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Co-tidal chart
Tidal stream analysis

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ri , j = cos 1 [sin( glat ) sin( slat ) + cos( glat ) cos( slat ) cos( glon slon)] earthradius
ri , j s g lat lon
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Wi , j . ri , j
R R .
ri , j .
ECMWF .
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30 o / hour.
K 1 O1 . 15o / hour
K 1 P1 M f M m S sa S a

. S 2 M 2

Influence Radius
European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasts

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1
2

 ...

K1 O1 .

[] .
ML = M 2 + S 2 + K1 + O1 + 0.15

)(

.

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Kelvin .
h = 35 m L = 300 Km
= 27o Kelvin
] .[ k ) kh
h ( ) ( kh 0.9 < 3.0
) .[] (Hasselmann-1981
) ( y ) ( :
2

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y = 0, L

=0

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yt

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)(
2
2
2 2
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(
t t 2

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x t .
)(
) = Re ( y ) e i ( kx t
) ( y y . ) ( ) (
.
2 f 2
d 2
)(
2
2
2
k

)(

C 02

y = 0, L

) ( :
)(

= + = 0 ,
dy 2
d
k
+ f =0
dy

= A sin y + B cos y

) ( y = 0 y = L A B :

Admiralty Method of Tidal Prediction NP 159

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)(

B=0

fk

A +

fk

A cos L + sin L + B cos L sin L = 0

)(

fk

:
)(

( 2 f 2 )( 2 C 02 k 2 ) sin L = 0

2 = C 02 k 2 n = 0
Kelvin . x :
)(
f2
if

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if

C0

)(
)(
)(

C0

, =

C 02

2 =

= :

S
f

) cos(k[ x C 0 t ] +

g
f y

fy / C0

= 0e

C 0 e fy / C0 cos(k[ x C 0 t ] + ) =

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0
h

=u

v=0

f Kelvin 0 C 0 = g h y
) = C 0 k ( x h
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Kelvin
) .(
K1 S2 M 2 O1 .
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j =1

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j, used for M 2 , S 2 , K 1 & O1

j, used for M 2 , S 2 , K 1 & O1

] ) cos(kx t + j
] ) cos(kx t + j

f y
C0

f y
C0

A
j =1

water surface level = [ 0 j .e

j =1

u tidal stream = [( 0 j C 0 / h).e

j =1

)(
) ( . 0 j j
. Kelvin
.

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Neap
3
Spring
2

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4/3
A = 22702 / 3 .V 2 / 3 .t 1 / 2 + 401 / 3 .V 1 / 3 .U wind
10 m .t

)(
A V w = ( w o ) / o o
U wind 10 m t .

r

) U (U x ,U y :
r
r
r
r
)(
) U = ktU tide + k w (U wind + U wave
r

U wind U wave
U tide . kt . kw
r

. ) (U wind + U wave U wind 10 m

kw .
r
r
r
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U = k tU tide + k wU wind 10m

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kt kt kw .

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iv

12 Dh t

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X = X 0 + U x t + S h cos

h
c

Y = Y0 + U y t + S h sin
= 2 [R ] 10

r
A

[R] 10 Dh .
. X 0 Y0
r

X Y ) U (U x , U y x y.
x y
.

. [] Mackay1980
.

Tidal factor

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] ).[ln P0 + ln(C.K E .t + 1 / P0

)(

ev
C

( = Fev

Fev ev )(
0.78
A k E = 0.0025U wind v
A.v /( R.T .V0 ) .
R T V0 .
P0 TE C ) () ( .
)(
) ln P0 = 10.6(1 T0 / TE
)(
C = 1158.9 API 1.1435

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. ) ( .
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Fdis = k d AS

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Rasmussen1985
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2
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F = 1 e k Ak B (1+U wind 10 m ) t / k
B

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/ / .

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NOAA .
K1 S 2 M 2 O1 Admiralty

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Kelvin ] [ ) (
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ADIOS
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ISME2007 ). (
[3] Yamamoto, J. K., An Alternative Measure of the Reliability of Ordinary Kriging Esti-

www.SID.ir

mates, Mathematical Geology, Vol.32, pp. 489-509, (2002).

