简明Python教程

Python
Swaroop, C. H.

www.byteofpython.info
Python
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1 ....................................................................................................................................4
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Python ...............................................................................................................................4
Perl ....................................................................................................................7
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2 Python ........................................................................................................................9
LinuxBSD .........................................................................................................................9
Windows ..........................................................................................................................10
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3 ......................................................................................................................11
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Python
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6 ..............................................................................................................................31
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if ..........................................................................................................................................31
while....................................................................................................................................34
for........................................................................................................................................36
break....................................................................................................................................37
continue...............................................................................................................................39
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return ...................................................................................................................................48
DocStrings...................................................................................................................................49
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8 ..................................................................................................................................52
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.pyc..................................................................................................................54
from..import ........................................................................................................................54
__name__ ........................................................................................................................54
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dir() .....................................................................................................................................57
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Python
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sys .....................................................................................................................................109
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15 Python ......................................................................................................114
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lambda...............................................................................................................................117
execeval.........................................................................................................................118
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repr ....................................................................................................................................118
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III
Python
1.20
A Byte of Python
Copyright 2003-2005 Swaroop C H
Python
Python "A Byte of Python"
2005
--
Python
Python
Python
Python
Python
Python Python
Python
Python
Python
PythonPerlQt
Eric S. RaymondPython
PyQtPerl-Qt
Python
Python
O'Reilly
Python
Python
Python Red Hat 9.0

Linux KWord Python
30
Python
Python
Python
Python
wxPythonTwisted
Boa Constructor
www.byteofpython.info
--
swaroop@byteofpython.info
Python
C.A.R. Hoare
C.W. Wendte
Python
Python
Python
Python
Python
Python
Python
Python Guido van Rossum
Python
Python Python
Python
Python
Python
Python
Python FLOSS/
FLOSS
Python
Python
Python
Python
Python
LinuxWindowsFreeBSDMacintoshSolarisOS/2
AmigaAROSAS/400BeOSOS/390z/OSPalm OSQNXVMSPsion
Acom RISC OSVxWorksPlayStationSharp ZaurusWindows CE
PocketPC
C C++ C C++
0 1
/
Python
Python
Python
Python Python
Python
Python

C++ Java Python
C C++ Python
Python C/C++
Python
CGIFTP
XMLXML-RPCHTMLWAV GUI
Tk Python
Python
wxPythonTwisted
Python
Python
Python
Perl
Perl
Perl
Perl
Perl
Yahoo Perl
Perl Python
Perl
Python
Perl Perl 6
PerlCPANPerl
Perl
PerlPython
Perlcomp.lang.pythonPerl
Python
ParrotPerl 6
PythonRubyPHPTcl
PythonPerlCPAN
Python
ESR Python
Eric S. RaymondThe Cathedral and the Bazaar

Python
Python
Bruce EckelThinking in JavaThinking in C++

Python
Python
Python
Peter NorvigLispGoogle
Guido van RossumPythonGoogle
Google
Python
Bruce Perens OpenSource.org UserLinux

UserLinux Linux
Python Perl Ruby UserLinux
Python
2 Python
LinuxBSD
Linux Fedora Mandrake
BSD FreeBSD
Python
Linux Python shell
konsole gnome-terminal python -V
$ python -V
Python 2.3.4
$ shell
$
Python
$ python -V
bash: python: command not found
Python
Python
Fedora Linux
yumMandrake Linux urpmiDebian Linux apt-getFreeBSD
pkg_add
PC
Python
Python
Windows
WindowsPython.org/download
2.3.4 9.4MB
Windows
70% Python Windows

Linux Python
Windows Python
Windows Python
PATH
Windows 2000XP2003->->->
PATH
;C:\Python23 Python
Windows C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT
PATH=%PATH%;C:\Python23 Windows
NT AUTOEXEC.NT
Linux Python
Python Windows Python
Python
10
Python
Python Hello World

Python
Python
shell python print 'Hello

World' Enter Hello World
Windows PATH
IDLE IDLE
->->Python 2.3->IDLE(Python GUI)Linux IDLE
>>> Python
3.1 Python
$ python
Python 2.3.4 (#1, Oct 26 2004, 16:42:40)
[GCC 3.4.2 20041017 (Red Hat 3.4.2-6.fc3)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>> print 'hello world'
hello world
>>>
11
Python
Python Python
print
Hello World
Python
Linux/BSD shell Ctrl-d
Windows Ctrl-z Enter
Python
Python
Python

Windows IDLEIDLE
IDLE
Notepad
IDLE VIM
Linux/FreeBSD
VIM Emacs
Python VIM
Kate
VIM Emacs
Python
PythonIDE
PythonIDE
PythonIDE
12
Python
Python
Hello World
Hello WorldHello World
Hello WorldSimon Cozens[1]
helloworld.py
3.2
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename : helloworld.py
print 'Hello World'
code/helloworld.py
shellLinux DOS
python helloworld.py IDLE Edit->Run Script
Ctrl-F5
$ python helloworld.py
Hello World
Python

Python print Print
p P
13
Python
Python
#!Linux/Unix
python helloworld.py
6
Python Hello World
print Hello World
[1]
Perl6/ParrotPerl
Python
Linux/Unix Windows
chmod
$ chmod a+x helloworld.py

$ ./helloworld.py
Hello World
chmod
./
14
Python
helloworld
./helloworld
PATH
PATH
PATH
$ echo $PATH
/opt/mono/bin/:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/ho
me/swaroop/bin
$ cp helloworld.py /home/swaroop/bin/helloworld
$ helloworld
Hello World
echo PATH $ shell
/home/swaroop/bin PATH
swaroop
PATH
PATH=$PATH:/home/swaroop/mydir /home/swaroop/mydir
PATH
cd Linux DOS
Python
Python
help
help(str) str str
15
Python
q
Python help()
help
print
PYTHONDOCS Linux/Unix env
$
env
PYTHONDOCS=/usr/share/doc/python-docs-2.3.4/html/
python
Python 2.3.4 (#1, Oct 26 2004, 16:42:40)
[GCC 3.4.2 20041017 (Red Hat 3.4.2-6.fc3)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>> help('print')
print Python
print
Fedora Core 3 Linux
Python Python
Python
16
Python
Hello World
Python
51.239.25e-3 'This
is a string'"It's a string!"
2
Python 4
3.23 52.3E-4 E 10 52.3E-4

52.3 * 10-4
(-5+4j)(2.3-4.6j)

Python
Python
'
17
Python
'Quote me on this'
"
"What's your name?"
'''"""
'''This is a multi-line string. This is the first line.

