PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE:

Towards Federal Union of Burma

[Series No. 9]

_idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkŒ
(pmpOftrSwf = 9)

jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl
1962 azaz:0g&Dv (24) &ufae@wGif
&efukef+rdK@jynfvrf;toHv$ifh&Hkcrf;rwGif usif;yaom
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@rS wifoGif;onfh “jynfaxmifpkppfppf rl” ESifh
ywfoufonfhaqG;aEG;yJGESifh 1962 rwfv (1) &ufae@wGif ,if; “rl” tay:
wkef@jyefaqG;aEG;csufrsm;rSwfwrf;

a'guw
f m qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f qmacgi;f
(Lian H. Sakhong)
ESihf
pdik ;f arm (ef)
pkaqmif;wifjyonf?
 Typesetting & Design:
Sai Mawn (UNLD-LA)

With generous financial support from:

National Reconciliation Program (NRP)

UNLD Press
Chiang Mai, Thailand
2005
 rmwdum

xkwaf 0ol.ed'ge;f .................................................................................... 5

tydik ;f (1)

jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@rSwifoGif;aom jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

tcef; (1)
1962 azaz:0g&Dv (24) &ufae@wGif &efukef+rdK@jynfvrf;toHv$ifh&Hk
G pDtpOf .......................................... 17
crf;raqmifY usi;f yaomaqG;aEG;yJt

tcef; (2)
Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek.tzGirhf ed @f ceG ;f ................................................. 19

tcef; (3)
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@rSwifoGif;aom “jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl”
udk &Sr;f jynfe,fOuUX p0fceG cf sKd rS wifoiG ;f jcif; ......................................... 25

tcef; (4)
kd pf m;vS,f 'l0gaZmfveG ;f .aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ................ 33
ucsijf ynfe,fu,

tcef; (5)
csif;txl;0daoowdkif;udk,fpm;vS,f uy`wdefref;wHkEHk;.
aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ................................................................................. 38

tcef; (6)
&Srf;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;) .
aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ................................................................................. 42

tcef; (7)
u,m;jynfe,fu, f aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ....................... 62
kd pf m;vS,f OD;pde.
 tydkif; (2)

jynfe,frsm;nD!w
G af &;tzJ@G rS wifoiG ;f aom “jynfaxmifppk pfppfr”l
tay: ArmEdik if aH &;ygwrD sm;. wke@f jyefcsurf sm;

tcef; (8)
1962 rwfv (1) &ufae@wiG f usi;f yaomaqG;aEG;yJt G pDtpOfEiS hf
hf rSmpum; ........................................ 71
Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ek. tzGit

tcef; (9)
yrnwOuUX ocifcspaf rmif. aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf ............................. 73

tcef; (10)
zqyvtzJ@G csKyf OuUX OD;AaqG. aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf .......................... 103
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

xkwaf 0ol. ed'gef;

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if u
H kd 1947 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v
D (12) &ufae@wiG f csKyfqkd
cJah om “yifvpkH mcsKyf” tay:tajccHI zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfygonf?
“yifvpkH mcsKyf” oabmwlncD surf sm;.tESpo f m&udk avhvmqef;ppfygu
tcsu}f uD;oH;k csut
f ay: tajccHa=umif;awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? ‚if;wd@k rmS —
(1) wef;wla&;
(2) ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi&hf &Sad &;
(3) cJx
G u G v f u
kd vGwv f yfpmG jzifh jynfaxmifpx
k rH cS x
GJ u
G cf iG &hf &Sad &;
wd@k yif jzpfygonf?
yifvHkpmcsKyfoabmwlnDcsufrsm;tay:tajccHI topfzJG@pnf;xl
axmifrnfh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfopf}uD;. zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccH
Oya'vrf;!Gerf l (7) csuu f kd Adv
k cf sKyfatmifq
f ef;u wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKv$waf wmf
wGit
f qdw k ifoiG ;f axmufcrH _ &&Scd yhJ gonf? xdv
k rf;!Gerf l (7) &yfonf jynf
axmifpjk refrmEdik if .
H tajccHtusq;kH aom vrf;!Gerf yl ifjzpfonf? ‚if;wd@k rmS
(1) tcsKyt
f jcmtm%mydik o
f nf zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyyf t
kH ajccHOya'jzpfap&rnf?
(2) ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;tm%mtjynft
h 0&Sad om jynfe,frsm;jzifh wef;wl
&nfwzl @GJ pnf;onfh jynfaxmifpjk zpfap&rnf?
(3) Edik if aH wmf.tm%mrsm;onf jynfov
l x
l x
k rH S qif;oufap&rnf?
(4) Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;e,fy,frsm;wGif vlrsKd ;ra&G;/ bmomra&G;
wef;wlnrD #r_ &Sad p&rnf?
(5) jynfaxmifptk zJ@G 0ifjynfe,frsm;twGi;f &Sd vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGit
hf a&;
rsm;udt
k jynft
h 0 umuG,jf yXmef;ay;&rnf?
(6) jynfaxmifpwk nfwchH ikd +f raJ &;ESihf tcsKyftjcmtm%mpd;k rd;k a&;udk Oya'
t& xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf&rnf?

5
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

(7) urBmEh ikd if rH sm;ESihf &ifabmifwef;vduk Ef ikd &f ef}udK;pm;+yD; Edik if w

H umESihf
+idr;f csr;f pGm qufqaH &;rlukd usio hf ;kH &rnf [laomtcsurf sm;yifjzpf
ygonf?
xdktajccHvrf;!Gefrltwddkif; jynfaxmifpk}uD;udkzJG@pnf;cJhygu jynf
axmifpu k kd wef;wlaom jynfe,frsm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;&rnfjzpf+yD;/ xdo k @kd wef;wl
aom jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0ifjynfe,fwikd ;f udk ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGit
hf m%mt
jynft h 0 tyfEiS ;f xm;&rnfjzpfygonf? qdv k o kd nfrmS — jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G
0ifjynfe,frsm;udk Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;
tm%mrsm; tjynft h 0tyfEiS ;f +yD;/ xdEk ikd if aH &;tm%mrsm;udk w&m;Oya'
ESit hf nD vGwv f yfpmG usio hf ;kH taumiftxnfazmfEikd &f eftwGuf jynfe,f
zJ@G pnf;yHtk ajccHOya'rsm;udk jynfe,ftoD;oD;twGuf vGwv f yfpmG a&;qJG
jyXmef;ap&rnft h jyif jynfe,fvw $ af wmf/ jynfe,fw&m;pD&ifciG Ehf iS hf jynf
e,ftyk cf sKyfa&;aumifprD sm;udk vGwv f yfpmG zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifciG hf &&Sad p&rnf
jzpfygonf? od@k ro S m ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGit
hf jynft h 0&Sad om jynfe,frsm;udk
tajccHI zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifonfh “jynfaxmifp”k [laomtESpo f m& ay:
vGix f if&mS ;Edik rf nf jzpfygonf?
xd@k tjyif jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0iftrsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm; wef;wlnw D yl ;l
aygi;f I jynfaxmifpv k w$ af wmfukd zJ@G pnf;aomtcg jynfaxmifpv k w $ af wmf
. txufvw $ af wmfwiG f jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0ifjynfe,frsm;udk OD;a&wlnD
aomud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk apv$w=f u&rnfjzpfonf? jynfaxmifpv k w$ f
awmf. txufvw $ af wmfonf vlO;D a&udk ud, k pf m;jyKjcif;rjyKbJ/ jynfe,f
rsm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKaom v$waf wmfjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh wef;wlaomjynf
e,frsm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifonfh “jynfaxmifp”k [laomtESpo f m&udk
ay:vGix f if&mS ;ap&ef txufvw $ af wmfwiG f jynfe,frsm;u OD;a&wlnD
aom ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk apv$w&f jcif;jzpfygonf?
od@k &mwGif jynfaxmifp}k uD;. vrf;!Get f ajccHrrl sm;udk vufawG@t
aumiftxnfraz:Edik cf ahJ y? jynfaxmifpzk cif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; vkyf
}uHjcif;cHc&hJ ygonf? Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;vky}f uHc&H +yD;aemuf xGuaf y:vm
aom jynfaxmifp}k u;D onf rlvuar#mrf eS ;f xm;cJo h nft h wdik ;f ppfreS af om
jynfaxmifpjk zpfrvmyJ/ jynfaxmifppk epfEiS hf wjynfaxmifpepfw@kd ukd a&m

6
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

pyfxm;onf twkta,mifjynfaxmifp}k u;D jzpfvmcJ&h ygonf? xd@k a=umifh

Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;vky}f uHc+H yD;aemuf a&;qJjG yXmef;cJah om “1947 Edik if H
awmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'}uD;udk atmufygtm;enf;csufrsm; yg&SdvmcJh
ygonf?
yxrtm;enf;csurf mS — jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0if jynfe,frsm;udk ud, k yf ikd f
jyXmef;cGihf tjynft h 0ray;cJjh cif; yifjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh 1947 ck Edik if H
awmfz@GJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya't& zJ@G pnf;cJah om jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0ifjynfe,f
rsm;onf Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m
tjynft h a0r&Scd &hJ okH mru jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rsm;udv k nf; oD;
jcm;a&;qJjG yXmef;ydik cf iG hf r&&Scd =hJ uay? xd@k a=umifh jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0ifjynf
e,frsm;onf Edik if aH &;tm%mr&Sad om trnfcjH ynfe,frsm;om jzpfomG ;cJh
&ygonf?
'kw,d tm;enf;csurf mS — jynfaxmifppk epft& jynfaxmifpv k w
$ f
awmf. txufvw $ af wmfonf wef;wlaomjynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0ifjynfe,f
rsm;udk ud, k pf m;jyK&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; 1947 Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOy
a't& jynfe,frsm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKjcif;r&Syd J jynfe,frsm;twGi;f &Sd vlO;D a&
udk atmufvw $ af wmfuo hJ @kd ud, k pf m;jyKapcJah om tm;enf;csuyf ifjzpfyg
onf? xdak =umifh txufvw $ af wmfwiG f jynfe,frsm;u OD;a&wlnaD om
ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk apv$wt f &rnft h pm; vlO;D a&udtk ajccHI apv$wf
cJah oma=umifh vlO;D a&ydrk sm;aom Armwdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;u jynfaxmif
pkvw $ af wmf. atmufvw $ af wmfuo kd mru txufvw $ af wmfuykd g xde;f
csKyfrif;rlEikd af pcJyh gonf? ,if;onf 1947 Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'
jynfaxmifppk epfrS aoGzaD pcJah om tm;enf;csurf sm;yifjzpfygonf?
wwd,tm;enf;csurf mS — jynfaxmifpu k kd wef;wlIud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;
cGi&hf adS om jynfe,frsm;udt k ajccHI zJ@G pnf;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; Armwdik ;f &if;
om;vlrsKd ;rsm;twGuf oD;jcm;jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;jcif;rjyKyJ Armjynfe,f. tm
%mESihf jynfaxmifp}k uD;. tm%mrsm;udk yl;wJcG sKyfuikd af pv#uf Edik if aH wmf
w&yfv;kH . tkycf sKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf Oya'jyKa&;tm;vH;k udk ArmvlrsKd ;
rsm;vufxo J @kd vH;k 0tyfEaHS pcJyh gonf? Tod@k tm;jzifh 1947 Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;
yHt
k ajccHOya'u Armr[kwaf om wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;

7
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

. udv k ekd eD ,fy,fb0od@k usqif;apcJ&h o

kH mru ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;twdik ;f “Arm
vlrsKd ;0g'” xGe;f um;oGm;ap&ef vrf;zGiahf y;cJyh gonf?
xdt k m;enf;csu}f u;D rsm;udk jyifqifEikd &f eftwGuf Armr[kwaf om wdik ;f
&if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;u tpOfwpdu k }f udK;yrf;r_rsm; jyKvkycf =hJ uygonf? ueOD;
}udK;yrf;r_rsm;udk “yifvn kH v
D mcH” wGif zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifcahJ om "Supreme
Council Of United Hill People" (SCOUHP) OD;aqmifc+hJ yD; 1961
ck ZGev
f wGif &Sr;f jynfe,f awmif}u;D +rKd @wiG f nDvmcHw&yf ac:,lusi;f yEdik cf hJ
ygonf? xdak wmif}uD;nDvmcHrS Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk “jynf
axmifppk pfppfr”l jzifh jyifqifjyXmef;Edik af &;udk wpdu k rf wfrwf aqmif&u G f
oGm;Edik af &;twGuf “jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G ” udv k nf; zJ@G pnf;Edik cf yhJ g
onf?
Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk ppfreS af omjynfaxmifppk epfjzifh jyif
qifjyXmef;Edik &f eftwGuf jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G u }udK;yrf;r_rsm; jyK
vkycf &hJ Y yxrqift h aejzifh Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfO;D EkEiS hf awG@qakH qG;aEG;yJG
1962 azaz:0g&v D (24) &ufae@wiG f &efuek +f rdK@jynfvrf;&Sd toHvi$ &hf w kH iG f
usi;f yEdik cf yhJ gonf? ,if;wd@k ukd “zuf'&,fE;DS aESmzvS,yf ”GJ (Federal Semi-
nar) [k ordik ;f wGiu f se&f pfcyhJ gonf? jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G . wifjy
csurf sm;udk ArmEdik if aH &;ygwrD sm;u wke@f jyefaqG;aEG;Edik &f eftwGuf ES;D aESm
zvS,yf u GJ kd tqifq h ifjh yKvyk of mG ;&efvnf; &nf&, G cf su&f cdS yhJ gonf? yxrqifh
taejzifh Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Eku “yrnw” ESihf “zqyv” acgi;f aqmif
rsm;udk 1962 ck rwfv (1) &ufae@wiG f zdwaf c:+y;D jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;
tzJ@G u wifjyxm;aom “jynfaxmifppk pfppfr”l tay: aqG;aEG;wke@f jyefr_
rsm; jyKvkyaf pcJyh gonf? tjcm;Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf aqG;aEG;yJu G kd rwfv (7)
&ufae@rmS usi;f y&efppD OfcahJ omfvnf; xd&k ufrwdik cf if 1962 ck rwfv (2)
&ufae@wiG f Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u “jynfaxmifppk pfppfro l nf jynfaxmifpk
+ydKuJaG &;” jzpfonf[al om ta=umif;jycsujf zifh Edik if aH wmftm%mudk ppf
wyfjzifh rw&m;odr;f ydu k of mG ;cJyh gonf?

8
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

jynfe,frsm;nD!w
G af &;tzJ@G . wifjycsuEf iS hf yrnw ESihf zqyvwd@k .
wifjycsu?f

jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G OuUX p0fceG cf sKd . wifjycsuEf iS hf ucsijf ynfe,f

'l0gaZmfveG ;f / csi;f 0da'owdik ;f rSm uy`wed f ref;wHEk ;l / &Sr;f jynfe,frOS ;D xGe;f jrifh
(awmif}uD;)/ u,m;jynfe,frS OD;pdew f @kd . axmufcaH qG;aEG;r_rsm;udk +cHKI
oH;k oyfygu — jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G u vdv k m;aom “jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfr”l jzpfvmEdik af &;twGuf Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk atmuf
ygtcsuf (4) csujf zifh jyifqifjyXmef;&efvv kd m;a=umif; awG@Eikd yf gonf? ‚if;
(4) csurf mS —
(1) jynfrudk jynfe,fwe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;/ (Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;)
(2) v$waf wmf (2) &yfukd tm%mwlay;a&;/
(3) vlrsKd ;pkvw
$ af wmfo@kd jynfe,fwikd ;f / jynfe,fw
f ikd ;f wlnaD omud,
k pf m;
vS,af y;a&;/
(4) jynfe,frsm;u rdrq d ENtavsmuf vJt $ yfaomtm%mrsm;udk jynf
axmifpAk [dt k pd;k &od@k uef@owfay;I uset f m%mrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;
wGix f m;&Sad &; — wd@k yifjzpfygonf?
jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G . wifjycsuf (4) &yfukd avhvmoH;k oyf
=unfrh nfqykd gu eHygwf (1) tcsujf zpfaom “jynfrudk jynfe,fwe,fz@GJ pnf;
a&;” (0g) Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;rlrt S y useaf omtcsuf (3) csuo f nf
jynfaxmifpEk iS hf jynfe,frsm;qufqaH &; (Federal — States Relations)
udkom OD;wnf+yD;/ jynfe,frsm;. udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhtjynfht0&&Sda&;/
jynfe,frsm;tm; Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;
tm%m (3) &yfpvH;k tjynft h 0tyfEiS ;f a&;ESihf jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHt
k ajccH
Oya'rsm; oD;jcm;a&;qJGjyXmef;ay;a&;[laom — jynfaxmifpkpepf.
tajccHtw k jf rpfjzpfonfh “jynfe,frsm;.tcef;u¾ydik ;f wGif txl;tm;
enf;cJah =umif;udk awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? xd@k a=umifh yrnwOuUX ocif
cspaf rmifu Armjynf zJ@G pnf;a&;ESihf jynf axmifpEk iS hf jynfe,frsm;qufqaH &;
(Federal — States Relations) udk OD;pm;ay;&rnft h pm; jynfe,frsm;
tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;udk yxrpOf;pm;oifha=umif; axmufjycJhonfudk
awG@&rnfjzpfygonf?
9
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

od@k &mwGif jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G . toHvi$ &hf w kH ifjycsuwf ck

wnf;udk wGuI f r=unfyh J 1961 ZGev f wGif usi;f ycJah om awmif}u;D nDvmcH
qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;ESihf qufpyf=unf&h a_ vhvmygu jynfe,frsm;vdv k m;aom
“jynfaxmifppk pfppfr”l onf yifvpkH mcsKyfwiG f tajccHIwdik ;f jyKjynfjyKv$wf
awmfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wifoGif;cJhaom “tajccHvrf;!Gefr_”udk
tjynft h 0 taumiftxnfaz:&ef }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G &f efjzpfa=umif;udk
awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? awmif}u;D nDvmcHwiG f jynfe,frsm;. tcef;u¾udk
aocsmpGm aqG;aEG;cJ=h u&Ho k mru xdpk Ofu jynfe,fr&&Sad o;aom csi;f / &cdik f
ESihf rGejf ynfe,frsm;zJ@G pnf;a&;udk awmif;qdxk m;cJ+h y;D jzpfa=umif; awG@&rnfjzpf
ygonf?
ArmEdik if aH &;orm;rsm;jzpf=uaom yrnw OuUX ocifcspaf rmifEiS hf
zqyv OuUX OD;AaqGw@kd . wke@f jyefaqG;aEG;csurf sm;udk avhvmoH;k oyfyg
u jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G rS wifjyxm;aom tcsuf (4) csupf vH;k udk
vufrcHEikd cf ahJ =umif; awG@&rnfjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;
a&;udk ESpOf ;D pvH;k u wl;wl;cg;cg; jiif;qefc=hJ uygonf?
OD;AaqGu ol@taejzifh jynfaxmifppk epfr[kwyf J wjynfaxmifpu k kd
vdv
k m;ESpo f ufcahJ =umif; yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif;wifjycJ+h y;D / 1947 Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'onf jynfaxmifppk pfppfomv#ijf zpfa=umif; jiif;csux f w k cf hJ
ygonf? ocifcspfarmifurl “A[dkOD;pD;pepf” udk}udKufESpfoufa=umif;/
xd@k a=umifh Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;e,fy,fwiG f ydI k wd;k wufjrifrh m;
aom “jynfracgif;aqmifrsm;uyJ acgif;aqmifr_ay;+yD; udk,fusdK;pGef@wJh
tultnDawGEiS hf (jynfe,frsm;) rsm;qJaG c: jr‡iw hf ifay;&rSm jzpfa=umif;/
xd@k a=umifh Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;jcif;rjyKyJ jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;
A[dkrScsKyfudkif tkyfcsKyfoifha=umif; wifjycJh&Hk omru ArmvlrsdK;rsm;udk
w&kwjf ynfrS “[ef” vlrsKd ;rsm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifprk S
“&k&mS ;” vlrsKd ;rsm;ESiv hf nf;aumif; Edi_ ;f ,SOIf “ArmvlrsKd ;}u;D 0g'” w&m;udk
ynmom;ygygjzifh a[majymoGm;cJyh gonf?
pdw0f ifpm;zG,af umif;aom tcsurf mS OD;AaqGa&m ocifcspaf rmif yg
ESpOf ;D pvH;k u “jynfaxmifppk pfppfr”l udjk iif;qef&jcif;ta=umif;udk wifjy
&mY — Armr[kwaf omwdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;onf Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf

10
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

vlra_ &;e,fy,frsm;wGif tqift h wef;edru hf saeao;aoma=umifh xdv k rl sKd ;

rsm;. wd;k wufz@GH +zKd ;a&;udk ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;u acgi;f aqmifra_ y;I OD;pD;aqmif
&Guaf y;&efvt
kd yfa=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk Edik if aH &;tcGihf
ta&;ay;jcif;xuf ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;u A[dOk ;D pD;pepfjzifh vufwaGJ c:aqmifomG ;
jcif;u ydI
k oifah vsmrf nfjzpfa=umif; wifjy=ujcif;yifjzpfygonf?
,if;onf &d;k om;aomwifjycsujf zpfrnf[k ,lqrdygonf? od@k aomf
aocsmpGmavhvmqef;ppfay;ygu ppfreS af omjynfaxmifppk epfz@GJ pnf;jcif;
jzifh jynfe,frsm;ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGithf jynft h 0&&Sad &;udk jiif;qef+yD; xdo k @kd
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;&oif&h xku d af om Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk &kwo f rd ;f
+yD;rS xdv k rl sKd ;rsm;. wd;k wufz@GH +zdK;r_ukd ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;u A[drk cS sKyfuikd I f
aqmif&u G af y;rnf[al om t,ltqonf t*FvefEikd if H 0dw&kd , d acwf
(Victoria Era) wGif tvGeaf cwfpm;cJah om "Benevolent Colonislism"
[laomtawG; tac:ESihf tvGew f al eygonf? Benevolent Colonislism
.tvdt k & “+Adwo d #vrl sKd ;rsm;udk udv k ekd eD ,frsm;udk wduk cf u
kd o
f rd ;f ydu
k jf cif;
onf xdkudkvdkeDe,frsm;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk wdk;wufzHG@+zdK;r_udk
aqmif&Gufay;jcifaom a=umifhjzpfonf” [laomtawG;tac:yif
jzpfygonf?
vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;. ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiu
hf kd &kwof rd ;f +y;D rS xkv
d rl sKd ;rsm;. uH=urRm
udk wzufowfzefw;D ay;rnf [laomt,ltqonf udv k ekd pD epfyif r[kwf
ygavm? vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf &Sad omb0onf u|eb f 0tppfom jzpfygonf? ,if;udk
udkvdkeDacwfr[kwfyg[k jiif;qefaeolrsm;onf r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk
ud;k uG,of rl sm;om jzpf=u.? xd@k a=umifh ucsit f rsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;
'l0gaZmfveG ;f u Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'u “ArmvlrsKd ;}uD;0g'” &Sif
oefatmifvrf;zGiahf y;cJo h nf[k pGypf cGJ jhJ cif;jzpfygonf?
ocifcspaf rmifa&m OD;AaqGyg e,fcs@J uv kd ekd pD epfuv
kd ;kH 0qef@usicf ahJ om
yk*Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;yif jzpf=uygonf? xd@k a=umifyh if ESpOf ;D pvH;k u jynfe,frsm;nD
!Gwaf &;tzJ@G rw S ifjyaom “jynfaxmifppk pfppfr”l e,fcs@J ya,m*jzpfonf
[k pGypf cGJ jhJ cif;jzpf[efwyl gonf? od@k &mwGif — jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G
rS wifoiG ;f aomtqdk (txl;ojzifh p0fceG cf sKd .wifjycsu)f udk aocsmpGm
avhvmqef;ppfygu Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;. vrf;!Get f ajccHrl (7) &yftwdik ;f

11
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk jyifqifa&;qJ&G efjzpfa=umif; awG@&rnf

jzpfygonf? jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G . awmif;qdck suw f iG f e,fcs@J ya,m
* ygonf[q k ykd gu olw@kd vv kd m;aom Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. vrf;!Gerf l (7)
&yfwiG f e,fcs@J ya,m*rsm; yg0ifaeoavm[k ar;cGe;f xkwpf &m &Sad eygonf?
Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u vrf;!Get f ajccHrw l iG f e,fcs@J ya,m* ryg&cdS o hJ vd/k
‚if; tajccHru l t kd ajccHI jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;&efawmif;
qdkonfh “jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl” wGifvnf; e,fcsJ@ya,m*ryg&SdEdkifay?
,if;onf EdkifiHa&;ta=umufw&m;rsm;udka[majymI wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsKd ;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;udk ydwyf ifIaoG;xd;k vHa_ qmfr_ w&yfyifjzpfygonf?
jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G u wifjyaomtcsurf mS — jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfrjl zifh jynfe,frsm;wef;wl&nfwyl ;l aygi;f aom jynfaxmifppk epfz@GJ pnf;
a&; yifjzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifq h ykd gu zuf'&,fpepfukd tajccHaom
yl;aygi;f a&;yifjzpfygonf? od@k &mwGif jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G rS wifjycJh
aom “zuf'&,fpepf (0g) jynfaxmifppk pfppfr”l onf Confederation
omjzpfa oma=umifh ,if ;onf jynf axmif pk +zd KcJ G a&;yif jzpf a=umif ;
ocifcspfarmifu pGyfpJGoGm;cJhygonf? zuf'&,f[laom pum;vHk;udk
aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifpkpepf[laom pum;vHk;udkaomfvnf;
aumif;/ jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G u wdwu d suso;kH ygv#uEf iS hf tb,f
a=umifh Confederation jzpfonf[k pGyfpJGcJhoenf;? OD;AaqGuvnf;
“jynfaxmifppk pfppfr”l udk cJx G uG af &;vrf;pOfjzpfa=umif; pGypf cGJ yhJ gonf?
yl;aygi;f a&;udk ajym=uygv#uEf iS hf tb,fa=umifh cJx G u G af &;orm;rsm;[k
Armr[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; rsm;udk uifyGef;wyfcJh=uoenf;?
xdok @kd aom rrSerf uefpyG pf cGJ surf sm; — txl;ojzifh “jynfaxmifp+k zdKcJaG &;”
ESihf “cJxG u
G af &;” [laom pGypf cGJ surf sm;onf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;uJo h @kd aom
ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'Drsm;udk aoG;xdk;vH_@aqmf+yD; wdkif;jynftm%modrf;r_
}u;D [laom &mZ0if&ikd ;f um;r_rsm; jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if w H iG f jzpfay:ap&ef
vrf;zGiahf y;cJyh gonf?
xdak =umifh 1962 rwfv (2) &ufae@wiG f usL;vGecf ahJ om awmfveS af &;
aumifp. D Edik if aH wmftm%modr;f ydu k rf E_ iS hf ,if;aemufyikd ;f jzpfymG ;cJ/h jzpfymG ;
aeqJjzpfaom wdik ;f jynftedXmef&rkH sm;udk rsuaf rSmufjyKv#uf jynfaxmifpk
ordik ;f wGif tvGet f a&;}u;D onfh jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G wifjycJo h nfh
12
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

jynfaxmifppk pfppfrEl iS hf Federal Seminar rSaqG;aEG;yJrG sm;udk jyefvnfavh

vmoH;k oyfEikd &f ef xkwaf 0oGm;tyfygonf? xdak qG;aEG;yJrG w S wf rf;udk ,ae@
txd jynfwiG ;f wGif xkwaf 0jzef@cscD iG rhf jyKyJ ydwyf ifxm;qJjzpfygonf?
TaqG;aEG;csurf w S w f rf;rsm;udk avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh ordik ;f rSeu f o kd &d +dS y;D
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESiw
hf ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;acgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm; yifvw
kH iG af r#mrf eS ;f
cJah om wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHk +idr;f csr;f pGmtwlvufwaGJ exdik Ef ikd rf nfh
“jynfaxmifppk pfppf” udk tjrefq;kH wnfaqmufEikd =f uygap[k qENjyKvku d f
&ygonf?

av;pm;pGmjzifh
a'guw
f m qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f (Lian H. Sakhong)
xkwfa0ol ESifh t,f'Dwm
“+idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkpepf qDodk@”

csif;rkdif+rdK@/ xdkif;EdkifiH
2005 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (15) &uf

**********

13
 tydik ;f (1)

jynfe,frsm;nD!wG af &;tzJr@G w
S ifoiG ;f aom
jynfaxmifppk pfppfrl
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

tcef; (1)

1962 azaz:0g&Dv (24) &ufae@wGif &efukef+rdK@jynfvrf;

toHv$ifh&Hk crf;raqmifY usif;yaomaqG;aEG;yJGtpDtpOf

1962 ck azaz:0g&v
D (24) &ufae@wiG f &efuek +f rKd @/ jynfvrf; toHvi$ &hf ckH rf;r
aqmifYusif;yaom jynfaxmifpkrlESifhywfoufonfh aqG;aEG;yJGtcef;
tem;tpDtpOfEiS hf wifjyaqG;aEG;csurf sm;?
,cktcsed u f p+yD; jynfe,frsm;ESihf ywfoufaomES;D aESmzvS,yf }GJ uD;udk
pwifusi;f yygawmhr,f?
'DESD;aESmzvS,fyJGrSm EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Eku obmywdtjzpfeJ@
aqmif&u G +f yD;awmh usaemfu tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpfe@J aqmif&u G yf grh ,f?
'Dae@ yxrae@tpDtpOfrmS awmh —
(1) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfukd tav;jyK&ef/
(2) usq;kH av+yD;aom acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;udk tav;jyK&ef/
(3) Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf. rde@f ceG ;f /
(4) &Sr;f jynfe,fOuUX}u;D 0ef}u;D owd;k r[moa&pnfol p0fceG cf sKu
d “zuf'
&,fr”l udw k ifjyaqG;aEG;&ef/
(5) ucsijf ynfe,fu,
kd pf m;vS,f 'l;0g;aZmfveG ;f u axmufcw
H ifjy&ef/
(6) csi;f txl;0daoowdik ;f ud,
k pf m;vS,f r[moa&pnfol uy`wed rf ef;wHEk ;kH
uaxmufc&H ef/
(7) &Sr;f jynfe,fu,
kd pf m;vS,f OD;xGe;f jrifh (awmif}uD;) uaxmufc&H ef/
(8) u,m;jynfe,fu,
kd pf m;vS,f r[moa&pnfol OD;pdeu
f axmufc&H ef/
,ck tcrf;tem;udk Edik if aH wmftvHEiS hf tav;jyK&eftwGuf tm;vH;k
vl}uD;rif;rsm; rwfwyfxawmfryl g?

