Net 4

Individual Assessment Cover Sheet
Assessment Title:
PBL PROJECT (OPNET MODEL & REPORT)
Programme Title:
ICT- Information Communication Technology
Course No.:
ITB7313
Course Title:
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
Student Names:
Hussain Ismaail - Ali Alaali Jalal Nooh Mohammed Majeed
Student IDs:
201000192_201000096_20900303_20900006
By submitting this assessment for marking, either electronically or as hard copy, I confirm the
following:
This assignment is my own work

Any information used has been properly referenced.
I understand that a copy of my work may be used for moderation.
I have kept a copy of this assignment
Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

Dimitrios Liarokapis
01/06/2014
Word Count 5331 words
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4
2.
Assumptions .................................................................................................................................... 4
3.
Bahrain Demography analysis and segmentation .......................................................................... 5

3.1
Demography............................................................................................................................ 5
Population by Governorate ............................................................................................. 6
2.1.1
3.2
4.
Towers distribution ................................................................................................................. 7
Deployment Design ....................................................................................................................... 11

4.1
WiMAX Deployment Design.................................................................................................. 11
4.2
LTE Deployment Design ........................................................................................................ 13
5.
Simulation Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 15

5.1
Deployment configuration and topology .............................................................................. 15
5.2
Traffic configuration.............................................................................................................. 20
6.
5.2.1
Application Definition Object........................................................................................ 20
5.2.2
Task Definition Object ................................................................................................... 21
5.2.3
Profile Definition Object ............................................................................................... 21
Simulation Results Analysis ........................................................................................................... 23

6.1
Utilization .............................................................................................................................. 23
6.2
Throughput ........................................................................................................................... 25
6.3
Queuing Delay ....................................................................................................................... 28
6.4
Packet Loss Ratio................................................................................................................... 30
7.
Technology architecture and specifications ................................................................................. 31

7.1
LTE ......................................................................................................................................... 31
7.2
WiMAX .................................................................................................................................. 33
7.3
Specifications compression ................................................................................................... 35
8.
Recommendation to ISP ............................................................................................................... 37
9.
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 38
10.
Reference List ........................................................................................................................... 39
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Table of Tables
Table 1 - Governorates by Populaion and Area ..................................................................................... 6
Table 2 - Towers Distribution .................................................................................................................. 8
Table 3 - Description of 24 Hour Simulation Time ................................................................................ 21
Table of Figures
Figure 1 -Map of Bahrain Governorates ................................................................................................. 6
Figure 2 - Subnets by Districts of the Capital Governorate .................................................................... 9
Figure 3 - Subnets by Districts of the AlMuharraq Governorate ............................................................ 9
Figure 4 - Subnets by Districts of the Northern Governorate ................................................................. 9
Figure 5 - Subnets by Districts of the Central Governorate .................................................................. 10
Figure 6 Subnets by Districts of the Southern Governorate ................................................................. 10
Figure 7 - WiMAX Subnets Distribution by Governorates .................................................................... 11
Figure 8 - WiMAX Subnets for Capital Governorates districts .............................................................. 12
Figure 9 - Cells inside Seef District Subnet ............................................................................................ 12
Figure 10 - LTE Subnets Distribution by Governorates ......................................................................... 13
Figure 11 - LTE Subnets for Southern Governorates districts ............................................................... 14
Figure 12 - Cells inside Riffa District Subnet ......................................................................................... 14
Figure 13 - specifying the location of the subnet ................................................................................. 15
Figure 14 - Choosing Technology to Deploy ......................................................................................... 16
Figure 15 - Determining the number of Cells and Radius ..................................................................... 16
Figure 16 - Specifying the number of BS and SS for WiMAX ................................................................ 17
Figure 17 - Specifying the number of eNodeB and UE for LTE ............................................................. 17
Figure 18 - Removing Trajectory from SS.............................................................................................. 18
Figure 19 - Trajectory Removed ........................................................................................................... 18
Figure 20 - LTE design ........................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 21 - WiMAX design ..................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 22 - Applying Traffic Type to the Applications ........................................................................... 20
Figure 23 - Configuration of the Mobile Based Application ................................................................. 21
Figure 24 - Applying Start Time and duration for the WiMAX Profile .................................................. 22
Figure 25 - Time Average for the Utilization Uplink Traffic .................................................................. 23
Figure 26 - Time Average for the Utilization Downlink Traffic.............................................................. 24
Figure 27 - Time Average for the Throughput Uplink Traffic ................................................................ 25
Figure 28 - Time Average for the Throughput Downlink Traffic ........................................................... 26
Figure 29 - Time Average for the Queuing Delay Uplink Traffic ........................................................... 28
Figure 30 - Time Average for the Queuing Delay Downlink Traffic ...................................................... 29
Figure 31 - Time Average for the Packet Loss Ratio Traffic .................................................................. 30
Figure 32 - LTE Infrastructure Components .......................................................................................... 31
Figure 33 - WiMAX Infrastructure Components .................................................................................. 33
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1. Introduction
Both WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), and LTE (Long-Term
Evolution) are wireless access communication technologies. Nonetheless, the underlying specifics of
them are quite different, where both of them have analogous objectives aim at enabling worldwide
wireless data network connectivity. This report aims to present the recommended design of the
proper wireless network that should be used to be implemented in Bahrain.
In order to provide that, the differences of the two technologies in terms of necessary
components and requirements used will be clarified. Then, two suggested designs for LTE and
WiMAX will be involved to be contrasted. As well a comparison in terms of performance analysis will
be included. Furthermore, the recommendations will be included based on many aspects such as
area coverage, density, as well as the area structure and granted speed to provide the proper service
for the users.
OPNET Modeler 17.5 will be used to provide suggested designs and simulation results for the
performance analysis, which includes utilization (uplink and downlink), throughput (uplink and
downlink), queuing delay (uplink and downlink), and packet loss ratio, with the aim of providing
clear confirmations in the comparison.
2. Assumptions
The antenna will contain 3 sectors for each technology. In urban area each antenna will
handle up to 400 users while as the density decrease in rural area, the number of users will be
increased to 500 for each antenna. It has been assumed that the number of active users in each
antenna is around 150 active users. The calculation of the users in each governorate will be assumed
based on the percentage of the population and density of Bahrain. The range of the coverage area
for each antenna will be based on the density and metropolitan of the area. The other assumptions
of the deployment and simulation will be included in their sections.
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3. Bahrain Demography analysis and segmentation