This is the second line.
"What's your name?," I asked.
He said "Bond, James Bond."
'''
'
What's your name?
'What's your name?' Python
\'
'What\'s your name?'
18
Python
"What's your name?"
\\
"This is the first sentence.\

This is the second sentence."
"This is the first sentence. This is the second sentence."
r R
r"Newlines are indicated by \n"
Unicode
Unicode
Unicode
Python Unicode u
Uu"This is a Unicode string."

Unicode
19
Python
Python
'What\'s' 'your name?'"What's your name?"
C/C++
Python char
Perl/PHP
'\\1' r'\1'
_
20
Python
0-9
myname myName
n N
i__my_namename_23 a1b2_c3
2thingsthis is spaced out my-name
Python

Python
Python
Python
1.
2.
3.
Python.py
4. python program.py IDLE
4.1
21
Python
# Filename : var.py
i=5
print i
i=i+1
print i
s = '''This is a multi-line string.
This is the second line.'''
print s
code/var.py
$ python var.py
5
6
This is a multi-line string.
This is the second line.
=
5 i
i 5 print
i
i 1 i 6
s
C/C++
22
Python
Python
Python
print 'Hello World'
Python
;
/
i=5
print i
i = 5;
print i;
i = 5; print i;
i = 5; print i
Python
s = 'This is a string. \
This continues the string.'
print s
23
Python
This is a string. This continues the string.
print \
i
print i
Python
i=5
print 'Value is', i # Error! Notice a single space at the start
of the line
print 'I repeat, the value is', i
File "whitespace.py", line 4

print 'Value is', i # Error! Notice a single space at the start
of the line
24
Python
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Python

25
Python
2 + 3
+

2 3
2 + 3 Python
>>> 2 + 3
5
>>> 3 * 5
15
>>>
5.1
3 + 5 8'a' + 'b''ab'
-5.2 50 - 24 26
2 * 3 6'la' * 3 'lalala'
26
Python
**
x y
3 ** 4 81 3 * 3 * 3 * 3
x y
4/3 1
4.0/3 4/3.0
1.3333333333333333
//
4 // 3.0 1.0
8%3 2-25.5%2.25 1.5
2 << 2 82
10
0 1
>>
11 >> 1 511
1011 1 101
5
&
5 & 3 1
5 | 3 7
5 ^ 3 6
x -(x+1)
~5 6
<<
x y
5 < 3 0 False 3 < 5
1 0
1 True
True False
3 < 5 < 7 True
>
5 > 3 True
False
<=
x y
x = 3; y = 6; x <= y True
>=
x y
x = 4; y = 3; x >= y True
==
x = 2; y = 2; x == y Truex = 'str';
y = 'stR'; x == y Falsex = 'str'; y
= 'str'; x == y True
!=
x = 2; y = 3; x != y True
not
x True False x
x = True; not y False
False True
and
x = False; y = True; x and y x
x Falsex and y FalseFalse FalsePython
y
y
False x False
<
x y
27
Python
x True True x = True; y = False; x or y True
or
2 + 3 * 4
Python
Python
Python
2 + (3 * 4) 2 + 3 * 4
2 + (3 + 4)
5.2
lambda
Lambda
or
and
not x
innot in
isis not
<<=>>=!=
==
|
&
<<>>
+-
*/%
28
Python
+x-x
~x
**
x.attribute
x[index]
x[index:index]
f(arguments...)
(experession,...)
[expression,...]
{key:datum,...}
'expression,...'
+-
(2 + 3) * 4
2 + 3 + 4 (2 + 3) + 4
a = b = c a = (b = c)
5.1
29
Python
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: expression.py
length = 5
breadth = 2
area = length * breadth
print 'Area is', area
print 'Perimeter is', 2 * (length + breadth)
code/expression.py
$ python expression.py
Area is 10
Perimeter is 14
length * breadth area

print 2 * (length +
breadth)
Python 'Area is'
area Python
Python
30
Python
Python
Python
iffor while
if
if if-
else- else
if
6.1 if
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: if.py
number = 23
guess = int(raw_input('Enter an integer : '))
if guess == number:
print 'Congratulations, you guessed it.' # New block starts
here
print "(but you do not win any prizes!)" # New block ends
here
elif guess < number:
31
Python
print 'No, it is a little higher than that' # Another block

# You can do whatever you want in a block ...
else:
print 'No, it is a little lower than that'
# you must have guess > number to reach here
print 'Done'
# This last statement is always executed, after the if
statement is executed
code/if.py
$ python if.py
Enter an integer : 50
No, it is a little lower than that
Done
$ python if.py
No, it is a little higher than that
Done
$ python if.py
Congratulations, you guessed it.
(but you do not win any prizes!)
Done
number 23
raw_input()
32
Python
raw_input
raw_input int
guess int
Python
Python
if Python
elif if else-if
else if-elif-else
elif else
if if if
elif else if
if True:
print 'Yes, it is true'
Python if elif else
if
print 'Done'Python
C/C++
33
Python
C/C++
Pythonswitchif..elif..else
while
while while
while else
while
6.2 while
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: while.py
number = 23
running = True
while running:
guess = int(raw_input('Enter an integer : '))
if guess == number:
print 'Congratulations, you guessed it.'
running = False # this causes the while loop to stop
elif guess < number:
print 'No, it is a little higher than that'
else:
print 'No, it is a little lower than that'
else:
print 'The while loop is over.'
# Do anything else you want to do here
print 'Done'
34
Python
code/while.py
$ python while.py
No, it is a little lower than that.
No, it is a little higher than that.
Congratulations, you guessed it.
The while loop is over.
Done
while
raw_input if while while
running True running True
while-
running while-
else-
while False else
while else
while
True False 1 0
1
else while
while
35
Python
C/C++
while else
for
for..in
for
6.3 for
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: for.py
for i in range(1, 5):
print i
else:
print 'The for loop is over'
$ python for.py
1
2
3
4
The for loop is over
range
36
Python
range
range(1,5)[1, 2, 3, 4]range
1 range
range(1,5,2)[1,3]range
for for i in range(1,5) for i in [1, 2, 3, 4]