17
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfukd tav;jyK?

ae+rJ?
usq;kH av+yD;awmf acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; tav;jyK?
ae+rJ?
tm;vH;k xdik Ef ikd yf gw,f?

18
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

tcef; (2)

Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyf OD;Ek.tzGirhf ed c@f eG ;f

,cktcsed u
f p+yD;awmh Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfu rde@f ceG ;f ¹rGu=f um;ygvrd rhf ,f?
EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek?
vl}u;D rif;rsm;cifAsm;/ 'Dae@'aD e&mrSm u|eaf wmfw@kd pak 0;=uwm[m jynfe,f
rsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G uwifjywJh zuf'&,fru l kd aqG;aEG;=ubd@k bJ jzpfygw,f?
'Drel @J ywfoufv@kd b,fvo kd abmxm;w,fqw kd mudk xkwaf z:ajymjybd@k
tpd;k &tzJ@G &ahJ cgi;f aqmiftaeeJ@ u|eaf wmfrh mS wm0ef&ydS gw,f?
'gayrJh u|efawmfajymbdk@tcsdefra&mufao;wJhtwGuf u|efawmfh
oabmxm;udk 'Duae@u|eaf wmf xkwaf z:rajymao;ygb;l ? u|eaf wmfxw
k f
az:ajymbd@k tcsed af &mufvmwJt
h cg u|eaf wmfajymygrh ,f?
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ aqG;aEG;yJu
G kd u|eaf wmfw@kd 'Dvpkd pD Ofxm;ygw,f?
'Duae@ u|eaf wmftpnf;ta0;zGirhf ed @f ceG ;f udk ajym+yD;wJah emuf &Sr;f jynfe,f
OuUX}uD; p0fceG cf sKu
d zuf'&,fru
l kd wifoiG ;f ygvrd rhf ,f?
'D zuf'&,fru l kd (1) 'l;0g;aZmfveG ;f / ucsijf ynfe,fu, kd pf m;vS,/f (2)
uy`wdefref;wHkEHk;/ csif;txl;0daoowdkif;udk,fpm;vS,f/ (3) OD;xGef;jrifh
(awmif}u;D ) &Sr;f jynfe,fu, kd pf m;vS,/f (4) OD;pdef u,m;jynfe,fu, kd pf m;
vS,wf @kd u axmufc=H uygvrd rhf ,f?
'Dred @f ceG ;f (2) &yfuakd jym=um;+y;D wJah emuf/ aqG;aEG;yJu G kd rwfv (1) &uf/
=umoyaw;ae@ nae (6) em&Dtxd a&G@qikd ;f xm;ygrh ,f? 'Dvkd a&G@qikd ;f xm;
'g[m wjcm;a=umifrh [kwyf gb;l ? zuf'&,frel @J ywfouf+yD; jynfe,fOuUX
}uD; p0fceG cf sKd eJ@ 'l;0g;aZmfveG ;f / uy`wed f ref;wH;k EH;k / OD;xGe;f jrif/h OD;pdew
f @kd wifjy
ajym=um;oGm;wJt h csuaf wGukd yrnw/ zqyv/ &yvz/ yxp acgi;f
aqmifrsm;eJ@ Edik if aH wmftpd;k &twdik yf ifct H zJ@G 0ifrsm;u aoaocsmcsmavh
vmEdik bf @kd twGuf tcsed af y;csi'f ga=umifrh @kd jzpfygw,f?
vl}uD;rif;rsm; cifAsm/ rwfv (1) &uf =umoyaw;ae@ nae (6) em&D
'Dae&mrSmbJ tpnf;ta0;udk jyefpwJt h cg (1) yrnw (2) zqyv (3)

19
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

&yvz (4) yxr tzJ@G awGukd ud,k pf m;jyKwJh ud,

k pf m;vS,w
f OD;pDu tckaz:
jyxm;wJh tpDtpOftwdik ;f zuf'&,frel @J ywfouf+y;D xm;&Swd hJ tzJ@G &o
hJ abm
xm;udk wifjyygvrd rhf ,f?
'DEikd if aH &;tzJ@G rsm;&Jh ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; ajym=um;+yD;wJah emuf tpd;k &
twkid yf ifct H zJ@G &u
hJ ,
kd pf m; t*~r[moD&o d "k rR a'guw
f mOD;bOD;u twdik yf if
cHtzJ@G &hJ oabmxm;udw k ifjyygvrd rhf ,f?
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ 'D ud, k pf m;vS,v f }l uD;rsm; ajymvd@k +yD;wJt
h cg
(1) jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G ru
S ,
kd pf m;vS,f (6) OD;/
(2) yrnw ud, k pf m;vS,f (3) OD;/
(3) zqyv ud, k pf m;vS,f (3) OD;/
(4) &yvz ud, k pf m;vS,f (3) OD;/
(5) yxp ud, k pf m;vS,f (3) OD;eJ@
(6) twdik yf ifctH zJ@G 0ifv}l uD;rsm;yg0ifwahJ umfrwDwckukd zJ@G ay;ygrh ,f?
'DaumfrwDrmS u|eaf wmfu em,uvkyyf grh ,f? vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/
tJ'aD umfrwDu zuf'&,frel @J ywfoufv@kd aqG;aEG;p&m&Sw d t hJ csuaf wGukd
aqG;aEG;+yD;wJt h cg &&Sw d o
hJ abmwlncD suaf wGukd 'DaqG;aEG;yJrG mS tpD&ifcH
ygvrd rhf ,f? aphpyfv@kd r&Edik w
f o hJ abm uJvG cGJ surf sm;&S&d ifvJ 'DaqG;aEG;yJrG mS bJ
tpD&ifcyH grh ,f? vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ 'DtpD&ifcpH mudk =unf+h yD;rSbJ aemuf
xyfbmawG quf+y;D vkyo f mG ;=ur,fqwkd mudk 'DaqG;aEG;yJrG mS qufvuf+y;D
wdik yf ifaqG; aEG;=uygrh ,f?
vl}u;D rif;rsm;cifAsm/ aqG;aEG;yJ&G t
hJ pDtpOfawGe@J ywfouf+y;D tcktcsed f
tcgrmS u|eaf wmf'aD vmufbJ ajymcsiyf gao;w,f? 'gayrJh tckvt kd cGihf
aumif;&wJt h cg jynfaxmifpw k nfwchH ikd +f rJa&;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ta&;}uD;wJh
pum; wcGe;f ESpcf eG ;f avmufukd u|eaf wmfajymcsiyf gw,f?
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ 'Duae@up+yD; 'DaqG;aEG;yJrG mS aqG;aEG;rJjh y\em
[m wjcm;r[kwyf gb;l ? jynfaxmifp}k uD;wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;bJjzpfygw,f? 'D
jy\em}u;D udk pwifwnfaxmifcw hJ hJ u|eaf wmfw@kd wawG&vhJ ufxrJ mS rS aus
ausvnfvnf ajz&Si;f oGm;atmif u|eaf wmfw@kd rajz&Si;f Edik b f ;l qd&k if aemuf
vufxufawGrmS awmh b,fenf;eJ@rS ajz&Si;f Edik rf mS r[kwb f ;l vd@k u|eaf wmf
wxpfcs,q l xm;ovdk vl}uD;rif;rsm;vJ ,lqxm;+yD;+yDqw kd m u|eaf wmf
20
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

,H=k unfygw,f? 'D jynfaxmifp}k uD;om +ydKuJoG mG ;r,fq&kd if jynfe,fom;

awGtwGuaf &m/ jynfrom;awGtwGuaf &m b,fo@l twGurf S tjrwfxu G f
rSmr[kwb f ;l ? t&H;_ omxGurf ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfwxpfcs ,lqxm;ovdk
vl}uD;rif;rsm;vJ ,lqxm;+yD;+yD;qdw
k m u|eaf wmf,=kH unfygw,f?
tJ'aD wmh vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ 'Davmufta&;}uD;wJh jy\em}uD;udk
ajz&Si;f wJt
h cgrmS jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk pwifxal xmifcw
hJ hJ u|eaf wmfw@kd w
awG[m/ u|eaf wmfw@kd tay:rSm usa&mufaewJh wm0ef}u;D awGukd t+rw J rf;
rsuaf jcrjywfb@kd u|eaf wmfowday;vdyk gw,f?
'gwifruao;ygbl;? u|efawmfwdk@&JhnHhzsif;r_awG/ oabmxm;usOf;
ajrmif;r_awG/ tmCmwawGa=umifh tu,fIom 'Djy\em}uD;udk
rajz&Si;f Edik &f if/ u|eaf wmfw@kd e@J wuG u|eaf wmfw@kd &ahJ emifvmaemufom;awG
&ifqikd =f u&awmhrhJ ab;awG/ &efawG/ tE &W ,fawGuv kd J t+rJwrf;rsuaf jc
rjywfb@kd u|eaf wmfxyfrH owday;vdyk gw,f?
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm aqG;aEG;yJq G w kd m t=urf;tm;jzifh ESprf sKd ;ESppf m;&Sd
ygw,f? wrsKd ;uawmh &efot l csi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;yJjG zpf+y;D / wjcm;wrsKd ;uawmh
rdom;pkjcif; aqG;aEG;yJjG zpfygw,f? rdom;pkaqG;aEG;yJrG sKd ;qdw k m &efot l csi;f
csi;f pm;yJcG rkH mS xdik +f yD; aqG;aEG;=uwJh aqG;aEG;yJrG sKd ;eJ@ rwlygb;l ? &efot l csi;f
csi;f xdik +f yD;aqG;aEG;wJt h cgrmS ud,
k u hf ,kd , f q
l wmom rSew f ,f? rSe&f r,f?
ud, k ,f q l wm om atmif&r,f? 'Dvrkd atmif&if b,foal oao csr,f
qdwk hJ pdw"f gwrf sKd ;ESpzf ufpvH;k rSm &Syd gw,f?
rdom;pkcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;=uwJh aqG;aEG;yJrG sKd ;uawmh 'Dvrkd [kwyf gb;l ?
'D rdom;pkxrJ mS yg=uwJh nDtudak rmifErS wawG[m ud, k v f w
kd mawG ud, k f
wifjy=uw,f? tJ'DvdkwifjywJhtcgrSm oabmuJGvJGcsufawG&Sdae&if
wa,mufe@J wa,muf tay;t,lvyk +f yD; oabmuJv G cGJ suaf wGukd ndE‡ i_d ;f
=uw,f?
vl}u;D rif;rsm;cifAsm/ tckaqG;aEG;yJ[ G m rdom;pkaqG;aEG;yJjG zpf&r,f? jynf
axmifprk o d m;pkxrJ mS ygae=uwJh vl}uD;rif;wd@k u|eaf wmfw@kd toD;oD;[m
ud,
k &hf x
hJ ifjrif,ql csuaf wGukd tukev f ;kH xkw+f yD; wifjy=uwmayg?h tJ'v D kd
wifjywJt h cgrmS oabmuJv G cGJ suaf wGuawmh &S&d rSmayg?h

21
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

tJ'o
D abmuJv G cGJ suaf wGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd &t
hJ usKd ;/ u|eaf wmfw@kd aemif
vmaemufom;uav;awG&t hJ usKd ;/ jynfaxmifp}k u;D &Jt
h usKd ;udk ar#mu
f ;kd +y;D
oabmwlncD suf r&-&atmif ndE‡ i_d ;f =u&rSmbJ?
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ vl}uD;rif;rsm;odawmfrw l thJ wdik ;f ygb/J vGecf w
hJ hJ
a&G;aumufyw GJ ek ;f u 'Dru
kd a&pDwnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;qdw k hJ aºuG;a=umfoeH @J u|ef
awmfw@kd a&G;aumufy0GJ ifcyhJ gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd rmS vGwv f yfa&;omr&S&d if
b,fenf;eJ@rS 'Dru kd a&pDvnf;&SEd ikd rf mS r[kww f t
hJ wGu/f 'Dru kd a&pDwnfwhH
cdik +f rJa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;wdik ;f / }udK;yrf;wdik ;f / vGwv f yfa&;wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;
udyk g u|eaf wmfw@kd }udK;yrf;ae&ygw,f?
aemuf+y;D awmhvnf; jynfaxmifpw k nfwchH ikd +f ryJ grS u|eaf wmfw@kd &vhJ wG f
vyfa&;vnf; wnfwchH ikd +f rJrmS jzpfwt hJ wGu/f 'Dru kd a&pDwnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;eJ@
vGwv f yfa&;wnfwchH ikd +f raJ &;wd@k ukd }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G w
f ikd ;f aqmif&u
G w f ikd ;f
jynfaxmifp}k uD;&Jwh nfwchH ikd +f rJa&;udyk g ud, k pf rG ;f &Sod a&G@ ^m%fprG ;f &So
d a&G@
u|eaf wmfw@kd }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G af e&ygw,f?
tJ'aD wmh vl}uD;rif;rsm;eJ@ vufw+GJ yD; jynfaxmifpw k nfwchH ikd +f rJa&;/
vG w f v yf a &;wnf w H h c d k i f + rJ a &;/ 'D r d k u a&pD w nf w H h c d k i f + rJ a &;awG u d k
trSew f u,ftusKd ;jzpfapEdik w f hJ enf;aumif;vrf;aumif;awGukd u|eaf wmf
wd@k &mS csiyf gw,f?
'Denf;aumif;vrf;aumif;awGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@&vd@k wOD;udw k OD;
av#mah y;zd@k vv kd m&if jynfrom;awGe@J jynfe,fom;awG[m wOD;udw k OD;
av#mah y;=uzd@k 0efrav;=uyge@J ? nDtudt k csi;f csi;f aoG;csi;f om;csi;f awG
tay:rSm wa,mufe@J wa,muf/ wzufe@J wzuf av#mah y;&wm *k%rf i,f
ygb;l ? 'Dvakd v#mah y;&ayr,fh jynfaxmifp}k uD;vnf; wnfwchH ikd +f rJvmr,f/
jynfaxmifp}k u;D wnfwchH ikd +f rvJ mwJt h wGuf vGwv f yfaf &;wnf; wnfwchH ikd f
+rv J mr,f/ vGwv f yfa&;wnfwcHh ikd +f rv
J mwJt h wGuf 'Dru kd a&pDvnf; wnfwhH
cdik +f rJvmr,fq&kd if u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpo k m;tm;vHt k zd@k *k%,
f pl &m
awmifjzpfygvrd t hf ;kH r,f? twdik ;f rod 0rf;ajrmufp&mawmifjzpfygvrd t hf ;kH
r,f?
tJ'aD wmh jynfaxmifpw k nfwchH ikd +f raJ &;/ vGwv
f yfa&;wnfwef@cikd +f raJ &;
'Dru
kd a&pDwnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;udk trSew
f u,ftusKd ;jyKr,fh enf;aumif;vrf;
22
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

aumif;awGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd pak ygi;f +yD; ud,

k pf rG ;f &So
d a&G@ ^m%fprG ;f &So
d a&G@/
&SmazG=u&atmif?
'Denf;aumif;vrf;aumif;awGudk &SmwJhtcgrSm jynfrom;awGa&m/
jynfe,fom;awGyg rsujf cnfrjywfoifw h t
hJ csu}f uD;wcsuu f kd u|eaf wmf
wifjyvdyk gw,f? 'Dtcsuuf awmh wjcm;[mr[kwyf gb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd
&SmazGr,feh nf;vrf;awG[m w&m;r#wa&;/ vGwv f yfa&;/ nDr#a&;qdw k hJ
avmuygvw&m;oH;k yg;eJ@ jynfph akH ewJh enf;vrf;awGjzpf&r,fqw kd hJ tcsuf
bJjzpfygw,f?
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm/ u|eaf wmfe*d ;kH rcsKyfcif jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk pwif
wnfaxmifvmcJ=h u+yD; ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh ,cktcgrmS pdw0f rf;uJG
jym;ae=uwJh jynfaxmifpak cgi;f aqmifaeGe@J jynfrom;awG/ jynfe,fom;
awG tm;vH;k Edik if aH &;oHa0*&=uzd@k u|eaf wmfq,fEpS af vmufwek ;f u =unfch hJ
&bl;wJh “,raer,f” jyZwfuav;udk u|eaf wmf'aD e&mrSm wifjyvdyk g
w,f?
vl}u;D rif;rsm;cifAsm/ a&S;wke;f u w&kwo f u
k w
Q ikd ;f jynfqw
kd m &Syd gw,f?
tJ'wD &kwo f u
k w
Q ikd ;f jynf&hJ igwaume,fu 'lvmbd/k igwAdv k ef ,fu tdk
av avh/ igwe,fvu l iwGw}f u;D / igwrif;e,fu ajAmifaemifh ajAmifaemif
igjrif;igpdkif;e,fu bkaemif bkaemif wwfAdefqdkwJh ynmoifig;OD;[m
wuUov kd qf &m}uD; OD;*sr;f xd qDrmS ynmoGm;oif=uygw,f?
tJ'v
D ykd nmoif=uwJt h cg ynmawmfoif tdak vavhu &kyv f ;kH xkynm
rSmwbufurf; cwfwwfygw,f? ynmawmfoif iwGw}f u;D u yef;csyD nm
rSm wbufurf; cwfwwfygw,f? ynmawmfoif ajAmifaemifh ajAmifaemif
u t&kyu f t kd oufoiG ;f wJyh nmrSm wbufurf; cwfwwfygw,f? ynm
awmfoif bkaemif bkaemif wwfAed u f av;twwfynmrSm wbufurf;
cwfwwfygw,f? ynmawmfoif 'lvmbdu k awmh bmynmrS rwwf&mS bl;?
tJ'aD wmh wuUov kd q
f &m}u;D OD;*Sr;f xdu 'lvmbdu
k kd ,raeom; opfom;
wwH;k udak y;+yD; ynmawmfoiftm;vH;k udk tdrjf yefciG jhf yKvdu
k yf gw,f?
vrf;a&mufwthJ cg ,raeom;udk wuUov kd jf yef tdk avavhu rde;f r
ysKd uav; t&kyxf v
k u kd yf gw,f? wuUov kd jf yef iwGw}f u;D u tifrwefvw S hJ
rde;f cav;wa,muf aq;jc,fvu kd w
f ,f? wuUov kd jf yef ajAmifaemifh ajAmif
23
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

aemifu toufoiG ;f vdu k w

f t
hJ wGuf 'Dred ;f rysKd uav;[m tifrwefacsm+y;D
touf&w dS hJ rde;f rysKd uav; jzpfvmw,f?
tJ'DtcgrSm udk,fa&$wuUodkvfjyefawG[m 'Drdef;rysdKuav;udk
olyikd wf ,f/ igyikd w
f ,fe@J 0dik ;f +yD;vk=uygw,f? tJ'D olw@kd vak ewke;f 0Vm&uQ
iSuq f ifwaumifu tvpf0if+yD; tkyv f u
kd w
f m ,raer,fuav;[m
iSuq f ifaemufygomG ; &&Smygw,f?
tJ'tD cgrmS uHaumif;axmufr+yD; wuUov kd jf yef bkaemifwwf+Adeu
f
av;eJ@ypfvu
kd wf t
hJ wGuf iSuq f if}uD;ao+yD; ,raer,fuav;jyefusvm
ygw,f? 'gayr,fh wuUov kd jf yefawG ta0rwnfw h meJ@ toufoiG ;f ay;wJh
vlu toufujkd yef&yk of rd ;f / yef;csaD q;jc,fwv hJ u
l aq;awGukd jcpfypf/ yef;yk
q&muvnf; t&kyu f zkd suef @J vkyv f u
kd =f uwm tifrwefvw S hJ ,raer,f
uav;[m ukw&f mjcpf&mawG/ jcpf&mz,f&h mawGe@J jynfah ewJh opfom;wk;kH
taygpm;}uD; jyefjzpfomG ;&&Smygw,f?
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm wuUov kd jf yefawG rdu k rf w
J ma=umifh ,raer,f
tysKd acsmuav;[m ukw&f m/ jcpf&m/ zJ&h mawGe@J 'if;=urf;jzpfaewJh opfom;
wkH; taygpm;}uD; jyefjzpfoGm;&ovdk tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifaewJh
u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifp}k uD;[m u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k &Jh rku d rf rJ a_ =umifh
tifrweft&kyq f ;kd vSwhJ u|eb f 0udk jyefa&mufroGm;&avatmif u|eaf wmf
wd@k tm;vH;k ud,
k pf rG ;f &So
d a&G@/ ^m%fprG ;f &So
d a&G@ }udK;pm;=uygp@kd ?

(=obmoHrsm;)

**********

24
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

tcef; (3)

jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJr@G wS ifoiG ;f aom

“jynfaxmifppk pfppfr”l
udk &Sr;f jynfe,fOUX p0fceG cf sdKrS wifoiG ;f jcif;
eHygwf (4) tpDtpOft&/ &Srf;jynfe,f OuUX}uD; 0ef}uD;owdk;r[moa& pnfol
p0fcGefcsdKu “zuf'&,frl” udkwifjy&efygcifAs? (=obmoHrsm;)

av;pm;tyfwo hJ bmywd}uD; 0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm;/ tpd;k &tzJ@G 0if0ef}uD;rsm;

cifAsm;/ jynfe,faygi;f pHrk S wufa&mufvm=uwJh ud, k pf m;vS,af wmf}u;D rsm;
ESihf jynfrEdik if aH &;tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;rS ud,
k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;cifAsm;?
TES;D aESmzvS,yf rGJ mS jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G u,
kd pf m;/ pum;ajym
cGi&hf &Sw
d thJ wGuf rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wif 0rf;ajrmufvyS gw,f? tckvkd pHpk n kH n
D D
pka0;=u+y;D awmh jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G wifjyxm;+y;D wJ/h jynfaxmifpk
rl udpu P kd aqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f =uzd@k twGuf 'DE;DS aESmzvS,yf }GJ uD; ay:ayguv f m&
wm u|eaf wmft h aeeJ@ tvGeb f J 0rf;omaus;Zl;wifygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;ud,
k pf m; jynfaxmifprk u l w kd ifjy
&ef wm0efay;tyfwt hJ wdik ;f u|eaf wmfwifjyajymqdrk nfh tcsut f vufawG
udk em;qif=u&wJh ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tm;vH;k [m rdom;pkpw d "f gwjf zifh ,ae@
ay:ayguaf ewJh jynfe,frsm;jy\emudk txl;pOf;pm;a0zef=uapvdyk gw,f?
u|eaf wmfrsm;uvnf; jynfr&Sad emifawmif}u;D rsm;udk &Si;f vif;wifjy=u
wJt
h cg pdw&f n
S v
f uf&n S ef @J rdrw
d @kd }uHKawG@aewJh }uHKawG@aeyHak wGukd wifjy
=uyg&ef arwWm&yfcvH ykd gw,f? jynfe,frsm;&Jh jy\emawGukd pOf;pm;=uwJh
tcgrmS vnf; jynfaxmifprk +ydKuJaG &;/ jynfaxmifp}k uD;nD!w G af &; qdw
k hJ
tajccHrt l ay:wnf+yD; pOf;pm;=uyg&ef awmif;yefvykd gw,f?
yxrOD;pGm wifjytpD&ifcv H w
kd mu vuf&jdS ynfaxmifp}k u;D jzpfay:vmyHk
jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifpt k a=umif; pOf;pm;vdu
k wf ikd ;f / jynf
axmifpo k m;wdik ;f rarhoifrh arhxu kd w
f hJ tcsu[f mjzifh 1947 ckEpS f azaz:0g
&DvwGiuf si;f ycJw
h hJ yifvn
kH vD mcH}uD;yif jzpfygw,f?
25
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

tJ'yD ifvn kH v
D mcH}u;D [m ,ae@jynfaxmifp}k u;D udk ayguzf mG ;vmap&ef
tkwjf rpfcscw hJ hJ nDvmcH}uD;vd@k qdEk ikd yf gw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vnf;qdak wmh u|ef
awmfw@kd jynfaxmifpo k m;awGtay: tESpEf pS t f vv pd;k rd;k tkycf sKyfvmwJh
e,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfvufatmufuae+yD; vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkzdk@twGuf
jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ jynfracgif;aqmifwdk@u nd‡Ed_if;atmifjrifvdk@
tckvkd vGwv f yfwjhJ ynfaxmifpw k ck urBmw h ikd ;f jynfrsm;xJrmS ay:vGiv f mwJh
twGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd yifvn kH v
D mcH}u;D [m jynfaxmifp}k u;D &Jh tajccHtw k f
jrpfcscw
hJ hJ nDvmcH}uD;jzpfa=umif; wifjy&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
tJ'D yifvnkH vD mcH}uD;rSm bmawGnE‡d i_d ;f =u+yD;/ bmawGatmifjrifc=hJ u
ovJ qdw k mudk tusO;f csKyftm;jzifh az: jy&r,fq&kd if vGwv f yfa&;awmif;
qdw
k t
hJ cg nD!w G wf t
hJ m;[m tifrwefta&;}u;D wJt h wGuf jynfreJ@usewf hJ
jynfe,frsm;[m jynfe,frsm;wef;wlnaD tmif ndE‡ i_d ;f +yD; nD!w G af &;wnf
aqmuf&rSmrd@k —
(1) wef;wlnrD #tcGit hf a&;&Sjd cif;/
(2) awmifwef;om;a'orsm;wGif ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi&hf jdS cif;/
(3) vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d yD;onfah emuf jynfaxmifpu k cJx G u G vf ukd cGx
J u
G Ef ikd f
jcif;/
pwJh tajccHw&m;oH;k &yftay: t"duxm;+y;D jynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;
udk oabmwlc=hJ uygw,f?
'D tajccHo;kH &yfuo kd abmwlcw hJ thJ wGuf urBmausmf yifvpkH mcsKyfukd
csKyfqEkd ikd cf =hJ uygw,f? tJ'v D kd jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfr[m wpdwx f J w0rf;xJ
&Sad =umif; jyoEdik cf v hJ @kd bJ t*Fvyd tf pd;k &[m jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf
udk vufvw $ v
f u
kd &f ygw,f?
yifvHknDvmcH}uD;rSm yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;aemuf (MR. REESE
WILLIAM) acgi;f aqmif+yD;/ jynfrjynfe,facgi;f aqmifrsm;yg0ifwhJ pHp k rf;
a&;aumfrwDrmS txufygtajccH “rl” oH;k &yftwdik ;f jynfreJ@y;l aygi;f aqmif
&Guzf @kd wnDw!Gwwf nf;vnf; oufaocHcyhJ gw,f?
tJ'v D kd wnDw!Gwx f J yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G cf w
hJ t
hJ wGuf e,fcs@J orm;&Jh
aoG;cJaG &;vkyif ef;[m ysujf y,fomG ;+yD; jrefrmjynf&hJ vGwv f yfa&;udk tjref
qH;k urBmod@k a=unmvmEdik cf yhJ gw,f?
26
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

1947 ckEpS f arvtwGi;f rSm usi;f ycJw h hJ zqyv y%mrjyifqifrn _ v D m

cHrmS vnf;bJ vlrsKd ;pkwikd ;f wef;wl&&&Sad &;eJ@ zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyrkH mS vnf; tJ'D
wef;wla&;tay: tajccHwhJ “jynfaxmifppk pfppf” jzpfz@kd vrf;pOfcsrw S cf hJ
ygw,f?
vuf&Sd tajccHOya'}uD;a&;qJG=uzdk@qdk+yD; wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfrSm
jynfracgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;/ ud, k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;eJ@ jynfe,facgi;f aqmif
ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;u 0dik ;f 0ef;pOf;pm;=uwJt h cg tESpo f m&jzpfwhJ Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;&Jh vrf;!Gef (7) csut f usO;f csKyfukd az: jycGiahf y;apvdyk gw,f?
tJ'gubmvJq&kd if —
(1) tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik w f hJ zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'jzpf&r,f?
(2) ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;tm%mtjynft h pH&k adS om jynfe,frsm;yg0ifaom
jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;&r,f?
(3) tm%mrsm;[m wdik ;f oljynfom;awGqu D qif;oufvmap&r,f?
(4) vlra_ &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ Edik if aH &;wd@k rmS t&kyt f vwftjrwfra&G; wef;wlnD
r#r_ &Sdap&r,f?
(5) vlenf;pkukd tumtuG,f jyKap&r,f?
(6) jynfaxmifp}k uD;wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;/ tcsKyftjcmpd;k rd;k tkycf sKyfa&;qdw k m
udk Oya't& xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf&adS p&r,f?
(7) urBmEh ikd if w H umESihf &ifabmifwef;vdu k Ef ikd &f eftwGuf }uKd ;pm;+y;D urBmh
Edik if aH &;awGe@J +idr;f csr;f pGmqufqaH &;udk a&S@&a_ p&r,f qdw k hJ t"du
tajccH (7) csujf zpfygw,f?
'DtajccHrsm;udk tkwjf rpfcs+yD;aemuf jynfaxmifpo k rwjrefrmEdik if H
awmf&hJ zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'udk a&;qJ=G u&ef Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u
vrf;!Gejf yocJw h t
hJ a=umif; ud, k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;tm;vH;k todjzpfygw,f?
'Dtcsed t f cgrmS Edik if aH &;tajctaeawGu &_waf xG;+yD; Adv k cf sKyfatmif
qef;eJ@wuG acgi;f aqmifrsm;[m vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif;cHc&hJ onft h wGuf
wjynfv;kH ,l}uKH ;r& 0rf;enf;a=uuJjG zpfae&wJt h csed jf zpfawmh vGwv f yfa&;
twGu}f uKd ;yrf;r_rmS pdwrf csr;f romp&mawGjzpfvmwma=umifrh @kd / ud, k w
hf ikd ;f
jynf&hJ tajcudk wdik ;f wyg;u 0ifa&mufrpGuzf ufEikd af tmif/ umuG,=f u&rSm
bJq+kd y;D cyfjrefjrefe@J wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKv$waf wmfrmS tajccHOya'udk tjiif;yGm;