3.1
Demography
Kingdom of Bahrain is a small island in Middle East located in Arabic Gulf between Qatar
and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Bahrain is formed of three populated islands which are
Bahrain, Muharraq and Howar along with small islands that are not populated and Om-Alnassan
Island that hold the bridge which links Bahrain with Saudi Arabia. Total area of Bahrain is 780
km2 with a population of 1,300,000. Furthermore, Bahrain is highly populated in the north-west
and north-east and mostly in the north where the south is hardy populated. In this project,
100000 nodes has been used to simulate.
Bahrain geographical nature is generally flat with small hills in the middle of the south.
Manama the metropolitan city and the capital of Bahrain hold a high population and business
and resident high skyscrapers which effect on the signal of the Antennas as high buildings reflect
the signal and create interference that affect the quality of the signal (Hussain, 2014).In addition,
Al Muharraq governorate holds Bahrain International Airport where there might be signal
interference with the frequency used in the airport
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2.1.1
Population by Governorate
Figure 1 -Map of Bahrain Governorates
Bahrain has five administrative governorates which are:

1. Capital Governorate: contains Manama city which is the Capital city of Bahrain.
2. Central Governorate: located in the middle of the north of Bahrain.
3. Muharraq Governorate: is Muharraq Island located in the east-north of Bahrain.
4. Northern Governorate: which are mostly the west-north and north partial plus OmAlNassan Island.
5. Southern Governorate: the biggest governorate in Bahrain holds the smallest
population.
The capital governorate has high population compared to its density which is one of highest
population density in the world. In addition, the Central and Northern governorates have population
are mostly residential area (E government).
Governorate
Capital
Central
Muharraq
Northern
Southern
Population
Area
296,427
314,719
188,597
273,105
100,388
Table 1 - Governorates by Populaion and Area (E government2)

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100000 UE desterpution
38 km
28800
85 km
16400
63 km
26200
143 km
20450
439 km
8150

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3.2
Towers distribution
The towers of E-node B in LTE and BTS in WiMAX have been divided according to the
population in each governorate and to the density of the governorate. Also, distribution of the
towers has been made based on some essential factors such as Area of Interests as well as the
topography of the targeted areas. The Area of Interests is the specific area where the network will
be placed in order to cover. Topography is the shape and height of the land in particular area. The
following table shows the distribution of towers in each governorate districts.
State
Subnets
E-node B
Radius
Subscribers
Capital
Governorate
Manama Center
Exhibition District
Seef District
Juffair
Noaim
Salmania
Nabeh Saleh
Island
Bilad Al qadeem
8 Subnets
Subnets
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
0.4 KM
0.4 KM
0.4 KM
0.4 KM
0.4 KM
0.4 KM
0.4 KM
3600
3600
3600
3600
3600
3600
3600
9
72
E-node B
0.4 KM
36 KM sq
Radius
3600
28800
Subscribers
Muharraq City
Airport
Busaiteen
Dair
Arad
Hidd
Galali
Amwaj
8 Subnets
Subnets
7
7
4
4
4
4
4
4
38
E-node B
0.6 KM
0.6 KM
0.8 KM
0.8 KM
0.8 KM
0.8 KM
0.8 KM
0.8 KM
64 KM sq
Radius
2800
2800
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
16400
Subscribers
Jidhaffs
Sihla
Janusan
Saar
Budaiya
Guraya
Hamala
Hamad Town
Malkiya
9
7
7
7
7
4
4
9
4
0.7 KM
0.8 KM
0.8 KM
0.8 KM
0.8 KM
0.9 KM
0.9 KM
0.7 KM
0.9 KM
3600
3150
3150
3150
3150
1800
1600
3600
1800
Total
State
Muharraq
Governorate
Total
State
Northern
Governorate
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No. of
users/Enode B
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
No. of
users/Enode B
400
400
450
450
450
450
450
450
No. of
users/Enode B
400
450
450
450
450
450
400
400
450