i i
i
elseelsefor
break
for..in range
C/C++/Java/C#
Python for C/C++ for C#
Python for C# foreach Java
Java 1.5 for (int i : IntArray)
C/C++ for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) Python
for i in range(0,5)Python for
break
break False
for while else
break
6.4 break
37
Python
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: break.py
while True:
s = raw_input('Enter something : ')
if s == 'quit':
break
print 'Length of the string is', len(s)
print 'Done'
code/break.py
$ python break.py
Enter something : Programming is fun
Length of the string is 18
Enter something : When the work is done
Enter something : if you wanna make your work also fun:
Enter something :
use Python!

Enter something : quit
Done
'quit'
len
break for
38
Python
G2 Python
G2 Python
Programming is fun
When the work is done
if you wanna make your work also fun:
use Python!
continue
continue Python
continue
6.5 continue
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: continue.py
while True:
s = raw_input('Enter something : ')
if s == 'quit':
break
if len(s) < 3:
continue
print 'Input is of sufficient length'
# Do other kinds of processing here...
code/continue.py
39
Python
$ python continue.py
Enter something : a
Enter something : 12
Enter something : abc
Input is of sufficient length
Enter something : quit
3
len
3 continue
continue for
ifwhile for
break continue Python
40
Python

len range
def def
7.1
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: function1.py
def sayHello():
print 'Hello World!' # block belonging to the function
sayHello() # call the function
code/function1.py
$ python function1.py
Hello World!
41
Python
sayHello
7.2
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: func_param.py
def printMax(a, b):
if a > b:
print a, 'is maximum'
else:
print b, 'is maximum'
printMax(3, 4) # directly give literal values
x=5
y=7
printMax(x, y) # give variables as arguments
42
Python
code/func_param.py
$ python func_param.py
4 is maximum
7 is maximum
printMax a
b if..else
printMax
printMax(x, y) x a
y bprintMax
7.3
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: func_local.py
def func(x):
print 'x is', x
x=2
print 'Changed local x to', x
43
Python
x = 50
func(x)
print 'x is still', x
code/func_local.py
$ python func_local.py
x is 50
Changed local x to 2
x is still 50
x Python
2 xx
x x
print x
global
Python
global global
global
7.4 global
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: func_global.py
44
Python
def func():
global x
print 'x is', x
x=2
print 'Changed local x to', x
x = 50
func()
print 'Value of x is', x
code/func_global.py
$ python func_global.py
x is 50
Changed global x to 2
Value of x is 2
global x x
x
global global x, y, z
45
Python
7.5
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: func_default.py
def say(message, times = 1):
print message * times
say('Hello')
say('World', 5)
code/func_default.py
$ python func_default.py
Hello
WorldWorldWorldWorldWorld
say
times 1
say
say 5
5
46
Python
def func(a,
b=5) def func(a=5, b)
7.6
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: func_key.py
def func(a, b=5, c=10):
print 'a is', a, 'and b is', b, 'and c is', c
func(3, 7)
func(25, c=24)
func(c=50, a=100)
code/func_key.py
47
Python
$ python func_key.py
a is 3 and b is 7 and c is 10
func
func(3, 7) a 3 b 7
c 10
func(25, c=24) a 25
c 24 b 5
func(c=50, a=100)
a c a c
return
return
7.7
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: func_return.py
def maximum(x, y):
if x > y:
return x
48
Python
else:
return y
print maximum(2, 3)
code/func_return.py
$ python func_return.py
3
maximum
if..else
return return NoneNone Python
None
return return None

print someFunction() someFunction
return
def someFunction():
pass
pass Python
DocStrings
Python
docstrings DocStrings
49
Python
DocStrings
7.8 DocStrings
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: func_doc.py
def printMax(x, y):
'''Prints the maximum of two numbers.
The two values must be integers.'''

x = int(x) # convert to integers, if possible
y = int(y)
if x > y:
print x, 'is maximum'
else:
print y, 'is maximum'
printMax(3, 5)
print printMax.__doc__
code/func_doc.py
$ python func_doc.py
5 is maximum
Prints the maximum of two numbers.
The two values must be integers.
50
Python
DocStrings
__doc__printMax
Python
Python help() DocStings

__doc__
help(printMax) q
help

Python pydoc
help() DocStrings
Python
Python
51
Python
.py
Python
sys
8.1 sys
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: using_sys.py
import sys
print 'The command line arguments are:'
for i in sys.argv:
print i
print '\n\nThe PYTHONPATH is', sys.path, '\n'
code/using_sys.py
$ python using_sys.py we are arguments

The command line arguments are:
52
Python
using_sys.py
we
are
arguments
The
PYTHONPATH
is
['/home/swaroop/byte/code',
'/usr/lib/python23.zip',
'/usr/lib/python2.3', '/usr/lib/python2.3/plat-linux2',
'/usr/lib/python2.3/lib-tk', '/usr/lib/python2.3/lib-dynload',
'/usr/lib/python2.3/site-packages',
'/usr/lib/python2.3/site-packages/gtk-2.0']
import sys Python

sys Python
Python import sys sys.path

sys.py

syssystem
sys argv sys.argv
argv
sys
sys.argv
sys.argv
IDE
53
Python
python using_sys.py we are arguments