[4] Habibi, S., Torabi Azad, M., and Bidokhti, A.," A Numerical Model for the Prediction
of Movement, Gas Condensate from Spill Accidents in Assalouiyeh Marine Region
(Persian Gulf)", Indian Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 37(3), pp. 233-242, (2008).
[5] Sabbagh Yazdi, S. R.," Coupled Solution of Oil Slick and Depth Averaged Tidal
Currents on Three-dimensional Geometry of Persian Gulf ", International Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 309-317, (2006).
[6] Hasselmann S., Hasselmann, K., Bauer, E., Janssen, P., Cardone, V. C., and Reisad,
M. "The WAM Model, A Third Generation Ocean Wave Prediction Model", Journal
of Physics Oceanography, Vol. 1, pp. 1775-1810, (1988).
[7] WMO, "Guide to Wave Analysis and Forecasting", No. 702, Secretariat of Word
Meteorological Organization, Geneva, (1988).

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[8] Mellor, G. L., User Guide for a Three-dimensional Primitive Equation", Numerical
Ocean Model, Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Princeton University,
Princeton (2004).

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[9] Tides and Tidal streams, Admiralty Manual of Hydrographic Surveying, Vol. 2,
chapter 2, pp. 134b(2), (1969).

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[10] Pedlosky, J., "Geophysical Fluid Dynamics", 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag, pp. 75-80,
(1992).

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[11] Komen, G. J., Cavaleri, L., Donelan, M., Hasselmann, K., Hasselmann, S., and
Janssen P.A.E.M.," Dynamics and Modeling of Ocean Waves", Cambridge Univ.
Press, pp. 156, (1995).

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[12] Lehr, W. J., Cekirge, H. M., Fraga, R. J. and Belen, M. S., "A New Technique to
Estimate Initial Spill Site using a Modified
Fay-type Spreading Formula", Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 15, pp. 326-329, (1984).

[13] Mackay, D., and Matsugu, R.S., " Evaporation Rates of Liquid Hydrocarbon Spills on
Land and Water", Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 51, pp. 434439,
(1973).
[14] Cohen, Y., Mackay, D., and Shiu, W.Y., "Mass Transfer Rates Between Oil Slicks and
Water", Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 58, pp. 569-574, (1980).
[15] Rasmussen, D., Oil Spill Modeling, a Tool for Cleanup Operations", Proceeding of Oil
Spill Conference, US Coast Guard, American Petroleum Institute, Environment
Protection Agency, California, pp. 243-249, (1985).
[16] Badri, M.A., and Azimian, A. R., "An Oil Spill Model for Northern Persian Gulf
Waters", 12th Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics (12ACFM), 18-21 August
Daejeon, Korea, (2008).

www.SID.ir

 ...

: A
: A
: API
: C
: C 0
: Dh
: f
: Fdis
: Fem
: Fev
: Fg
: Fo
: h
: K1
: k A
: k B
: kd
: kt
: kw
: lat
: lon
: M 2
: ML
: O1
: P0
: R

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: [R] 10
: ri , j s g
: S
: S 2
: T

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: t
: U x x
: U y y
: U tide
: U wind
: V
: V0
: Wi , j
: x
: y
: X
: X 0
: Y
: Y0

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: ev
:
: j

:
) : ( y
: 0 j
: v
:
:
: w
: 0

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Cressman NOAA

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NOAA

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/

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K1

O1
ML

M2

S2

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/ /

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K1
O1
ML

M2

S2

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Abstract
The transport and fate of spilled oil in water bodies are governed by physical, chemical and
biological processes that depend on the environmental conditions such as wind, wave, water
current, turbulent diffusion, salinity and temperature. Oil spill models usually determine oil
movements by vectorial summation of surface current, tidal stream, wind and wave fields and
turbulent diffusion. As flow pattern in Persian Gulf is very complicated, it is necessary to
obtain water current and tidal stream by measurements or a hydrodynamic model to
superimpose wind and wave effects based on an experimental relation.
Here, water current and wind-induced velocities are taken into account to develop a 2-D
trajectory model for prediction of oil slick motion. So, a portal including bathymetry, wind
field, tidal constituents, oil and water characteristics have been provided for the northern of
Persian Gulf waters. Firstly, meteorological data including wind velocity and direction from
cynoptical stations, have been interpolated by Cressman analysis and an in-house program in
whole grids. Then, latitude, longitude, wind velocity, wave height and period, amplitude and
phase of constituents and mean water surface level in grids have been determined.
The portal is then, applied to obtain time series of oil surface area and thickness, oil
evaporation, oil dissolution and oil emulsification. Sample simulations for oil spill are
presented and a comparison of wind and tide data and water surface level for the domain of
solution with the observed data and numerical results shows good conformity.

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