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Total
State
Central
Governorate
Total
State
Southern
Governorate
Total
Zallaq
Um Al Nassan
11 Subnets
Subnets
2
2
62
E-node B
1.5 KM
1.5 KM
143 KM sq
Radius
700
500
26200
Subscribers
Isa Town
Aali
Tobli
Salmabad
Sanad
Nuwaidrat
Maameer
Sitra
8 Subnets
Subnets
7
7
5
5
5
5
5
9
48
E-node B
0.7 KM
0.7 KM
0.8 KM
0.8 KM
0.8 KM
0.8 KM
0.8 KM
0.7 KM
85 KM sq
Radius
2800
2800
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
3600
20450
Subscribers
Riffa
Askar
Awali
Sakeer
Haware
5 Subnets
9
2
2
4
2
19
0.7
2
2
5
2.5
427 KM sq
3600
1000
1000
2000
550
8150
350
250
No. of
users/Enode B
400
400
450
450
450
450
450
400
No. of
users/Enode B
400
500
500
500
275
Table 2 - Towers Distribution
The above table shows that distribution has been done on five governorates. Each
governorate consists of several districts and each district has its own number of towers, number of
users per tower and the radius of each tower, for example, the capital governorate consists of 8
districts which each contains 9 towers. The radius of each cell is 0.4 KM as the capital governorate
areas considered as urban area and have a high density. However, for rural areas such as the
southern governorate, Um Alnassan and Al zallaq districts in the northern governorate, minimal
number of antenna has been allocated with larger cell radius and numbers of users as those areas
have a low density. In addition, it has been assured that the distribution of the towers and the
selection of cell radius cover the Area of Interests and hold the required number of users.
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Capital Governorate
72 antennas with cell radius of 0.4 KM has
been placed in the Capital governorate
because it is very populated area. The capital
governorate's districts have a high population
density and because of the urbanization as it
has high number of buildings which may
attenuate the signal. Therefore, the cell radius
was reduced and the number of all the users
was set to 400 users per cell.
Figure 2 - Subnets by Districts of the Capital Governorate
AL_Muharraq Governorate
Airport and Muharraq centre areas are populated
areas. Therefore, 7 antennas were placed in each
with cell radius of 0.6 KM to ensure best quality as
they are very important areas. However, the rest
districts of Muharraq governorate will contain 4
antennas in each with cell radius of 0.8 KM because
Figure 3 - Subnets by Districts of the AlMuharraq
Governorate
they are less populated.
Northern Governorate
The northern governorate has some populated
areas and other rural areas. The north side has a
high
population
density.
therefore,
more
antennas were allocated for the northern districts

such as Jidhafs, Saar and Sihla. However, the
density get lower in the south side districts which
requires less number of antennas.
Figure 4 - Subnets by Districts of the Northern
Governorate
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Central Governorate
The Central Governorate is in the middle of the other
Governorates.
The
governorate
holds a many
populated cities such as Isa-Town, Sanad and

Salmabad. The east side of the governorate contains
Sitra Island which is partially industrial with high
populated area as well. Therefore, the industrial and
the populated areas require a high number of
antennas to cover the industrial areas and each city
Figure 5 - Subnets by Districts of the Central

Governorate
for example Isa Town ,A'Ali and Sitra.
Southern Governorate
The Southern Governorate is the largest governorate in term of
size and lowest in term of population. The landscape of the south
is generally desert and mostly none populated except for Riffa city
which is in the north of the governorate. In addition, Hawar island
is considered as rural area and unoccupied district. Therefore, for
Riffa 9 antennas with cell radius of 0.7 KM has been placed while
few antennas were allocated for other districts with higher radius
to insure the covering of the area.
Figure 6 Subnets by Districts of the