27
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

r_ rxm;bJ tvsipf vdv k ufcv H u kd jf cif; jzpfygw,f? yifvn kH v

D mcH}uD;u
tpjyK+y;D tqifq h ifah wmif;qdv
k m=uvd@k vGwv f yfa&;awmh vuf0,f&&S+d y;D
yg+yD/ 'gayr,fh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJh aemufydkif;rSm yifvHknDvmcH}uD;&Jh
tESpo f m&/ Advk cf sKyaf tmifqef;&Jh csrwS af y;vdu k wf hJ vrf;!Geef @J uduk n
f wD ,f
rudu k nf b
D ;l qdw
k mawGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd av#mufvm cJw h hJ (14) ESpaf usmf
ausmcf &D;tay: jyefvnfqef;ppfz@kd vdt k yfygvrd rhf ,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f?
'ga=umifh 'kw, d tcsut f aeeJ@ u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;&Jh vuf&cdS pH m;
ae&wJh tajctaeawGukd a,bl,soabmtm;jzifh tusO;f csKyfwifjyyg
&ap? jynfe,frsm;. vuf&t dS ajctaeudk u|eaf wmfw@kd u wifjyrSom
ES;D aESmzvS,yf u GJ kd wufa&mufvm=uwJh ud, k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;tm;vH;k [m
ydrk jkd ynfph pkH mG pOf;pm;a0zefEikd v
f rd rhf ,fv@kd ,lqygw,f?
jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfe,fr&&Sad o;wJh vlrsKd ;pkaqGrsKd ;&if;jcmrsm;[m vGwf
vyfa&;&&S+d yD;wJah emuf 'DbufumvrSm rdru d =H urRmudk rdrw
d @kd zefw;D &r,f
qdw
k hJ ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;f cGiahf wG jynfjh ynf0h 0rcHpm;&ao;a=umif; awG@&=dS u&yg
w,f? 'Dvakd jymvdu k v f @kd u|eaf wmft h ay:b,fvrkd S txifrvJaG pcsiyf gb;l ?
bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh u|eaf wmf[m jynfe,frsm;ud, k pf m; &d;k &d;k om;om;
taeeJ@ jynfe,fawG cHpm;ae&wm[mjzifh bmawGvnf;qdw k m az: jywm
bJ jzpfygw,f?
jynfe,fawGtm;vH;k ,H=k unfu;kd pm;cJw h hJ jrefrmjynfvw G v
f yfa&;&awmh
r,f/ vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D &ifjzifh 'd@k wawG[m rdrud =H urRm rdrzd efw;D +y;D wd;k wuf
aomjynfe,frsm;jzpfvmatmif vkyEf ikd af wmhr,f/ wd;k wufwjhJ ynfe,fawG
aygi;f xm;wJh jynfaxmifpjk zpfvmawmhr,f? qdw k mawG[m u|eaf wmfw@kd
jynfe,fom;awG/ vlrsKd ;pkrsm;tm;vH;k tm;vH;k awG&hJ 0rf;xJued ;f atmif;+yD;
tar#mv f if}h uD; ar#mv
f ifch yhJ gw,f?
'gayr,fh vGwv f yfa&;acwf (14) ESpcf &D;/ jynfru aemifawmfawGe@J
vufawG@av#mufvmwJt h cg u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ ar#mv
f ifch suaf wG/ u|eaf wmf
wd@k &hJ ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiahf wG[m tjynft h 0r&Srd eS ;f odvmcJ&h ygw,f? u|ef
awmfw@kd wd;k wufz@GH +zdK;a&;udk tpGr;f ukef u|eaf wmfw@kd rvkyaf qmifEikd af o;
a=umif; odomcHpm;ae&ygw,f? 'DvdkarG;zGm;&m ADZygvmwJh udk,fydkif
jyXmef;Edik cf iG hf tcGit hf a&;tjynft h 0rcHpm;vm&awmh/ u|eaf wmfw@kd jynf

28
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

axmifp}k u;D [m u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;tay: ud,

k pf m;jyKvmwm r[kwf
awmhb/J jynfrvd@k ac:wJh Armjynfa'oawGukd t"duud, k pf m;jyKvmwm
awG@jrifvm=u&ygw,f?
jynfe,frsm;uawmh jynfreJ@ nDr#rr_ &Scd w hJ t hJ wGuf pGr;f tm;&So
d avmuf
vkyu f ikd Ef ikd cf iG rhf &Scd v
hJ @kd / wd;k wufoifo h avmuf rwd;k wufcyhJ gb;l ? 'Dvkd bm
a=umifjh zpfco hJ vJq&dk if jynfaxmifp&k ,fv@kd pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;=uwJt h cg jynf
e,f&oif&h xdu k w f hJ vlrsKd ;pkrsm;udk jynfe,ft*F ge@J tnD zJ@G pnf;+yD;/ &Sr;f jynf
e,fvx l t k wGuf &Sr;f jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fvx l t
k wGuf u,m;jynfe,f
&S=d uovdk jynfrvlxt k wGuv f nf; jynfe,fwe,fz@GJ pnf;+yD;awmh wef;wl
nDwl tajccHtay:zJ@G pnf;xm;jcif; r&Sv d @kd bv
J @kd qw kd m oufaojyaeygw,f?
yifvn kH v D mcH&hJ tESpo f m&/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&Jh vrf;!Gecf surf sm;udk
t"duxm;+yD; wef;wlnw D zl @GJ pnf; pkaygi;f &ef taumiftxnfazmfvm=u
&if; jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &[m jynfe,frsm; tm;vH;k udk ud, k pf m;jyKwhJ tpd;k &bJ
jzpf&rSmygb?J
tckawmh jynfrvlxt k wGuf jynfe,fwe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;udk r}uKd ;pm;bJ
jynfrtjzpfq+kd yD;xm;avawmh jynfr&Jt h cGithf m%meJ@ jynfaxmifpt k m
%m a&maxG;pkaygi;f +yD; pd;k rd;k tkycf sKyfvmawmhum jynfaxmifpt k jzpfu
avsmu h svm+yD; wjynfaxmifp;kd rd;k r_pepfo@kd wa&G@a&G@ ul;ajymif;vmwm
awG@&&dS ygw,f? onfta=umif;t&ma=umifv h nf; u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,f
rsm;[m wae@wjcm;wm0ef&w dS hJ jynfru jynfrtpd;k &tay:rSm oHo,&Sd
vmygw,f? 'Doo H ,awG[m xke@J xnfe@J 0if0ifvmvd@k uae@jynfe,frsm;
[m jynfrtay: rausreyfjzpfwt hJ a=umif; xkwaf zmfvm=u&ygw,f?
uae@ zJ@G pnf;wnfaxmifxm;wJh jynfaxmifpyk o kH ¾mef[m jynfe,frsm;&Jh
trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &; wnfaqmufEidk rf ,fh yHpk rH sKd ;/ nDr#aom jynfaxmifpk
pepfrsKd ; r[kwaf =umif;udvk nf; awG@jrifvmcJ=h u&ygw,f?
tckvdk u|eaf wmfwifjytpD&ifcv H u kd af wmh jynfrwm0ef&dS yk*Kd~ vfrsm;/
acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ ud, k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;u u|eaf wmft h ay: wrsKd ;rsKd ; xif
a&mifxifrmS ; &Scd si&f =dS uygvrd rhf nf? 'gayr,fh uae@E;DS aESmzvS,yf rGJ mS rdom;pk
pdw"f gw/f jynfaxmifppk w d "f gwef @J jynfe,frsm;jy\emudk tjyeftvSen f ‡d
Edi_ ;f aqG;aEG;=urSmrd@k yGiyhf iG vhf if;vif; &d;k &d;k om;om;ESihf qufvufwifjyyg&ap?

29
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

wwd,tcsufuawmh txufu u|efawmftpD&ifcHcJhovdk [kwf

r[kwf qef;ppf=unfv h ukd &f if vuf&jdS ynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf zJ@G pnf;tkyf
csKyfyt kH ajccHOya' ed'ge;f ESihf tJ'eD 'd ge;f udk tajcjyK+yD; a&;qJjG yXmef;xm;wJh
aemuftyd'k af wGukd Edi_ ;f ,SO=f unf+h y;D / pDppfvu kd yf g&if a&S@EiS ahf emuf rudu k n
f D
wm awmfawmfrsm;rsm;awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f? 'Dtcsut f vufawGuakd wmh u|ef
awmftxl; raz: jyvdyk gb;l ? u|eaf wmfx h uf Oya'u|r;f usiw f hJ yk*Kd~ vfrsm;
ydrk o
kd &d dS em;vnfawmfr=l uygw,f? tJ'v D kd Oya'ed'ge;f rSm w&m;r#wjcif;/
nDr#jcif;/ vGwv f yfjcif;qdwk hJ avmuygvw&m;awGukd xkwaf z: jyXmef;xm;
vifhupm; aemuftydk'fawGrSm 'Dw&m;awG&JhtajccHeJ@ qef@usifaewJh
ta=umif;&if;[m u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf txl;0rf;enf;p&mw&yfjzpfygw,f?
tajccHOya'udk jyefvnfjyifqifapcsiw f hJ qENjyif;jyif;jyjyay:ayguv f m&
wmvJ 'Dta=umif;&if;a=umifb h J jzpfygw,f?
tajccHOya'xJu ta=umif;jycsuw f csut f aeeJ@ az: jy&r,fq&kd if
tajccHOya' yk'rf (222) t&/ jynfr[m tjcm;jynfe,frsm;enf;wl jynf
axmifpt k zJ@G 0ifwckjzpfayr,fh tajccHOya'yk'rf (*) t&/ tjcm;aom
jynfe,frsm;tay:rSm jynfaxmifpt k aeeJ@ pd;k rd;k tm%mv$r;f vmvd@k jynf
e,frsm;[m wu,fbJ rausreyfjzpfc&hJ ygw,f? trSerf mS 'Dy'k rf &Jt h wGi;f
tESpo f m&[m jynfr[me,fwe,ftjzpf jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0ifwOD;jzpfoifh
ayr,fh jynfr[m jynfaxmifpt k m%mrsm;vuf0,f&&S+d yD;/ tJ'D tm%m
awGeJ@ jynfe,frsm;tay:rSm pdk;rdk;v$rf;+cHKvmw,fvdk@ jynfe,frsm;u
,H=k unf=uygw,f?
'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfu aemufq;kH pwkwt ˆ csut f aeeJ@ jynfe,frsm;&Jh
qENukd xkwaf z:&ef wm0ef&o dS nfEiS t fh nD u|eaf wmfw@kd vv kd m;awmifw h wJh
jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH yHpk [
H mjynfe,fwikd ;f [m wef;wlnw D t l cGihf
ta&;eJ@ ud,k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGit
hf ay: tajccHjyKwJh jynfaxmifppk epfrsKd ;zJ@G pnf;
a&;bJjzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd wef;wlnw D t l ay: zJ@G pnf;a&;udk tajccHwt hJ cgrmS
&oifah oma'orsm;udk jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;ay;+y;D / jynfrtwGuv f nf; jynfe,f
we,fz@GJ pnf;rSom wef;wla&;tajccH[m taumiftxnfay:vmygvrd hf
r,f? 'ga=umifh jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G u, kd pf m; u|eaf wmfw@kd vv kd m;
aom jynfaxmifppk epfz@GJ pnf;yHk yHo k ¾mefukd wifjytpD&ifc&H yg&if —

30
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

(1) jynfrudk jynfe,fwe,f zJ@G pnf;a&;/

(2) v$waf wmf (2) &yf tm%mwlay;a&;/
(3) vlrsKd ;pkvw $ af wmfo@kd jynfe,fwikd ;f jynfe,fwikd ;f wlnaD om ud,
k f
pm;vS,af y;a&;/
(4) jynfe,frsm;u rdrdqENtav#mufvJ$tyfaomtm%mrsm;udk
jynfaxmifpAk [dt k pd;k &od@k uef@owfay;I uset f m%mrsm;udk
jynfe,frsm;wGif xm;&Sad &;/
qdwk thJ csut f ay: jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G uwifjyxm;wJh jynfaxmif
pkpepfypkH t
H wdik ;f tajccHOya'rsKd ;jyifqifapjcif;ygb?J
av;pm;tyfaom obmywd}u;D eJ@wuG jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &tzJ@G 0if 0ef
}uD;rsm;cifAsm;/ jynfaxmifpu k ,
kd pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;/ jynfrEdik if aH &;tzJ@G t
pnf;acgi;f aqmifu, kd pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;cifAsm;/ ,ck u|eaf wmfwifjyxm;
wJh t"dutcsu}f uD; (4) csujf zpfwhJ —
(1) jynfaxmifpjk zpfay:vmyH/k
(2) jynfe,frsm;vuf&t dS ajctae/
(3) vuf&zdS @GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'/
(4) jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;a&;/
qdwk mawGukd tav;teufpOf;pm;a0zefyikd ;f jcm;+yD; u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,f
rsm;tay: rdom;pkpw d "f gwef @J =unf+h yD; ajyvnfwthJ xd ndE‡ i_d ;f aqG;aEG;ajz
&Si;f =uapvdyk gw,f?
(14) ESpaf usmaf usmf }uHKawG@cpH m;vmcJ&h wJh u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;
&Jh tajctaeawGudkvnf; odapvdkygw,f? u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ tckvdk
jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G u,kd pf m; wifjycGi&hf &Sw
d mudv
k nf; txl;bJaus;
Zl;wif 0rf;ajrmufvyS gw,f? tck u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ wifjycsu[ f m vGwv f yf
a&; (14) ESpw f m vrf;c&D;&Jt h awG@t}uHKrsm;t& 'Dae@ a&mh&aJ ewJh trsKd ;
om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk jyefvnfcikd rf mpGm wnfaqmufEikd &f eftwGuf
txufyg “rl” twdik ;f vkyaf qmifEikd rf o S m jzpfajrmufatmifjrifvrd rhf ,f
vd@k tav;teuf,=kH unf+yD; wifjy&jcif;jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh tckvkd u|eaf wmfrsm;rdom;wpk rdom;pkpv
kH if ES;D aESmzvS,f
yJ}G u;D u xajrmuftaumiftxnfaz:ay;wJh 0ef}u;D csKyfO;D Ekukd txl;aus;

31
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

Zl;wif0rf;ajrmufa=umif; ajymjy&if; u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifp}k uD;&Jh jy\

emrsm;udv
k nf; txl;bJajz&Si;f ay;Edik =f uyg&ef wdu k w
f eG ;f Ed;k aqmfarwWm&yfcH
I jynfaxmifp}k u;D wnfwchH ikd +f ryJ gap[k qkawmif;&if; ed*;kH csKyyf gw,fcifAsm;?

(=obmoHrsm;)?

**********

32
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

tcef; (4)

ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f 'l0gaZmfvGef;
.aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf

ucsifjynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f 'l;0g;aZmfvGef; u axmufcHwifjyygvdrfhr,f?

(=obmoHrsm;)?
Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J tpd;k &tzJ@G 0if0ef}uD;rsm;/ Edik if aH &;tzJ@G toD;oD;rS
acgi;f aqmifrsm;cifAsm;/ 'DE;DS aESmzvS,yf u GJ si;f y&jcif;[m u|eaf wmfrsm;&Jh
zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfytkH ajccHOya'}u;D udk qef;ppf&atmifv@kd Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyf
u pDpOfvu kd jf cif; jzpfw,fv@kd ,lqrdygw,f?
tckv
k kd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pku, kd pf m;vS,af ygi;f pHk Edik if aH &;toD;oD;acgi;f
aqmifaygif;pHknDpGm qHkrd=ujcif;[m ta=umif;rJhqHk=ujcif;r[kwfyg?
ta=umif;&Sv d @kd om pHn k pD mG qHrk =d ujcif; jzpfygw,f? temwckcak wmh jzpfae
+y?D onftemudk apmapmpD;pD;tcsed rf D rukojzpfv#if 'kuaQ wG@=uawmhr,f
qdw k mudk wif}uKd jrifw/hJ jrifrw d hJ Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyu
f temwjcm; aq;w
jcm; rjzpf&avatmif rdom;pkawGuakd c:+yD; temeJ@wnfw h ahJ q;enf;&Sm
atmifv@kd zdwjf cif;om jzpfwmbJv@kd vnf; ,lqrdygw,f? u|eaf wmfrsm;wd@k
wawG 'kuQawG@,Hkomru umvemus+yD; w&GmvHk;ysufEdkifr,fh ab;
tE &W ,fq;kd }uD;udk ta0;u jrifr+d yD; umuG,w f ahJ q;az:zd@k pDpOfvu kd af om
0ef}uD;csKyftm;u|eaf wmfrsm; aus;Zl;rwifbJ raeEkid yf g?
T ES;D aESm;zvS,yf }GJ u;D [mjzifh jynfaxmifp}k u;D twGuf tbk;d rjzwfEidk f
wJt h jrwfxw G v f u
dk rf ,fv@kd ,=Hk unfrwd t
hJ wGuf tvGeaf v;eufvaS om
ES;D aESmzvS,yf ;JG }uD;[k av;pm;rdw,f?
temwckcak wmhjzpfae+yq D w
kd mvlwidk ;f odEikd yf g+y/D 'Dtem[m bmtem
rsK;d vJ? b,fuay:vmwJh temvJqw kd mudk Zpfjrpf&mS +y;D r aS q;ukv, G yf gvrd hf
r,f? jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f rSm jynfaxmifpw k ckv;Hk ukx d cd u
dk af pwJh tem
tqmay:vmv#if 0kid ;f 0ef;umuG,u f pk m;zd@k / wm0ef&=dS uwJt h wdik ;f jynfe,f
rsm;nD!w G af &; tzG@J OuUX}u;D . wifjycsurf sm;udak xmufc&H if; tenf;i,f
xyfjznf@wifjyvku d yf gw,f?

33
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

tcktcsed t f cgrmS jynfe,fom;rsm;[m rausreyfrr_ sm;jym;vm+yD;/

jynfrom;rsm;tay: xifa&mifxifrmS ;jzpfvmwJh yGpyd pG ad &m*g[m wjcm;
ta=umif;a=umifhay:vmwmr[kwfygbl;? trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;
Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;vrf;!Gecf srw S cf w hJ hJ jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;ykeH @J ,ck trSef
wu,fjzpfwnfaewJh jynfaxmifpkzGJpnf;ykH[m rsm;pGmuGJjym;jcm;em;
aewma=umifh wa=umif;/ vGwv f yfa&;r&rDtcsed ef @J vGwv f yfa&;t&,l+y;D
aom pyfu;l rwfu;l tcsed w f iG f awmifwef;a'ovlepJ rk sm;jzpfaom &Sr;f /
ucsif/ csif;tp&SdwJhvlenf;pkrsm;uvGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg b,fvkdjynf
axmifprk sK;d ukd zG@J pnf;Iaexkid v f adk =umif;/ Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk rdrw d @dk
qENt}udr}f udrx f w k af z:cJah om jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;ykeH @J trSezf @JG pnf;cJah om
jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;ykrH mS tawmfuv JG JG aejcif;a=umifw h a=umif;/ 0rf;enf;
zG,f rauseyfr_ trsKd ;rsKd ;ay:vmcJyh gw,f? acgi;f aqmif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmif
qef;vrf;!Gecf srw S cf w
hJ hJ jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyekH @J jynfe,fom;rsm;
vdvk m;wJh jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;yHrk mS t"dutajccHoabmeJ@ wln=D uwJh
twGuf rsm;pGmoabmwdu k qf ikd rf _ jzpfygw,f?
jynfe,fom;vlenf;pkrsm;u b,fvykd pkH rH sKd ;jzifh jynfaxmifpw k nfvkd
w,fqw kd mudk vGwv f yfa&;r&rD 1947 ck azaz:0g&v D wGif awmifyikd ;f &Sr;f
jynf yifv+kH rdK@Y usi;f ywJh trsKd ;om;nDvmcHY Adv k cf sKyfacgi;f aqmifaom
trsdK;om;acgif;aqmmifrsm;eJ@ vlenf;pkacgif;aqmifrsm;awG@qHkI vGwf
vyfa&;&vmwJt h cg wef;wlnrD #a&;udk tajccHxm;I jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;
a&; aqG;aEG;em;vnfr_ &&Scd =hJ uygw,f? jynfaxmifp}k uD; arG;xkwaf y;aom
trsKd ;om;nDvmcHjzpfcw hJ ,f? &mZ0ifwiG af vmufaom yifvpkH mcsKyu f v kd nf;
csKyfqckd =hJ uygw,f? ‚if;tjyif 1947 ck {+yDv ar+rdK@ (DR. RERSE WILL-
IAM) acgi;f aqmifaom e,fpyfa'opHp k rf;a&;aumfrwDa&S@arSmufwiG v f nf;
&Sr;f / ucsif ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u rdrw d @kd &v
hJ tkd ifqENukd rnfuo hJ @kd tppfcH
a=umif;/ tqdyk g aumfrwD&t hJ pD&ifcpH mY e,fpyfa'orsm;. tem*wf
ta&;/ &Sr;f jynf/ ucsiaf wmifwef;e,frsm;rS oufaorsm;onf &Sr;f jynfe,f
ESifh ucsifjynfe,fyg0ifaom jynfaxmifpktwGif;Y rdrdwdk@jynfe,frsm;
twGuf ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;&&S&d ef qEN&adS =umif;? od@k aomf trsm;ESio hf uf
qdik af om XmetcsKd @ukd jynfaxmifpAk [dt k pd;k &od@k vJt$ yf&ef oabmwl
a=umif; ponfjzifh &Sr;f / ucsirf sm;. vdt k ifqENukd jycJ=h uygw,f? awmif

34
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

wef;om;vlenf;pkrsm;&Jh vdt k ifqENt&qdv k #if jynfaxmifppk pfppfz@GJ pnf;&ef

yifjzpfygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;r&rD tcsed rf sm;Y t*Fvyd ef ,fcs@J &hJ aoG;cJpG epf
a=umifh vlenf;pkrsm;[m vlrsm;pkjzpfaom ArmvlrsKd ;rsm;tay: txif
tjrifrmS ;r_rsm; &Scd =hJ uygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;twl&,l&atmifv@kd Adv k cf sKyf
atmifqef;&Jh zdwaf c:pkpnf;wJt h cg awGa0ae=uygao;w,f? trsKd ;om;
acgi;f aqmif Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@ ucsit f rsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; 1946
ck Ed0k ifbmv (29) &ufae@/ jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@wiG f awG@q=kH uwJt h cgY‚if;/ yifvkH
nDvmcHwiG f vlenf;pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@ awG@qw kH t
hJ cgY‚if;/ zqyvtzJ@G
csKyyf %mrjyifqifrn _ vD mcHwiG f Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;a&;qJrG ,fh tajccHOya'
eJ@ ywfouf+y;D vrf;!Gejf yXmef;csurf sm; awG@&adS omtcgY‚if;/ Adv k cf sKyaf tmif
qef;. rSeu f efaom trsKd ;om;a&;0g'jzpfaom —
(1) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;&Jw h ef;wla&;/
(2) vlrsKd ;pkwikd ;f &ydik cf iG hf tjynfth 0&&Sad pa&;/
(3) vlrsKd ;pkrsm;&Jt h cGit hf a&;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smufa&;/
udk u|eaf wmfrsm;=um;odvmwJt h cg csujf cif;pdwaf jymif;vJY Adv
k cf sKyfatmif
qef;trSL;jyKaom Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk t,H}k uD;I tm;ud;k tm;xm;
jyKvm=uygw,f? &mZ0ifwiG f r}uKH b;l atmif trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G jf cif;
&cJ=h uygw,f?
wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmfac:I zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'a&;qJ=G upOf
tcgYvnf; Armhacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk b,favmuf,o kH mG ;ovJqw kd mu
awmh yH+k yD; tyfwt hJ xdjzpfc=hJ uwmygb?J wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKnDvmcHusi;f yaeqJ
tcsed w f iG f vlrormwpk&hJ vufcsujf zifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@wuG acgi;f
aqmiftcsKd @vyk }f uHc&H +yD;aemufyikd ;f wGif tqH;k owfa&;qJaG om zJ@G pnf;tkyf
csKyfytkH ajccHOya'[m Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;csrw S cf ahJ om rSeu f efonft h rsKd ;
om;0g'eJ@vnf; rnD!w G /f vlenf;pkrsm;vdv
k m;aom rle@J vnf; uJv G aGJ ewm
udk wpwpawG@jrifvm=uygw,f? T zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyyf t kH ajccHOya'udk (14)
ESpyf wfv;kH usio hf ;kH vmwJth cg tcuftcJtrsKd ;rsKd ;awG@}uKH I rjynfrh pHjk zpfae
wmudv k nf; awG@&ygw,f? T zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya't& usio hf ;kH
vmwJt h cg rlvt"dutajccHrsm; ygrvmaoma=umifh rSe;f csuef @J ESr;f xGuf
rudu k q f o kd vdk jynfaxmifp&k hJ tESpo f m&uG,af ysmuf+yD;/ qm;rcwfaom
[if;vsmuJo h @kd aygyh suyf sujf zpfaeygw,f? vGwv f yfa&;&cgptcsed w f iG f vl
35
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

enf;pkrsm;[m 0rf;omrqH;k jzpfcg rdrw d @kd u=H urRmudk rdrw d @kd zefw;D Edik af wmhr,f
ud,k jhf ynfe,f&w hJ ;kd wuf}uD;yGm;r_ tpGr;f ukev f yk Ef ikd af wmhr,fv@kd tm;wuf
=uygw,f? ar#mv f if=h uygw,f? od@k aomf wESprf S ESpEf pS o f @kd wpwp=umvm
wJt h cg rdrwd @kd ar#mrf eS ;f csuef @J uGmjcm;vmaomtjzpfe@J &ifqikd =f u&aom
tcg rausreyfrj_ zpfvm=uygw,f? pdwyf suv f m=uygw,f? Armjynfrom;
rsm;eJ@ qufqw H ahJ e&mrSmvnf; r=umc%tqifrajyr_ jzpfay:vmcJ=h uyg
w,f? jynfrom;rsm;u jynfe,fom;rsm;tay: zdEydS w f ,f/ csKyfcs,w f ,f/
0ifpu G w f ,f/ vlrsKd ;}uD;0g' oH;k w,fv@kd xifjrifcg twif;tzsi;f ajymvm=u
ygw,f?
xduk o
hJ @kd aom tjzpfrsKd ;[m ucsiw f rsKd ;wnf;eJ@om jzpfwmr[kwyf g?
&Sr;f eJ@vnf; jzpfay:w,f? tjcm; vlrsKd ;pkwikd ;f eJ@vnf; jzpfay:cJyh gw,f? Arm
vlrsKd ;}uD;0g' oH;k w,fv@kd pGypf v GJ #if Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;u r[kwb f ;l vd@k
jiif;qef=urSmbJ? vlrsKd ;}uD;0g'r&Srd eS ;f udk u|eaf wmfrsm;u ,H=k unf=uaomf
vnf; vuf&t dS ajccHOya'u vlrsKd ;}uD;0g'&Sad tmif zefw;D ay;aewmu
awmh jiif;Edik =f ur,f rxifyg? tajccHOya'yk'rf (222) wGif Armjynfr[m
jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0ifwOD;om jzpf&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; tajccHOya'yk'rf (*)
t& tjcm;tzJ@G 0ifjynfe,frsm;tay:wGif jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if t H aeESihf
pd;k rd;k I tm%mv$r;f rd;k jcif;udk awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f? T tcsuo f nfyifv#if jynf
rom;rsm;udk vlrsKd ;}u;D 0g'twif;xd;k +y;D ay;ouJo h @kd jzpfapI vlrsKd ;}u;D eJ@ vlrsKd ;
i,fEpS pf m;&Sad tmif cJjG cm;apaomtcsujf zpfygw,f? 'Dtcsuo f nfyifv#if
wef;wla&;/ rSeu f efonfh trsKd ;om;0g'ESihf zDvmqef@usiaf eygonf? vuf&dS
zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'udk Oya'a&;&_a'gi/hf tkycf sKyfa&;&_a'gi/hf trsKd ;
om;a&;&_a'giu hf =unfv h #if trsKd ;om;a&;vuQ%mudk raqmif/ csKd @,iG ;f ae
onht f wGuf ,cktcg trsKd ;om;rsm;pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf [
_ m a&mh&v J mjcif;
jzpfygw,f? ucsijf ynfe,fe@J oufqikd af omtajccHOya'Y tjcm;jynfe,f
rsm;eJ@ wrlx;l jcm;+yD;/ vlrsKd ;a&;cJjG cm;I tcGit hf a&;umuG,af y;xm;aom
yk'rf rsm;xnfo h iG ;f xm;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? 'Dtcsu[ f mvnf; trsKd ;om;
a&;udk raqmif vlrsKd ;a&;yÉdyuQru _ kd tpOfzefw;D ay;&ma&mufapygw,f?
txufwiG f az: jycJo h nft
h wdik ;f vuf&t dS ajccHOya't& zJ@G pnf;xm;
wJh jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;yH[
k m csKd @,iG ;f csujf ynfEhf u
S af ewJt
h wGuf rauseyfr_
awG/ txifvrGJ mS ;r_awG ay:xGuv f m+y;D / trsKd ;om;rsm;&Jh pnf;vH;k r_ukd xdcu
kd f
36
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

a&mh&J apcJyh gw,f? T twdik ;f om qufvufomG ;=ur,fqv kd #if jynfaxmif

pk}u;D +yKd u&GJ efyif pd;k &dryf yl efcyhJ gw,f? trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
G rf _ cdik +f rI
J jynf
axmifp}k uD;wnfwchH ikd +f rJ&efrmS vuf&dS zJ@G pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk jyifz@kd vykd g
w,f? jyifwt hJ cgvnf; rSeu f efwt
hJ rsKd ;om;a&;vuQ%mudk aqmifaom
wef;wla&;eJ@ &ydik cf iG t hf jynft h 0 &&Sad &;udk t"dutajccHxm;v#uf —
(1) Armjynfrudjk ynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0if jynfe,fz@GJ a&;/
(2) v$waf wmf (2) &yftm; tm%mwlay;a&;/
(3) vlrsKd ;pkvw
$ af wmfwiG f wlnaD omud, k pf m;vS,af pv$waf &;/
(4) trsm;ESifhoufqkdifaomXmetcsdK@udk A[dktpdk;&odk@tm%mvJ$
tyfI uset f m%mrsm;tm;vH;k udk jynfe,fYxm;&Sad &;/
(5) jynfaxmifpb k ¾mawmfukd r#wpGmcJaG 0a&;/
paomtcsurf sm;yg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpu k set
f ifvuQ%mESijhf ynfph o kH nfh
jynfaxmifpjk yKjyifz@GJ pnf;rSomv#if trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
G rf }_ u;D cdik +f rrJ ,f
jynfaxmifp}k u;D vnf; wnfwrhH ,fv@kd wxpfcs,=kH unf=uygw,f?
u|eaf wmfrsm; zuf'&,fac:wJh jynfaxmifppk pfppfz@GJ pnf;&ef tqdjk yKjcif;
[m vlrsKd ;a&;udk Ed;_ qGay;aejcif; r[kwyf g? Confederation ac:wJh tvGef
jrifrh m;wJh jynfaxmifpzk @GJ &ef ta&;qdjk cif;vnf; r[kwyf g? trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k
nD!w G rf u
_ kd wu,f&,lEikd af om jynfaxmifppk pfppfukd zJ@G pnf;jcif;om rSef
uefonf[k ,H=k unf=ujcif;jzpfonft hf wGuf wifjy&jcif;jzpfygw,f?

