eth tiger ncn Curly In Engin etc “hl hat two dierent eigs ‘feo minors wells to pogeny (ln cons Spans has parte‘teams forthe tw concepts ie and he) Tir ok ds wih bath nso elven” The nla ton in pare probes he heing ening: fier progeny. The catego of heen te mies bat mos scholars mean when te ak abut «tayo eerie morta pla down becaze for met ppl nnetenth-cenry (Chen inaded,"chldhoo” 0 nent cong tht ey recesses epic efaion “The chi exception was inthe ea oft Niue etary cl law la diingued been cen an al ol beter al moe and maorty adopting egos tat en echoed ‘howe dnl celal and nederdel en tins of minor were ot care trnspone it ol ndertand Inpef childhood however Age wa baton dimension athe deft fhildhoodforas Banca emote ln Suish Asc, “tobe mito wa slant ¢ mich an age based stats In oscslonal Cito, inary wastrel cle vere sumed tobe scaly ad Ing dependent sts On the ‘ther Md ser tat den were “dependent” tel ws Ite be ‘hse abe ave se, "dependeny could acbrmach thy int socal nd tater ‘Therelatoniy of chon fur itarsed by considering how leben crn sass pein ad contrary fect ee stats cider On the one band in Chie aah, abort ocalsans was ected with inttin. Aco ober oper family xen-yer-d svar Mala Cabra wa "ery ay” ‘uch that‘one had to cota salt ero doe ook One when he aby er mists she ered the Bl wth brooch But wasn he tres wh cmmected one ls od ni Isard the being m4 he set even yur on * Gracy tts ad pede) trumped a in shaping peeption of mina i tis rdaohin On theater hance plea sata cul ‘compel he precios intone scl seasons uch those of paconage we uly asocate with ade When couch Las Alber Ava was area with scent lig ¢ pest, be re ‘senedsever pon wh sted tobi "enor "fem “mepeahable conduct” Proving aac efron ups as rouine practice for thoes seeking ll nec, Bat ae Abeta waten yas old Whee poo hen Were ended "ounge ee “de by itu ofthe ds the experience of hand wa sp ‘ible fo the scoecnorc ats Neve despite he impor tance of sats in apis chldhood, one can dicer sneer cull an egal consene ening the ence of he eater "eater" and edhod” i the ew place i Less Albee. al parte endl greed “hr af young ge had na snes eng feashe and ht el an erminl eaponiy fo the cient ay ‘eth the ale amployers Lae Alberta, we an den, a 8S” vente pies di ot expres preci how they ined thet "Tie ten shstory fren However ot epic famed round th tees tat dominate hissing ld xn nat pray concrne wih the Hite evel of setnent,cld [abo elution dinar isons, or changing coneracon of chlchod (hough Thape my Ens seg ons number of ese ‘hers. Becae they rae he arate agence of Hlé wth a {exe Intend have famed hi ay rund wo bing cen of [en Ameria tory en ltorlograpy, aay, tt formation nit the dar of else Thas arene, of ou, hme set hs eon Apropos of rez sory of denn the Ue Sates, the Sesh torah Hugh Cantngham nqued. "What wold he sory dood lok ke ewe a part fh ony fl ‘le dy une in ain Amer, where oiler o ly ‘eae prt wel sated suggesting anaes In endete Ingo do so, hope to sbow Lan Ameristar at cen fra pooctvln fraying th tat and casa wl as abo, Traian pricy. nd pts sce ad to encourage ‘temsndecone moreacie prepa ins een yin compar ‘ee clue on childhood Ian hope hath boos ep in ‘Ameranfamewore septs hol of other eins skeeve {peons taketh history orn se aly ‘Weting the hatary of choo a Hor ofc nes a in tle reoinder why not wee itas aston of ice and eth istend (cease)? Ts book oeuses on heres ofc for thedascreason ‘hate Chea ozs, whe externa eh in many cmeos,Speakon sey nrc nd etn ctegoris. Ti matin, bow- ‘vec canbe payed to enalveavestage Rae rane cero Afrentaton and simian and nde anepcil crv one in ‘he history of Lan Americ. Bu ti a teeny one apse (Che etinraci categories were paral mit sh ny eter the my of unoemly meta Cie prove expedient to ation whose wos formative aed ones wee waged aie eral os (Pera Biv en utonamoue Mapuche ndany)consiued ate ther Inthe words rac erence waft not eect cutie not inside national order ne tho beers meanhde ‘ther cteii of ierenc prove expedient On a ewe fry. ‘Whatere the rae quent ft te har ocho pos dint methodol chalenges. Ae uy ita have ‘mena chlden can be norrosy she his sajecs. The ‘ours aber ieee nd ecy-tenset-enay Ce Ib sgn ap nd Imtatons, peas the eter which ‘ha vial al fhe wae generated by these Sl chide rt surprisgy abigatosin hs itl red anes ntend to show state sources reve art a, brent patie and psec normed cael thy cn lo ate vere pace ‘wd wich he te tore oslo tent Atte ear of hs amass