Southern Governorate
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4. Deployment Design
This section describes the deployment design of both LTE and WiMAX in Bahrain. It was
designed using OPNET Modeler/Release 17.5. The deployment design shows how 100,000 User
Equipments (UE) are distributed into the map of Bahrain
4.1
WiMAX Deployment Design
Figure 7 - WiMAX Subnets Distribution by Governorates
This Figure shows the distribution of the nodes in the map of Bahrain, they are divided into
five subnets that represent the governorates of Bahrain which are the Capital, Muharraq, Northern,
Central and Southern. The subnets are connected to the backbone through point to point duplex
links.
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Figure 8 - WiMAX Subnets for Capital Governorates districts
Figure 9 - Cells inside Seef District Subnet
Inside each governorate subnet, there are several subnets that represent each city of the
governorate which are distributed based on each area population density. In addition, Figure8 shows
the Capital governorate subnet and figure 9 shows the cells inside Seef District subnet and the
distribution of BTSs and UEs inside it. The other governorate subnets follow the same deployment
procedure.
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4.2
LTE Deployment Design
Figure 10 - LTE Subnets Distribution by Governorates
Figure 10 shows the map of Bahrain LTE deployment design. It shows the distribution of the
five governorates subnets. The governorates subnets are connected to the backbone of the network
through point to point duplex links. In addition, the backbone is also connected to the Evolved
Packet Core (EPC).
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Figure 11 - LTE Subnets for Southern Governorates districts
Figure 12 - Cells inside Riffa District Subnet
Figure 11 shows the distribution of subnets inside Southern governorate and figure 12
shows the cells inside Riffa city subnet that contains e-NodeBs and UEs.
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5. Simulation Analysis
In order to provide a compression on the performances for both technologies, OPNET 17.5
has been used, there are several statics to be compared in it, but the compression will be based on 4
statistics which are utilization (uplink and downlink), throughput (uplink and downlink), queuing
delay (uplink and downlink), and packet loss ratio. The results of these statics will be collected only
between backbone and antenna for both scenarios. Bothe scenarios will be configured with the
same configuration.
5.1
Deployment configuration and topology
Before start the simulation, the required sitting has been defined. One antenna should be
implemented to cover an area of about 80km2with 50 UEs without mobility and trajectory
configuration. The configurations are configured as below for two scenarios:
1. Define the location of the subnet.
Figure 13 - specifying the location of the subnet
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2. For the LTE the type of PHY profile set to LTE 20 MHz FDD
Figure 14 - Choosing Technology to Deploy
3. Define the number of cell (antenna) and its radius. According to the requirement the cell
should cover 80km2, it means the radius of the cell will be about 5.046km for both scenarios,
and the nodes will be placed in the cell randomly.
Figure 15 - Determining the number of Cells and Radius

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4. Define the type of the antenna, for the WiMAX

(wimax_3sector_bs_atm2_ethernet2_slip4_wlan_router) has been used, for the LTE
(lte_enodeb_3sector_slip4_adv) has been used. Then state the number of nodes (50).
Figure 16 - Specifying the number of BS and SS for WiMAX
Figure 17 - Specifying the number of eNodeB and UE for LTE
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5. Cancel the mobility and trajectory configuration by deleting the row.
Figure 18 - Removing Trajectory from SS
Figure 19 - Trajectory Removed
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Simulation topologies design
Figure 20 - LTE design
Figure 21 - WiMAX design
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5.2
Traffic configuration
After finishing the deployment, the traffic added as required: HTTP, FTP, voice and mobile
based application. To add the traffic, Application Definition Object, Profile Definition Object and Task
Definition Object imported to the scenarios. Also three Servers have been added to support the
services.
5.2.1 Application Definition Object

With this object the type of traffics are added as shown bellow
Heavy HTTP
Medium FTP
Medium quality voice
Low mobile based application
Figure 22 - Applying Traffic Type to the Applications
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5.2.2 Task Definition Object

The mobile based application deployed in this object. The application require process to
work which need to be configured within this object
Figure 23 - Configuration of the Mobile Based Application
5.2.3 Profile Definition Object

This object aims to define the type of users and wich traffic will be used in each profile. One
profile added with whole traffic and it conifigured to represent 24 hour cycle in 20 minuts. To fit the
24 24 hour cycle in 20 minuts it means that every 50 seconds represent 1 hour as represented blow:
24 hour
Simulation time 20
minuts (1200 seconds)
24 hour
Simulation time 20
24 hour
Simulation time 20
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
9:00
0/ 1200
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200 /0
Table 3 - Description of 24 Hour Simulation Time
The start time of the profile to generate traffic configured with uniform value (375, 450)
which means the start time will be chosen randomly between these values and it will be operated
also with uniform value (600, 750). This configuration means the traffic will be generated between
(6:30 AM and 8:30 AM) for duration between 12 to 15 hours. Furthermore, the operation mode set
as Simultaneous, which allows the traffic to generate at the same time. These configurations
implemented in both scenarios. Later, the 50 nodes deployed are assigned to the profile.
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Figure 24 - Applying Start Time and duration for the WiMAX Profile
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6. Simulation Results Analysis