python using_sys.py
Python sys.argv
sys.argv
'using_sys.py' sys.argv[0]'we' sys.argv[1]'are' sys.argv[2]
'arguments' sys.argv[3]Python 0 1
sys.path sys.path
sys.path
PYTHONPATH
sys.path
.pyc
Python
.pyc
Python
Python.pyc
.pyc
from..import
argv sys.
from sys import argv sys
from sys import *
from..import import
__name__
54
Python
__name__
__name__
8.2 __name__
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: using_name.py
if __name__ == '__main__':
print 'This program is being run by itself'
else:
print 'I am being imported from another module'
code/using_name.py
$ python using_name.py
This program is being run by itself
$ python
>>> import using_name
I am being imported from another module
>>>
Python __name__'__main__'
55
Python
Python
.py
8.3
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: mymodule.py
def sayhi():
print 'Hi, this is mymodule speaking.'
version = '0.1'
# End of mymodule.py
code/mymodule.py
Python
Python
sys.path
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: mymodule_demo.py
import mymodule
mymodule.sayhi()
print 'Version', mymodule.version
code/mymodule_demo.py
56
Python
$ python mymodule_demo.py
Hi, this is mymodule speaking.
Version 0.1
Python
Python
from..import
from..import
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: mymodule_demo2.py
from mymodule import sayhi, version
# Alternative:
# from mymodule import *
sayhi()
print 'Version', version
code/mymodule_demo2.py
mymodule_demo2.py mymodule_demo.py
dir()
dir
dir()
57
Python
dir
8.4 dir
$ python
>>> import sys
>>> dir(sys) # get list of attributes for sys module
['__displayhook__',
'__doc__',
'__excepthook__',
'__name__', '__stderr__',
'__stdin__', '__stdout__', '_getframe', 'api_version', 'argv',
'builtin_module_names',
'byteorder',
'call_tracing',
'callstats',
'copyright', 'displayhook', 'exc_clear', 'exc_info', 'exc_type',
'excepthook',
'exec_prefix',
'executable',
'exit',
'getcheckinterval',
'getdefaultencoding',
'getdlopenflags',
'getfilesystemencoding',
'getrecursionlimit',
'getrefcount',
'hexversion',
'maxint',
'maxunicode',
'meta_path','modules',
'path',
'path_hooks',
'path_importer_cache',
'platform',
'prefix',
'ps1',
'ps2',
'setcheckinterval',
'setdlopenflags',
'setprofile', 'setrecursionlimit', 'settrace', 'stderr', 'stdin',
'stdout',
'version', 'version_info', 'warnoptions']
>>> dir() # get list of attributes for current module
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', 'sys']
>>>
>>> a = 5 # create a new variable 'a'
>>> dir()
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', 'a', 'sys']
>>>
>>> del a # delete/remove a name
>>>
>>> dir()
58
Python
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', 'sys']

>>>
sys dir
dir
dir a
dir del
/ dir
del /
del a a
Python
59
Python
Python
list
Python
Python
i
5int i
help(int)
Python list append

mylist.append('an item') mylist
60
Python
/ mylist.field
9.1
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: using_list.py
# This is my shopping list

shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']
print 'I have', len(shoplist),'items to purchase.'
print 'These items are:', # Notice the comma at end of the
line
for item in shoplist:
print item,
print '\nI also have to buy rice.'
shoplist.append('rice')
print 'My shopping list is now', shoplist
print 'I will sort my list now'
shoplist.sort()
print 'Sorted shopping list is', shoplist
print 'The first item I will buy is', shoplist[0]
olditem = shoplist[0]
del shoplist[0]
print 'I bought the', olditem
print 'My shopping list is now', shoplist
code/using_list.py
61
Python
$ python using_list.py
I have 4 items to purchase.
These items are: apple mango carrot banana
I also have to buy rice.
My shopping list is now ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana',
'rice']
I will sort my list now
Sorted shopping list is ['apple', 'banana', 'carrot', 'mango',
'rice']
The first item I will buy is apple
I bought the apple
My shopping list is now ['banana', 'carrot', 'mango', 'rice']
shoplist shoplist

for..in
print print
append
print
sort
62
Python
del
del
del shoplist[0]Python 0
help(list)
9.2
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: using_tuple.py
zoo = ('wolf', 'elephant', 'penguin')
print 'Number of animals in the zoo is', len(zoo)
new_zoo = ('monkey', 'dolphin', zoo)
print 'Number of animals in the new zoo is', len(new_zoo)
print 'All animals in new zoo are', new_zoo
print 'Animals brought from old zoo are', new_zoo[2]
print 'Last animal brought from old zoo is', new_zoo[2][2]
code/using_tuple.py
$ python using_tuple.py
Number of animals in the zoo is 3
Number of animals in the new zoo is 3
63
Python
All animals in new zoo are ('monkey', 'dolphin', ('wolf',

'elephant', 'penguin'))
Animals brought from old zoo are ('wolf', 'elephant',
'penguin')
Last animal brought from old zoo is penguin
zoolen
new_zoo
new_zoo[2]
new_zoo new_zoo[2][2] new_zoo
0 1
myempty
= ()
Python
2 singleton = (2 , )
Perl
Perl
Python
9.3
64
Python
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: print_tuple.py
age = 22
name = 'Swaroop'
print '%s is %d years old' % (name, age)
print 'Why is %s playing with that python?' % name
code/print_tuple.py
$ python print_tuple.py
Swaroop is 22 years old
Why is Swaroop playing with that python?
print %
%s %d
%s name
%d age
Python
%s name
print
%s Python
65
Python
print %
d = {key1 : value1, key2 : value2 }

/
/
dict /
9.4
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: using_dict.py
# 'ab' is short for 'a'ddress'b'ook

ab = {
'Swaroop' : 'swaroopch@byteofpython.info',
'Larry'
: 'larry@wall.org',
'Matsumoto' : 'matz@ruby-lang.org',
'Spammer' : 'spammer@hotmail.com'
}
print "Swaroop's address is %s" % ab['Swaroop']
66
Python
# Adding a key/value pair

ab['Guido'] = 'guido@python.org'
# Deleting a key/value pair
del ab['Spammer']
print '\nThere are %d contacts in the address-book\n' %
len(ab)
for name, address in ab.items():
print 'Contact %s at %s' % (name, address)
if 'Guido' in ab: # OR ab.has_key('Guido')
print "\nGuido's address is %s" % ab['Guido']
code/using_dict.py
$ python using_dict.py
Swaroop's address is swaroopch@byteofpython.info
There are 4 contacts in the address-book
Contact Swaroop at swaroopch@byteofpython.info