(=obmoHrsm;)?

**********

37
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

tcef; (5)

csi;f txl;0daoowdik ;f ud, k pf m;vS,f

uy`wderf ef;wHEk ;kH . aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf
tpDtpOf (6) t&/ csif;txl;0daoowdkif; udk,fpm;vS,f r[moa&pnfol uy`wdef
ref;wHkEHk;u axmufcHwifjy&efjzpfygw,f?
(=obmoHrsm;)?

av;pm;tyfygaom obmywd Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J wuG tpd;k &tzJ@G 0ef

}uD;rsm;/ Edik if aH &;tzJ@G tpnf;acgi;f aqmifu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;/ jynfe,fu,kd f
pm;vS,af wmf}uD;rsm; cifAsm;? ckvkd ES;D aESmzvS,yf n GJ v
D mcHrmS u|eaf wmf
pum;ajymcGi&hf wJt h wGuf txl;bJ aus;Zl;wifygw,f?
u|eaf wmf wifjyaqG;aEG;vdw k muawmh zuf'&,fru l pd eP @J ywfouf+yD;
bma=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd zuf'&,fr/l jynfaxmifprk u l kd vdvk m;ae&w,f
qdw
k hJ ta=umif;bJjzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmft h aeeJ@ jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;
tzJ@G OuUX}u;D p0fceG cf sKd red @f =um;oGm;onft
hf wdik ;f qufvuf+y;D axmufco H mG ;
vdyk gw,f? vGecf w hJ hJ 1947 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D twGi;f rSm usi;f ycJw h hJ yifvn kH D
vmcH}uD;u tpjyK+yD; jynfaxmifp}k uD;ay:ayguv f mw,fqw kd m[m rSeyf g
w,f? xdt k csed u
f awmifwef;a'orsm;eJ@ ArmjynfrrSm&Sw d hJ acgi;f aqmif
awG[m yl;aygi;f +yD; wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf u
_ kd }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G cf hJ
ygw,f?
tJ'v D kd wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf e_ @J }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u
G cf =hJ uvd@k vGwf
vyfwjhJ ynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmf &,fv@kd jzpfay:vm&w,f qdw k mvnf; trSef
twdik ;f bJjzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd u jynfaxmifppk epfukd }uKd uEf pS o f ufv@kd
jynfaxmifp&k ,fv@kd wnfaqmufcjhJ cif; jzpfygw,f? 1947 ckEpS f pufwifbm
vrSm usi;f ywJh wdik ;f jynfjf yKv$waf wmfrmS jynfaxmifpo k abmoufa&muf
wJh zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'udk wifjypOfu u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k vG,f
vG,u f u
l el @J 0dik ;f 0ef;axmufccH =hJ uygw,f? 'D zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfytkH ajccHOya'
[m jynfaxmifppk w d "f gw/f jynfaxmifpo k abmxm;rsm;ESit hf nD vufcH
38
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

usio
hf ;kH oGm;Edik v
f rd rhf ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,=kH unfar#mv
f ifx
h m;cJyh gw,f? 'g
ayr,fh u|eaf wmfw@kd ,=kH unfar#mv f ifx
h m;ovdk jzpfrvmbl;vd@k qdck siyf g
w,f? zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'[m jynfaxmifpo k abmrwufa&muf
ovdk jzpfaewm tawmf=um=umvufawG@cpH m;vmwJt h cgrmS od&v dS m&yg
w,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd awmifwef;a'o vlenf;pkawG[m b,fvpkd w d "f gwef @J
jynfaxmifp}k u;D wnfwahH tmif jynfaxmifp}k u;D udw k nfaqmuf=uwmjzpf
awmh jynfaxmifp}k uD;rSm t"duOD;aqmifaewJh aemifawmfjynfru acgi;f
aqmifawG tay:rSm,H=k unftm;xm;=uygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd vdv
k m;,H=k unftm;xm;wJh jynfaxmifpyk pkH [ H mvnf;
jynfreJ@awmifwef;a'ou vlenf;pkawG nDwn l rD #tcGit
hf m%m&Sw
d hJ yHpk H
rsKd ; jzpf=urSmbJv@kd xifrw
S =f uygw,f? od@k aomfvnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd xifrw S f
ovdk vuf&jdS ynfaxmifp&k hJ jynfe,frsm;&Jt h ajctaeu 'Dvjkd zpfrvmwm
u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@jrif=uwJt h wdik ;f tpD&ifcyH g&ap?
vGwv
f yf+yD;ptcg/ &+yD;vd@k (14) ESpt
f awmtwGi;f rSm u|eaf wmfw@kd
qef;ppf=unfv h ukd af wmh jynfe,fawmifwef;a'oawG&hJ rlvud,k yf ikd jf yXmef;
cGiahf wG[m aysmufu, G &f awmhrvdk jzpfaewm awG@&ygw,f?
jynfaxmifpf }k u;D rSm jynfaxmifppk w d "f gwaf wGusqif;ae+y?D jynfaxmif
pkoabmxm;qdw k mvnf; bmud, k &l rSe;f rodatmif jzpfaeygw,f? jynf
axmifpk zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'ed'ge;f rSmygwhJ w&m;r#wr_/ vGwv f yf
r_/ nDr#r_ qdwk phJ um;awG[mvnf; t"dyg̀,ef nf;enf;bJ &Sad wmhw,fv@kd u|ef
awmfw@kd xifryd gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,fawmifwef;a'ou vlenf;pk
awG[m vuf&jdS ynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf t kH ajccHOya' tay:rSm oHo,
&Sdae=uw,f? jynfaxmifpktzJG@0ifqdkwmudk t"dy`g,fydkif;jcm;wJhtcgrSm
jynfe,fe@J jynfr [k jynfr/ jynfe,f ESihf jynfe,fr[kww f hJ useef ,fajra'o
qdw k hJ jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0if ESprf sKd ;bJ&w
dS ,f? tck u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfrvd@k ac:
aewm[m pifppfawmh jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0if bJjzpfygw,f? jynfe,fawG
[mvnf; jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0ifawGbJ jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh jynfaxmifpk
tzJ@G tm%mudk csKyfuikd pf ;kd rd;k aewmuawmh jynfromv#if jzpfaeawmh
jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0iftcsi;f csi;f awGrmS tjiif;yGm;p&m/ rauseyfp&mawG jzpf
vm=uygw,f? 'Dvkd tjiif;yGm;r_/ rauseyfra_ wG r=umc%jzpfvmawmh

39
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

b,fou l b,fvakd jz&Si;f ay;rvJ? rajz&Si;f Edik v f @kd jy\emawGpyk +kH y;D jzpfvm
v#if wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
G rf u
_ kd rxdcu kd af ybl;vm;? 'gukd tav;t
euf pOf;pm;=uapcsiyf gw,f?
aemuf+y;D awmh rauseyfr/_ epfemr_&w dS ,f qdw k mvJ jynfe,f jynfaxmif
pktzJ@G 0ifawGu cyfrsm;rsm;jzpfaeawmh jynfrtaeeJ@ pOf;pm;wJt h cgrmS 'g
awG[m tao;tzJaG wGygv@kd r,lqapcsib f ;l ? 'Dv,kd q
l &if trSm;}uD;rSm;
ygvrd rhf ,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd taeeJ@ jrifwmuawmh zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccH
Oya'udk jyifqifa&;qJG=uwJhtcgrSm jynfaxmifpkpepf}uD; yDyDoojzpf
atmif jyifqifa&;qJ=G uapvdyk gw,f? 'Dvrkd S rjyifqif/ rjyif&if xyfovJvJ
jy\emawGjzpft;kH rSmbJ? jynfaxmifppk w d "f gwef @J jynfaxmifpo k abm
w&m;awG[m jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'rSm owfrw S cf suf
awGe@J wdwu d sus udu
k n
f aD prSjzpfawmhr,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,H=k unfygw,f?
Oyrmqd&k if u|eaf wmfw@kd csi;f a'o[m jynfaxmifp}k u;D txJrmS b,f
vdk tzJ@G 0ifrsKd ;jzpfxu
kd w
f ,fqw kd m oD;oef@owfrw S +f y;D jzpfygw,f? +y;D awmh
jynfaxmifpyk gvrD efEiS hf jynfe,faumifpaD wG&hJ qufo, G rf o
_ abmw&m;
awGuv kd nf;f jynfaxmifppk epfe@J uu kd n
f aD tmif xm;&Sad pcsiyf gw,f? 'Dvkd
jynfe,f jynfrqd+k y;D qufvufyikd ;f jcm;r,fq&kd ifawmh 'D jynfaxmifp}k u;D &Jh
wnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;[m &SEd ikd yf gt;kH rvm;/ 'D 'Drukd a&pD&t hJ ESpo f m&udak um
&Smvd@k awG@ygt;kH rvm; qdw k m pd;k &drpf &mjzpfvmygw,f?
'gawGa=umifh u|eaf wmft}uH^m%fay;axmufco H mG ;csiw
f mu jynf
e,f jynfr&,fv@kd rcJb G J jynfe,fcsn;f bJ pkaygi;f xm;wmjzpf=uatmif jynfr
udvk nf; jynfe,fwcktjzpfz@GJ yg? 'gro S mv#if jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0iftcsi;f
csi;f nDr#rj_ zpf+yD;/ jynfe,fawG&hJ oHo,&Srd a_ wG[m ajyaysmufomG ;Edik yf g
w,fv@kd u|eaf wmf,=kH unfygw,f?
tcku|eaf wmfwifjyovdk jynfe,ftcsi;f csi;f pkaygi;f wJh “rl” udv k ufcH
rS tkycf sKyfrt
_ m%m/ w&m;pD&ifrt _ m%m/ Oya'jyKr_tm%m qdw k hJ t"du
r¾dKijf zpfwhJ tm%moH;k &yfukd wef;wlr#wr_ &Sad tmifcaGJ 0+y;D / A[djk ynfaxmif
pkukd oifah vsmwf hJ tm%mawGowfrw S af y;xm;jcif;jzifh ppfreS wf jhJ ynfaxmifpk
}uD;udk wnfaqmufEikd rf mS jzpfygw,f?

40
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ aemifawmf}uD;wawGjzpfwhJ jynfracgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;

udk u|eaf wmftav;teufarwWm&yfccH siw f mu aemifawmfawG&hJ oabm
xm;}uD;r_ukd xif&mS ;atmifjy=uyg? ynm&So d wdEiS vhf nf; pOf;pm;a0zef=u
yg? u|eaf wmfw@kd 0dik ;f 0ef;wnfaqmufwhJ wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wG rf }_ u;D
r+ydKuJGatmifvnf; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufawmfrl=uygvdk@ av;eufpGm
awmif;yefajym&if; u|eaf wmf ed*;kH csKyfvukd yf gw,f?

(=obmoHrsm;)?

**********

41
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

tcef; (6)

&S r f ; jynf e ,f u d k , f p m;vS , f OD ; xG e f ; jrif h (awmif } uD ; )

. aqG ; aEG ; wif j ycsuf

eHygwf (7) tpDtpOft& &Srf;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f OD;xGef;jrifh (awmif}uD;) u

axmufcHrSmjzpfygw,f?
av;pm;tyfwhJ obmywd}uD; Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm;/ av;pm;tyfwhJ
aoG;csi;f ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;cifAsm;/ jynfaxmifppk pfppfz@GJ pnf;a&; “rl” udk
u|eaf wmfwifjyvdu k w f ,f qd&k ifb/J jrefrmjynfrS trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif
toD;oD;qDrS &_a'git hf jrif trsKd ;rsKd ;eJ@ oabmxm;wke@f jyefr_ trsKd ;rsKd ;ay:
xGuv f mcJyh gw,f?
jrefrmjynf[m 0HomEkacwfuae+yD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;acwftxd
+Adwo d #uv kd ekd b
D 0u vGwaf jrmufatmif vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf t GJ qifqh ifh
qifEv $J mcJyh gw,f? [kr;f &l; (Home Rule) ac:wJh ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;uae
vH;k 0 vGwv f yfa&;txd/ vGwv f yfa&;trsKd ;rsKd ;awmif;qdck =hJ uygw,f? 'D
awmif;qdck suaf wGukd jrefrmtrsKd ;om;rsm;bufu=unf&h if tvGew f &m;
aom awmif;qdck surf sm;jzpfygw,f? udv k ekd eD ,fcs@J orm;rsm;bufu =unfh
&if rw&m;wJh awmif;qdck suaf wGv@kd jzpfygw,f? jrefrmtrsKd ;om;bufu
vGwv f yfa&;/ +Adwo d #e,fcs@J orm;rsm;bufu udv k ekd w
D nf+rJa&; &_a'git hf
jrifjcif; rwl=uygb;l ?
'D OyrmeJ@ 'Dae@ u|eaf wmfw@kd tjzpftysu[ f m xyfwx l yfr#qaD vsmf
w,fv@kd u|eaf wmfrqdv k ykd gb;l ? [dt
k a&;u e,fcs@J orm;eJ@ udv k ekd u
D |eb
f 0
usa&mufaewJh jrefrmtrsKd ;om;rsm; vGwv f yfa&;awmif;qdw k hJ qufqaH &;/
tck u|eaf wmfw@kd ta&;[m rdom;pkcsi;f wef;wlra_ wmif;qdw k hJ qufqaH &;/
qufqaH &;trsKd ;tpm;jcif; uGmjcm;ygw,f? txufu Oyrmudk u|eaf wmf
wifpm;az: jy&wJh &nf&, G cf suu f wjcm;ta=umif;a=umifh r[kwyf gb;l ?
cHpm;r_b0udk ay:vGiaf pvdw k hJ apwema=umifbh jJ zpfygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd wifjywJh jynfaxmifppk pfppf “rl” &Jh tESpo
f m&[m bmvJ
qd&k if wef;wla&;bJjzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifppk pfppfrl qd+k y;D u|eaf wmfw@kd wif

42
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

jywJt
h cgrmS Edik if aH &;yHo
k ¾mef/ tkycf sKyfa&;yHo k ¾mef/ tm%mcJaG 0a&;yHk
o¾mef ponfjzifh az: jyxm;wJt h wGuf 'Dae@jzpfay:aewJh jy\em[m
tvGew f &m eufecJ ufcaJ eonf[k ,lqp&mjzpfaeygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd
vdv
k m;csuu f kd t&Si;f qH;k pum;vH;k eJ@az: jy&&if u|eaf wmfw@kd Arm/ &Sr;f /
ucsi/f csi;f / u&if/ u,m;/ rGe/f &cdik f nDtudrk o d m;pkawG[m wef;wlnw D l
qufq=H uygp@kd / wef;wlnw D l cHpm;=uygp@kd v@kd qdv
k u
kd jf cif;bJjzpfygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifppk pfppfru l kd yk*Kd~ vftcsKd @u b,fvt kd awG;
ayguw f ,f/ b,fvt kd "dyg` ,af umufw,f rajymwwfygb;l ? vufrcHEikd b f ;l ?
rjzpfEikd b
f ;l vd@k wH;k wd}uD; jiif;y,fae=uygw,f? 'Dvkd jiif;y,fjcif;[m u|ef
awmfw@kd cpH m;&wJb h 0eJ@ t"dyg` ,jf yefvu kd &f if rif;wd@k e@J wef;wlnw D ql ufqH
vd@k rjzpfEikd b
f ;l ? wef;wlnw D cl pH m;cGihf ray;Edik bf ;l vd@k t"dyg` ,af yguyf gw,f?
Armjynfrowif;pmawGubJjzpfjzpf/ Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifawGubJ jzpf
jzpf/ Oya'ynm&Siaf wGubJjzpfjzpf u|eaf wmfw@kd wifjyvdu k w f hJ jynfaxmifpk
rl udk vufrcHEikd bf ;l ? rjzpfEikd b
f ;l vd@k ajymvdu
k w
f thJ cgwikd ;f tcgwikd ;f / u|ef
awmfw@kd pwd rf mS ckwifu t"dyg` ,t f wdik ;f vm+yD;cHpm;&ygw,f?
+Adwod #tm %mydik rf sm;u vGwv f yfa&;ray;Edik b
f ;l vd@k ajymvduk w f ikd ;f
ajymvdu k wf ikd ;f jrefrmtrsKd ;om;rsm;pdwrf mS cHpm;&ovd/k jynfaxmifppk pfppf
rle@J ywfouf+yD;/ Armaemifawmfrsm;buf ypfypfcgcgajymvdu k q
f v
kd ukd wf ikd ;f
u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;&Jph w d rf mS tvm;wla0'em cHpm;&ygw,f? u|ef
awmfw@kd jynfe,ftrsKd ;om;awG jynfaxmifppk pfppfru l kd awmif;qd=k uwm
[m tcGix hf ;l tcGirhf al wGukd awmif;aewmr[kwyf gb;l qdw k mudk 'Dae&mrSm
u|eaf wmftpD&ifcH vdyk gw,f?
u|eaf wmfwf @kd &Sr;f jynftrsKd ;om;rsm;taeeJ@ tpD&ifc&H r,fq&kd if u|ef
awmfw@kd [m ArmtrsKd ;om;rsm;enf;wl ud, k whf ikd ;f jynf/ ud,
k v
hf rl sKd ;/ ud,
k hf
tcsKyftjcmtm%meJ@ aexdik v f m=uygw,f? acwfa[mif;&mZ0ifrmS &Sr;f
trsKd ;om;rsm;eJ@ ArmtrsKd ;om;rsm; qufqaH &;[m wzufe@J wzufemusn;f
p&mawG&o dS vd/k cspcf ifjrwfE;kd p&mawGvnf; tajrmuftrsm; &Syd gw,f? vlrsKd ;
a&;tEG,t f & &Sr;f trsKd ;om;awG[m ,d;k ',m;eJ@yI kd eD;pyfaomfvnf; vuf
awG@qufqaH &;t& ArmeJ@y+kd y;D &if;ES;D ygw,f? acwfopf&mZ0ifukd =unfrh ,f
qdk&ifvnf; +Adwdo#u|efoabmufb0udk &Srf;eJ@Arm[m twlwlbJ

43
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

uscw hJ ,f? e,fcsJ @p;kd rd;k r_atmufrmS twlwb l cJ pH m;cJ&h =uw,f? vGwvf yfa&;
udv k nf; &Sr;f eJ@Arm[m twlwv l ufw+GJ yD; &,lc=hJ uygw,f? u|eo f ayguf
b0uae tjcm;u|eo f aygubf 0wckukd ycH;k ajymif;r_ ArmtrsKd ;om;rsm;
rvdv k m;ovdk u|eaf wmfw@kd &rS ;f jynftrsKd ;om;rsm;uvnf; enf;enf;rS rvdk
vm;ygb;l ? ArmtrsKd ;om;rsm;eJ@ vufw+GJ y;D vGwv f yfa&;&,lovdk vGwv f yf
wJ&h rS ;f jynftrsKd ;om;rsm;[m vGwv f yfwhJ ArmjynftrsKd ;om;rsm;eJ@ wef;wl
nDwl yl;aygi;f +yD; jynfaxmifpu k kd zJ@G pnf;aexdik af e=uygw,f?
1945 ckEpS rf S 1947 ckEpS f wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmfac:qdk usi;f ywJah e@txd
u|eaf wmfw@kd &rS ;f trsKd ;om;rsm;[m ArmjynfrtrsKd ;om;rsm;eJ@ yl;wJv G w
G f
vyfa&;&,l+y;D jynfaxmifppk pfppfrl yl;aygi;f zJ@G pnf;aexdik v f akd =umif; qENxwk f
az:cJw h o hJ ufaoom"u taxmuftxm;awG/ pm&Gupf mwrf;awG[m
,ae@raysmufu, G Ef ikd af o;ygb;l ? &Sr;f rl vd@k ac:wJh pmtkyjf ymxJrmS tjynfh
tpHak z: jyxm;ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd &Sr;f rluw kd ifvukd wf meJ@ ywfouf+yD;/
wcsKd @y*k Kd~ vu f cifAsm;wd@k &rS ;f awG b,fvpkd w d u f ;l ayguv
f @kd jynfaxmifppk pfppf
qdw k rhJ u
l kd tckv+kd AHK;pm;}uD; xyfawmif;vmwmvnf;vd@k ar;=uygw,f?
wcsKd @y*k Kd~ vaf wGuvnf; cifAsm;wd@k ukd b,foal jrm‡ ufay;vdu k of vJ/ b,fo@l
ya&m*eJ@ awmif;wmvnf;vd@k ar;=uygw,f? 'Dvakd r;cH&wJt h wGuf u|ef
awmfw@kd [m pdwx f t J awmfbJ xdcu kd ef musn;f rd cJ=h uygw,f? trSeaf wmh
u|eaf wmfw@kd [mvnf;f ykxZk Ofom;awG r[kwyf gvm;? ykxZk Ofw@kd obm0
pdwx f cd u kd ef musn;f wm[m tqef;r[kwyf gb;l ? 'gayr,fh u|eaf wmfw@kd [m
oabmxm;}uD;}uD;eJ@ onf;cHc=hJ uygw,f? ArmtrsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}uD;
rsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;/ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zJ@G tpnf;rsm;qDukd u|eaf wmfw@kd
&Sr;f jynfe,f OuUX}uD; p0fceG cf sKd ud, k w f ikd Of ;D pD+yD; c,0yfwmG ;pGmoGm;a&muf
&Si;f jycJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; txifrmS ;r_awG 'Dvrkd vdv k m;tyfwhJ ar;cGe;f
rsKd ;awG aemufxyfay:rvmawmhygb;l ?
Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J nDtudu k , kd pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;cifAsm;? u|ef
awmfw@kd jynfaxmifppk pfppfru l kd wifjyawmif;qdw k m[m Armjynfrtay:
tEdik u
f siv hf w
kd o
hJ abmrsKd ;/ t=uyfuikd v f w kd o hJ abmrsKd ;/ tcGix
hf ;l ydak wmif;
wJo
h abmrsKd ;eJ@ awmif;qdck w hJ m r[kwyf gb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;[m
jynfreJ@wef;wlr_ r&Sjd zpfaewmudk wef;wlr&_ v dS matmif awmif;qdak e=ujcif;
om jzpfygw,f?
44
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

vuf&zdS @GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt

kH ajccHOya'[m u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd ArmjynfreJ@
wef;wlra_ e&mrSmrxm;bl;? Edik if aH &;/ pDymG ;a&;/ vlra_ &;rSm nDr#wt hJ cGihf
ta&;ray;bl;? tzufzufu epfemapw,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd &;kd om;pGm
awG@jrifae=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh wef;wlnrD #rr_ &Sw d hJ 'D tajccHOya'}uD;udk
wef;wlr&_ v dS matmif jyefvnfjyifqif=uygp@kd v@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd u rdom;pkpw
d f
"gwef @J &d;k &d;k om;om;awmif;qd=k ujcif; jzpfygw,f?
'g[m u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifppk pfppfr&l hJ vd&k if;twdck sKybf jJ zpfygw,f?
'DtajccHOya'}uD;udk wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmfwek ;f u cifAsm;wd@k &rS ;f jynfu
ud,k pf m;vS,af wGyg0ifa&;qJ+G yD; oabmwlcw hJ mbJ r[kwv f m;vd@k wcsKd @
yk*~dKvfawGu ar;=uygw,f? rSefygw,f wdkif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwkef;u
u|eaf wmfw@kd &rS ;f jynfu ud,
k pf m;vS,af wG[m yg0ifa&;qJ+G yD; oabmwl
axmufccH yhJ gw,f? b,fvckd , H cl suef @J oabmwlcw hJ ,fqw kd mudk quf+yD;
&Sif;jyyg&ap?
wdik ;f jynfjyKvw $ af wmfukd wufc=hJ uwJh u|eaf wmfw@kd &rS ;f jynfu ud, k pf m;
vS,af wG[m Edik if aH &;tawG@t}uHKrsm; r&Scd =hJ uygb;l ? Oya'vnf; ru|r;f
usi=f ubl;qdw k mudk u|eaf wmf&;kd om;pGm 0efcv H ykd gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd wdik ;f
jynfjyKv$waf wmfukd wuf=uwm[m Oya'a&;qJzG @kd xuf u|eaf wmfw@kd e,f
pyfa'o rygwv hJ wG v f yfa&;[m t"dyg` ,rf &So d vdk ArmrygwhJ e,fpyfa'o
ta&;[mvnf; t"dyg` ,rf &Sb d ;l vd@k u|eaf wmfw@kd ,=kH unf=uwJt h wdik ;f / Arm
jynfreJ@ wef;wly;l wJ+G y;D vGwv f yfaomjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufvw kd hJ aZm
u yd+k y;D }u;D aeygw,f? e,fcs@J vufatmufu tjrefvw G zf @kd ta&;}u;D w,f?
e,fcs@J orm;awG r&Sw d ahJ emuf aoG;csi;f om;csi;f awG txl;ajymaep&mrvdk
bl;vd@k &d;k &d;k bJ,q l cJ=h uygw,f?
wdik ;f jynfjyKvw $ af wmfv
f yk if ef;aqmif&u G af epOfwek ;f u aumfrwDtpnf;
ta0;wckrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd tvGe, f =kH unf tvGe=f unfnKd av;pm;wJh acgi;f
aqmif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ajymcJw h phJ um;wcGe;f udk u|eaf wmfw@kd ,ae@
xufwikd =f um;a&mifaeygao;w,f? aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wckrmS tajccH
Oya't}uaH y;t&m&Sd OD;csex f eG ;f utajccHOya'jyXmef;csuaf wG wyHw k acgi;f
}uD;a&;qJw G ifjyvmwJt h cg Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;u “OD;csex f eG ;f — cifAsm;
vefbm;a=umufovm;? 'Dvakd wGa&;aevd@k b,fjzpfrvJ? (Brand Prin-