6.1
Utilization
Utilization is the ratio of network traffic, and represents the percentage of the consuming
bandwidth of the channel bandwidth; the percentage indicates how network is busy. By this static
the network shows that either it is idle, normal or busy (Hewlett-Pack company). The two figures
below represent the uplink and downlink utilization between the antenna and backbone, BTS in
WiMAX and e-Node B in LTE.
Figure 25 - Time Average for the Utilization Uplink Traffic
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Figure 26 - Time Average for the Utilization Downlink Traffic
The downlink and uplink utilization in the first 6 minutes (00:00 to 07:30) is 0 because there
is no traffic in the network, once the profile started the utilization of the links started to increase. As
represented, LTE utilization is higher than the WiMAX in both uplink and downlink. The LTE
utilization in both graphs increased significantly while WiMAX increased with value lower than the
LTE. The increasing in both technologies happened while the profile generated the traffic at minute
6 of the simulation till minute 18 (from 07:30 to 21:00). Then they start to decrease in the uplink
after the profile stop generating traffics while they had slightly changed in the downlink.
As the results show, the utilization of the LTE in both uplink and downlink increase more
than WiMAX when there are more traffic, which means with the LTE the data utilize more of the
available bandwidth than WiMAX to provide high transition speed, while the WiMAX utilization
maintain slower percentage in both graphs to maintain the sustainability of the utilization of the
network bandwidth. Regarding to that, the LTE is much faster that the WiMAX.
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6.2
Throughput
Throughput is the rate of packets that are successfully delivered or received over the
channel. The throughput is measured by packets per second.
Figure 27 - Time Average for the Throughput Uplink Traffic
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Figure 28 - Time Average for the Throughput Downlink Traffic
Figure 27 and figure 28 shows the uplink and the downlink throughput rate during the
simulation of WiMAX (blue line) and LTE (red line) technologies. The graphs show the throughput
rate between the BTS and the backbone for the WiMAX and between the e-node Bs and backbone
for the LTE.
Figure 27 shows the uplink throughput rate during the simulation for LTE and WiMAX. The
increase started at minute 6 of the simulation for both technologies which represent 7:30 AM where
the profile started and the traffic are generated. The LTE throughput rate have dramatically raised at
the beginning, and then it increased smoothly to the highest peak of 1,100 till the minute 18 which
represent 9:30 PM where the traffic begin to decreased slowly as the profile started to end. On the
other hand, the figure shows that WiMAX throughput rate is lower than LTE throughout rate where
it started to increase slower than LTE when the profile starts and the traffic was generated, and it
reach the highest peak at minutes 18 that represent 9:30 PM with 650 packets/sec. Finally, the
traffic dropped as the profile start to end.
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Figure 28 is the simulation result of downlink throughput for both LTE and WiMAX .The
graph shows that the throughput started to increase after 6 minutes of starting the simulation which
represent 7.30 AM. The LTE downlink throughput reached almost 55 packets/sec and then started to
decrease before the minute 20 where the simulation finishes. On the other hand, WiMAX downlink
throughput reached its highest peak of 48 packets/sec and also started to decrease at the same time
with LTE. Also, the performance of both technologies is quite the same with lower throughput rate
for the WiMAX.
As a result the LTE in both uplink and downlink is better than the WiMAX. The LTE gives
higher efficiency than the WiMAX when dealing with heavy traffic. The LTE have higher throughput
as it utilize the available bandwidth in the network more than the WiMAX
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6.3
Queuing Delay
Queuing Delay refers to the time spent by a node until it prepares and transmits a packet in
the queue. Typically, a node can only handle one packet at a time. Therefore, nodes receiving
multiple packets at the same time set up a queue to process and transmit the packets which results
in delay and similar issues such as packets loss and slow connections. Queuing Delay is an important
characteristic in measuring the performance of a network (McMahon, 2014). The following two
graphs show the upload and download queuing delay for both LTE and WiMAX in the link between
the antennas and the backbone.
Figure 29 - Time Average for the Queuing Delay Uplink Traffic
The graph above shows the uplink queuing delay that occurs in both LTE in Red Line and
WiMAX in Blue Line in a 20 minutes simulation that represents a 24 hours cycle of a day. At the first
minute, it shows a slight increase in the delay for both LTE with 0.000000072 sec and WiMAX with
0.000000074 sec and the delay decrease at the second minute for both. The delay remains almost
the same starting from the second minute until the 6th minute as there are no traffics at this period.
Starting from the 6th minute which represents 7:30 A.M and when traffic started, the delay in LTE
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sharply increased continuously until the 18th minute to reach 0.000000128 sec while delay in
WiMAX steadily upwards until the 18th minute to reach 0.000000102 sec. At the 19th minute which
represents 11:00 P.M, the delay remained at constant level until the end of the simulation as traffic
decreases at this time. The result shows that WiMAX has less uplink queuing delay and able to
process packets faster over LTE.
Figure 30 - Time Average for the Queuing Delay Downlink Traffic
The above graph above shows the downlink queuing delay for both LTE in Red Line and
WiMAX in Blue Line. In the beginning of the simulation until the 6th minute where no traffic is
engaged, LTE practices more delay than WiMAX. When traffic is generated at the 6th minute which
represents 7:30 A.M, delay raises in both technologies with quite the same pattern. At the end of
the simulation specifically at the 18th minutes, delay started to drop slightly as traffic drop off at
that time. Particularly, download queuing process is faster in WiMAX than LTE even with traffic.
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6.4
Packet Loss Ratio
It is a statistic that represents the ratio of failure transmitted packets. The packet loss affects
the performance of the network and it can be happen due to several issues such as the link
utilization exceeds 100%, hardware frailer, interference or week signal strength (Rouse, 2007).
Figure 31 - Time Average for the Packet Loss Ratio Traffic
As shown above, in both technology LTE and WiMAX the packet loss ratio is 0 in the whole
simulation. The reason of not having packet loss is the total traffic is not too much high to utilize the
entire bandwidth of the channel for both technologies. Secondly the number of user is 50 which can
be handled by the antenna normally. Thirdly, both technologies can caver the whole entire are on
the simulation which was 80 km2 (radius of about 5km) while LTE can cover an area of radius 35Km
(D,2014. GSM), and WiMAX can cover an area of radius 50Km (D, 2014. WiMAX), which means the
signal strength is good with radius of 5 km.
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7. Technology architecture and specifications