Contact Matsumoto at matz@ruby-lang.org
Contact Larry at larry@wall.org
Contact Guido at guido@python.org
Guido's address is guido@python.org
67
Python
ab
/
/
Guido
del /
del
items /
for..in name address for
in / dict
has_key help(dict) dict
9.5
68
Python
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: seq.py
# Indexing or 'Subscription' operation
print 'Item 0 is', shoplist[0]
print 'Item -1 is', shoplist[-1]
print 'Item -2 is', shoplist[-2]
# Slicing on a list
print 'Item 1 to 3 is', shoplist[1:3]
print 'Item 2 to end is', shoplist[2:]
print 'Item 1 to -1 is', shoplist[1:-1]
print 'Item start to end is', shoplist[:]
# Slicing on a string
name = 'swaroop'
print 'characters 1 to 3 is', name[1:3]
print 'characters 2 to end is', name[2:]
print 'characters 1 to -1 is', name[1:-1]
print 'characters start to end is', name[:]
code/seq.py
$ python seq.py
Item 0 is apple
Item 1 is mango
Item 2 is carrot
Item 3 is banana
Item -1 is banana
69
Python
Item -2 is carrot
Item 1 to 3 is ['mango', 'carrot']
Item 2 to end is ['carrot', 'banana']
Item 1 to -1 is ['mango', 'carrot']
Item start to end is ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot', 'banana']
characters 1 to 3 is wa
characters 2 to end is aroop
characters 1 to -1 is waroo
characters start to end is swaroop
Python
Python 0 shoplist[0]
shoplist[3] shoplist
shoplist[-1] shoplist[-2]
Python
Python

shoplist[1:3] 1 2 3
shoplist[:]
shoplist[:-1]
70
Python
Python
9.6
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: reference.py
print 'Simple Assignment'
mylist = shoplist # mylist is just another name pointing to
the same object!
del shoplist[0]
print 'shoplist is', shoplist
print 'mylist is', mylist
# notice that both shoplist and mylist both print the same
list without
# the 'apple' confirming that they point to the same object
print 'Copy by making a full slice'
mylist = shoplist[:] # make a copy by doing a full slice
del mylist[0] # remove first item
print 'shoplist is', shoplist
71
Python
print 'mylist is', mylist

# notice that now the two lists are different
code/reference.py
$ python reference.py
Simple Assignment
shoplist is ['mango', 'carrot', 'banana']
mylist is ['mango', 'carrot', 'banana']
Copy by making a full slice
shoplist is ['mango', 'carrot', 'banana']
mylist is ['carrot', 'banana']
Perl
str
help(str)
72
Python
9.7
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: str_methods.py
name = 'Swaroop' # This is a string object
if name.startswith('Swa'):
print 'Yes, the string starts with "Swa"'
if 'a' in name:
print 'Yes, it contains the string "a"'
if name.find('war') != -1:
print 'Yes, it contains the string "war"'
delimiter = '_*_'
mylist = ['Brazil', 'Russia', 'India', 'China']
print delimiter.join(mylist)
code/str_methods.py
$ python str_methods.py
Yes, the string starts with "Swa"
Yes, it contains the string "a"
Yes, it contains the string "war"
Brazil_*_Russia_*_India_*_China
73
Python
startwith
in
find -1
str join
Python
Python
Python
74
Python
10 Python
Python

1.
2.
3. zip
4. zip
5. zip Linux/Unix
Windows Info-Zip
75
Python
10.1
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: backup_ver1.py
import os
import time
# 1. The files and directories to be backed up are specified in
a list.
source = ['/home/swaroop/byte', '/home/swaroop/bin']
# If you are using Windows, use source = [r'C:\Documents',
r'D:\Work'] or something like that
# 2. The backup must be stored in a main backup directory

target_dir = '/mnt/e/backup/' # Remember to change this to
what you will be using
# 3. The files are backed up into a zip file.
# 4. The name of the zip archive is the current date and time
target = target_dir + time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S') +
'.zip'
# 5. We use the zip command (in Unix/Linux) to put the files
in a zip archive
zip_command = "zip -qr '%s' %s" % (target, ' '.join(source))
# Run the backup
if os.system(zip_command) == 0:
print 'Successful backup to', target
else:
print 'Backup FAILED'
code/backup_ver1.py
76
Python
$ python backup_ver1.py
Successful backup to /mnt/e/backup/20041208073244.zip

os time source
target_dir zip
time.strftime().zip target_dir
time.strftime()%Y
%m 01 12
Python Python
Python print %

zip
zip_command shellLinux
DOS
zip -q zip -r
zip
-qr zip
join source
77
Python
os.system
shell 0
Windows
source target
Windows Windows \
Python
'C:\\Documents'
r'C:\Documents'
'C:\Documents'\D
Linux/Unix
10.2
78
Python
#!/usr/bin/python
import os
import time
a list.

# 4. The current day is the name of the subdirectory in the
main directory
today = target_dir + time.strftime('%Y%m%d')
# The current time is the name of the zip archive
now = time.strftime('%H%M%S')
# Create the subdirectory if it isn't already there
if not os.path.exists(today):
os.mkdir(today) # make directory
print 'Successfully created directory', today
# The name of the zip file
target = today + os.sep + now + '.zip'
in a zip archive
# Run the backup
79
Python
else:
code/backup_ver2.py
Successfully created directory /mnt/e/backup/20041208
Successful backup to /mnt/e/backup/20041208/080020.zip
os.exists
os.mkdir
os.sep
LinuxUnix '/' Windows '\\' Mac OS ':' os.sep
zip
zip
10.3
80
Python
#!/usr/bin/python
import os
import time
a list.

main directory
# Take a comment from the user to create the name of the
zip file
comment = raw_input('Enter a comment --> ')
if len(comment) == 0: # check if a comment was entered
else:
target = today + os.sep + now + '_' +
comment.replace(' ', '_') + '.zip'
81
Python

in a zip archive
# Run the backup
else:
code/backup_ver3.py
File "backup_ver3.py", line 25
target = today + os.sep + now + '_' +
^
Python Python
Python

