Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Faculty of Engineering
Alexandria University
Prepared for
Fluid Mechanics Staff,
Mechanical Engineering Department
Under supervision of
Dr. Ahmed Bahaa
Prepared by
A. Marmaras, Z. Mohamed, O. Tarek, M. Ashraf, H. Salah
Table of Contents
Measuring system components ................................................................................................. 1
Basic requirements of a transducer ........................................................................................... 1
Transducers in our daily life ....................................................................................................... 2
Transducers in various applications........................................................................................... 2
Industry .................................................................................................................................. 2
Environment........................................................................................................................... 2
Safety and Security ................................................................................................................ 3
Classroom............................................................................................................................... 3
Types of transducers .................................................................................................................. 3
Mechanical displacement transducers ...................................................................................... 3
Temperature transduces ........................................................................................................... 3
Pressure transducers ................................................................................................................. 3
Types of pressure transducers ............................................................................................... 3
How it works .......................................................................................................................... 4
Electric pressure transducers..................................................................................................... 5
Working principle ................................................................................................................... 5
Main components of electrical pressure transducer............................................................. 5
Common types of electric pressure transducers ................................................................... 5
Capacitive pressure transducer ................................................................................................. 5
Working principle of capacitive pressure transducers .......................................................... 6
Advantages of capacitive pressure transducers .................................................................... 6
Disadvantages of capacitive pressure transducers................................................................ 6
Strain gauge pressure transducer .............................................................................................. 6
Construction of strain gauge pressure transducer ................................................................ 6
Working principle of strain gauge pressure transducer ........................................................ 7
Measurement Circuits of strain gauge pressure transducer ................................................. 7
Advantages of a strain gauge pressure transducer ............................................................... 8
Disadvantages of a strain gauge pressure transducer ........................................................... 8
Potentiometer pressure transducer .......................................................................................... 8
Working principle of Potentiometer pressure transducer .................................................... 8
Advantages of Potentiometer pressure transducer .............................................................. 8
Disadvantages of Potentiometer pressure transducer.......................................................... 8
Electromagnetic pressure transducer........................................................................................ 9
Types of electromagnetic pressure transducer ..................................................................... 9
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Fundamental elements of a measuring instrument ................................................... 1
Figure 2: Block diagrams for pressure transducers ................................................................... 4
Figure 3: Capacitive pressure transducer .................................................................................. 5
Figure 4: Working principle of capacitive pressure transducer ................................................. 6
Figure 5: Strain gauge pressure transducer ............................................................................... 6
Figure 6: Construction and working principle of a strain gauge pressure transducer .............. 7
Figure 7: Different measurement circuits of strain gauge pressure transducer ....................... 7
Figure 8: Potentiometer pressure transducer ........................................................................... 8
Figure 9: Electromagnetic pressure transducer......................................................................... 9
Figure 10: Piezoelectric pressure transducer ............................................................................ 9
Figure 11: Symbolic presentation of charge mode type measuring station ........................... 10
Figure 12: Symbolic presentation of LIVM mode type measuring station .............................. 10
Figure 13: Bourdon tube pressure transducer ........................................................................ 11
Figure 14: Working principle of bourdon tube pressure transducer....................................... 11
Figure 15: Diaphragm pressure transducer ............................................................................. 12
Figure 16: Metallic diaphragm pressure transducer ............................................................... 13
Figure 17: Slack diaphragm pressure transducer .................................................................... 13
Figure 18: Bellows pressure transducer .................................................................................. 14
List of Tables
Table 1: Transducers in our daily life ......................................................................................... 2
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Actuator
A device that converts a physical parameter to an electrical output.
Transducer
A device that converts one type of energy to another. Energy forms can be mechanical, visual,
aural, electrical, thermal, chemical, etc. Also, it is used to change information into a form that
can be easily transferred, stored, processed, interpreted, etc.
A complete knowledge of its electrical and mechanical characteristics is of great importance
while choosing it for a particular application.
Linearity
Ability to reproduce input-output characteristics symmetrically and linearly and it is the main
factor considered.
Repeatability
Ability to reproduce the output signal exactly when the same measurand is applied repeatedly
under the same environmental conditions.
Convenient instrumentation
Sufficiently high analog output signal with high signal to noise ratio. Digital output preferred
in many cases.
Additional requirements
Excellent mechanical characteristics and Built in integrated device with noise, asymmetry and
other defects minimized.
Input
Output
Examples
Electromagnetic
Electromagnetic
field
Current
Receiving/transmitting
antennas
Electromechanical
Substance
Voltage
PH probe/fuel cell
Electromechanical
Movement
Voltage
Motor /phonograph
cartridge
Electroacoustic
Vibration
Voltage
Loudspeaker/microphone
Photoelectric
Light
Voltage
Light bulb/photodiode
Thermoelectric
Temperature
Voltage
Hotplate/thermistor
Environment
Networks of wireless humidity sensors monitor fire danger in remote forests. Nitrate sensors
detect industrial and agricultural runoff in rivers, streams and wells, while distributed seismic
monitors provide an early warning system for earthquakes. Meanwhile built-in stress sensors
report on the structural integrity of bridges, buildings and roadways, and other man-made
structures.
Classroom
Sensor technology provides teachers with an exciting alternative to the time consuming task
of manually logging and observing science experiments. Instead of using stopwatches,
thermometers and barometers, students are using sensors and powerful software to collect
and analyze data as they are carrying out their experiments. This provides more accurate
readings than the old manual methods and data is collected in a more exciting way.
Types of transducers
Temperature transduces
Temperature transducers are used extensively in process industries such as chemical, food
and pharmaceuticals, where control of temperature during manufacturing is important.
Three commonly used temperature transducers are the thermocouple, the resistance
temperature detector (RTD) and the thermistor.
Pressure transducers
Types of pressure transducers
How it works
Pressure sensing.
Primary conversion element.
Secondary conversion element.
pressure
10
11
12
The best example for a slack diaphragm is the draft gauge. They are used in boilers for
indication of the boiler draft. The device can control both combustion and flue. With the
draft, usually of pressure less than the atmosphere, connected, the power diaphragm
moves to the left and its motion is transmitted through the sealing diaphragm, sealed link
and pointer drive to the pointer
Process industry: Biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, cosmetics manufacturing,
food industry
Quick cleaning of measuring point, without residue
For gaseous and liquid aggressive media that are highly viscous or crystallizing, also in
aggressive ambience.
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Moderate cost.
Delivery of high force.
Adaptability for absolute and differential pressure.
Good in the low to moderate pressure range.
Gas Filled bellows can make the sensor sensitive to both external pressure and
temperature in vastly different applications.
Liquid Filled bellows can function in a number of transducer applications.
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References
1. W. Tompkins, , J. Webster. Interfacing Sensors To The IBM PC. . s.l. : Prentice Hall Inc., 1988.
2. Singh, S k. Industrial Instrumentation and Control. New DEHLI : Tata McGraw HILL company
Limited, 1987.
3. Patranabis, D. Sensors and Transducers.
4. Pallas-Areny. Sensors and Signal Conditioning. s.l. : Wiley, 1991.
5. Gautschi, G. Piezoelectric sensorics. New York : Springer Berlin, 2002.
6. Dally, Riley, and McConnell. Instrumentation for Engineering Measurements. s.l. : Wiley,
1993. 2nd Ed.
7. Carstens. Electrical Sensors and Transucers. s.l. : Prentice Hall, 1993.
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Team members
Name
Section Number
Seat Number
42
79
101
176
217
17