LTE and WiMAX technologies have diverse architecture and each one has different
specifications, as well they use distinct technology. This section will clarify the architecture of each
technology and its specifications with the purpose of compare both technologies on frequency band.
7.1
LTE
LTE technology is evolving from 3GPP organization. This version heads for increasing the
capacity and speed of wireless data networks using new digital signal processing techniques and
modulations. As well, minifies the transfer latency. Actually it evolved with high downlink speed up
to 150 Mbps and uplink up to 50 Mbps. In fact, it based on GSM and UMTS network technologies but
it unable to coexist with them and needs distinct wireless spectrum to be implemented
(Korowajczuk, L.2011. LTE).
7.1.1 Architecture
Figure 32 - LTE Infrastructure Components (Korowajczuk, L.2011. LTE)
LTE network infrastructure uses new system called (EPS) Evolved Packet System, which
divided into two sectors e-UTRAN and EPC. It consists of:
UE (User Equipment): which served by the system and it is connected with the eNB through air
interface (Korowajczuk, L.2011. LTE).
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eNB (Evolved NodeB): is the base station of LTE technology, which was called BTS, NodeB in the
GSM and UMTS. eNB involves with the antennas, radio modules and digital modules. With these
elements, the functionalities are connecting the UE with the EPC through the air interface, ensuring
QoS, encrypting radio data, mobility management; reduce IP overhead by header compression for
small packets and load balancing among the users (Korowajczuk, L.2011. LTE).
MME (Mobility Management Entity): It reflects functions of the SGSN in UMTS. It proposes to
control and process the signalling among the UE and the core network. Likewise, it also secures the
connection, authenticates users, establish and maintenance calls and SMS (Korowajczuk, L.2011.
LTE).
HSS (Home Subscriber Service): this is the database of the subscribers in the LTE system and
contains subscribers information. Essentially, both of HLR and HSS are consolidated to provide the
ability to stroll between the three technologies GSM, UMTS and LTE (Korowajczuk, L.2011. LTE).
S-GW (Serving Gateway): It manages and routes data packets and uphold the connection while
UE moves from eNB to another (Handovers) to ensure continues of the connection. Also it is
responsible to manage the data tonnage among P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) and the eNB
P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway): It is responsible for allocating IP addresses to the UEs
and enforcements QoS. Also, it controls and manages the connection with other radio networks.
With IPv4 NAT is used to map the internal addresses due to the shortage of IPv4, but it is not
required with IPv6 (Korowajczuk, L.2011. LTE).
PCRF (Policy Control and Charging Rules Functions): It is responsible to control the QoS policy
and it determines which class needs to be used for the subscriber EU according to its profile
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7.2
WiMAX
WiMAX technology is evolving from IEEE 802 family, IEEE 802.16 standard. It based on the
IEEE 802.11 standard, and uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)/OFDMA
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) for uplink and downlink (Korowajczuk, L.2011.
WiMAX).
7.2.1 Architecture
Figure 33 - WiMAX Infrastructure Components (Korowajczuk, L.2011. WiMAX)
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WiMAX network infrastructure consists of:

ASN (Access Service Network): ASN enable the subscribers to access the network and includes
Access Point (AP) or Base station (BS) and the ASN gateway (GW). ASN-GW works to aggregates BS
traffic to implement the functions that are familiar to all BSs. The main functions of ASN are
aggregation point, enforcement point, wireless access and decision point (Korowajczuk, L.2011.
WiMAX).
BS (Base Station): The BS uses air interface to link between the subscribers and the backbone of
the network (Korowajczuk, L.2011. WiMAX).
Main features of the BS are:
Can be Indoor or outdoor

Can have one or more Ethernet port
Can be installed in tower-top or ground-base
The number of sectors can be single or multiple
ASN-GW (ASN gateway): ASN-GW synchronize and aligns over-the-air and Quality of Service
(QoS) policy enforcement, IP subscriber management and mobility as a single centralized entity.
ASN-GW hardware is a multiple components such as computers, switches and routers
(Korowajczuk, L.2011. WiMAX).
Main characteristics of the ASN-GW are:
Acts as foreign agent for the mobility nodes.

Works as Enforcement Point (EP) edge router.
It is the link point to the AAA to authenticate the subscribers and to get the subscriber
attributes of authorized set of capabilities. .
CSN (Connectivity Service Network)

HA (Home Agent) / FA (Foreign Agent): FA and HA are required for mobility. Foreign agent stores
mobile nodes information that visits the network. HA stores the information of agents that are
permanent home address is the home agents network (Korowajczuk, L.2011. WiMAX).
AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting): Work on the process of subscribers
identification. The functions provided by AAA are (Korowajczuk, L.2011. WiMAX):
Intrusion detection and personal firewall services.

Service administration.
Customer self-service
Session control for each subscriber.
Improved security services such as time of day content filtering and parental control.
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DNS/DHCP/NTP: The DNS is used to translate domain name to memorized numerical IP address for
the network equipment. The DHCP is used to allocate IP address to the hosts in the network and the
NTP assign time to the hosts of all devices connected to the network. The DNS and DHCP can be
deployed in one or more servers (Korowajczuk, L.2011. WiMAX).
ASP (Application Service Provider): Support applications such as VoIP, streaming, firewall, location
and messaging. However, these features are generally not provided by vendors, instead, they are
implemented by service providers depending on the services they want to deploy to their
subscribers (Korowajczuk, L.2011. WiMAX).
7.3
Specifications compression
Frequency bands
LTE receives all the frequency bands distinct for UMTS, spectrum that consists of 800 MHz,
900 MHz , 1800 MHz and 1900 MS. It depends on the local variables and the regional LTE
deployments can be accepted in the brand range of 800 MHz to 2.62 GHz (Bhandare, 2008).
WiMAX was originally designed for Line-of-Sight (LOS) environments (IEEE 802.16c) at high
frequency bands. Later versions support Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) such as (IEEE 802.16a, d and e)
with modes in radio bands range of 2-11 GHz (Bhandare, 2008).
Radio Access Modes
The FDD and TDD modes are supported by both LTE and WiMAX air interfaces. The TDD
mode supported only by early version of WiMAX IEEE 802.16e. The half-duplex FDD mode is used in
the WiMAX to support lower complexity terminals to divide the hardware resources time to share it
between the uplink and downlink (Bhandare, 2008).
Data Rate
The peak data rates of LTE range from 50 to 86.4 Mbps on the uplink and 100 to 326.4 Mbps
on downlink. However, this depends on the modulation depth and the antenna configuration. On
the other hand, WiMAX have 25 Mbps for the uplink and 76 Mbps for the downlink (Bhandare,
2008).
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Multiple Access Technology

LTE and WiMAX downlink and uplink transmissions depends on the multiple access
technologies. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is used for downlink and
uplink of WiMAX transmissions and for LTE downlink transmission. LTE uplink transmission uses
another technology which is SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access). SC-FDMA
is higher than OFDMA but it is limited to LTE uplink due to the higher time domain processing of SCFDMA (Bhandare, 2008).
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8. Recommendation to ISP
In the simulation section, the results have been analyzed to clarify different aspects of both
technologies. These results illuminate how these technologies deal with the traffic within the
network and who they interact with link bandwidth. The following recommendations have been
offered according to the collected results from the simulation on the OPNET.
Firstly, in term of queuing delay, WiMAX has proved it is more capable in processing packets
faster than LTE in both uplink and downlink, which makes it a better option for applications that
require less delay such as gaming. Secondly, LTE is a better option for a high speed at uplink and
downlink, because it affords high throughput by utilizing the available bandwidth, which allows
heavy traffic to be delivered faster than WiMAX.
Generally, regarding to the factors in Bahrain and its demography, LTE is the best solution to
implement a wireless communication technology in Bahrain, because it is approved in the simulation
it is better than WiMAX in several statics.
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9. Conclusion
In conclusion, this report compared different aspects between WiMAX and LTE
technologies, both WiMAX and LTE have advantages and disadvantages and they provide different
performance depending on the required services. Both LTE and WiMAX simulated on equal traffic
and application to compare the result which was discussed in the recommendation section.
However, choosing between LTE and WiMAX is a critical matter. LTE is a batter candidate for 4G
technology but it doesnt mean that WiMAX cannot compete in 4G technology with LTE. WiMAX
expand is smaller than LTE when it is mostly used in backhaul and broadband wireless connection.
On the other hand, LTE is the inheritor of cellular technologies such as WCDMA/UMTS/HSPA and 3G.
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10.
Reference List
Bhandare, T. (2008). lte and wimax comparison. Santa Clara University.