Python
10.4
82
Python
#!/usr/bin/python
import os
import time
a list.

main directory
# Take a comment from the user to create the name of the
zip file
comment = raw_input('Enter a comment --> ')
if len(comment) == 0: # check if a comment was entered
else:
target = today + os.sep + now + '_' + \
comment.replace(' ', '_') + '.zip'
# Notice the backslash!
83
Python

in a zip archive
# Run the backup
else:
code/backup_ver4.py
Enter a comment --> added new examples
Successful
backup
to
/mnt/e/backup/20041208/082156_added_new_examples.zip
Enter a comment -->
raw_input len
zip .zip
84
Python
-v
sys.argv list extend

source
tarzip
targzipWindows
WinZip.tar.gztarLinux/Unix
Windows
tar = 'tar -cvzf %s %s -X /home/swaroop/excludes.txt' %

(target, ' '.join(srcdir))
-c
-v
-z gzip
-f
-X
*~~
zipfile tarfile
Python
os.system
os.system
85
Python
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Python /
Python
86
Python
11
int int
C/C++/Java/C#
int C++Java
1.5 help(int)
C# Java 1.5

class
self
87
Python
Python
self
self
self IDE
C++/Java/C#
Python self C++ self JavaC# this
Python self
MyClass
MyObject MyObject.method(arg1, arg2)
Python MyClass.method(MyObject, arg1, arg2)
self
self
11.1
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: simplestclass.py
class Person:
pass # An empty block
88
Python
p = Person()
print p
code/simplestclass.py
$ python simplestclass.py
<__main__.Person instance at 0xf6fcb18c>
class
pass
/
__main__Person
Python
/
self
11.2
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: method.py
class Person:
89
Python
def sayHi(self):
print 'Hello, how are you?'
p = Person()
p.sayHi()
# This short example can also be written as Person().sayHi()
code/method.py
$ python method.py
Hello, how are you?
self sayHi
self
__init__
Python __init__
__init__

__init__
11.3 __init__
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: class_init.py
class Person:
90
Python
def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name
def sayHi(self):
print 'Hello, my name is', self.name
p = Person('Swaroop')
p.sayHi()
#
This
short
example
can
also
be
written
as
Person('Swaroop').sayHi()
code/class_init.py
$ python class_init.py
Hello, my name is Swaroop
__init__ name self

__init__ name
__init__
__init__
self.name sayHi
C++/Java/C#
__init__ C++C# Java constructor
91
Python
11.4
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: objvar.py
class Person:
'''Represents a person.'''
population = 0
def __init__(self, name):
'''Initializes the person's data.'''
self.name = name
print '(Initializing %s)' % self.name
# When this person is created, he/she
# adds to the population
Person.population += 1
def __del__(self):
'''I am dying.'''
92
Python
print '%s says bye.' % self.name

Person.population -= 1
if Person.population == 0:
print 'I am the last one.'
else:
print
'There
are
still
%d
people
left.'
Person.population
def sayHi(self):
'''Greeting by the person.
Really, that's all it does.'''

print 'Hi, my name is %s.' % self.name
def howMany(self):
'''Prints the current population.'''
if Person.population == 1:
print 'I am the only person here.'
else:
print
'We
have
%d
Person.population
swaroop = Person('Swaroop')
swaroop.sayHi()
swaroop.howMany()
kalam = Person('Abdul Kalam')

kalam.sayHi()
kalam.howMany()
swaroop.sayHi()
swaroop.howMany()
93
persons
here.'
Python
code/objvar.py
$ python objvar.py
(Initializing Swaroop)
Hi, my name is Swaroop.
I am the only person here.
(Initializing Abdul Kalam)
Hi, my name is Abdul Kalam.
We have 2 persons here.
Hi, my name is Swaroop.
We have 2 persons here.
Abdul Kalam says bye.
There are still 1 people left.
Swaroop says bye.
I am the last one.
population Person name

self
__init__ Person
population 1
self.name
self

docstring
Person.__doc__ Person.sayHi.__doc__
94
Python
__init____del__
Person.population 1
__del__
del
C++/Java/C#
Python

__privatevarPython
/
Python
__del__ destructor
SchoolMember

95
Python
/ SchoolMember
SchoolMember
SchoolMember
SchoolMember Teacher
Student
11.5
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: inherit.py
class SchoolMember:
'''Represents any school member.'''
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
print '(Initialized SchoolMember: %s)' % self.name
def tell(self):
'''Tell my details.'''
print 'Name:"%s" Age:"%s"' % (self.name, self.age),
class Teacher(SchoolMember):
'''Represents a teacher.'''
def __init__(self, name, age, salary):
96
Python
SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age)

self.salary = salary
print '(Initialized Teacher: %s)' % self.name
def tell(self):
SchoolMember.tell(self)
print 'Salary: "%d"' % self.salary
class Student(SchoolMember):
'''Represents a student.'''
def __init__(self, name, age, marks):
SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age)
self.marks = marks
print '(Initialized Student: %s)' % self.name
def tell(self):
SchoolMember.tell(self)
print 'Marks: "%d"' % self.marks
t = Teacher('Mrs. Shrividya', 40, 30000)

s = Student('Swaroop', 22, 75)
print # prints a blank line
members = [t, s]
for member in members:
member.tell() # works for both Teachers and Students
code/inherit.py
$ python inherit.py
(Initialized SchoolMember: Mrs. Shrividya)
(Initialized Teacher: Mrs. Shrividya)
(Initialized SchoolMember: Swaroop)
97
Python
(Initialized Student: Swaroop)
Name:"Mrs. Shrividya" Age:"40" Salary: "30000"

Name:"Swaroop" Age:"22" Marks: "75"
__init__ self
Python
constructor
self
SchoolMember tell Teacher

