CARLETON UNIVERSITY Final EXAMINATION December 1996 DURATION: 3 _HOURS No. of Students: 30 Department Name & Course Number: Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering 87.436 Instructor's) Professor R.J. Kind Pree Book; Calculators Students MUST count the numberof pages inthis examination question paper before beginning to write and report any ‘discrepancy immediately to a proctor. This question paper has 5 pages. ‘This examination question paper MAY be taken from the examination room. NOTE: Use the standard symbols and sign conventions of the lectures throughout your work. This practise has been followed in the question paper. Attempt all four questions; each is worth 25 marks. 1. A small thruster is being designed to provide thrust on a small satellite designed for low earth orbit. The thruster consists of a reservoir of compressed helium (y = 1.667, 2077 J/kg K) which is expanded through a nozzle. The nozzle is designed to give a Mach number of 4 at the exit and the throat area is 1 cm?, The tank pressure is 10 MPa and its temperature is 350 K. a) Estimate the thrust when the ambient pressure is negligible. b) Assuming that the average specific impulse is 180 sec, estimate the required mass of gas which must be expelled to circularize an orbit of a 200 kg satellite with a perigee altitude of 200 km and an apogee altitude of 210 km. ©) Indicate at what point in the orbit the manoeuvre should be carried out and briefly (about 5 lines) explain your choice. Indicate the required direction for the thrust.x * Engineering 87.436 2 Final Exam December 1996 a Estee Sects SEEEE SEEEE ESEEE am Be | 2. A 11.5 m diameter, 2 bladed rotor is tuning at a speed of 380 RPM. Each blade has a | constant chord of 35 cm. You may assume that the rotor blades are untwisted and the | airfoil section characteristics of the blade are shown of the following page (NACA-0009). | ‘The air density is 1.225 kg/m’. a) Estimate the downwash velocity induced at the rotor and well below the rotor i when it is producing a thrust of 18 KN in hover. | b) Estimate the blade pitch angle required to achieve this thrust in the hover condition. You may neglect compressibility effects, but comment on whether including them would increase or decrease the angle and explain why.” Engineering 87.436 3 Final Exam December 1996 2. ¢)_Estimate the power required to drive the rotor in the hover condition of parts (a) and (b). 4) Estimate the power required to drive the rotor if the helicopter weighs 18 KN, is in level flight at a forward speed of 60 m/s and has an equivalent parasite area of 1.1 m?. ) Estimate the amplitude of the blade-flapping angle response to a cyclic pitch input described by 1.5° Cosy. The coning angle of the blades in the steady state hover of part (a) is known to be 1.7°. Describe in your own words what effect this cyclic pitch input is expected to have on the tip-path plane of the rotor. NOTE: ‘You may assume that conditions at the area-mean radius,r = 0.7R, where R = D/2, are representative of the rotor as a whole for purposes of Question 2. ® sn rg cnt* Engineering 87.436 4 Final Exam December 1996 3. The graph shows contours of the specific excess power for a supersonic interceptor aircraft at various altitudes and true airspeeds. Also shown on the graph are contours of specific energy of the aircraft. a) Om the given graph, sketch the locus showing the ‘schedule’ of speed/altitude combinations that the pilot should follow in order to reach altitude 60,000 ft with a speed of 900 kt in the shortest possible time. Explain, in 5 lines or less, the reason for selecting the altitude/speed combinations as you did. (HAND IN YOUR GRAPH) b) Estimate the time required to reach 60000ft with a speed of 900 kt. You may use a crude graphical integration to arrive at your estimate. ©) Explain in about half a page, using one or more appropriate sketches, why the specific excess power contours have a ‘lobed’ shape for the 0 and 50 m/s contours and two separate contours for 100 m/s and for 150 m/s. | 4) What would be the maximum altitude at which this aircraft can maintain equilibrium level flight? What is the corresponding flight speed? ¢) Estimate the maximum altitude that this aircraft could reach in a dynamic non-equilibrium manoeuvre if, for safety reasons the flight speed were not allowed to fall below 900 kts. (1 kt = 1.688 ftisec = 0.515 m/s; 1 m = 3.28 ft) 1de, thousands of feet—> | 30000 600-800 1000 12001400 | TAS, knots —e sree Sx POWER (2) Ws TORIRIERIONG AMCRATT HAND i THis CRAP L ABE“* Engineering 87.436 3 Final Exam December 1996 4) The diagram shows plots of L/D and MLID versus C, for various Mach numbers, M, for a DC-10 aircraft. The ML/D curves are useful because the drag rises fairly gradually with Mach number as compressibility effects become important, and the "dragerise Mach number” is not well defined. Other particulars are as follows: maximum payload = 45000 kg; maximum takeoff mass = 200000 kg: maximum fuel load = 50000 kg; empty mas: a) Dy °) a) = 120000 kg ‘Assuming that cruise is above the tropopause, what Mach number and lift coefficient value should be used to obtain maximum range? Justify your answer in 5 lines or less. If the wing plan area is 355 m? , at what altitude should the aircraft cruise for maximum. range when its mass is 190000 kg ? ‘Sketch the payload-range diagram for the aircraft and indicate the payload and range values at all the significant points on it. Assume that the aircraft cruises above the tropopause. You may neglect the extra fuel used in takeoff and climb and you may assume that 5000 kg of fuel are required as a reserve. The engine SFC at the cruise throttle setting is 0.60 hr! . ‘Assuming that the cruise requirements dictate a total available engine thrust of 115000 N at 11000 m altitude, at the cruise throttle setting, estimate the takeoff distance over a 10.7 m screen height at standard sea level conditions with all engines operating at the cruise throttle setting. The maximum lift coefficient at the takeoff flap setting is 2.4. The variation of thrust with forward speed can be estimated using T = T,(1 - 0.3 M) where T,, is the static thrust and M is the Mach number. 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