boy of oc thn hownd ju css rom ch cial nd etl outs Ate Pula case Fuge, cin iveenons of aun inte and ch sar Sonnet ay taze the ver presen pasta lid poor chen Vo mous pater ue yl chara offen Spanning ead tol bates waged by pret godparents carters masse wea the ve of ein, he deity of hd reusing atngemers thes cates, asia the phoropph af the Pacis ch sibjecs are stl unstated berate igh bet fica sertiry ‘et ven when the vetigevespight coe mo fcus on cen ers, nthe usm fhe cottyphotopap of See cent ‘which aro whine hover tthe i hy ae il here he peounbes ofthe acuentary eer fen when he cour atten ‘Soni tracy ther matec that dil inventions prove mat reveling about chldhod. A divorce ease inadvertently cee ie rama the jgpominous te ofthe busbands enramara progeny. A ‘Sina commplint gun thieving servant ngs to ight tous esl other chdhoo. An iutogtion of bigamy spe prompt ‘heacrundtonarate side rangng chile fh youth kent ole he oil eats prove fequent gpa of inorsand some ‘Se mae prs oraconstis te etal cours fn salves Ths porults futher enced by more than 0 wil dn ‘om bch ua sd lees. ear of dee soc bake ‘pounds dapoe ofthe propery, he arte iin lato. in Ship putonsge and rama(Cres and yout in shot wre reyes in Chis host, ‘eet an acindas. (les tnmerabie” wots Bish rer out se Vlas, “chen amor emt the fi And shy are lige, times shadowy, Sues he document en ants of hwo adopt tlt inset dtr ans ct Angus Orrago Lc cle race "the cle ft” ae ‘jos del arto ese copoor hire bu loo relrne be steaon of hidren ath se Rerareir owl athe in mete hors though which power laon eres ln exes. Tn ation tfc and otra eres, Lda on extrerdwty ch materi om Sago Casa de Hens Smelter tthe exphanage wit formal eters of eet and eters ith tly Inet passer on erapsof apt Th deparare documented In the reuse oe zens setng 1 “ter cilen fom the sym In pue daceurse endemic of child abandonment ‘sce oun deploe, bt thee ttl reveal rales consieiy ‘moc comple thn and often sicgy aod wih ach pyre Wie ele eres derouncel the por fr clot sandoing tt hee, the Car fer evans he statesman Bejan lea Mackenna 2s well oof the anu own aioe, seve yng plc th ifs of wren they had ied ome thie own len Wo encounter he feminit jaiedoutpen vo fo wren rd cre gt a St Cut Om rit ingen bal of poor woman acing a hl mn he Cam x cla ely to Boome tn explo save in he ous. We can also lsum the econs sed erin of poor parents tenses soe. ‘mes feed ough the wore of pt, smeines expres tn ‘her om shay peamanati and ete them longi presepve ‘pecan nina paces Te eoud be aged thar fron etic, kines, abendon- ‘net and hates averemphazs normative, een patalge specs of eal practice Tar om alc thee eld bs ser such oes apt the ate ou ing xegres Wis ‘erin the cate that powetlnomatve veces ake ey toe ‘ential phenomana whassoca meanings were ever peated ghar, for ample, ld et neers edt fll sci a tlusiovably sumed Yesome ioral snes ung gt thn praia Indeed, could be rgd that ego he es imag cannot be divested te nara agg th conse sits rening ‘Thetis, Rowever an anars ana fo fect en sath phe- some AS solar fede know he norte lent the memati tt paral tarp ree Afra on Kleine vere to reeonsrct the clu and breuerate seas of Kish The ‘perinces of legate nde domers Murat he cl ‘on of dhe wie bee of ncaa wih el ech, an ‘he meng of dependency. Moreoen whe thse practi ay ave ne nonoeativs they ere ay xeon Ihe ene es lyn perc anny othe phenomena eo here gi macy wes ranean "aorta lias ede ‘And in Double ofall level, es lena cen, sre omnipresent. Th wbigiy i ot jt an sion ofthe ete Sirk mora torte chide an ample evidence spite the sat sda dep fs them, Taisbook races sich phenmens oer the cue of gy years of (Chet modern tay The tv begins thee th a ta Sermons a pl ct woh by he ew Chl Code a Conchdes ssn when charges nfl pracon, ple hte. ‘nd niga a ingrtn en the Nato toe Cie sae ‘lsat mils, and chen Th tenpoaarecagturera tan fenatve peri nthe county’ Mtr. In 86, Cae war anaton of soe 4 millon people, of whom pehps three-quarters edi he Corin A fly entzenched ded icy preted ort seid piel spheres neporte economy band on ning ‘spealtre. Tis asthe oct whose ep Vita Macken could ‘harscrrtan as ty often” Bys5n0,Ches popalton hc ped ‘osome a millon inhabitant anos half whem now Ine in ban ares A pot society of ees had came 2 Sees ply of ‘tines The emergence of opus celormist me can reels srhing crs and sma bor roverent tearm te By lic beyond region. Once ararchst saiis, and comma ‘ss entered the pla