S1

Statistics 1

Chapter 1: Theory
Statistical model:

A statistical / mathematical model is a simplification of a

real world situation. It can be used to analyze and make
predictions on a complex real world problem. This also
help with a better understanding of the situation.

Statistical experiment:

A method of collecting data to test against a hypothesis/ prediction.

Events:

A set of Possible Outcomes in a Statistical Experiment.

Designing a model:

Advantages of a statistical model:

Quick, cheap, easy to produce.

Simplifies a complex situation

Helps with better understanding of the situation

Used to make predictions.

Provides control over other real life aspects.

i.e Weather and aircraft scheduling.

Disadvantages of a statistical model:

Is a simplified model that only describes a part of the

real life problem

Does not include all expects

Not totally accurate

May only work in certain situations or for a particular

range of value .

Chapter 2: Theory
Variables:
Variables can be

Qualitative: nonnumerical observation

i.e hair color.

Quantitative: Numerical observation

i.e Number of cars on the road.

Qualitative Variables can be Continous and Discrete.

Grouped data = Continous data.
Ungrouped data = Discrete data.
Grouped value data for a particular frequency is called a class
ie ( 6 - 7 ) or ( a - b )

Class boundaries are the mean of bleeding sides in a gap

between the classes.
ie ( 7 - 8 ) and ( 9 - 10), the class boundaries would be
(8+9)/2 = 8.5 and the class is (7.5 - 8.5), (8.5 - 9.5)

Mean (): The average of all the available data.

Mode: The observation that appeared with the maximum
frequency in an experiment.
Median: The absolute Middle value in a set of observation

Considered as the 50% of the total value and Q2 Quartile

Quartiles: Divisions in a set of data
as 25% being lower quartile ( Q1 ),
50% being median ( Q2 ),
and 75% being upper quartile ( Q3 ).
Inter-Quartile range (IQR): is the difference between the upper

and lower quartiles. (IQR = Q3 - Q1) .

Standard deviation (SD): Standard deviation () measures the
amount of variation or dispersion from the average. A low
standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to
be very close to the mean; a high standard deviation
indicates that the data points are spread out over a
large range of values.

Variance: Variance measures how far a set of numbers is spread

out. A variance of zero indicates that all the values are
identical

Ungrouped data can be both in raw format or tabular format

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