E government, B. (n.d.). population by governorate, nationality & sex. Retrieved from
http://www.cio.gov.bh/cio_ara/English/Publications/Statistical
Abstract/ABS2011/CH2/4.pdf
E government2, B. (n.d.). Area of kingdom of bahrain by governorate. Retrieved from
http://www.cio.gov.bh/cio_ara/English/Publications/Statistical
Abstract/ABS2012/Ch1/3.pdf
Hewlett-Pack company. (n.d.). Utilization. Retrieved from
http://www.hp.com/rnd/device_help/help/hpwnd/webhelp/HPJ3298A/utilization.htm
Hussain. (2014, May 22). Engineer at Batelco. (A. Alaali, Interviewer)
Korowajczuk, L. (2011). LTE. LTE, WIMAX, and WLAN network design, optimization and
performance analysis (). Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley.
Korowajczuk, L. (2011). WiMAX. LTE, WIMAX, and WLAN network design, optimization and
performance analysis (). Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley.
Liarokapis, D. (2014). GSM, ITB7313 Wireless Communications. Bahrain Polytechnic.
Liarokapis, D. (2014). WiMAX, ITB7313 Wireless Communications. Bahrain Polytechnic.
MA , S. (2013, Septemper 11). Performance analysis of both wimax and lte technologies . Retrieved
from http://hal.univ-nantes.fr/docs/00/86/10/79/PDF/report.pdf
Maryland, College Park. (2012, March 17). Wimax vs lte. Retrieved from
http://www.slideshare.net/kunalnadkarni017/wi-max-vslte
McMahon, M. (2014, MAY 03). What is a queuing delay?. Retrieved from
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-queuing-delay.htm
Rouse, M. (2007, May). packet loss. Retrieved from
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/packet-loss
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Individual Assessment Cover Sheet

PBL PROJECT (OPNET MODEL & REPORT)

ICT- Information Communication Technology

Hussain Ismaail - Ali Alaali Jalal Nooh Mohammed Majeed

This assignment is my own work

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

Bahrain Demography analysis and segmentation .......................................................................... 5

Towers distribution ................................................................................................................. 7

Deployment Design ....................................................................................................................... 11

WiMAX Deployment Design.................................................................................................. 11

LTE Deployment Design ........................................................................................................ 13

Simulation Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 15

Deployment configuration and topology .............................................................................. 15

Application Definition Object........................................................................................ 20

Task Definition Object ................................................................................................... 21

Profile Definition Object ............................................................................................... 21

Simulation Results Analysis ........................................................................................................... 23

Queuing Delay ....................................................................................................................... 28

Packet Loss Ratio................................................................................................................... 30

Technology architecture and specifications ................................................................................. 31

Specifications compression ................................................................................................... 35

Recommendation to ISP ............................................................................................................... 37

Reference List ........................................................................................................................... 39

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

3. Bahrain Demography analysis and segmentation

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

Figure 1 -Map of Bahrain Governorates

Bahrain has five administrative governorates which are:

Table 1 - Governorates by Populaion and Area (E government2)

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

Table 2 - Towers Distribution

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

they are less populated.

antennas were allocated for the northern districts

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

populated cities such as Isa-Town, Sanad and

Figure 5 - Subnets by Districts of the Central

for example Isa Town ,A'Ali and Sitra.

Figure 6 Subnets by Districts of the

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

WiMAX Deployment Design

Figure 7 - WiMAX Subnets Distribution by Governorates

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

Figure 8 - WiMAX Subnets for Capital Governorates districts

Figure 9 - Cells inside Seef District Subnet

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

LTE Deployment Design

Figure 10 - LTE Subnets Distribution by Governorates

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

Figure 11 - LTE Subnets for Southern Governorates districts

Figure 12 - Cells inside Riffa District Subnet

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

Deployment configuration and topology

Figure 13 - specifying the location of the subnet

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

Figure 14 - Choosing Technology to Deploy

Figure 15 - Determining the number of Cells and Radius

Hussain Ismaail/201000192- Ali Alaali /201000096 Jalal Nooh/20900303 Mohammed Majeed/20900006

4. Define the type of the antenna, for the WiMAX

Figure 16 - Specifying the number of BS and SS for WiMAX