Student SchoolMember
tell SchoolMember
tell Python
Python
Python
/ Python
98
Python
12 /
raw_input print
str
rjust help(str)
file file read

readline write
close
Python
12.1
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: using_file.py
poem = '''\
Programming is fun
use Python!
'''
f = file('poem.txt', 'w') # open for 'w'riting
f.write(poem) # write text to file
99
Python
f.close() # close the file

f = file('poem.txt')
# if no mode is specified, 'r'ead mode is assumed by default
while True:
line = f.readline()
if len(line) == 0: # Zero length indicates EOF
break
print line,
# Notice comma to avoid automatic newline added by
Python
f.close() # close the file
code/using_file.py
$ python using_file.py
Programming is fun
use Python!
file
'r''w''a'
help(file)
file write
close
readline

100
Python
print
close
poem.txt
Python pickle
Python
cPickle pickle
C pickle 1000
cPickle
pickle
12.2
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: pickling.py
import cPickle as p
#import pickle as p
shoplistfile = 'shoplist.data'
# the name of the file where we will store the object
shoplist = ['apple', 'mango', 'carrot']
# Write to the file
f = file(shoplistfile, 'w')
p.dump(shoplist, f) # dump the object to a file
f.close()
del shoplist # remove the shoplist
101
Python
# Read back from the storage

f = file(shoplistfile)
storedlist = p.load(f)
print storedlist
code/pickling.py
$ python pickling.py
['apple', 'mango', 'carrot']
import..as
cPickle pickle
p
file
dump
pickle load
102
Python
13
Python
print print Print

Python
>>> Print 'Hello World'
File "<stdin>", line 1
Print 'Hello World'
^
>>> print 'Hello World'

Hello World
SyntaxError

try..except
Ctrl-d
>>> s = raw_input('Enter something --> ')
Enter something --> Traceback (most recent call last):
103
Python
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?

EOFError
Python EOFError
Ctrl-d
try..except try-
except-
13.1
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: try_except.py
import sys
try:
s = raw_input('Enter something --> ')
except EOFError:
print '\nWhy did you do an EOF on me?'
sys.exit() # exit the program
except:
print '\nSome error/exception occurred.'
# here, we are not exiting the program
print 'Done'
code/try_except.py
$ python try_except.py
Enter something -->
104
Python
Why did you do an EOF on me?
$ python try_except.py
Enter something --> Python is exceptional!
Done
try except /
except
/
try except
Python
try..catch else else
raise /
Error Exception
13.2
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: raising.py
class ShortInputException(Exception):
105
Python
'''A user-defined exception class.'''

def __init__(self, length, atleast):
Exception.__init__(self)
self.length = length
self.atleast = atleast
try:
s = raw_input('Enter something --> ')
if len(s) < 3:
raise ShortInputException(len(s), 3)
# Other work can continue as usual here
except EOFError:
print '\nWhy did you do an EOF on me?'
except ShortInputException, x:
print 'ShortInputException: The input was of length %d, \
was expecting at least %d' % (x.length, x.atleast)
else:
print 'No exception was raised.'
code/raising.py
$ python raising.py
Enter something -->
Why did you do an EOF on me?
$ python raising.py
Enter something --> ab
ShortInputException: The input was of length 2, was
expecting at least 3
$ python raising.py
Enter something --> abc
No exception was raised.
106
Python
/
ShortInputException length
atleast
except /
except
length atleast
try..finally
finally try
except finally
finally
13.3 finally
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: finally.py
import time
try:
f = file('poem.txt')
while True: # our usual file-reading idiom
line = f.readline()
if len(line) == 0:
break
time.sleep(2)
print line,
finally:
107
Python
f.close()
print 'Cleaning up...closed the file'
code/finally.py
$ python finally.py
Programming is fun
Cleaning up...closed the file
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "finally.py", line 12, in ?
time.sleep(2)
KeyboardInterrupt
time.sleep
2 Python
Ctrl-c /
KeyboardInterrupt
finally
try..except try..finally
Python
108
Python
14 Python
Python Python
Python
Python
Python
sys
sys sys.argv
14.1 sys.argv
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: cat.py
import sys
def readfile(filename):
'''Print a file to the standard output.'''
f = file(filename)
while True:
line = f.readline()
if len(line) == 0:
break
print line, # notice comma
109
Python
f.close()
# Script starts from here
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print 'No action specified.'
sys.exit()
if sys.argv[1].startswith('--'):
option = sys.argv[1][2:]
# fetch sys.argv[1] but without the first two characters
if option == 'version':
print 'Version 1.2'
elif option == 'help':
print '''\
This program prints files to the standard output.
Any number of files can be specified.
Options include:
--version : Prints the version number
--help
: Display this help'''
else:
print 'Unknown option.'
sys.exit()
else:
for filename in sys.argv[1:]:
readfile(filename)
code/cat.py
$ python cat.py
No action specified.
$ python cat.py --help

This program prints files to the standard output.
Any number of files can be specified.
110
Python
Options include:
--version : Prints the version number
--help
: Display this help
$ python cat.py --version

Version 1.2
$ python cat.py --nonsense

Unknown option.
$ python cat.py poem.txt

Programming is fun
use Python!
Linux/Unix cat
Python sys.argv
sys.argv[0] Python 0
--version --help
sys.exit
help(sys.exit)
cat concatenate
/
111
Python
sys
sys.version Python sys.version_info
Python
[swaroop@localhost code]$ python
>>> import sys
>>> sys.version
'2.3.4 (#1, Oct 26 2004, 16:42:40) \n[GCC 3.4.2 20041017 (Red
Hat 3.4.2-6.fc3)]'
>>> sys.version_info
(2, 3, 4, 'final', 0)
sys sys.stdin
sys.stdout sys.stderr
os
Linux Windows os.sep
os
os.name Windows'nt'
Linux/Unix 'posix'
os.getcwd() Python
os.getenv() os.putenv()
os.listdir()
os.remove()
os.system() shell
os.linesep Windows
'\r\n'Linux '\n' Mac '\r'
os.path.split()
112
Python
>>>
os.path.split('/home/swaroop/byte/code/poem.txt')
('/home/swaroop/byte/code', 'poem.txt')
os.path.isfile() os.path.isdir()
os.path.existe()
Python
help(sys)
Python sys os
Python
Python Python