45
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

ciple) us,jf yef@wo

hJ abmw&m;avmuf yg&ifawmfa&mhayg?h vGwv f yfa&;
&+yD;wJt
h cg aemufvw kd mawGukd (By Act) ygvrD efrmS tufOya'vky&f if
+y;D wmbJ? 'Davmuf&n S &f n
S v
f sm;vsm;eJ@ vkyaf e&if (2) v (3) v eJ@b,frmS
+yD;Edik rf vJ” vd@k ajymcJyh gw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@ zqyvacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd tifr
wefcspcf if=unfnKd av;pm;ovdk tifrwefvnf; ,H=k unftm;ud;k cJyh gw,f?
Adv
k cf sKyf&ohJ abmu tajccHOya'udk yk'rf awGtrsm;}uD;eJ@ &Sn&f n S v
f sm;
vsm;a&;aep&m rvdkbl;? us,fjyef@wJhoabmw&m;eJ@ t*F gpHk&ifawmf
avmuf+yD? vGwv f yfa&;+yD;wJah emuf tajctaeeJ@tcsed tf cgu=kd unf+h yD;
vdok vdak qmif&u G of mG ;r,f? tJ'v D kd oabmxm;ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd [m
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;udk tºuGif;rJh,Hk=unfwJh
tavsmuf vH;k 0O\Hyk t kH yfcyhJ gw,f?
tJ'w D ek ;f u &Sr;f jynfu ud, k pf m;vS,w f csKd @[m 'Dae@ay:ayguaf ewJh
jy\emrsKd ;ay:ayguv f mrSmpd;k wJth wGuf Edik if jH cm;om;Oya'yg&*lwOD;udk
iSm;&rf;zd@k pDpOfcyhJ gw,f? zqyv&Jah pwemudk ,Hrk mS ;&musrmS pd;k wJt h wGuf
u|eaf wmfw@kd [m 'DtpDtpOfukd wdu k zf sucf yhJ gw,f? 'Dtjzpftysu[ f m tJ'D
tcsed w f ek ;f u owif;pmawGrmS vnf; ygygw,f? Adv k cf sKyftrSL;jyKwJh Arm
acgi;f aqmifawGvnf; odygw,f? &Sr;f jynfe,f ud, k pf m;vS,af wG[m Arm
acgif;aqmifawGtay: b,favmuft,Hkt=unf}uD;cJhw,f qdkwm/ 'D
om"u utxift&Sm;jyocJw h ,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfw@kd usq;kH oGm;+yD;wJah emuf qufvufa&;qJ=G uwJt h cg tajccH
Oya'[m Adv k cf sKyfvv kd m;wJh tajccHOya'rsKd ;r[kwaf wmhb;l ? Adv k cf sKyfrel @J
uJv G mw,fqw kd muawmh xif&mS ;ygw,f? zqyv y%mrnDvmcHu
a&;qJw G hJ tajccHOya'rl=urf;eJ@ ,SOw f zGJ wf=unf&h if/ uJjG ym;r_awG wyHw k acgi;f
}uD;awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;r&Swd ahJ emuf Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf
trSL;jyKwJh Armhacgif;aqmifawGtay: u|efawmfwdk@[m qufvuf+yD;
,H=k unfu;kd pm;cJyh gw,f?
tajccHOya'rSmyg&w dS hJ jyXmef;csuaf wGtay: u|eaf wmfw@kd tvGet f rif;
tav;teufrxm;cJyh gb;l ? aumif;aumif;vnf; em;rvnfc=hJ uygb;l ? tck
xd tajccHOya'rSm csKd @,iG ;f csu&f o
dS nfw
h ikd af tmif Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; ajym

46
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

cJo
h uJo h @kd — ( Letter and Spirit of Constitution) Oya'pum;vHk;eJ@
pdwaf pwem cJjG cm;Ekid +f yD; usio
hf ;kH oGm;&if jzpfajrmufEikd rf mS ygbv
J @kd ,H=k unf
pdwcf saecJ=h uygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd [m tJ'v D pkd w
d x
f m;,H=k unfcsuef @J 'D
tajccHOya'}uD;udk oabmwlvufccH =hJ ujcif; jzpfygw,f?
'gayr,fh vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D wJah emuf tajccHOya'udk vufawG@usio hf ;kH
wJth cgrmS wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmfrmS xm;&Scd whJ hJ rdom;pkpw
d "f gwaf wG[m pke;f
pke;f jrKwfaysmufu, G af eygw,f? tajccHOya'a&;qJpG Ofu Oya'pum;vH;k
aemufrmS xm;&Scd w hJ hJ pdwaf pwemawG[mvnf; aysmufu, G u f ek yf gw,f?
Oya'pum;vH;k awGtay:rSmom twdtusaumuf+yD; usio hf ;kH vm=uwJh
tcgrS u|eaf wmfw@kd [m txife@J tjrif wufwufpif vJ;J$ rSm;ukew f mudk od
vm&ygw,f?
wae@xufwae@ epfemcsuaf wG ydI k ydI
k ay:vGiv f mygw,f? u|eaf wmf
wd@k &hJ tcGit
hf a&;qdw
k ikd ;f tajccHOya'pmtky}f uD;eJ@ udik af yguw
f mudb
k J cHchJ
=u&ygw,f?
'Dawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;taeeJ@ b,ftajcudak &mufcyhJ govJ
qd&k if Armjynfrtm%m&ygwaD cgi;f aqmifrsm;&Jh pdwaf pwemeJ@ qENtay:
tpOft+rJrcDS t kd m;xm;ae&r,fh tajcrsKd ;qdu k af &mufvmygw,f? tJ'v D kd
rScD t
kd m;xm;Edik rf b
S J jynfe,frsm;[m touf&al csmifr,fb h 0rsKd ;od@k us
a&mufvmygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd tajctaeudk u|eaf wmfw@kd u
jynfr&Jh Lesser State y¾mqufEikd if v H @kd orkwv f mw,f vmcJ=h ujcif;
jzpfygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd &ydik cf iG &hf w
dS t
hJ cGeaf wmfaiGub
kd J axmufyahH =u;qd+k y;D ESppf Of
vufjzef@caH wmif;&wmvnf; tarmbJ? tcsed rf rSD &vd@k jynfe,frsm;tkycf sKyf
a&;rSm tcuftcJ}uHK&aygi;f vnf; ra&rwGuEf ikd af wmhygb;l ? tJ'D axmuf
yHah =u;ay;&wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; yk*Kd~ vftcsKd @u u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,fawGukd
rD;&xm;ukew f }GJ u;D awGvkd oabmxm;=uw,f? Armjynfru tvGew f &m
tepfemcH+y;D yifyef;}u;D pGm u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd '&Gww f u
kd q
f aGJ e&ovdk ,lq=u
w,f?
tJ'yD *k Kd~ vfawGukd u|eaf wmftpD&ifcv
H ykd gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynf
axmifpkppfppfrl[m cifAsm;wdk@u|efawmfwdk@udk 'Davmufyifyef;}uD;pGmeJ@
47
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

'&Gww f u kd qf GJ raeapzd@k jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd jzwfypfcyhJ g? cifAsm;wd@k

(13) ESpv f ;kH vH;k qJcG ahJ yr,fh u|eaf wmfw@kd rmS c&D;xifoavmufraygucf b hJ ;l ?
ud,
k phf rG ;f tif ud, k v hf @kH veJ@bJ oGm;yg&ap?
obmywd}uD; Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J ud,
k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;cifAsm;/
vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D (10) ausmu f mvtwGi;f vufawG@cpH m;csut f & }uKH awG@
vm&wJh epfemcsuaf wG/ qH;k &H;_ csuaf wG wyHwk acgi;f }u;D pkyv
kH mwdik ;f tajccH
Oya'jyefvnfppD pfa&;udpu P vnf; ay:ayguv f mwJt h wGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd
[m 'DtcGit hf a&;udk t"du&,l+yD;/ 'Dae@ aqG;aEG;aewJh jy\em}uD;udk
wifjyvduk jf cif; jzpfygw,f?
wcgao;bl; ysOfbdk;em;vnf qdkwJhpum;yHkudk acgif;aqmifwOD;
(od@k r[kw)f ygww D ck&hJ pdwaf pwemay: ,H=k unfu;kd pm;aevd@k r&awmhygb;l ?
vlqw kd m “ocF g&” yg? ygwt D zJ@G }uD;vnf; rwnf+rJygb;l ? 'ga=umifh u|ef
awmfw@kd tcGit hf a&;awGukd tjzLtrJ cJjG cm;+yD; a&yufr0ifatmif a&;qJG
xm;zd@k vdt k yfw,fv@kd u|eaf wmfem;vnfygw,f?
Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm;/ tajccHOya'udk jyifqifwt hJ cgrmS tcsKd @
yk'rf avmufjyifvu kd &f if jyifvu kd &f if jzpfp&maumif;&Jvh m;vd@k u|eaf wmf
wdk@ tpyxrwGif ,lqcJh=uygao;w,f? 'gayr,fh vufawG@cHpm;&wJh
tawG@t}uHKeJ@ ,SOw f +GJ yD; tajccHOya'udk pDppfwt hJ cg yk'rf wcke@J wckquf
pyfaewmudk awG@vm&ygw,f? tajccHral wGukd rjyif&if rjzpfwmawGukd
odjrifvm&ygw,f?
'ga=umifv
h nf;bJ tajcrl}u;D awGukd jyKjyifypfz@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd wifjyvm
jcif;jzpfygw,f? Oya'jyKpm&if;/ tcGeaf wmfpm&if;awGukd jyKjyifay;jcif;jzifh
tcGit hf a&;awG ydrk &Edik b
f ;l vm;vd@k ar;&if/ &oifo
h avmuf &ygw,fv@kd ajz
&ygr,f?
'gayr,fh 'Denf;[m tajctjrpfukd rukpm;Edik yf gb;l ? Palliative ac:wJh
tay:,Hvrd ;f aq;enf;bJ jzpfygw,f? tajctjrpfukd rukpm;Edik w f t
hJ wGuf
r=umc% [du k a&mif/ 'Duazgi;f eJ@ jy\emawG[m tpOft+rJay:vmrSm
rvJyG gb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifppk pfppfr[m temudt k ajctjrpfu
ukpm;Edik wf ehJ nf;bJv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd &d;k &d;k om;om;,H=k unfygw,f?

48
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

'gayr,fh u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifppk pfppfru l kd acgi;f aqmiftcsKd @[m

u|eaf wmfw@kd jrifovdk rjrifygb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd wifjywJh t"dyg` ,u f v
kd nf;
oabmrayguf=ubl;? wcsdK@yk*~dKvfawGu jynfaxmifpkrleJ@ ywfouf+yD;
aumif;raumif; ra0zefb;l ? Oya'a&;&mtcsut f vufawGay:rSm w&m;
aoudik pf +GJ y;D t=uyfuikd af e=uygw,f? wcsKd @y*k Kd~ vfawGuawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd
&Jeh pfemcsuaf wG[m trSew f u,fepfemcsuaf wG&,fv@kd oabmraygu=f u
bl;?
u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ rluw
kd ifjy+y;D wJah emuf jynfru rdwaf qGtcsKd @u cifAsm;
wd@k &rS ;f jynfov
l x
l ek pfemaew,fqw kd m oabmayguv f ufcyH gw,f? Arm
jynfrrSmvnf;bJ vlrsm;pkjzpfwhJ awmifov l ,form;/ tvkyo f rm;awG[m
vGwv f yfa&;oufwrf; wav#mufrmS bmrSr,fr,f&& rcHpm;&ao;ygb;l ?
'ga=umifh &Sr;f jynftwGuf oD;jcm;awmif;r,ft h pm; &Sr;f jynfoal wG[m Arm
jynfoal wGe@J vufw+GJ yD; wdu k yf 0GJ if&if raumif;bl;vm;vd@k qdt k yfygw,f?
'Dt}uaH y;csu[ f m tvGeaf umif;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh vuf&dS tajctae
xufjrifrh m;aew,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,lqygw,f? qd&k , S vf pfyef;wdik of @kd
cswD uf&mrSm t&if;&Sipf epfe@J qd&k ,
S v f pfpepft=um;/ =um;ckvyfpcef;awG
&So
d vdk jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfrvlxk wae@vufwEGJ ikd af &;twGuf tcku|ef
awmfw@kd awmif;qdak ewJh jynfaxmifppk pfppfr[ l m =um;ckvyfpcef;bJv@kd u|ef
awmfw@kd ,=kH unf=uygw,f? vuf&t dS ajctae twdik ;f omqufomG ;&if
jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfrvlxv k ufwEGJ ikd b f @kd rqdx
k m;eJ@ vlrsKd ;csi;f rrke;f wD;vm
atmif tifrwefowd}uD;pGmeJ@ xde;f odr;f =u&ygvrd rhf ,f?
Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm;/ u|eaf wmfw@kd wifjywJh jynfaxmifppk pfppf
rlrmS Fundamental Principles ac:wJh tajccHr}l uD;awG yg0ifaeygw,f?
tJ'D tajccHr}l uD;awG[m —
(1) Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;/
(2) v$waf wmfEpS &f yf tm%mwlay;a&;/
(3) txufvw $ af wmfo@kd wlnaD omud,
k pf m;vS,Of ;D a&apv$waf &;/
(4) A[duk kd tm%muef@owfay;+yD;/ jynfe,frsm;u uset f m%m
rsm;udk &,la&; wd@k jzpfygw,f?

49
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

tJ't
D ajccHr}l uD; (4) &yf t"dyg` ,ef @J tajccHr}l uD; (4) &yfukd wef;wlr_
twGuf tb,fa=umifh vdt k yfw,fqw kd mudk u|eaf wmfr&Si;f jycif cHpm;r_
oabmudk tenf;i,fxyf+y;D az: jyyg&ap? u|eaf wmfw@kd wifjycsurf mS xdyf
qH;k uaz: jyxm;wJh Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;udpu P kd jynfracgi;f aqmiftcsKd @
[m ra=uvnf=uygb;l ? oabmvnf; raygu=f uygb;l ? 'D[mvnf; cHpm;r_
&Jh oabmobm0bJ jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;bufuawmh
a=ua=uvnfvnf}uD; oabmaygu=f uygw,f?
vGecf w
hJ EhJ pS f awmif}uD;nDvmcHukd wufa&mufvm=uwJh ucsi/f csi;f /
u,m;/ u&if/ rGe/f &cdik f trsKd ;om;ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;tm;vH;k vnf; a=ua=u
nufnuf oabmayguef m;vnf=uygw,f? Armjynfe,fz@GJpnf;a&;udp[ P m
aveJ@uif;a0;+y;D u|eaf wmfw@kd toufr&SiEf ikd of vdk jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;a&;
rSm wef;wla&;twGuf rygv#if r+yD;ygb;l ? Armjynfe,fz@GJ pnf;a&;udprP mS
ra=unufor#/ u|eaf wmfw@kd wifjyxm;wJh usew f hJ ygvrD efz@GJ pnf;a&;udp/P
tm%mcJaG 0a&;udpaP wGrmS vnf; a=unufawmhrmS r[kwyf gb;l ?
bma=umifv h nf;qd&k if ArmjynfrtrsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmifawG[m udpP
&yfawGukd pOf;pm;qifjcifwt hJ cgrmS jynfe,fwe,fb0uae+yD; r=unfEhf ikd /f
r=unfrh jrifEikd b
f J A[dt
k m%mudyk g csKyfuikd x
f m;wJh jynfrb0uae+y;D awmh
=unf&h o
_ ;kH oyfwhJ twGuaf =umifh jzpfygw,f?
Armjynfr[m jynfe,fwe,f&b hJ 0udk rcH,o l r# rcHpm;or# wef;wlr_
udpaP wGtay:rSm tjrifwrsKd ;csn;f jzpfaerSm rvJyG gb;l ? 'Dae@ ES;D aESmzvS,yf GJ
}uD;rSm ºuGa&mufae=uwJh jynfe,fjynfrudk,fpm;vS,fawmfawG[m
toJEv S ;kH wcg;udk yGiv
hf if;pGm zGix
hf m;+y;D u|eaf wmfw@kd wifjycsuaf wGukd em;
qifawmfr=l uyg&ef arwWm&yfcyH gw,f? toJEv S ;kH yGiv
hf if;pGmeJ@ aqG;aEG;pOf;
pm;r,fv@kd vnf; ar#mv f ifyh gw,f?
Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J ud,
k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;cifAsm;/ u|eaf wmfw@kd
jynfaxmifppk pfppfrrl mS wifoiG ;f az: jyxm;wJh tajccHr}l uD; (4) csuu f kd
tenf;i,f &Si;f vif;cGijhf yKyg&ef tpD&ifct H yfygw,f?
'Dae@ u|eaf wmfw@kd [m jynfaxmifppk epfe@J wjynfaxmifpepf[m b,f
[mu aumif;w,fq+kd yD;awmh tjiif;yGm;aezd@k &m jy\emaz:zd@k &m rvdyk g
bl;? u|efawmfwdk@tzdk@ jynfaxmifpkpepfuvJG+yD;/ wjcm;b,fpepfeJ@rSm
50
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

zJ@G pnf;vd@k rjzpfygb;l ? 'Dae@ 'Dae&mrSm u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ vuf&zdS @GJ pnf;tkycf sKyf
yHt k ajccHOya'[m jynfaxmifpyk pkH H [kww f ,f§ r[kwb f ;l qdw k m tjiif;
ryGm; vdyk g? 'gayr,fh jynfaxmifppk pfppf r[kwb f ;l qdw
k mudak wmh tm;vH;k u
vufc=H uvdrrhf ,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f?
jynfaxmifppk pfppfqwkd m b,fv[ kd mrsKd ;vJqw
kd u
hJ pd u
P kd qef;ppf=unf&h if
urBmrSm pHwif+yD;=unf=h uwJh jynfaxmifpEk ikd if H (6) Edik if &H ydS gw,f? 'D (6)
Edik if u
H awmh —
(1) tar&duef/
(2) uae'g/
(3) qDZG mvef/
(4) =opa=w;&D;,m;/
(5) awmiftmz&du/
(6) qdAk ,
D uf,el ,D H wd@k jzpfygw,f?
tJ'D (6) Edik if zH @GJ pnf;yHo
k abmw&m;eJ@ jynfe,fawG pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;xm;
wJhtwGuf jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawGvdk@ ac:a0:Edkifayr,fh tm%mcJGa0a&;
oabmw&m;eJ@ ydik ;f jcm;=unfrh ,fq&kd if 'D (6) Edik if x
H u
J uae'ge@J awmif
tmz&du[m jynfaxmifpo k abm roufa&mufygb;l ? urBmOh ya'ynm&Sif
}uD;rsm;uvnf; uae'ge@J awmiftmz&du[m jynfaxmifp&k ,fv@kd wdwd
usus rac:a0:Edik w f t hJ a=umif; az: jy=uygw,f?
bma=umifh 'DEpS Ef ikd if [ H m urBmjh ynfaxmifppk m&if;wGif yg0ifae&ovJ
qd&k if jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;udk wifjy=uwJt h cg 'D ESpEf ikd if [
H m usef
(4) Edik if eH @J tm%mcJaG 0yHck aGJ 0enf;rSm qef@usiaf ewJth wGuf om"uEdi_ ;f ,SOf
wifjy&mrSm tvGeaf umif;wJh Edik if aH wGjzpfwt hJ wGuaf =umifh jzpfygw,f?
jynfaxmifpEk ikd if q H wkd m[m jynfe,fawG qENtavsmuf oabmwl
yl;aygi;f zJ@G pnf;xm;wm jzpfygw,f? 'Dvkd jynfaxmifpt k jzpf yl;aygi;f =uwJh
tcg e*drk v l &Scd w
hJ hJ tcsKyftjcmtm%meJ@ e,fajrudk rysurf pD qufvuf
xde;f odr;f xm;=uygw,f? 'g[m jynfaxmifppk epfe@J wjynfaxmifpepfw@kd
&Jh t"dujcm;em;csub f J jzpfygw,f?
'Duae@ tar&duefjynfaxmifprk mS (51) jynfe,f/ uae'grmS (4) jynf
e,f/ qDZG mvefrmS (22) jynfe,f/ =opa=w;&D;,m;rSm (6) jynfe,f/ awmif
51
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

tmz&durSm (4) jynfe,f/ qdAk ,

D uf,el ,
D rH mS (16) jynfe,f toD;oD;yg0if
zJ@G pnf;wnfaxmifxm;=uygw,f?
jynfaxmifpq k w kd m jynfe,fawGaygi;f pnf; pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;xm;&rSmjzpf
wJth wGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if [ H mvnf; jynfe,fawG
pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;&rSmbJ jzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh vGecf w hJ hJ wdik ;f jynfjyKvw
$ af wmfwek ;f
u tajctae wrsKd ;wrnf jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd [m wrl
qef;+yD; yHpk w H rsKd ;eJ@ zJ@G pnf;cJ=h uw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ wrlqef;wJyh pkH [ H m b,fvykd pkH rH sKd ;vnf;qd&k if urBmb
h ,f
jynfaxmifprk mS rS r&Sw
d yhJ pkH rH sKd ; jzpfygw,f?u|eaf wmfw@kd rmS &Sr;f jynfe,f/ ucsif
jynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fq+kd yD; jynfe,fawG zJ@G pnf;vdu k af yr,fh jynfrus
awmh jynfe,fwe,ftaeeJ@ rzJ@G pnf;bJ A[dt k pd;k &eJ@ waygi;f wpnf;xJ
xm;vduk yf gw,f?
trSeuf awmh jynfaxmifpo k abmw&m;t&qd&k if tJ'w D ek ;f u u|ef
awmfw@kd rmS Armjynfef ,f/ &Sr;f jynfe,f/ ucsijf ynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f qdk
+yD; jynfe,f (4) jynfe,fpak ygi;f +yD;rS jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'D
jynfe,fawG[m toD;oD;ud, k t hf csKyftjcmtm%meJ@ e,fajr&S=d uw,f?
tm;vH;k &Jth ay:rSmrSm A[dt k pd;k &jzpfwhJ jynfaxmifpt k m%m wnf&&dS r,f?
'gayr,fh u|eaf wmfw@kd [m ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh 'D wrlqef;+yD;/ yHpk H
wrsKd ;jzpfwhJ zJ@G pnf;r_ypkH u
H kd vufccH =hJ uw,f? 'D yHpk eH @J bJ vufawG@vyk af qmif
wJah e&mrSm atmifjrifEikd pf &maumif;&Jv h @kd ,lqcJ=h uygw,f?
tJ'v D v
kd ufccH &hJ mrSm u|eaf wmfapmapmu tpD&ifco H vdk u|eaf wmf
wd@k &rS ;f jynfe,fu, kd pf m;vS,af wGrmS csKd @,iG ;f csuaf wG &Sw
d ,f? +y;D awmh tajc
taet&yf&yfukd v$r;f rd;k aewJh jzpf&yfEpS &f yfvnf; &Syd gw,f? 'D jzpf&yf}uD;ESpf
&yfu bmvJq&kd if u|eaf wmfw@kd wikd ;f jynfrmS b,fvrkd S tpm;xd;k vd@k r&Edik f
wJh acgi;f aqmif}uD;awG usq;kH ukew f ,f? tJ'D acgi;f aqmif}uD;awG usq;kH
ukew f t hJ wGuf u|eaf wmfw@kd rmS ,l}uHK;r& ylaqG;ae&w,f?
'g&,f+y;D awmh acgi;f aqmif}u;D awGcsrw S cf w
hJ t hJ wdik ;f wESpt
f wGi;f vH;k 0
vGwvf yfa&;t&,lr,f qdw k hJ pdwaf Zm&,f/ 'Djzpf&yfEpS &f yf[m usew f hJ tajc
taetm;vH;k udk v$r;f rd;k aecJyh gw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd [m 'DypkH eH @J 'D
tajccHOya'udk vG,v f , G af ygah ygeh @J bJ vufccH =hJ uygw,f? 'Dvkd wrlqef;+yD;
52
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

zJ@G pnf;wJyh pkH u

H kd u|eaf wmfw@kd vufawG@prf;oyfcw
hJ m (13) ESpaf usmvf myg+yD?
u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,frsm;taeeJ@ 'DypkH u H kd wae@wjcm; ydIk ydIk ra=ureyf
jzpfvmygw,f? jynfreJ@ jynfe,frsm;[m wef;wlnw D l r[kwb f ;l qdw
k m
wae@wjcm; yd+k yD;xif&mS ;pGm jrifawG@vmygw,f? b,fvkd wef;wlnw D l
r&SdovJ qdkwmudk tjcm;ta=umif;t&mawGxuf tpdk;&tm%mwck
wnf;udk om"u wifjyyg&ap?
u|eaf wmf[m Oya'ynm&Sirf [kww f t hJ wGuf Oya'tcsut f vufe@J
rwifjywwfyg? t&yfom;tawG;tac:eJ@bJ wifjyvdyk gw,f? Oyrm &Sr;f
jynf[m jynfe,fwe,fjzpfwt hJ wGuf jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &udk vJt
$ yfxm;wJh
udpP&yfrsm;eJ@ ywfoufor#wdk@rSm jynfaxmifpktpdk;&&Jh =oZmtm%m
atmufrmS &Syd gw,f? Armjynfr[m jynfaxmifpt k zJ@G 0ifwck jzpfcahJ omf
vnf; jynfe,fwe,fr[kwb f J A[djk ynfaxmifpt k pd;k &eJ@ waygi;f wpnf;xJ
zJ@G pnf;xm;wJth wGuf jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &udk v$t
J yfxm;wJh udp&P yfawGe@J
ywfoufor#awGrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd &rS ;f jynf[m Armjynfr&Jh =oZmatmuf
rSm oufa&mufaeygw,f?
wenf;tm;jzifh A[dt k pd;k &tm%mudyk g wJzG uf,x l m;wJh Armjynfr[m
jynfe,fawGtay:rSm pd;k rd;k cs,v f ,
S af eygw,f? Oya'tusKd ;oufa&mufr_
awG/ Oya'tusKd ;cHpm;r_awGukd ab;z,fxm;+y;D 'Dtjrifwckwnf;ESiyhf if jynf
e,f jynfrwef;wla&; uif;rJrh [ _ m v,fjyifrmS qifomG ;ovdk xif;xif;}uD;
awG@jrifEikd yf gw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifprk rl mS wef;wla&;
twGuf Armjynfrudk jynfe,fwe,ftaeeJ@ zJ@G pnf;zd@k &ef a&S@q;kH u az: jy
xm;jcif;jzpfygw,f?
Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyfe@J aoG;csi;f nDtudk ud, k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;cifAsm;/
u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifprk u l kd jynfaxmifppk pfppfv@kd 0daooexl;+y;D ac:
a0:wm[m ta=umif;&Sdygw,f? txufu u|efawmfaz: jycJhwJh jynf
axmifpk (6) Edik if rH mS uae'ge@J awmiftmz&du[m usef (4) Edik if eH @J rwlwhJ
ta=umif; tpD&ifccH +hJ yD; jzpfygw,f? tJ'v D kd rwlyekH @J ywfouf+yD; wdik ;f jynf
jyKv$waf wmfnv D mcHrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ rdwaf qG}u;D OD;csex f eG ;f u uae'gukd
tvwfpm;jynfaxmifp/k tar&dueftp&Sw d EhJ ikd if aH wGukd jynfaxmifppk pfppf
vd@k ac:cJyh gw,f?