scene, theo eso conic between ‘ostent-centry bea and concrete ppd pen sl [nthe cone of mounting cs trad he ey nde eeVm = teen {samme Pacte ‘ocean [se IS Sopef lor rote hey abo appre dency sbdued The pow of Uheaigzcy war amination thewans, andthe promis no gue the seity fs modenang, adi and move desecrate te ‘Sian seopotil expan sesimpaia these desogapic. seonanis nd pall hanes nthe couse of hs me pid Che fn pstonal tert tiled in ae sheen vay, he eau Isto core, expanded both nonvard snd muta. Fost Cie ‘wed the note dsr om Pere a Ba inthe War ofthe Pi (74-89) thera ssborinted ther eri io cay dominated by sem-auosomous Mapacie Inne (8809). The took eases pinay though no exci n he etre, he ‘mex populous and ban put ofthe coun nd the aes eh the esse eenary bse Tracking falar historical deveopnets ‘trough theles of cen ad fre te arate rev impertat soci ange ding this rematre eid Ba peap aoe al {he str tld here non of stn contin ‘Thebookisddedintothee sections Par "Chdan and Strangers: ‘lssion in aw and Practice” explo he tans of wae ep care wrought by the Chilean Ch Code, wich was aot oly ‘doped in Cie but ao nluened claw thoaghout Latin Amerie ‘Ofte any chang the Cade inttaedin aaya,peraps the ost sigan the abolion of pterity iesgaton. Chap ‘eubs how the Cale econizare Eton zoning rll of emtac, granting fiers unter fofom feng et ‘har ilpmate crn. The onctuloation and concita reaertzston of son enhanced steal but in caving eat ea inleable penal nights to feedom and poy the Code Ukinatly enpowered mena he expense nt oly of wosen snd he “ren but ho ofthe cour therses: Caper» eae ote (Coe pate sts ed retrace by pope ban bere the Code (Couseaplled cats ed wanda iahip ad into doing became le arena for he rmsrpen osc diftrence. Tere ht ke the evry procs by whch dren became acl it pa ‘ear cas aes And thy reve ow cer nog rp ‘poi and mati ern pace comingntend uae, Pu I Clze of Den Nobo Kinship ad Sei recy =plore the enduring spteance of inp soicla wel as lea areas, tsory in epebean Chile, Chapter 3 decries « shadowy, ignatnd “neds of por people who ge op lt orld after ytetage oat provenance Kinet st {orm fc margialty hele lint the utara eld ep sgiiace of shee the way hed rue case chien Chapter 4 argues hat eclectic nd cl buena dee on famy membership tS nv acon leper hood: Yet the uth deployment of inept oie, For even at ep kinshp bere nergy emporant wee spins he ney ined il rgaty, and cv law sptenatealy doped ein ‘edad oft otal Pr I “Other Pope hrs: The ties of Cu Cation” lescrbes what became of youngsters detach fom the moorings of ‘salina, terplrs the demographic and mater underpinning full eengs, a scales of chld ration «ile ‘died prac that habe ere wierd ero Latin Amer Icahixeely. Chapters mendes th gine of hd eng f9 been fly Geman nd ean ifn end etl made of ‘well provsn fr den enero orphan by waar Fostrge hamster fer el ear ania opal racice Chapter evans anotwc eich celta thereof poe deptimat, and Areindan chen a emetic servants Ade fo frm of bn tht oie gal sey by more an centr tty sera fe lennon porage deme ‘onstuting partly ak ems hw chdhod elie th aban ar sacres aly te oplogue "Marginal tthe Cente sary One Hundred Yas of Hach ves anges and contnes inthe fist hee decoder ofthe vent ctr. Aer the nf the cetyl los anew ecnomi sis Beato ale the conor of lepnacy neon and cd ction. Yet young acho lately eel ine eto eet he scl and litical enancisement fe woring lis. ‘Whe the et photograph ta ofthe Pana cen dpi vee young vcs f ele snd abil image shows hem ace hey en ene, end od, Dl's wr is args tn Be Bo. Ee, Chen th fad: on chien ne had Seer ote and Sur Arh Nana8 sears, enaesocuery, eo CHILDREN AN CHE ‘ard an Jou Manuel ate deed in cap nd buon down sue ke nature woes The "ef" and “er” photo arate the Pu ‘ensfomton fom ios del ca cen off ord pri, dren oft fatherland That anctematon, core coe the sss of eels than he aad experencs of oot cle re Thepotopaphsin ths sense cope he mage dence prescription and rey. They aude tthe pote fr that sounded ‘he case an nite us to ponder he mations of the age who eed her rao, Bathe photographs ao change fo oni Daler and os Mansel ain a someting ethan pr senations” They prompt tk empl bt power ene out ‘who they were ed wy they mastered Ths bok pees ete spa ons, ste aon, lp andertandlngs of Sato, and the poli roeaigs of leben elchocd. Bt ove ltl the sory of the Chien hemseeran oft als ho thy cae. PARTI Children and Strangers ‘lation in Law and Practice 2