113
Python
15 Python
Python
Python Python
__init____del__
x[key]
__getitem__()Python list
Python
15.1
__init__(self,...)
__del__(self)
__str__(self)
print str()
__lt__(self,other)
<
+>
__getitem__(self,key) x[key]
__len__(self)
len()
114
Python
100
>>> flag = True

>>> if flag: print 'Yes'
...
Yes
Python
if Python
...
Python
2 2
15.1
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: list_comprehension.py
115
Python
listone = [2, 3, 4]
listtwo = [2*i for i in listone if i > 2]
print listtwo
code/list_comprehension.py
$ python list_comprehension.py
[6, 8]
if i > 22*i
***
>>> def powersum(power, *args):
...
'''Return the sum of each argument raised to specified
power.'''
...
total = 0
...
for i in args:
...
...
total += pow(i, power)

return total
...
>>> powersum(2, 3, 4)
25
116
Python
>>> powersum(2, 10)

100
args * args
**/
lambda
lambda
15.2 lambda
#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: lambda.py
def make_repeater(n):
return lambda s: s*n
twice = make_repeater(2)
print twice('word')
print twice(5)
code/lambda.py
$ python lambda.py
wordword
10
make_repeater
lambda lambda
117
Python
print lambda
execeval
exec Python
Python exec
>>> exec 'print "Hello World"'

Hello World
eval Python
>>> eval('2*3')
6
assert
assert
assert assert
AssertionError
>>> mylist = ['item']
>>> assert len(mylist) >= 1
>>> mylist.pop()
'item'
>>> assert len(mylist) >= 1
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
AssertionError
repr
118
Python
repr
eval(repr(object)) == object
>>> i = []
>>> i.append('item')
>>> `i`
"['item']"
>>> repr(i)
"['item']"
repr
__repr__ repr
Python
Python
Python
119
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Python Python
Python

cPickle
Python
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Python GUI Python

GUI Python IrfanView
Kuickshow Python
CC++
Python GUI
PyQt QtPythonQtKDEQt
Qt DesignerQt
120
Python
LinuxWindows
PyQtLinux/UnixGPL
PyQtPython
GUIQt
PyGTK GTK+PythonGTK+GNOME
GTK+
GUIGlade
GTK+LinuxWindows
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wxPython wxWidgetsPythonwxPython
LinuxWindowsMac
wxPythonIDEGUISPESanti's
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TkInter GUIIDLE
TkInterPythonWare.orgTkInter
TkInterLinux/UnixWindows
TkInterPython
Python.orgGUIwiki
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Python GUI
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Linux Windows
Linux KDE GNOME
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121
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Python.orgPythonPython
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comp.lang.pythonPython
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PythonPython
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PythonPython
PythonXML
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IronPythonC#Python.NETMono
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Python Python
122
Python
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WordPowerPoint
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Mozilla Firefox Internet Explorer
123
Python
Thunderbird
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Mono .NET Linux

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KDE
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124
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FLOSS
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Red Hat 9.0 Linux
Fedora Core 3 Linux
KWord
DocBook XMLKate
OpenOfficePDFHTML
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Quanta+
XSL Fedora Core 3 Linux
CSS HTML
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Python C#
Robert Ludlum
www.swaroopch.info

CDMA Python
126
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--
orion_val@163.com
127
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2005 1 13 4 02
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1.10
2004 3 9
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VIM
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2004 2 13
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0.93
2004 1 25
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0.92
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0.91
2003 12 30
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128
Python
0.60
2003 11 21
0.20
2003 11 20
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129
Python
list comprehension
literal constant
logical line
long integer
method
module
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operand
operator
parameter
pickle
physical line
sequence
shebang line
slicing
statement
string
subclass
superclass
tuple
type
variable
130

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简明Python教程

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Python

Python Red Hat 9.0

Python Guido van Rossum

Eric S. RaymondThe Cathedral and the Bazaar

Bruce EckelThinking in JavaThinking in C++

Bruce Perens OpenSource.org UserLinux

70% Python Windows

Python Hello World

shell python print 'Hello

$ chmod a+x helloworld.py

3.23 52.3E-4 E 10 52.3E-4

"What's your name?"

'''This is a multi-line string. This is the first line.

'What's your name?' Python

"What's your name?"

"This is the first sentence.\

"This is the first sentence. This is the second sentence."

Uu"This is a Unicode string."

This is a string. This continues the string.

File "whitespace.py", line 4

8%3 2-25.5%2.25 1.5

x = False; y = True; x and y x

x Falsex and y FalseFalse FalsePython

x True True x = True; y = False; x or y True

length * breadth area

print 'No, it is a little higher than that' # Another block

for for i in range(1,5) for i in [1, 2, 3, 4]

for while else

Length of the string is 12

return return None

The two values must be integers.'''

Python help() DocStings

$ python using_sys.py we are arguments

import sys Python

Python import sys sys.path

python using_sys.py we are arguments

['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', 'sys']

Python list append

# This is my shopping list

All animals in new zoo are ('monkey', 'dolphin', ('wolf',

d = {key1 : value1, key2 : value2 }

# 'ab' is short for 'a'ddress'b'ook

# Adding a key/value pair

There are 4 contacts in the address-book

Contact Swaroop at swaroopch@byteofpython.info

Guido's address is guido@python.org

for..in name address for

print 'mylist is', mylist

# 2. The backup must be stored in a main backup directory

# 2. The backup must be stored in a main backup directory

# 2. The backup must be stored in a main backup directory

# 5. We use the zip command (in Unix/Linux) to put the files

# 2. The backup must be stored in a main backup directory

print 'Successfully created directory', today

sys.argv list extend

tar = 'tar -cvzf %s %s -X /home/swaroop/excludes.txt' %

def __init__(self, name):

__init__ name self

print '%s says bye.' % self.name

Really, that's all it does.'''

kalam = Person('Abdul Kalam')

population Person name

SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age)

t = Teacher('Mrs. Shrividya', 40, 30000)

['builtins', 'doc', 'name', 'sys']

def init(self, name):

init name self

SchoolMember.init(self, name, age)