53
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd [m u|eaf wmfw@kd vv kd m;wJh jynfaxmifpu k kd OD;

csex f eG ;f &Jh tac:ta0:twdik ;f jynfaxmifppk pfppfv@kd emr0daooexnfh
+y;D ac:a0:xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifppk pfwmeJ@ rppfwmudk tm%mcJG
a0yHk yHpk u H =kd unf+h y;D ydik ;f jcm;=uygw,f? Unitary State ac:wJh wjynfaxmif
Edik if rH mS qd&k if tajccHOya'rSm tm%mcJaG 0a&;jy\em[m ray:ygb;l ?
wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfwt hJ wdik ;f jynfe,fawGpak ygi;f xm;jcif;r&Swd hJ twGuf
tm%mcJaG 0 aep&mrvdb k ;l ? A[dt
k pd;k &eJ@ A[dt
k pd;k &u tm%mvJt $ yfjcif;
cH&wJh a'oE &W tkycf sKyfa&;bJ &Sw d ,f?
zuf'&,fpwdwf ac:wJh jynfaxmifpu k sawmh jynfe,fawG pdww f l
oabmwlyg0ifz@GJ pnf;=u&wJt h wGuf tajccHOya'rSm tm%mcJaG 0ay;xm;
&ygw,f? jynfe,fawGtwGuf olw@kd rmS &Sw d hJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mvnf;
rysupf ;D &atmif wzufuxde;f odr;f +yD;/ wjcm;wzufu A[du k kd tm;vH;k eJ@
oufqikd w f u
hJ pd aP wGukd vJt
$ yf&ygw,f? 'g[m tm%mcJaG 0a&;&Jh tajccH
oabmw&m;bJ jzpfw,f?
tm%mcJaG 0a&;rSm enf; (2) enf;awG@&ygw,f?
(1) A[duk t
kd m%mowfrwS af y;+y;D / jynfe,frsm;u uset
f m%mrsm;
udk tyfwehJ nf;/
(2) jynfe,frsm;udk tm%mowfrw S af y;+y;D / uset
f m%mrsm;udk A[dk
od@k tyfwehJ nf;/ enf; (2) enf; jzpfygw,f?
pHwifxm;wJh Edik if H (6) Edik if u
H =kd unf&h if tar&duef/ qDZG mvef/ =opa=w;
&D;,m;eJ@ qdAk ,
D uf,el , D w
H @kd rmS A[du k kd tm%mowfrw S af y;+yD;/ jynfe,f
rsm;u uset f m%mrsm;udk ,lxm;=uygw,f? uae'ge@J awmiftmz&du
usawmh jynfe,frsm;udk tm%mowfrw S af y;+yD;/ A[du
k uset f m%m udk
odr;f xm;ygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd vuf&zdS @GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'udk =unfv
h #if —
(1) Oya'/ jynfaxmifpkOya'jyKpm&if;/
(2) jynfe,f Oya'jyKpm&if;/ qd+k yD;owfrw
S x
f m;wJt
h wGuf wrlx;l
jcm;aeovdk xif&ygw,f? 'D Oya'jyKpm&if;awGrmS a&wGuaf z: jyxm;wm
udk aoaocsmcsmavhvm=unfrh ,fq&kd if jynfe,fawGukd tm%muef@owf
54
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

ay;+yD;/ A[ku
d uset f m%mrsm;tm;vH;k udk ,lxm;wJeh nf;bJ jzpfygw,f?
wenf;tm;jzifh uae'gypkH rH sKd ;bJ jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd vuf&dS
jynfaxmifp[ k m jynfaxmifppk pfppfrsKd ;r[kwb f J uae'gvt kd aysmph m; jzpf
aeygw,f? uae'gukd jynfaxmifprk [kwb f ;l qd&k if u|eaf wmfw@kd vnf; jynf
axmifprk [kwaf wmhygb;l ?
'gwiG rf uao;ygb;l ? jynfr[m jynfe,fwe,fr[kwb f J A[dtk pd;k &tm
%mudk yl;wJ, G x
l m;wJth wGuf tm%mtm;vH;k udk cHpm;ae&ygw,f? 'Dae&m
rSmvnf; jynfe,fjynfrwef;wla&; uif;rJah ew,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd xyf+yD;
jrifygw,f? tJ'D uae'g enf;jzpfwhJ tm%mcJaG 0a&;yHpk u H kd u|eaf wmfw@kd
prf;oyfcw hJ m (13) ESp&f v
dS myg+yD? 'DypkH rH sKd ;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd rvdv k m;awmhyg
bl;?
'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifppk pfppfr[ l m tar&duef/ qGZD m
vef/ =opa=w;&D;,m;/ qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifprk sm;rSmuJo h @kd A[du
k kd tm%m
owfrw S af y;+yD;/ uset
f m%mrsm;udk jynfe,frsm;od@k v$t J yf&ef wifjyvdu k f
jcif; jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifppk pfppf jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;=uwJt h cg
Armjynfe,f tygt0if jynfe,faygif;pHkudk,fpm;vS,fawG[m A[dkudk
b,fvXkd me/ b,fvu kd pd &P yfawG vJt
$ yfoifw
h ,fqw kd mudk a=ua=uvnf
vnf aqG;aEG;nd‡ Edi_ ;f &rSmom jzpfygw,f?
Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfcifAsm/ jynfaxmifprk x
l rJ mS ygwhJ (Unitary State)
ac:wJh wjynfaxmifEikd if aH wGrmS Oya'jyKv$waf wmf w&yfvnf;xm;=u
w,f? ESp&f yfvnf; xm;=uygw,f? v$waf wmfEpS &f yfxm;&wJh rlvta=umif;
&if;u bmvJq&kd if v$waf wmf w&yfuw&yfukd xde;f uGyzf @kd bJ jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh oabmw&m;t& tm%mwlay;zd@k vdv k mygw,f? jynfaxmifpk
Edik if rH mS awmh v$waf wmfEpS &f yfrxm;vd@k rjzpfygb;l ? vlO;D a&eJ@ e,ftus,f
t0ef;csif; rwlnDwJhjynfe,f awGaygif;pnf;xm;wJhtwGuf v$wfawmf
ESp&f yf[m vdt k yfaeygw,f?
jynfaxmifprk mS xm;&Sw
d hJ v$waf wmfEpS &f yfusawmh w&yfEiS w
hf &yfxed ;f
uGy&f wkH ifruawmhygb;l jynfe,fawG&hJ tcGit hf a&;awGukd umuG,af pmifh
a&Smuf&r,fh wm0efawGvnf; ygvmygw,f? v$waf wmfw&yfukd vlO;D a&
ay:rSmwnf+y;D zJ@G pnf;wm[m 'Dru kd a&pDoabmw&m;t& jzpfygw,f? jynf

55
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

olvx
l w k &yfv;kH udk ud,
k pf m;jyK+yD; jynfot
l m;vH;k udk tusKd ;jyKapzd@k jzpfyg
w,f? jynfaxmifprk mS 'gavmufe@J rvHak vmufygb;l ?
jynfaxmifpxk rJ mS vlO;D a&tifrwefrsm;wJjh ynfe,f/ vlO;D a&enf;wJh
jynfe,fawG yg0ifaewJhtwGuf vlOD;a&tay:tajcwnfwJh 'Drdkua&pD
oabmw&m;wckwnf;xm;v#if vlO;D a&rsm;wJjh ynfe,f}u;D u acgi;f aqmif
awGpdwfxm;raumif;&if jynfe,fi,fawGtay: tpOft+rJtEdkifusifh
vuf0g;}uD;tkyaf erSm rvJb G ;l ? 'ga=umifh aemufvw $ af wmfw&yfz@GJ pnf;wJh
tcg vlO;D a&tcsKd ;tpm;tvdu k f zJ@G pnf;vd@k rjzpfygb;l ? vlO;D a&enf;onf
jzpfap rsm;onfjzpfap ud, k pf m;vS,t f a&twGuf tnDtr#e@J zJ@G pnf;&yg
w,f?
'ga=umifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpu k kd pwifz@GJ pnf;wJt h cg qD;edwaf c:wJh
v$waf wmfw&yfukd jynfe,fwe,fv#if ud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD;pD tnDtr#ap
v$w&f r,fv@kd owfrw S x
f m;jcif; jzpfw,f? tJ'rD t l wdik ;f bJ aemufay:ayguf
vmwJh jynfaxmifprk sm;[mvnf; v$waf wmfw&yfukd e,f}uD;onf i,f
onfr[l ud, k pf m;vS,t f nDtr#apv$w=f uw,f? uae'grmS wjynfe,f
v#if (24) OD;pD/ qDZG mvefrmS (2) OD;pD/ =opa=w;&D;,m;rSm (6) OD;pD/ awmif
tmz&durSm (8) OD;pD tnDtr#apv$=uw,f?
qdAk ,
D uf,el , D [H m 'DtajccHru l kd rypfy,faomfvnf;bJ wrlx;l wJh
ud, k pf m;vS,af pv$wef nf;udk wDxiG x f m;ygw,f? qdAk , D uf,el , D rH mS yg0if
aewJh jynfef ,ftcsKd @[m tjcm;jynfaxmifpak wGrmS yg0ifaewJh jynfe,fawG
eJ@ rwlwt hJ csu&f ydS gw,f? qdAk , D uf,el , D rH mS yg0ifaewJjh ynfe,f (16) jynf
e,fteuf (8) jynfe,f[m &d;k &d;k jynfe,fawG r[kwyf gb;l ? ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyf
a&;orwEdik if /H ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;a'o/ vlrsKd ;pka'orsm; yg0ifz@GJ pnf;xm;
wJh jynfaxmifpak wG jzpfygw,f?
wzef tJ'jD ynfaxmifpak wGxrJ mS ygwhJ ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;orwEdik if H
awG[mvnf; jynfaxmifpu k av;awGbJ jzpfygw,f? qdAk , D uf,el ,
D [H m
jynfaxmifpk (3) qif[ h ak c:qd&k if ac:Edik yf gw,f/ 'ga=umifh qdAk , D uf,el ,D H
&Jh vlrsKd ;pkvw
$ af wmfukd zJ@G pnf;wJt h cg tajccHrjl zpfwhJ ud, k pf m;vS,t f nD
tr#apv$waf &;rlukd vufcu H sio
hf ;kH aomtm;jzifh jynfe,f (16) jynfe,f
pvH;k wjynfe,fv#if (25) OD;pD tnDtr#apv$w=f uw,f?

56
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

'gayr,fh jynfe,fawG&hJ xl;jcm;wJh zJ@G pnf;yHak =umifh tJ'jD ynfe,fawGxJ

rSm yg0ifaewJh ud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfa&;orwEdik if /H ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;a'oESihf
vlrsKd ;pka'oawGukd ud, k pf m;vS,af pv$wcf iG ahf y;xm;ygw,f? ud, k yf ikd t
f yk f
csKyfa&;orwEdik if w H ckv#if (10) OD;pD/ ud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfa&;a'o wckv#if
(5) OD;pD/ vlrsKd ;pka'o wckv#if (1) OD;pD apv$wcf iG &hf =uygw,f?
,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpk[mvnf;bJ qdkAD,uf,leD,H&Jh rludk
,lxm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifprk x l rJ mS tajccHrel @J
oabmw&m;t& v$waf wmf (2) &yftm%mwlay;&r,f? atmufvw $ f
awmfukd vlO;D a&tvdu k af &G;aumufwifajr‡muf&r,f? txufvw $ af wmf
udak wmh jynfe,fwikd ;f ud, k pf m;vS,t
f nDtr# apv$w&f r,fv@kd wifjyxm;
jcif;jzpfygw,f?
Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J ud,
k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;cifAsm/ u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ
jynfaxmifprk x l rJ mS az: jyoifw
h ahJ emufq;kH ta&;}uD;wJh tajccHr}l uD;u
jynfaxmifpb k ¾ma&;udpP jzpfygw,f? urBmay:rSm&Sw d hJ jynfaxmifpEk ikd if H
wdik ;f }uHKawG@&wJh tcuftcJq;kH jy\em[m jynfaxmifpb k ¾mawmfcGJ
a0a&;udpb P J jzpfygw,f? wjcm;jynfaxmifpak wGrmS awmifrS cufcaJ ewJh
jy\emudk u|eaf wmfw@kd qrD mS vG,v f ,
G ef @J ajz&Si;f vd@k &r,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd
rar#mv f ifyh gb;l ?
'gayr,fh tajccHrel @J oabmw&m;awmh owfrw S x f m;oifw h ,fv@kd
u|eaf wmfw@kd ,q l ygw,f? jynfaxmifpu k kd jynfe,fawGe@J qikd w
f u
hJ pd &P yfawG
udk pdwwf o l abmwlA[du k kd tyfEiS ;f =uw,f? usew f mawGukd ud, k bhf mom
ud,k f pDrcH ef@c=GJ uw,f? 'g[m jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;jcif;&Jh tajccHoabm
w&m;bJ jzpfygw,f?
jynfaxmifpkb¾ma&;qdkwmvnf; 'Djynfaxmifpkoabmw&m;
tay: rD+S yD;pDrcH ef@c&GJ ygw,f? A[dt
k pd;k &udk tyfEiS ;f xm;wJu
h pd &P yfawGxrJ mS
tcGeaf wmf0ifaiG ajrmufrsm;pGm&Sw d hJ XmeawGyg0ifovdk toH;k p&dwaf jrmuf
rsm;pGmukeu f swhJ XmeawGvnf; yg0ifygw,f?
jynfe,fawGtaeeJ@ — Oyrm — taumufawmfceG Xf mersKd ;udk A[dk
od@k va$J y;&wJt h wGuf tcGeaf wmfaiGtrsm;tjym;epfemoGm;ovdk umuG,f
a&;eJ@ Edik if jH cm;a&;vdXk mersKd ; A[do
k @kd vaJ$ y;&wJt
h wGuf toH;k p&dwt
f rsm;
57
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

}uD; oufomoGm;ygw,f? 'Dvekd nf;eJ@ acsvu

kd v
f @kd jynfaxmifpb
k ¾ma&;
udp[ P m +yD;roGm;ygb;l ?
u|eaf wmfw@kd vkd vGwv f yfcgpwdik ;f jynfawG txl;ojzifh ppf+y;D acwf/ e,f
cs@J ya'o&mZfpepfatmufu vGwaf jrmufvmcgp Edik if aH wGtzd@k jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&;udp/P Edik if zH @GH +zKd ;a&;udpaP wGtwGuf tajrmuftrsm;aqmif&u G f
p&mawG&ydS gw,f? omreftm;jzifh A[dek @J jynfe,fb¾ma&;qufqaH &;rSm
A[du k akd y;tyfvu dk wf hJ tcGeaf wmfaiGxrJ S jynfe,frsm;utcsKd ;us jyef&&ef
wm0ef&o dS vdk A[du k vkd t $J yfvu kd w
f hJ Xmersm;&Ju
h ek u
f sp&dwt
f wGuv f nf;
ay;&efwm0ef&ydS gw,f?
tJ'vD kd &&efwm0efe@J ay;&efwm0efv@kd &Sw
d t
hJ euf tu,fI jynfe,f
rsm;bufu &&efwm0efursm;+yD; ay;&efwm0efuenf;ae&+yD; A[du k jynf
e,frsm;udk ydw
k ahJ iGxu
J tcsKd ;usjyefay;&ygw,f? xdek nf;wlpmG jynfe,frsm;
u ay;&efwm0efursm;+yD; &&efwm0efuenf;ae&if A[du k kd tcsKd ;uyg0if
uln&D ygw,f?
vGecf w
hJ EhJ pS u
f p+yD; wDxiG v
f u
kd w
f hJ &Sr;f wusyf Armwusyf “rl” [m 'D
oabmw&m;uqif;oufvmr,fh “rl” bJjzpfw,f? jynfaxmifppk pfppfz@GJ
pnf;wJt
h cg 'D “rl” udk wowfrwfwnf; vdu k ef mzd@k rvdyk gb;l ? trSeu
f awmh
A[d[
k m ol@b¾mawmfe@J ol oD;jcm;&yfwnfEikd o f vdk jynfe,frsm;[mvnf;
ol@b¾mawmfe@J ol &yfwnfEikd &f ygr,f? wOD;tay:wOD; trDt S cdu
k if;wJh
tajctaersKd ; &S&d ygw,f? 'DtajctaersKd ;[m &kwcf sn;f ra&mufEikd yf gb;l ?
jynfe,frsm;rSm opfawm/ owWK/ pufrv _ ufr_ pwJh jynfoyl ikd pf ;D yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;awG zH@G +zKd ;vmwJt
h csed rf mS 'D &&efwm0ef/ ay;&efwm0efqw kd u hJ pd [
P m
tvdt k avsmuf yaysmufomG ;ygvrd rhf ,f?
'gayr,fh jynfe,fwe,fe@J we,f[m ql}uKH erd jhf rifjh cif; rwlygb;l ? o,H
Zmw obm0ypPn;f vnf; aygºuG,jf cif;vnf; rwlygb;l ? tJ'aD wmh rzH@G +zdK;
tm;enf;wJh jynfe,fawGtwGuf A[duk ulyahH iGqw kd mrsKd ;[m &S&d ygw,f?
wcsed x
f rJ mS tJ't D m;enf;wJjh ynfe,fawGtwGuf acwfrw DS ;kd wufvm
atmif aqmif&u G af y;zd@k A[drk mS wm0ef&ydS gw,f? jynfaxmifpb k ¾mawmf
cJaG 0a&;udpu P kd pOf;pm;wJt h cgrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd usO;f ajrmif;wJh e,fpw d yf ,f

58
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

pdwx f m;zd@k rvdyk gb;l ? xm;vd@k r&ygb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd &jhJ ynfaxmifp}k uD;[m
qd&k ,
S v f pfp;D yGm;a&;avmuod@k csw D ufr,fqw kd mudv
k nf; u|eaf wmfw@kd pdwf
rSm arhaysmufxm;vd@k r&ygb;l ? qd&k , S v f pfavmuok@d csw D uf&ef pD;yGm;a&;
pDruH ed ;f awG ajrmufrsm;pGmvky&f r,fqw kd mudvk nf; u|eaf wmfw@kd owdjyK&
ygr,f?
tJ'pD ;D yGm;a&;pDru
H ed ;f awG aqmif&u G &f mrSm ukeu
f sr,fb
h ¾mawmf
tajrmuftrsm;twGuf Armjynfe,ft f ygt0if u|eaf wmfw@dk jynfe,frsm;
tm;vH;k [m wnDw!Gww f nf; 0dik ;f 0ef;wm0ef,=l u&rSmbJ jzpfygw,f?
tJ'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifppk pfppfrrl mS r#wwJb h ¾ma&;
udpv P t
kd yfa=umif; azmfjyjcif;jzpfygw,f? tcku|eaf wmf&iS ;f jycJw h hJ tcsuf
awG[m u|eaf wmfw@kd vv kd m;wJh jynfaxmifprk rl mS yg0ifapvdw
k t
hJ csuaf wG
&Jv
h &kd if; t"dyg` ,jf zpfygw,f?
Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyef @J nDtudu k ,
kd pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;cifAsm;/ u|eaf wmf
wd@k [m tJ't D "dyg` ,tf wdik ;f &d;k &d;k om;om;,H=k unf=uygw,f? 'gwifru
ao;ygb;l / u|eaf wmfw@kd &d;k &d;k om;om;,H=k unfwt hJ csuf wcsu&f ydS gao;
w,f?
'Denf;'Dyt kH wdik ;f u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;ygrS
jynfaxmifpw k iG ;f &Sd vlrsKd ;aygi;f pH[
k m ydrk ckd spcf ifpnf;vH;k vm=ur,f/ jynf
axmifp}k uD;vnf; ydrk ckd ikd rf mvmr,f? 'grv S nf; jynfaxmifp}k uD;t"Ge@f &n S f
r,fv@kd &d;k &d;k om;om; ,H=k unf=uygw,f? vuf&t dS ajctaetwdik ;f wOD;
tay:wOD; r,Hkr=unf/ rausreyfjzpfae=u&if jynfaxmifpk}uD;[m
taES;eJ@tjref +ydKuGrJ ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ajym&Jygw,f?
Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyfe@J ºuaG &mufvmwJh ud,k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;cifAsm;/
u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ “rl” eJ@ ywfouf+yD; tcsKd @y*k Kd~ vfawGu Oya't& t"dyg` ,f
jyef=uw,f? Oya'pum;t& ajym=uw,f? u|efawmfwdk@[m vuf&Sd
tajccHOya'eJ@ t"dyg` ,af umuf,cl suaf wGudk rausreyf rESpo f ufv@kd jyif
qif&efwifjyaejcif; jzpfygw,f?
wcsKd @y*k Kd~ vfawGu u|eaf wmfw@kd &ahJ wmif;qdck suaf wGukd wnfqOJ ya'
abmiftwGi;f u vkyv f @kd rjzpfEikd b
f ;l vd@k qdyk gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd taeeJ@

59
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

Oya'tcsut f vufawGtay:rSm +ydKif+yD;jiif; raevdyk gb;l ? Oya'qdw

k m
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ajymouJo
h @kd (Telescopic) eD;csiv
f nf;&w,f/ a0;csif
vnf;&w,f?
+yD;awmh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;uxyf+yD; ajymwm&Syd gao;w,f? Oya'
k m (Gospel Truth) bk&m;a[mawGr[kwb
qdw f ;l ? vlvyk xf m;wJh Oya'udk
vlujyifv@kd r& qdw k mrjzpfEikd b f ;l ? wnfqOJ ya't& u|eaf wmfw@kd wifjycsuf
awGukd jyifEikd w
f ,f§ rjyifEikd b f ;l / jzpfEikd w
f ,f§rjzpfEikd b
f ;l qdw
k m u|eaf wmfw@kd
taeeJ@ bmrSrajymvdb k ;l ? jyifqifcsiw f hJ apwem &S§d r&Sud ta&;}u;D ygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k u jyifqifoifw h ,fv@kd wnDw!Gwx f J oabmwl
=u&if wnfqOJ ya'abmiftwGi;f u jyifqifEikd af tmif Oya'ynm&Si}f uD;
rsm;u zefw;D ay;ygvrd rhf ,f? 'Dae&mrSm u|eaf wmf Oyrmwckwifjyyg&ap?
+Adwod #ygvrD efOya'awGxrJ mS Armjynfuv kd w
G v
f yfa&;ay;zd@k wyk'w
f yg'
rS a&;xm;wm r&Syd gb;l ? +Aw
d od #tpd;k &ucef@tyfwhJ b,ft}uaH y;aumfrwD
uvnf; Armjynfukd vGwv f yfa&;ay;oifw h ,fv@kd t}uHay;axmufcrH mS
r[kwb f ;l ?
'gayr,fh Armjynfuv kd w
G v f yfa&;ray;vd@k rjzpfwt hJ cg wnfqOJ ya'
jzpfwhJ 1935 ckEpS f ArmjynftufOya'abmiftwGi;f ubJ tm%mtjynfh
tpH&k w
dS hJ =um;jzwftpd;k &udk zJ@G pnf;ay;cJw
h ,f? wkid ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmfukd
ac:ay;cJw h ,f?
tcsKd @y*k Kd~ vfawGu tajccHOya'qdwk m c%c%jyifv@kd raumif;bl;vd@k
ajym=uygw,f? rsuaf rSmufurBmrSm Edik if aH ygi;f rsm;pGm[m tajctaeeJ@
tcsed t
f cgtvdu k f tajccHOya'awGukd jyifqifa&;qJcG w
hJ m ºuGa&mufwhJ
vl}uD;rif;rsm;tm;vH;k od=uygw,f?
obmywd}uD; Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J ud, k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;cifAsm/
(13) ESpvf ;kH vH;k prf;oyf+yD;vd@k ratmifjrifwhJ 'DtajccHOya'}uD;udk jyifqif
ay;&ef oifah wmf+yv D @dk u|eaf wmfw@kd ,ql ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmif
pkrt
l ay:rSm u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,ftrsKd ;om;rsm;[m tifrwefpnf;vH;k nD
!Gwaf eygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd [m jynfaxmifppk pfppfrl ac:wJh wef;wla&;
awmif;qdrk t _ ay:rSm tvGecf ikd rf mwJt h rsKd ;om;nD!w G af &;}u;D wnfaqmuf
xm;+yD; jzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifppk pfppfr}l uD; taumiftxnfay:vma&;
60
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

twGuf rrSw d rf okecf sw

D ufz@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k cdik rf mwJh oH"Xd mefcsxm;
=u+yD;jzpfygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd taeeJ@ 'Djynfaxmifppk pfppfr}l u;D udk jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfr
&Sjd ynfaxmifpo k m;tm;vH;k oabmayguv f ufcv
H mwJt h xd rdom;pkpwd f
"gwef @J pdw&f n S v f uf&n S f qufvuf}udK;yrf;=uygrh ,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynf
axmifppk pfppfru l kd oabmwlvufrcHEikd =f uao;wJh jynfe,frsm;eJ@ jynfr&Sd
yk*Kd~ vfrsm;uvnf; rdom;pkpw d "f gwef @J pdw&f nS v
f uf&n
S f qufvufaqG;aEG;
ndE‡ i_d ;f =uygv@kd tEl;t!Gwaf wmif;yef&if; ed*;kH csKyftyfygw,f?
&Sr;f / Arm/ ucsi/f csi;f / u&if/ u,m;/ &cdik /f rGef wdik ;f &if;om;aygi;f pHk
csp=f unfa&;t"Ge@f &n S yf gap/ jynfaxmifppk pfppf tjrefay:ayguyf gap?

(=obmoHrsm;)?

**********

61
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

tcef; (7)

u,m;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f OD;pdef.aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf

eHygwf (8) tpDtpOft&/ u,m;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f r[moa&pnfol OD;pdefu

axmufcH&efjzpfygw,f?

obmywd}u;D eJ@ Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyf/ tpd;k &tzJ@G 0if0ef}u;D rsm;eJ@ ºuaG &muf
vm=uwJh vlrsKd ;pktoD;oD;rSacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm; cifAsm;? zuf'&,fru l kd
rajym=um;rD y%mrtm;jzifh r*Fvmpum;¹rGu=f um;yg&ap? u|eaf wmfw@kd
[m Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf&hJ oDv*k%/f orm"d*% k /f ynm*k%/f Á\&d,
*k%/f Arm*k%w f @kd ukd od+yD;jzpfwt
hJ wdik ;f =unfnKd av;pm;cJyh gw,f?
'gt
h jyif r=umao;rDu ykyg` ;awmifjrwfrmS av;q,fu
h ;kd &ufOyk'af qmif
0ifw&m;tm;xkw+f yD; r[morRmoHarŠm"d qkjrwfuykd efqifwt hJ a=umif;/
a&pufcstr#a0ay;pmwrf;rSm awG@&zdS wf=unf&h vd@k txl;0rf;ajrmuf0rf;
om om"ktEkarm"em ac:,l=uygw,f?
'Dpum;[m trSepf um;/ opPmpum;jzpfygw,f? 'DopPmqdw k hJ qd&k wJh
twGuf Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyfe@J wuG ºuGa&mufvm=uwJh acgi;f aqmif}uD;
rsm;/ usejf ynfaxmifpo k m;rsm;[m ud, k pf w
d Ef pS jf zm ud,
k pf w
d Ef pS yf g; usr;f rm
csr;f om+yD; u|eaf wmfrsm;&nfreS ;f awmifw h wJh qtwdik ;f cvkyrf xd ql;rnd‡
bJ rdom;pkpw d "f gwjf zifh tvG,w f ul+yD;ajrmufjynfph ykH gapvd@k y%mrpum;
jzifh qkawmif;vdu k yf gw,f?
vl}uD;rif;rsm;cifAsm;/ vl}uD;rif;rsm;od&+dS yD; jzpfawmfrw l t
hJ wdik ;f vGwf
vyfaomtcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f jynfaxmifpo k rwEdik if w H nfaxmifEikd cf hJ
wm[m awmifwef;a'oacgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;
aqmif tcsi;f csi;f ndE‡ i_d ;f wdik yf if oabmwlncD srw
S cf w
hJ hJ yifvnkH v D mcH&hJ
tajccHoabmw&m;teuf pmcsKyfrsm;u t&if;tjrpfjzpfygw,f?
'Dt&if;tjrpfukd tajccH+yD;ayguzf mG ;vmwJh jynfaxmifpo
k rwEdik if H
zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'[mvnf; rltm;jzifh rZd|ryÉdy'gvrf;pOft&
csed cf iG v
f #mvdw
k nfrh wfaeygw,f? wnfrh wfw,fqw kd muawmh w&m;r#w

62
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

jcif;/ vGwv f yfjcif;/ nDr#jcif;qdw

k hJ avmuygvw&m;eJ@ oGe;f vkyx
f m;wJh
csed cf iG v
f #mjzpfygw,f?
'Dvckd sed cf iG v
f #m[m b,ftcg/ b,ftcsed /f b,ftcgbo J ;kH oH;k t+rwJ nfh
rwfae&ygr,f? 'Dvrkd S r[kwb f J vufsmbuf,rd ;f ,dik &f if ya'o&mZftyk cf sKyf
a&;rsKd ;/ {u&mZftyk cf sKyfa&;rsKd ;/ toufO;D qHyikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;rsKd ;od@k rodrom
ajymif;vJomG ;wwfygw,f?
'Dvakd jymif;vJomG ;&if umarok umrokcvufqw kd hJ umr*k%pf nf;pdrf
awG&pf taysmt f yg;awGrsm;+yD; wdik ;f jynfuakd t;csr;f om,matmif ray;
pGr;f Edik b
f J arm[w&m;zdp;D aewJh aAm"dom&wd@k &hJ pnf;pdrrf sKd ; jzpfvmwwf
ygw,f?
'g[m wdik ;f jynfwnfaqmufwahJ e&mrSm rvdv k m;tyf/ rusiohf ;kH tyfwhJ
owdxm;tyfwhJ vusmf vrf;pOftpGe;f xGuw f hJ w&m; jzpfygw,f? wzef 'D
wnfrh wfaewJh csed cf iG v
f #m[m vuf0b J uf,rd ;f jyef&ifvnf; twWuv k rwWm
Ek aomuqdkwJh ausmrJGvlwef;pm;awGudk tusdK;jyKoa,mifa,mifeJ@
ay;or#,/l ckid ;f or#vyk /f xm;ovdak e/ au|;oavmufpm;/ &ufpufcsio f vdk
&ufpuf/ a[mh&rf;csio f vdk a[mh&rf;/ =urf;=uKwfcsio f vdk =urf;=uKwf/ zdEyS f
csio
f vdk zdEyS /f csKyfcs,cf siof vdk csKyfcs,+f yD; avmb a'gorme'dXw d &m;
awGu zH;k v$r;f vmawmh/ zufqpfqefqefreS ;f rod qefjzpfreS ;f rodjzpfvm/
tm%m&SifjzpfrSef;rod jzpfvm/ =umawmh 'gawGudk taumif;xif+yD;
Eichman wd@k v/kd vlawGarG; pnf;pdraf wG,pfaxG;wJh [pfwvmpnf;pdrrf sKd ;
jzpfvmwwfygw,f?
'g[m wdik ;f jynfwnfaqmufwahJ e&mrSm rvdv k m;tyf/ rusiohf ;kH tyfwhJ
owdxm;tyfwhJ vuf0v J rf;pOftpGe;f xGuw
f hJ w&m;jzpfygw,f?
obmywd}uD;eJ@acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;cifAsm;/ w&m;r#wjcif;/ vGwv f yf
jcif;/ nDr#jcif;udk t"duxm;+y;D tkwjf rpfcswnfaqmufvmwJh jynfaxmifpk
orwjrefrmEdik if aH wmf[m “rl” tm;jzifh rZd|ryÉdy'g 'Dru dk a&pDjynfjh ynf0h 0
ay;xm;&r,fv h rf;pOf awmifwef;a'oud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ Adv
k cf sKyfatmif
qef;acgi;f aqmifwhJ jynfracgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm; }uKd ufEpS o
f uf=uwJh vrf;pOf
t& “rl” csay;vmwJh A[dv k rf;pOfjzpfygw,f?

