Kon CARLETON UNIVERSITY FINAL. EXAMINATION December 1998 DURATION: 3 HOURS No. of Students: 20 Department Name & Course Number: Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering 87.436*A Inswuctor(s) Professor R.J. Kind \UTHORIZED MEMORANDA Open Book, Calculators. ‘Students MUST count the number of pages in this examination question paper before beginning to write, and report any discrepancy immediately to proctor. This question paper has 3 pages. ‘This examination question paper MALY be taken from the examination room. NOTE: _ Use the standard symbols and sign conventions of the lectures throughout your work. This practise has been followed in the question paper. ‘Attempt all parts of all questions; each part can be done independently of the others. 1. (15 marks) a) Why do aircraft which have a relatively high cruise speed also tend to have relatively high take-off and landing speeds? What can be done to mitigate this tendency? (Answer in about 10 lines, using an appropriate formula to support your explanations.) b) Do supercritical airfoils mainly increase the flight Mach number at which a region of supersonic flow first appears on the airfoil or do they increase the Mach-number interval between first appearance of locally supersonic flow and the drag rise? Outline the design strategy used to achieve the desired result. (Answer in 15 lines or less.)Engineering 87.436 % Final Exam December 1998 2. (5 marks) The three-view diagram shows a business jet aircraft. Particulars are as follows. airframe: gross take-off mass = 16500 kg total wetted area 260 m? wing plan area 48m? wing aspect ratio 74 sweep of c/4 line 26° Oswaldeff'y. factor = 0.7 a) b) ©) d) wing airfoil section drag-rise Mach no. = 0.72 Cyan in take-off configuration =2.2 engines: Turbofans, max’m. sea-level static thrust, Ty, = 29 KN, each. Atany altitude T,(1 - 0.001 V), with V in m/s. Static thrust, To, varies with altitude in the usual way. (Static thrust) « (throttle setting in %) Estimate the equivalent parasite area of the aircraft and the non-dimensional drag-polar relation for the flaps-stowed configuration. The take-off speed is 1.2 times the stall speed in the take-off configuration. If one engine fails at a speed of 45m/s during the take-off run, approximately how much additional horizontal distance is required to complete the take-off over a screen height of 10.7 m (35 ft) ? Neglect aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance for purposes of this calculation. Estimate the one-engine-inoperative rate of climb at sea-level conditions with the flaps stowed, an airspeed of 70 m/s and 95% throttle on the operating engine. Assume that the aircraft drag coefficient is given by Cy =0.018 + 0.061 C,?. Comment very briefly on whether or not 70 m/s is a safe speed for this condition Assuming that the engines can provide sufficient thrust, that drag is given by Cy =0.018 +0.061 C,? and that SFC is approximately constant for speed V between 200 to 300 m/s and throttle settings above 75%, (at what altitude and speed should the aircraft cruise to get maximum range when its mass is 16,000 kg and both engines are operating ? (ii) check ifthe available thrust is actually sufficient to fly at the condition determined in (i). If itis not, outline very briefly (in words, no calculations) how you would determine an appropriate cruise speed and altitude.#5 fOM Engineering 87.436 3 Final Exam December 1998 3) (25 marks) A helicopter of 5200 kg gross mass has a 4-bladed rotor of 11 m diameter, D. The rotational speed of the rotor is 350 RPM. The blade chord is constant at 0.25m and the profile drag coefficient of the blade section is 0.006. a) Determine the induced downwash velocity in the plane of the rotor when the helicopter is in hover, out of ground effect, at sea level. b) Estimate the total power, in kW, required to drive the rotor at the conditions of part (a). ©) Acollective-pitch input of 10° to the rotor at the conditions of part (a) produces a steady coning angle, B, ,of 3.1°. The damping factor, ¢, of the flapping motion is estimated to be 035 Working at the area-mean radius , ie. 0.35D , and using the lumped parameter dynamic/aerodynamic model of the lectures, determine the flapping amplitude (zero to peak) response, in degrees, to a longitudinal cyclic pitch input of -2° 4) (25 marks) ‘A 200 kg satellite has been launched into a low earth orbit having perigree and apogee altitudes of 200 km and 210 km, respectively. The satelite is equipped with a thruster which operates by expelling propellant gases through a convergent-divergent nozzle; the specific impulse is 180 sec. a) Determine the mass of gases which must be expelled to circularize the orbit. b) Indicate at what point in the orbit the manoeuvre should be carried out and briefly (about 5 lines) explain your choice. Indicate the required direction for the thrust.