63
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

od@k aomfvnf; jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJ@G csKyf OuUX}uD;eJ@ ud, k pf m;

vS,af wmf}u;D rsm;wifjyoGm;ovdk (13) ESpf (13) rd;k vufawG@usio hf ;kH vmwJh
tcg/ wnfrh wfae&r,fh csed cf iG v
f #m[m rlvtaetxm;rsKd ;r[kwaf wmhbJ
b,fbuf,rd ;f csio f vdvk /kd nmbuf,rd ;f csiof vdv k /kd [d,
k rd ;f 'D,rd ;f / ,dr;f
aewmudk awG@jrifvm&ygw,f?
'Dvckd sKd @,iG ;f csuaf wGukd awG@vmawmh/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ rdik ;f yGeaf pmf
yGm;}uD; p0fprfxeG ;f / ocifjr/ ref;bcdik /f q&m}uD; OD;&mZwf/ 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd /
OD;b0if;wd@k &hJ aoG;eJ@/ ac|;eJ@/ zJeG @J / ravsmah omvH@k veJ@ trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &;/
w&m;r#wa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;tajccHtkwfjrpfcs+yD; wnfaqmufwJh jynf
axmifp}k uD;[mjzifh ppfreS jf cif;r&Sad wmhb/J rppfrrSew f yhJ ykH ef;o¾mefrsKd ;od@k
ajymif;vJvmae+yDqw kd mudk ^m%frsupf jd zifh =unfzh @kd yifrvdak wmhygb;l ?
omrefrsupf ed @J bJ uGi;f uGi;f uGuuf uG f jrifae=u&vd@k 0ef}uD;csKyftrde@f
&So
d vdk jynfaxmifp}k uD;+ydKuJaG wmhrvm;/ ysupf aD wmhrmS vm; qdw k m u|ef
awmfw@kd e@J wuG jynfaxmifpo k m;wdik ;f ,l}uKH ;r& pd;k &draf =umifu
h syyl ifaom
u jzpfae=u&ygw,f?
'gawG[m u|eaf wmfw@kd av#mufvm&wJh (13) ESpcf &D;rSm qef;ppfawG@
}uKH ae&wJch sKd @,iG ;f csuf tcsut f vufawGygb?J 'Dvw kd jznf;jznf; +yKd ysuaf e
wJh yHrk mS ;jynfaxmifpu k pkd eG @f vw$ +f yD; rlvyHrk eS jf zpfwhJ jynfaxmifppk pfppfrel @J
ukpm;vdu k &f if/ u|eaf wmfw@kd p;kd &draf =umifu h sra_ wG[m tvdv k ykd aysmuf+yD;
wdik ;f &if;om;aygi;f pHrk mS wu,frh o d m;pkpw d ef @J jynfaxmifp}k uD;udo k m,m0
ajym wnfwef@atmifxed ;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf oGm;Edik v f rd rhf ,fv@kd u|eaf wmf
jrifygw,f?
'Dawmh rlvcsxm;wJah vmuygvw&m;tajccHjyKwJh “rl” t&/ jynf
axmifppk pfppfjyefvnfjzpfvmatmif/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;/ rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;
}uD; pwJah cgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;udk cspcf ifaomtm;jzifh av;pm;=unfnKd aom
tm;jzif/h opPm&Sad omtm;jzif/h Ak'j< rwfpmG bk&m;&Jo h moemawmfukd (2500)
ywfv;kH / xde;f odr;f vm=uwJh tpOftvmvdk omoemawmf (5000) ywfv;kH
usew f t hJ csed rf sm;rSmvJ aemufval emufom;rsm;xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf oGm;
=u&rSmvdk jyKjyifxdef;odrf;oGm;apcsifygw,f? 'g[mbmvJqdk&if avm
ukwW&medAŠmef a&muf&ma&mufa=umif;vrf;pOf tkwfjrpfudk omoem

64
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

(5000) wnfygapqdk+yD;/ okwf0denf;tbd"rRmqdkwJh ydÉuwfoHk;yHkjzifh

Ak'j< rwfpmG bk&m;ud,
k af wmfwikd f owfrw
S af y;awmfrcl yhJ g w,f?
'Dvrkd eS u
f efwnfrh wfwhJ rlukd csrw S x f m;ay;awmfr+l yD; av;q,fih g;0g
ywfv;kH omoemawmfujkd yK+y;D wJah emuf y&deAd mŠ efpv H eG af wmfryl gw,f? jrwf
pGmbk&m;y&deAd mŠ efpv
H eG +f yD; pHveG af wmfrw
l ,fq&kd if &[E mW jrwfrsm;rSty/
use&f [ef;awmf/ oHCmawmfrsm; 0rf;enf;yufvufjzpf+y;D ,l}uKH ;r& idak ºu;G
=uygw,f?
'Dawmh wkb&[ef;}u;D u ig&h iS w f @kd bmvd@k i&kd ovJ/ ridek @J bk&m;y&deAd mŠ ef
pHwm'd@k twGuf ydak umif;w,f? 'grS 'd@k xifovdak e&r,f? olw@kd &w dS ek ;f u
tcsKyftjc,fawGrsm;w,f? bmuav;bJvkyf&if oluvdkufvdkuf+yD;
[ef@wm;w,f? 0denf;awmftopfawGxw k +f y;D ynwfw,f? tckawmh'@kd xif
ovdk ae/ xifovdv k yk v
f @kd &awmhr,f? rid=k ueJ@? aysmaf ysm&f i$ &f i$ o
f mae=u/
vGwv f wG v
f yfvyf vGwv f yfpmG aexdik =f uqd+k y;D vdu
k af [m vdu k af jym+y;D 0g'
jzef@w,f?
'gukd &Sirf [mu\zu &[ef;awmft&Sijf rwf}u;D ujrifawmh 'Dvv kd w$ f
xm;&if omoemawmf}uD;xdcu kd af wmhr,f/ ysupf ;D awmhr,f/ +ydKysuaf wmh
r,fqwkd mudk jrifawmfrw l meJ@ usew f hJ &[E mW t&Sijf rwfrsm;udk wdik ;f yif
awmfr+l yD; oH;k vtwGi;f &[ef; (500) ESihf yxroH*g,emwifawmfr=l u
ygw,f?
'Dvekd @J csKd @,iG ;f csuaf wGukd awG@wikd ;f awG@wikd ;f / rl&if;udxk cd u
kd v
f mwdik ;f
omoemh'g,utrnfcrH if;rsm;u ax&f}u;D 0g}u;D &[ef;t&Sijf rwf}u;D rsm;
eJ@ wdik yf ifnE‡d i_d ;f wJo
h moemawmfukd xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufvmcJw h m[m
rif;wke;f rif;w&m;}uD;vufxufawmftxd ig;}udrw f wd d jzpfygw,f?
c&pf,mefomoemrSmvnf;bJ orRmusr;f pmtapmif/ orRmusr;f pm
a[mif;rS orRmusr;f pmopfo@kd rl&if;rysuaf pbJ omoemudk apmifx
h ed ;f cJh
w,fqw kd m od&ygw,f?
'Dvkd omoemawmfukd okw/f 0denf;/ tbd"rRmjzifh csKyfuikd I
f xGe;f
awmufvmovd/k tkycf sKyfa&;bufuvnf; oD&"d rRaomurif;vufxuf/
rdvdENrif;}uD;vufxuf pwJhomoemjyKrif;rsm;[mvnf; avmuygv

65
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

w&m;eJ@tnD ausmuom;vnf;om;/ &ifuom;vnf;om;/ rcJjG cm;bJtyk f

csyk af pcJI
h om wdik ;f oljynfom;vltrsm;rSm a&xdwyhJ 'krmR =umvdk at;csr;f
om,m+yD; avmuDtusKd ;pD;yGm;/ avmukw&W mtusKd ;pD;yGm;rsm;udk pdwcf s
vufcs aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf =hJ uygw,f?
u|eb f 0uvGwaf jrmufvm+y;D onfah emuf u|eaf wmfrsm;jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if aH wmfrmS vnf; 0ef}uD;csKyfu, kd wf ikd f p&d,oH;k yg;usio hf ;kH vmwJh
twGuf jrwfpmG bk&m;&Jh ydÉuwfawmf rlrrSecf sKd @,iG ;f wdr;f yg;&So d nfrsm;udk
rl&if;rysuf jyefvnfjyKjyifpufwifyEkH ydS x f m;&SEd ikd &f ef ax&f}u;D 0g}u;D jzpfawmf
rl=uwJh 0de,"&ydÉuE &W / b¾m*g&u d q&mt&Sijf rwfrsm;/ tpd;k &tzJ@G 0ef
}uD;rsm;/ ynm&Sv d yl *k Kd~ vf/ &[ef;yk*Kd~ vf/ ax&m0g'Edik if rH sm;rS &[ef;ynm&Sd
vlynm&Srd sm;tm; yifzh w d v f @kd Tr#rif;aygi;f pHo
k C H mawmifaygi;f pHºk uaG &muf
qXoH*g,emwifawmfr=l uonfrmS tHrh crf;}uD;us,cf ef;em;pGm qif,if
usi;f yatmifjrifco hJ nfrmS vnf; vl}uD;rif;rsm;tod jzpfygw,f?
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Jt h qH;k trudk ydÉuwfawmfuakd q;a=umokwo f if oH*g
,emwifch o hJ vdk u|eaf wmfrsm;&Jh zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyyf t
kH ajccHOya'udv
k nf; acgi;f
aqmif}u;D rsm;csrwS x f m;wJh jynfaxmifppk pfppfrl twdik ;f wdusreS u f efatmif
pDppfv#uf jynfrjynfe,ftoD;oD;rSm acgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@ ndE‡ i_d ;f wdik yf if+yD;
qufvufaqmif&u G o f mG ;ay;ygv@kd yef=um;vdyk gw,f?
u|efawmf'DvdktpD&ifcHyef=um;&if; jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJG@csKyf
ud,k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;yif wifjyawmif;qdck suu
f kd c|i;f csurf &Sd av;eufpmG
jzifh axmufcvH ykd gw,f?
'Dvakd xmufcjH cif;jzifh u|eaf wmfw@kd [m jynfr&Sad emifawmfrsm;udk rke;f
vd@k / jynfaxmifp}k uD;udk ysujf ym;atmif/ u|eb f 0a&mufatmif tjyify
ya&m*awGa=umifq h wkd hJ pGypf cGJ suaf wG[m vH;k 0r[kwrf rSeaf =umif;udk &d;k om;
pGm 0efcv H ykd gw,f?
u|eaf wmfrsm;[m jynfracgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm;eJ@twl vufwaGJ qmif&u G f
cJ=h uovd/k vGwv f yfa&;}uD;udk &vm=uwJt h wdik ;f yg&rDjznfb
h uf/ qd;k wl
aumif;bufjzpf=uygw,f qdo k m rarhravsmah om owdw&m;vufuikd f
xm;+yD; rdom;pkpw d "f gwjf zifh wef;wlnrD #ru_ kd &&Sad pr,fh vGwvf yfwjhJ ynf
axmifp}k uD;udk zefw;D =uygp@kd v@kd yef=um;jcif;om jzpfygw,f?
66
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

'Dvkd yef=um;jcif;rSmvnf; ta=umif;&Syd gw,f? &d;k &d;k om;om;eJ@ tpD&ifcH

&r,fq&kd if/ 'D (13) ESpf (13) rd;k rSm jynfe,fom;rsm;&Jh tcuftcJjy\em
awGukd b,fv&kd ifqikd af wG@}uHKvmonfw hf ikd af tmif 0ef}uD;csKyf[m apwem
oef@pmG / oef@&iS ;f pGmjzifh rjzpfjzpfwehJ nf;eJ@ ajz&Si;f ay;aewmudv k nf; u|ef
awmfrsm;vufawG@ awG@}uHKae&ygw,f?
TudprP mS vnf; rjzpfEikd /f rvdu k af vsmEdik w f uhJ pd rP sKd ;r[kw?f jzpfEikd f vdu
k f
avsmEdik w
f hJ avmuygvw&m;udx k ed ;f odr;f zd@k jzpfv@kd 0ef}uD;csKyfe@J taygi;f yg
jynfracgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;udk ,H=k unfu;kd pm;pGmjzifh jzpfajrmufatmifjrif
atmif aqmif&u G af y;ygv@kd vH;k 0yHt
k yfjcif;om jzpfygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd &ahJ pwemudk Tr#e@J bJ odavmufyg+y?D trsKd ;om;nD!w G f
a&;/ w&m;r#wa&;/ vGwv f yfa&;/ nDr#a&;udk tpGr;f ukeaf y;pGr;f Edik w
f hJ jynf
axmifp}k uD;jzpfay:vmatmif 0dik ;f 0ef;+yD; yg&rDtjyeftvSejf znf=h uygp@kd v@kd
nDi,ftaejzifh wdu k w
f eG ;f &if; csr;f omokctaygi;f eJ@ jynfp=kH uygapqdw k m
qkawmif;&if;ed*;kH csKyfyg&ap?

(=obmoHrsm;)?

'Dae@usi;f uwJh ES;D aESmzvS,yf }GJ uD; yxrae@tcrf;tem; 'DwiG f +yD;qH;k

yg+yD cifAsm;?udk,fpm;vS,fawmfvl}uD;rif;rsm;eJ@ ºuGa&mufwJhavh
vmolyk*~dKvf}uD;rsm; ,cktcrf;tem;t+yD;rSm acgufqJGeJ@aumfzDoHk;
aqmif&efºuG=uygv@kd ?

**********

67
 tydik ;f (2)

jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzJr@G S wifoiG ;f aom

“jynfaxmifppk pfppfr”l
tay: ArmEdik if aH &;ygwDrsm;. wkej@f yefcsufrsm;
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

tcef; (8)

1962 rwfv (1) &ufae@wiG f usi;f yaomaqG;aEG;yJt G pDtpOfEiS hf

Edik if aH wmf0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ek. tzGit
hf rSmpum;

(1-3-62 ae@aqG;aEG;yJGrS wifjyaqG;aEG;csufrS)

rpcifu|eaf wmfpum; wcGe;f ESpcf eG ;f avmuf tpD&ifccH siyf gw,f?

tcku|eaf wmfw@kd E;DS aESmzvS,yf rGJ mS wm0efcu
H ,
kd pf mvS,t
f oD;oD;ajym
=ur,fph um;awG[m tifrwefbt J a&;}uD;wJh pum;awGjzpfygw,f?
tJ'aD wmh u|eaf wmfw@kd pw d u
f ;l xm;wmu 'Davmufta&;}u;D wJph um;
awGukd wae@x¹J yGwof yd +f yD; aom+yD;ajymufvu
kd jf cif;tm;jzifh tusKd ;&Sv
d rd hf
r,fv@kd u|eaf wmfrxifygb;l ?
'Dpum;awGukd wae@ukd (2) OD;pDavmuf/ tJ'v D kd (2) &uf (3) &ufc+GJ yD;
awmhajymr,f? +yD;awmh ajymwJah e@awGuv kd nf; =um;xJrmS (5) &ufpD
avmuf jcm; jcm;+yD;awmh u|eaf wmfw@kd tckvakd y;oGm;r,f qdv k @kd &&dS if/ ajym
oGm;wJh ta&;}u;D wJt h csuaf wGukd em;axmifaew,fh ud, k pf m;vS,t f oD;
oD;ua&m/ wdik ;f jynfua&m tifrwefav;av;pm;pm; olw@kd avhvmEdik zf @kd
tcsed &f vdrrhf ,fv@kd u|eaf wmf'v
D ,
kd =kH unfygw,f?
tJ'vD , kd =kH unfwt hJ wdik ;f bJ 'Duae@qv
kd @kd &&dS if useaf o;wJu h ,
kd pf m;vS,f
(5) OD;ud/k w}udrx f J wae@xJ wcgxJ t+yD;rajymvdu k af pbJe@J u|eaf wmf
uae@ “yrnw” uk, d pf m;vS,/f +y;D wJt
h cgusv@kd &&dS if “zqyv” ud, k pf m;
vS,f (2) OD;ajym+yD;awmh u|eaf wmf 'Duae@E;DS aESmzvS,yf u GJ kd c%&kwo f rd ;f
xm;csiyf gw,f?
+yD;wJt
h cgusv@kd &&dS ifjzifh =um;rSm (5) ay;+yD;wJah emuf rwfv (7) &uf
ae@usawmhrS (6) em&Dtcsed rf mS bJ u|eaf wmfw@kd 'Dae&mrSm jyef+yD;awmh ES;D
aESmzvS,yf uGJ kd pwifusi;f yygrh ,f?
tJ'ga=umifrh @kd v@kd tck “yrnw” ud,
k pf m;vS,ºf uG+yD;awmh ajymyg?

71
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

tcef; (9)

yrnw OUX ocifcspfarmif. aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf

av;pm;tyfaom obmywd}uD;cifAsm;? av;pm;tyfaom jynfaxmifpk

vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHn
k aD wmf/ aemifawmfu,
kd pf m;vS,t
f aygi;f wd@k cifAsm; —
jynfaxmifpkAdokumtrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
wnfaqmufcw hJ hJ vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHck sp=f unfaoG;pnf;a&; Adrmef}uD;[m u|ef
awmfw@kd &v
hJ ufxufrmS tawmfb, J idk ef @J v#uf &Sad eyg+yD?
vlom;wd@k &hJ acwfwacwfqw kd EhJ pS af ygi;f ESpq
f ,f/ tpdyrf #yif qufvuf
rxde;f odr;f Edik w
f t
hJ wGuf rdbtarGurkd &dak owwfwhJ om;qd;k orD;qd;k rsm;
tjzpfe@J u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k [m &mZ0ifrmS wm0efruif;jzpfae=u&yg+yD?
xdw k m0efukd tcsed rf jDS yefvnfxrf;aqmifEikd =f u&eftwGuf ,ckvv kd rl sKd ;
aygi;f pHEk ;DS aESmzvS,yf }GJ uD;udk }uD;pGmaomaemifw/ eufeaJ omrdom;pkpw d f
"gwEf iS hf usi;f y&jcif;jzpfw,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd vu d_ v
f pJS mG cH,yl gw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k [m wpdr;f w&Hval wG r[kww f t
hJ wGuf u|eaf wmf
wd@k &jhJ y\emudk u|eaf wmfw@kd &if;&if;ES;D ES;D yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif;ESifh a0zefaqG;aEG;
yg&ap? trSm;rsm;&S&d ifvnf; eufeufeeJ b J J 0efcyH g&ap? wa,muf&chJ sKd @,iG ;f
csuaf wGukd wa,mufurdom;pkpw d "f gwEf iS hf az:xkwzf iG [ hf Edik yf gap? jyKjyif
Edik yf gapvd@k u|eaf wmfu tckuxJu }udKwifawmif;yeftyfygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@jynfaxmifpktwGif;rSm&SdwJh vlrsdK;pkrsm;tm;vHk;[m
tawmfbJ ra=ureyfjzpf+yD;/ v_y&f mS ;xºuGv#uf &Sad e=uygw,f? Armu
vnf; Armvdrk a=ureyfjzpf+yD;/ u&ifuvnf; u&ifeh nf;eJ@ ra=urvnfEiS hf
&Sr;f uvnf; &Sr;f vd}k udwrf Edik cf rJ &jzpf+yD;/ xd@k twl tjcm;vlrsKd ;pktoD;oD;
wd@k uvnf; ud,k b hf 0ud, k qhf EN rjynfEh ikd jf zpfae=u&ygw,f?
'gawG bma=umifjh zpfvm=u&ovJqw kd mudk eufeufeeJ jJ yef+y;D ppfaq;
zd@k &ef[m yxrjy\em}u;D jzpfoifw h ,fv@kd u|eaf wmf,q
l ygw,f? — jynf
axmifppk pfppfrzl @GJ pnf;a&; qdw
k mvnf; t&if;ppftjrpfuajr qdo k vd—
k
'DtaxGaxGra=ueyfr}_ uD;ubJ ta=umif;cHayguzf mG ;vmw,fv@kd ,lqyg
w,f?
73
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

'Djy\em}u;D [m Oya'a=umif;&SmazG&rkH #/ zJ@G pnf;yHzk @GJ pnf;enf;qdw k hJ ykpH H

rSm;vd@k q&kd rkH #EiS hf b,fenf;eJ@r#jynf0h wJh ppfaq;csuf rjzpfEikd yf gb;l ?
'Dawmh jynf0h wJph pfaq;csu&f &Sad tmif u|eaf wmfw@kd &b
hJ 0rSm wu,f
awG@xcd pH m;vm&wJh tjzpfreS /f b0rSef &mZ0ifa=umif;t&om wqif+h yD;
wqifh jyefvnfppfaq;oifw h ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,q
l ygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd “yrnw” &Jt
h qifq
h ifah om ppfaq;csurf sm;udk 'Dvkd
wifjyyg&ap?
1? u|eaf wmfw@kd tcsi;f csi;f ra=ueyfr/_ r,H=k unfr_ tajccHrsm;[m rae@
wae@urSp+y;D jzpfvmwJu h pd rP [kwyf gb;l ? a&S;S ya'o&mZfacwf/ e,fcs@J
acwfrsm;up+y;D ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmpkyv kH mcJ=h uwJh tarGq;kd tESpq
f ;kd }u;D rsm;bJ
jzpfygw,f?
u|efawmfwdk@vlrsdK;pkawG jynfoltcsif;csif;awGpyf[yfvdk@r&atmif
aoG;cJrG a_ wG/ &efov
l rkd ek ;f wD;r_}uD;awGjzpfatmif xd;k ESuzf suq
f ;D cJ=h uolawG
[m acwfopfacwfa[mif; ya'o&mZfawG/ e,fcs@J awG&hJ &mZ0ifwav#muf
vky}f ucH =hJ uwJh vufcsu}f u;D awGom jzpfw,fqw kd m yxrqH;k epfemcsu}f u;D
aumufcsucf sxm;zd@k tvGet f a&;}uD;ygw,f?
'Davmuf}u;D us,w f hJ [kww f ikd ;f rSe&f m—&mZ0ifjzpf&yf}u;D udk arhaysmuf
ae=u+yD;/ tcsi;f csi;f udb k J &efov l x kd ifrmS ;+yD;/ pGypf aGJ csyae=u&r,fq&kd if jy
\em[m b,fawmhrS rajyvnfEikd yf gb;l ? Arma=umifb h /J u&ifa=umifb h /J
&Sr;f a=umifb
h q
J +kd y;D &efou l &kd efoal bmiftwGi;f rSmr&SmbJ &efou l kd rdwaf qG
abmifwiG ;f rSmbJ vSn&hf mS +yD; tcsi;f csi;f udk &efox l ifrmS ;aeor# aemufq;kH
&efo@l t}udKuf jynfaxmifp+k ydKuJaG &;rSmbJ ed*;kH csKyf=u& ygvrd rhf ,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHck sp=f unf&if;ES;D a&;jy\emudk 'Davmuf }u;D
rm;wJ&h mZ0if xkxnftajccHay:rSm r&SmazGb/J wenf;tm;jzifh &eforl eS ;f
odonft h ajccHay:rSm tajzrSerf &SmazGbJ rdwaf qGukd &efov l yk +f yD;awmh
tajz&Sm&if u|eaf wmfw@kd uae@ cHpm;ae=u&+yjD zpfwhJ 'kurQ sKd ;xuf }u;D us,f
jyif;xefwhJ 'kurQ sKd ;awGukd qufvufcpH m;=u&tk;H r,fqw kd m u|eaf wmftwd
tvif;bJ wifjyyg&ap?

74
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

2? jynfaxmifpAk o d uk m}u;D Adv

k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHck sp=f unf
aoG;pnf;a&;udk u|eaf cwfrmS e,fcs@J u&kd efox
l m;+y;D &SmazGwnfaqmuf
cJyh g w,f?
*syefzufqpfw@kd acwfrmS zufqpf0g'udk &efox l m;+yD; wnfaqmufcyhJ g
w,f? ppf}uD;+yD;aemuf trsKd ;om;vGwvf yfa&;wdu
k yf }GJ uD;rSm +Adwo
d #e,fcs@J
orm;udk &efox l m;+yD;tjyif;txef }udK;yrf;wnfaqmufcyhJ gw,f?
&efoul &kd efov
l t kd ajccH+yD; —tajzrSe&f mS azGc=hJ ujcif;&Jh atmifyt
GJ xGÉf
txdy[ f m 1947 ckEpS f azaz: 0g&v D (12) &ufae@rmS csKyfqckd =hJ uwJh &mZ0if
ausmf “yifvpkH mcsKyf}uD;” jzpfygw,f?
&eforl eS ;f odwt
hJ csed rf mS tajzxGuwf ,fqw kd hJ &mZ0ifocF%;f pm}uD;
w&yfygb?J 'ga=umifv h nf; e,fcs@J orm;wd@k bufrmS }uD;pGmt&H;_ xGucf +hJ yD;
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;tay:rSm 'if;f wd@k }uD;pGm ra=ureyfjzpfcjhJ cif; jzpfygw,f?
&efou l &kd efov l okd w
d hJ ,ae@Eikd if w
H umrSm&Sw d hJ trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif
}uD;awGukd e,fcs@J orm;rsm;[m c%c%vky}f uHowfjzwfae=uouJo h @kd
e,fcs@J orm;ESihf e,fcs@J vufyg;aprsm;[mvnf; vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHak oG;pnf;nD
!Gwaf &;udk wnfaqmufEikd cf w hJ hJ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESiw
hf uG acgi;f aqmif
}uD;rsm;udk OD;OD;zsm;zsm; vky}f uHowfjzwfc=hJ ujcif;bJ jzpfygw,f?
olw@kd &ahJ oG;eJ@ wnfaqmufcwhJ hJ vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHak oG;pnf;nD!w
G af &;[m
trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&;atmifyef;udk qifjref;&&So d nftxd awmifch EH ikd cf yhJ g
w,f?
od@k aomfvnf; +Aw d o d #e,fcs@J orm;rsm;[m vH;k 0ra=ueyfcyhJ gb;l ? trsKd ;
om;nD!w G af &;udk enf;rsKd ;pHEk iS hf qufvuf+zdKcJv
G #uyf if aecJyh gw,f? “av
bmtpd;k &” u Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;Oya'=urf;udk bdvyfygvrD efrmS wifpOf
u urBmeh ,fcs@J acgi;f aqmif}uD;—+Adwo d #0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; “qm0pPwef
csmcs”D u Armjynfuv kd wG v f yfa&;ay;jcif;[m Armjynfojl ynfom;rsm;
tm; aoG;acsmif;pD;apjcif;bJ jzpfvrd rhf ,fv@kd twdtvif;bJ erdwzf wf}urd ;f
0g;cJw
h mudk u|eaf wmfw@kd ,ckwikd =f um;a,mifae=uygvrd t hf ;kH r,f?
D kd “csmcs”D [m}udr;f 0g;+yD;/ ol&hJ Tulock wd@k Campbells wd@k qkd
tJ'v
wJh olv#Kd -'vef awG/ jynfwiG ;f vufyg;apawGukd arG;xkw+f yD; }uD;pGmaom

75
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

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76
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78
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

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jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

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80
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

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arv “zqyv” y%mrnDvmcH}uD;rSm “wpfo;kH vH;k aumfrwD” ua&;qJG
wifjycJw h hJ jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;yHk “rl” rsm;/ oabmxm;rsm;[m u|eaf wmf
wd@k &v
hJ ufawG@b0ESihf b,favmufuu kd n
f aD tmif &if;&if;ES;D ES;D ndE‡ i_d ;f a&;qJG
cJ=h uw,fqw kd m &mZ0ifa=umif;udk jyefajymif;owd&=uzd@k jzpfygw,f?
81
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

xdpk Ofu Armjynfrudk jynfe,fwcktjzpf zJ@G &efjy\emray:cJ=h uwm

[m u|eaf wmfw@kd em;rvnfv@kd (od@k r[kw)f owdrsm;vpfomG ;=uvd@k vm;/
(od@k r[kw)f tjcm;vHak vmufaom &mZ0ifa=umif;/ Edik if aH &;a=umif;/ pD;yGm;
a&;a=umif; taxmuftxm;rsm;a=umifv h m; ponfjzifh "rR"Xd mefusus
jyefvnf qef;ppfz@kd vdyk gvrd rhf ,f?
jynfr[m jynfe,fwckr[kwcf ahJ wmhonfEiS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmif
pk}uD;t*F g[m uG,af ysmufysupf ;D cJah v+yDvm;? od@k r[kwf yHpk u
H rSeaf omf
vnf; — ya,m*rsm;/ tajctaersm;/ tkypf ;kd olw@kd &o hJ abmxm;ESihf vkyf
&yfurSm;cJ=h uwmvm; ponfjzifh us,jf yef@wphJ pfaq;r_ujkd yK=u&ygvrd rhf ,f?
2? u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpu k rlvpuwnf;u e,fcs@J ya'o&mZfpepf&hJ
tarGq;kd tarGEpS af wGukd cH,+l yD;/ wef;wlrnDI rwk;d wufaom vlrsKd ;
pkrsm;/ a'orsm;/ jynfe,frsm;udk aygi;f pkI jynfrudk tajccHumzJ@G pnf;cJ&h wJh
jynf axmifpjk zpfcyhJ gw,f?
'g[m u|eaf wmfw@kd &v hJ ufawG@b0 jzpfygw,f? tJ'v D t
kd ajctaerSm
jynfr}u;D u }u;D pGmaomwm0efEiS hf rSeu f efaomoabmxm;rsm;udk tajccH
+y;D jynfe,fvrl sKd ;pkrsm;tm;vH;k ESihf wef;wl&nfwal oG;pnf;nD!wG zf @kd vdyk gw,f?
Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;wd@k rmS wef;wlnrD #jzpfvmatmif acgi;f
aqmifra_ y;+yD; pkaygi;f wnfaqmuf=uzd@k vdyk gw,f? tJ'g[m jynfaxmifpk
&J&h mZ0ifay;wm0ef}uD; jzpfygw,f? 'Dwm0efawGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd raqmif
&GuEf ikd cf =hJ ubJ &efoal ysmuf+y;D tcsi;f csi;f owfcjhJ zwfc=hJ u&wmESihf tcsed u f ek f
cJ=h u&ygw,f? wef;wlnrD # tajcod@k a&mufatmif rjr‡iw hf if raqmif&uG f
Edik cf =hJ uygb;l ? tJ'v D kd rlvtajcqd;k rSmbJ vufawG@&yk 0f wˆKoabmawGukd
ab;csw d +f yD;/ twif;bJwef;wlnrD # jynfe,fawGtjzpfEiS hf tm;vH;k +cHcwf=u
ap+yD;/ jynfaxmifppk pfppfqo kd nfukd zJ@G pnf;=uap&rnfq&kd if nD!w G v
f I kd
aygi;f &ef r[kw=f ubJ +ydKuJv G I kd om aygi;f &efjzpfygvrd rhf ,f? wef;wlnrD #
rjzpfao;wJh &ky0f wˆKtajccHay:rSm ydI k om uJjG ym;jcm;em; apwJeh nf;ESihf
usO;f ajrmif;pGm aygi;f pnf;jcif;om jzpfygvrd rhf ,f?
3? tJ'v D kd jynfaxmifppk pfppfrsKd ;[m odyo
f nfph pk nf;wJh jynfaxmifprk sKd ;
jzpfrvmbJ/ uJjG ym;jcm;em;r_awG tajccHw+hJ cHpnf;&d;k twGi;f u uGm
aygu/f [maygu/f xd;k aygu/f azguaf yguaf wGtjynfyh gvmwJh jynfaxmifpk
82
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

om jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? jynfaxmifppk pfppfqo

kd nfrmS Confederation vd@k
ac:wJh jynfe,faygif;csKyfrsm;tzJG@udk jynfe,faygif;csKyfrsm;bufudk
wdr;f apmif;oGm;Edik yf gw,f?
tJ'v D kd jynfaxmifprk sKd ;[m tifrwef&efrsm;vSwhJ 'Duae@ urBmrSm—
txl;ojzifh 'Duae@ ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'orSm— b,fenf;ESirhf S touf&LS
Edik b
f ,
G &f m r&Sb d ;l qdw
k m u|eaf wmfw@kd v,
G v
f ,
G Ef iS hf oabmayguEf ikd yf gw,f?
4? 'Dvkd [maygu/f uJaG yguaf wGjynf0h aewJh jynfaxmifppk pfppfrsKd ;udk u|ef
awmfw@kd tckvkd tajctaersKd ;rSm 'Dvkd uGmaygu/f [mayguaf wGe@J jynfh
0aewJh jynfaxmifppk pfppfrsKd ;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd tckb,fvkd tajctaersKd ;rSm
zJ@G pnf;zd@k awmif;qdak e=uygovJ?
&Sif;&Sif;uawmh cifAsm;/ jynfaxmifpkwckvHk;jy\emaygif;aomif;
ajcmufaxmifEiS hf Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ b¾ma&;/ ppfa&;t=uyftwnf;awG
ESihf 'kuyQ ifv,fa0aewJu h mvqd;k }u;D rSm ajymif;vJz@GJ pnf;=u&ef jzpfygw,f?
tcsi;f csi;f awG owf=ujzwf=uvd@k rqH;k Edik af o;wJu h mv/ nDtudv k rl sKd ;
pkrsm; tcsi;f csi;f / aoG;csi;f om;csi;f awG arwWmpdwu f if;+y;D / &G@H &mS rke;f wD; r,Hk
}uD; r,Hak e=uwJu h mv/ tJ'v D kd umvrsKd ;rSm uk,
d +hf cHu,kd cf wf=upd@k &hJ vd@k qkd
&if arwWmESihf vrf;cJ=G u&wmr[kwb f J tm*gwawGEiS hf vrf;cJ=G u&wm/ +cH
cwf=u&wmjzpf+y;D jynfaxmifpn k !
D wG af &;[m b,fenf;ESirhf aS &&Sncf rH ,f
r[kwyf gb;l ? rdwaf qG+yDoolcsi;f yif uawmufuqjzpfvmwke;f vrf;rcJG
ao;bJ ta&S@ar#m+f yD; cspw f ek ;f rSom vrf;cJaG vh&=dS uygw,f?
5? xdx k uf a=umufp&mtaumif;qH;k uawmh tar&duef/ “qD;wd;k ” &Jh
ppftajccHpcef;awG[m jynfaxmifpke,fajrtwGif; yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;/
toGit f rsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh 0ifa&mufx;kd azmuf+yD;/ jynfrtwGi;f rSma&m/ vlrsKd ;pk
twGif;rSm a&mcsrSwfar$aESmufjcif; cHae&wJhumvrsdK;rSm jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfqdk+yD; uGmayguf/ [maygufawGESifh +cHcwf=u&if u|efawmfwdk@&Jh
jynfaxmifpk[m a&wdrfepf&awmhr,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@&dk;om;pGm
pd;k &drrf yd gw,f?
usm;vufukd 0uGut f yfouJo h @kd tajctaeqd;k udk qdu
k af &mufEikd yf g
onf? ,ae@ uGe*f /kd vmtdk oH;k cJ/G av;cJG tajctaersm;ESihf *smr%D ESpcf /k

83
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

ud;k &D;,m;ESpcf /k AD,uferfEpS cf w

k @kd &hJ jzpfaeyHrk sm;rS u|eaf wmfw@kd oifcef;pm
xkw, f =l uzd@k txl;bJvt
kd yfygvrd rhf ,f?
6? ta=umif;jycsuu f awmh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if &H hJ trsKd ;om;pD;yGm;a&;
0g'ESihf trsKd ;om;pD;yGm;a&;xlaxmifr_ tajctae[m (14) ESpo f uf
wrf;twGi;f rSm b,fvrkd w S nf+idrrf /_ tenfxikd rf _ r&&Scd ahJ o;ygb;l ?
jynfaxmifpn k !
D w
G af &;ESihf cdik rf mwnf+rJa&;[m ‚if;&Jt
h rmcHtw k jf rpf
jzpfwhJ wlnw
D /hJ wnf+idrw
f hJ pD;yGm;a&;0g'ESihf tenfxikd v
f mwJh pD;yGm;a&;xl
axmifr_ vkyif ef;rsm;tay:rSm rkcswnfaeygw,f?
t&Si;f &ifp;D yGm;a&;0g'ESihf xlaxmifra_ y:rSmbJ tajccHc/H qd&k , S vf pfp;D
yGm;a&;0g'ESihf xlaxmifra_ y:rSmbJ tajccHc/H jynfaxmifpw k 0Sr;f vH;k rSm pD;yGm;
a&;0g'tm;jzifh wlnrD E_ iS hf cJaG 0vkyaf qmifrv
_ yk if ef;f rsm;tm;jzifv
h nf;f tenf
xdik rf _ &S&d ayvdrrhf ,f?
jynfru wnfrh wfwhJ acgi;f aqmifr/_ ud, k u
f sKd ;pGe@f wu hJ n
l rD r_ sm; ay;&ay
vdrrhf ,f? acwfopfp;D yGm;a&;xlaxmifrr_ sm;rSm rdr&d ahJ jcaxmufay:rSm rdrd
vH;k 0&yfwnf+yD; rdr&d t
hJ pGr;f owWEd iS hf csw
D ufv@kd rjzpfEikd af o;wJb h 0rSm &Sad e
=uao;wJh ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;/ csi;f / rGe/f &cdik f pwJjh ynfe,frsm;udk jynfr
ESihf twl Mutual Development Basis vd@k ac:wJh twlwuGw;kd wuf
}uD;yGm;a&; tajccHay:rSm rsm;pGm}udK;yrf;aqmif&u G &f ef vdyk gao;w,f?
,cktcg zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'u &nf!eG ;f wJh pD;yGm;a&;0g'ESihf
qdu
k af &mufae&wJh pD;yGm;a&;b0[m rsm;pGmuGmjcm;v#u&f +dS yD; b,fvrkd S
zrf;vd@k qkyv
f @kd r&atmif rwnfr+idrjf zpfaeygao;w,f?
vkyif ef;tm;jzifvh nf; tenfxikd rf b _ mwckrS rjyEdik af o;ygb;l ? tJ'v D kd
tajctaersdK;rSm usOf;ajrmif;wJhvlrsdK;i,f0g'ESifh tay: pD;vlrsdK;}uD;0g'
tajccHw@kd EiS hf jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f rSm ud,
k pf u
D ,
kd if +S cHcwf+ydKifqikd =f ur,fqkd
&if A[dpk pk nf;csuEf iS hf acgi;f aqmifr_ (Centre of Unity and Leader-
ship) vd@k ac:wJh tJ'[ D m uG,af ysmufa&mh&+J yD; pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh ydrk +kd ydKuJG
zd@k &mom jzpfygvrd rhf ,f?
tJ'v
D kd trmcHtwk jf rpfup+y;D +yKd ujGJ cm;em;uke&f if jynfaxmifp}k u;D [m
ywfww
k vf @kd r&atmif +ydKuJzG @kd ygb?J t&if;&Sipf epf/ qd&k ,
S v
f pfpepf/ ya'o

84
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

&mZfpepf ponfjzifh wjynfe,fEiS wfh jynfe,f a0S@=u/ cwf=u/ ty-ya,m*

rsm;udk zdwaf c: =uonfh b0od@k wikd af tmif qdu
k af &mufuek Ef ikd yf gw,f?
twlwuG wd;k wuf}u;D yGm;a&;tajccHay:rSm u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k [m
(5) ESppf rD u
H ed ;f (3) }udrrf #EiS hf tpGr;f uken
f !
D w
G pf mG }udK;yrf;xlaxmifEikd =f u
ygrS jynfe,fjynfr nDr#whJ tajccHEiS hf tem*wfukd aumif;pGmcsw D ufEikd rf ,f
jzpfygw,f?
7? ‚if;aemuf ta=umif;jycsiw f muawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd nt D udv
k rl sKd ;pkrsm;
&Jh pmaytEkynm/ odyyH` nmpwJh ,Ofaus;r_tqift h wef;[m a=uuJG
0rf;enf;zG,&f m}uD; edruhf saeao;jcif;bJ jzpfygw,f? 'gawGukd jr‡iw hf ifap
&efrSm jynfe,fjynfrtwlwuG wdk;wufjr‡ifhwifa&;vrf;pOfawGudk
jynfrubJ acgi;f aqmifra_ y;+yD; ud, k u
f sKd ;pGe@f whJ tultnDawGe@J qJaG c:
jr‡iw
hf ifay;&ef rsm;pGmvdak yvdrrhf ,f?
'De,fy,frmS jynfrujynfe,fawGukd wu,fwef;tm;jznfah y;zd@k vykd g
vdrrhf ,f? jynfru jynfe,fawG&hJ vlra_ &;ESi, hf Ofaus;r_jr‡iwhf ifa&;vkyif ef;
awGukd pDru H ed ;f t&yf&yfEiS hf wu,foabmxm; }u;D }u;D xm;/ tepfemcHum
tultnDawGay;=u&ygvrd rhf ,f? yHak wGukd om"uxm;&ef rsm;pGmta&;}u;D
vSygw,f? 'Dvkd tajccHoabmxm;awGukd axmufxm;+y;D awmhvnf; jynfr
ud+k cHcwfap+yD; jynfe,fawGEiS hf tvSr;f ra0;uGmapoifah yvd@k u|eaf wmfw@kd
,lqygw,f? epfemp&m&Sv d #if jynfe,fawGuom yd+k y;D epfemukeyf gvrd rhf ,f?
8? ta&;t}u;D qH;k ta=umif;jycsuw
f &yfukd xyfrw
H ifjyvdyk gao;w,f? 'g
uawmh wjcm;r[kwyf gb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifp&k hJ trsKd ;om;
umuG,af &;jy\em}uD;bJjzpfygw,f?
urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&;ESihf vH+k cKH a&;[m vH;k 0pdwcf s&+y;D vd@k b,fEikd if }H u;D awGu
{uefw&m;tjzpfEiS hf tmrcHcsuf ray;ao;ygb;l ? +ird ;f csr;f a&;tvm;tvm
r#om jyqd=k uygao;w,f? taumiftxnfay:vm&ef urBmjh ynforl sm;
tm;vH;k 0dik ;f 0ef;}udK;yrf;ae=uqJ umvrSm &Syd gao;w,f?
tjcm;a'orsm;wGif pdwrf cs&onfxuf ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'oEdik if H
rsm;[m e,fcs@J orm;rsm;&Jh pm;usuaf [mif;ESihf qD;wd;k pwJph pftajccHpcef;
rsm; tcdik t
f rmwyfp&GJ ma'ojzpfwt hJ wGuf usL;ausmaf &;ppfrsm;udk tcsed f
ra&G; ar#mv f ifu
h muG,&f r,fh tcsed rf mS a&mufaeygw,f?
85
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

tdref ;D csi;f Edik if aH wGjzpfwhJ ,d;k ',m;/ AD,uferf/ vmtd/k uarBm'D;,m;

Edik if rH sm;&Jh tajctaeud=k unfyh g? +y;D awmh tar&duefurl ifwefwyfrsm; (3)
Edik if u H ckd +G yD; usL;ausmx f m;yHu k v kd nf; =unfyh g? tJ'vD dk tajctaersKd ;rSm
jynfaxmifpu k muG,af &;twGuf Edik if aH &;/ ppfa&;nD!w G rf [_ m b,favmuf
ta&;}uD;w,fqw kd m cef@reS ;f Edik yf gw,f?
ud,
k t hf csi;f csi;f owfv@kd jzwfv@kd tm;r&Edik af o;ovdk jzpfae&wJb h 0rd@k
omayg?h od@k r[kwyf gu tar&duefurl ifwef usL;ausmaf &;ppftºuGi;f awG
udk csujf cif;bJ&iS ;f vif;oGm;atmif 0dik ;f tHw
k u
kd cf u
kd &f r,ft
h ajctae}u;D jzpf
ygw,f?
9? aemufta=umif;jycsuw f ckuawmh rnfonfh wjynfaxmifEikd if rH mS bJ
jzpfjzpf/ rnfonfh jynfaxmifpEk ikd if rH mS bJjzpfjzpf vlrsKd ;pktrsm;tjym;
&S&d mrSm ta&twGut f m;jzif‚h if;/ t&nftcsi;f tm;jzif‚h if;/ wd;k wufjri‡ rhf m;
onfh vlrsKd ;pk}uD; wck[m tjcm;aomvlrsKd ;pkrsm;&Jh tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf
acgi;f aqmifra_ y;&p+rJbJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm acgi;f aqmifrE_ iS hf vlrsKd ;}uD;
0g'udk cJGjcm;uef@owf&efvnf; tvGefta&;}uD;ygw,fvdk@ u|efawmf
&J&}J uD;0efcH ygw,f?
od@k aomfvnf; acgi;f aqmifru _ awmh &S&d p+rb J J jzpfygw,f? w&kwjf ynf
rSm aemifawmf “[efvrl sKd ;pk”/ qdAk , D ufrmS aemifawmf “&k&mS ;vlrsKd ;pk”
ponfjzifh ta&;awmfyt kH qufquf awmfveS af &;t00rSm acgi;f aqmifay;
cJ=h u&d;k &Syd gw,f? 'ga=umifv h nf; e,fcs@J orm;awG[m Edik if w H Edik if u
H kd wdu
k f
cdu
k o f rd ;f ydu
k rf ,f}u&H if/ acgi;f aqmifvrl sKd ;pk}u;D ESihf tjcm;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;tm;vH;k
tjyif; txef&efwu kd af oG;cJyG pfavh&ydS gw,f? tJ'eD nf;ESihf acgi;f aqmifuif;
jywfqdwfokef;ap+yD;/ e,fcsJ@bufawmfom;vlrsdK;pktjzpf a&mufatmif
odr;f oGi;f avh&ydS gw,f?
‚if;twGuf vlrsKd ;}u;D 0g'/ vlrsKd ;i,f0g'rsm;udv k nf; xd;k azmufoiG ;f avh
&S=d uygw,f? ,ckvt kd ajctaersKd ;rSm jynfaxmifppk pfppfomzJ@G &&if/ Edik if aH &;
wnf+idrrf u _ vnf; enf;enf;rSr&Sad o;wJu h mvrSm jynfe,fjynfrEdik if aH &;
acgi;f aqmifr_ tqufjzwfa&;bJ jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? ycH;k csi;f wdu k f vlcsi;f &du
k f
qdw k hJ Edik if aH &;tajctaersKd ;udk e,fcs@J w@kd u rkcsajrm‡ ufyifzh efw;D ay;rnfom
jzpfygw,f?

86
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

10? u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ aemufq;kH ta=umif;jycsuu f awmh Edik if w

H um&mZ0if
oifcef;pmt& zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyyf t
kH ajccHOya'w&yfukd trsKd ;om;nD!w G f
a&; twufºuGq;kH tcsed rf mS acwfajymif;csed f toD;tyGit hf jzpfEiS hf a&;qJG
jyXmef;+yD;&Syd gw,f?
b,fawmhrS olwvl igwrif;ESihf z&dzk &JtrsKd ;om;nD!w G af &;awG +yKd uJG
+y;D / tcsi;f csi;f tmCmwawG rD;awmufaewJt h csed rf mS a&;qJ&G ;kd vnf; r&Sb d ;l /
tajccHoabmudk ajymif;vJjyifqif&;kd vnf; r&Syd gb;l ? 'g[murBmu h siphf Of}u;D
ygb?J tJ'v D t kd csed t
f cgrsKd ;rSm a&;qJjG yifqif&ifvnf; ratmifjrifwt hJ jyif
rif;+ydKifp;kd +ydKifrsm;yif jzpfavh&=dS uygw,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm; — jynfaxmifppk pfppfqw kd hJ “rl” [m tckvt kd
ajctaersKd ;rSm b,fenf;ESirhf S roifah vsmaf o;a=umif;— Edik if w
H uma&;&m/
jynfwiG ;f a&;&m&_axmifrh sm;uae+yD; ta=umif; (10) csurf # jycJ+h yD;yg+yD?
azazmf0g&v D (24) &ufae@ ES;D aESmzvS,yf }GJ u;D tzGiahf e@rmS “zuf'&,fr”l
ESifhywfouf+yD; 0ef}uD;p0fcGefcsdKESifhwuG jynfe,facgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;&Jh
ajymqdw k ifjycsuaf wGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfjh ynfph pkH =kH um;emcJ&h yg+yD? yGiv
hf if;
wJt h oJEvS ;kH ESiv
hf nf; ,H,
k =kH unf=f unfjyefvnfo;kH oyf=uygw,f? tJ'v D kd
oH;k oyfppfaq;csurf sm;t& zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfytkH ajccHOya'&_axmihu f bJ jyef
vnfacsycGijhf yKyg&ef u|eaf wmfawmif;yefyg&ap?
tajccHOya' &_jrifyt kH & u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,facgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm;[m
“zuf'&,fppfppfr”l ESiyhf wfoufv@kd oabmuJv G cGJ su[
f m u|eaf wmfw@kd EiS hf
ae&m (3) ae&mrSm &Sad ew,fqw kd m u|eaf wmfw@kd aumif;pGm&dypf m;rdvmyg
w,f?
yxrae&muawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifp[ k m jynfrudt k ajccH+y;D
jynfe,frsm;udk pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;xm;wJh zuf'&,frjl zpfygw,f? 'Dvzkd @GJ pnf;cJjh cif;
[m u|eaf wmfw@kd wikd ;f jynf&hJ Edik if aH &;/ vlrsKd ;a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ pwJh
wd;k wufjzpfaf y:r_&mZ0ifjzpfpOfrsm;twGi;f rSm b0ESi[ hf yf+yD;awmh obm0
ususxal xmifcjhJ cif;jzpfw,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd u av;eufpmG ,H=k unfw,f?
jynfrudt
k ajccHI jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;cJjh cif;[m jynfaxmifpwk ckv;kH
twGuf (Centre of Unity and Leadership) vd@k ac:wJh A[dak cgi;f aqmif

87
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

r_EiS hf nD!w
G af &;pkpnf;csut
f jzpfEiS o
hf m xlaxmifcjhJ cif;f jzpfw,fv@kd u|ef
awmfw@kd u tav;teuf,=kH unf=uw,f? vufawG@=unfyh g? jynfe,frsm;
teuf tcsKd @u &mZ0ift&jynfe,foabmaqmifcahJ omfvnf;/ tcsKd @u
jynfe,fb0udk ul;ajymif;zefw;D ae&qJ jzpfygao;w,f? tcsKd @u tckrjS ynf
e,fb0udk xlaxmif&ef jyifqifawmif;qdak e&qJbJ &Sad eygao;w,f?
tcsKd @vrl sKd ;pkuawmh tjcm;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;ESihf a&maxG;,Suw f ifaexdik f
&qJb0rSm &Sad eygao;w,f? Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;jzpfpOfw@kd [mvnf;
,ckrS pwifoaE<,al e&qJ/ ajymif;vJae&qJbJ jzpfygw,f? &mZ0ift&
trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGwav#mufrSm jynfrArmvlrsdK;pku ta&
twGuftm;jzifh‚if;/ t&nftaoG;tm;jzifh‚if;/ acgif;aqmif +yD;yg0ifcJh
ygw,f? wnfaeqJ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;pepft&vnf; acgi;f aqmifcsw D uf
&r,fh taetxm;rSm &Syd gw,f? tem*wfEikd if aH &;vrf;a=umif;udk xde;f
ausmif;csw D uf&r,fw h m0ef[mvnf; jynfrrSm &mZ0ift& yd+k yD;wm0ef
&Syd gw,f?
tJ'v
D t
kd aetxm;rsm;t& zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'a&;qJw G thJ cg
rSm jynfrudk A[dak cgi;f aqmifrE_ iS hf nD!w
G af &;pkpnf;jcif;tjzpfEiS t
hf ajccH+yD;
tjcm;jynfe,frsm;/ a'orsm;udk pkaygi;f umzJ@G pnf;cJjh cif; jzpfygw,f? tJ'g
u|efawmfwdk@u &mZ0ift&b0jzpfpOfESifhudkufnDwJh jynfaxmifpk
jzpfw,f&,fv@kd jywfjywfom;om;u|eaf wmfw@kd u vufc, H =kH unfygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynfe,fnt
D udak cgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm;uawmh jynfr[m
jynfaxmifpt k m%mudk vuf0g;}u;D tky+f y;D jynfe,frsm;/ vlrsKd ;pkrsm;udk v$r;f
rd;k cs,v
f ,
S wf ,f/ yÀmqufe,fawGtjzpfEiS hf tEdik u f siwhf ,fv@kd ,q
l w,f?
'ga=umifh jynfe,fjynfrawGtm;vH;k toD;oD; ud, k thf csKyftjcmtm
%mESiu hf ,
kd f wef;wl&nfw&l =dS u+y;D / A[djk ynfaxmifpf u
k kd pkaygi;f zJ@G pnf;&r,f?
oabmqENt&om tm%mrsm;cJGa0ay;&r,f? tJ'Dvdk “jynfaxmifpk
ppfppfr”l rsKd ;udo
k m tvd&k w
dS ,f?
tar&duef/ qGpfZmvef/ qdkAD,uf,leD,H pwJh tajccHoabmrsdK;
jzpfap&r,fv@kd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; ajym=um;oGm; =uygw,f? wenf;tm;jzifh
(Confederation) qefqefz@GJ pnf;&r,fv@kd qdv k ykd gw,f? jrefrmvdjk yefawmh
tcsKyftjcmtm%mt& jynfe,faygi;f csKyf zJ@G &r,fv@kd qdyk gw,f?
88
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

tJ'v
D u
kd vGJ aGJ ejcif;[m yxrae&mjzpfygw,f? tar&duef/ qGpZf mvef/
qdAk , D uf,el ,D jH ynfaxmifpk zJ@G pnf;vmyH&k mZ0ifjzpfpOfb0ESihf u|eaf wmf
wd@k jrefrmjynfaxmifpk ouf0ifvy_ &f mS ;vmyHk oaE<wnfvmyHjk zpfpOfrsm;ESihf
rsm;pGmjcm;em;r_&ydS gw,f? ynm&Sd owdjzpfcq J o
kd vdk u|eaf wmftenf;i,f
Zmwfa=umif; jyefyg&ap?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm; — tar&duefjynfaxmifpktajccHOya'[m
trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfy}GJ u;D u ayguzf mG ;ay;cJyh gw,f? xdpk pfy}GJ u;D rwdik f
rDS +Aw d o d #e,fcs@J w@kd &ahJ tmufrmS +Aw d od #uv kd ekd jD ynfe,frsm;tjzpfEiS hf ol@&mZ
0ifEiS o hf l oD;jcm;pD&cdS yhJ gw,f? 1776 ck Zlvikd v f (4) &ufe@ trsKd ;om;vGwf
ajrmufa&;ppfy}GJ u;D a=unmpmwrf;}u;D xkwjf yefwt hJ cgrmS vnf;f ppfa=unm
ydik cf iG /hf +idr;f csr;f a&;pmcsKyf csKyfqEkd ikd cf iG /hf rdrw d @kd }udKufEpS of ufovdk r[mrdwf
zJ@G pnf;ydik cf iG hf pwJh tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk vH;k 0ydik w f hJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f
jynfe,fEikd if rH sm;tjzpfEiS hf a=unm&+yD; vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfyu GJ kd EJc$ =hJ ujcif;
jzpfygw,f? puwnf;u tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik Ef ikd if rH sm;tjzpfEiS hf oD;jcm;
xlaxmifI wdu k yf 0GJ ifcjhJ cif; jzpfygw,f? ‚if;aemuf trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmuf
a&;ppfy}GJ uD;udk ydrk x kd ad &mufpmG ckcw H ukd cf ukd Ef ikd =f ua&;twGuf 1777 ck Ed0k if
bmv (15) &ufae@rmS (Article of Convention) ac:wJh jynfe,faygi;f
csKyfpnf;rsO;f Oya'w&yfukd a&;qJjG yXmef;+yD; (13) jynfe,f[m jynfe,f
tvdu k f oD;jcm;vufct H wnfjyKcJ=h uygw,f? 1871 ck rwfv (1) &ufae@
rSm ar&Dvse;f jynfe,fu aemufq;kH twnfjyKvufct H wnfjyKcJyh gw,f?
tJ'D tajccHpnf;rsO;f yxroH;k ywf (3) ckrmS bJ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
}uD;[m (Confederation) jzpfwt hJ a=umif;/ jynfe,fwikd ;f tcsKyftjcm
tm%mESihf vH;k 0vGwv f yfciG &hf adS =umif;/ bH&k efou
l kd pkaygi;f wdu
k cf u
kd af &;
twGuf cdik rf maomr[mrdwzf @GJ pnf;r_ukd (A firm league of friend-
ship) tjzpfEiS hf yk'rf (3) t&aygah v/ (A firm league of friendship)
tjzpfEiS zhf @GJ pnf;a=umif; ponfjzifh txift&Sm;yg&ydS gw,f? tar&duefjynf
axmifp[ k m (Confederation) utpjzpfa=umif; txift&Sm;jyygw,f?
'Daemuf 1787 ck azaz:0g&v D (21) &ufae@ uGe*f &uf=urS (Con-
federation) zJ@G pnf;yHrk #EiS hf jynfaxmifpt
k iftm;[m rvHak vmufa=umif;/
rvHak vmufa=umif;/ jyefvnfjyifqif&ef xdu k af =umif; a=unmcJyh gw,f?

89
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

'ge@J 1787 ck arv (25) &ufae@rmS a*sm0h g&iS w f efukd OuUXwif+yD; (Con-
vention) }uD;wckvyk +f yD;awmh zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'topfukd a&;
qJcG =hJ uygw,f? xdOk ya'topfukd jynfe,ftvdu k f toD;oD;u jyefvnf
vufct H wnfjyK+yD; 1789 ck rwfv (4) &ufae@up+yD;awmh toufoiG ;f
cJ=h uygw,f? tJ'D tar&duefjynfaxmifpk &mZ0ifu u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd bm
oifcef;pmrsm;ay;cJyh govJ —
(1) rlvuwnf;u tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik jf ynfe,frsm;tjzpf pwifc=hJ u
ygw,f?
(2) tcsKyftjcmtm%mt& jynfe,faygi;f csKyfac:wJh (Confederation)
qdwk mu pzJ@G c=hJ uygw,f?
(3) od@k aomfvnf; b0ESirhf vHak vmuf rudu k nf w
D thJ cgrmS wqifah v#m+h yD;
(Federation) qdw k m zJ@G c&hJ ygw,f?
(4) &mZ0ifjzpfpOftwGif;rSmbJ 'D (Decentralisation) uae+yD;awmh
(Centralisation) udk wjznf;jznf;OD;wnfvmwmudk awG@&ygw,f?
(5) tm%mydik o f rwpepf[m tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k hJ A[dak cgi;f aqmifr_
ESihf nD!wG af &;qdjk yKcsuf jzpfvmygw,f? tJ'g jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f om
A[dk acgi;f aqmifrE_ iS hf nD!w G af &;pkpnf;csutf wGuf wpHw k ckaom
tmrcHtESpfom&wck rkcswyfqifyg&Sd&p+rJqdkwm tav;teuf
vufc, H =kH unfz@kd vdyk gvrd rhf ,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm;— qGpZf mvefjynfaxmifp&k hJ &mZ0ifjzpfpOfukd
vnf; t=urf;zsi;f avhvm=unf&h atmif? vuf&dS zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccH
Oya't&[m ouU&mZf 1874 ckEpS u f p+yD; tvGe&f n S v
f sm;aom jzpfpOfrS
ayguzf mG ;vmjcif;jzpfygw,f? &mZ0ifpyHu k vnf; tufawmifwef;}u;D &Jh ywf
vnfrmS ol@&mZ0ifEiS o hf /l olw@kd ajymqdw k hJ bmompum;ud, k pf ED iS hf oD;oD;
jcm;jcm; tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifjynfe,fuav;awGtjzpfESifh &mZ0if
pwnfc=hJ uygw,f? usL;ausmw f u kd cf u
kd af &;orm; bH&k eforl sm;udk pkaygi;f ckcH
umuG,fa&;twGuf Confederation ac:wJh jynfe,faygif;csKyfwckudk
pwifarG;zGm;apcJyh gw,f? Federal Diet qdw k mzJ@G +yD;awmh jynfe,fu, kd pf D
u tnDtr#u, kd pf m;vS,af pv$w+f y;D awmh wae@ (8) ESpw f }urd f awG@q=kH u
ygw,f? 'Dvo kd m awG@q=kH uw,f trSeu f awmh we,fEiS w hf e,f oHo,}u;D
ESihf =unf+h yD;/ Federal Diet &Jh tqH;k tjzwf[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f
90
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

jynfe,fawG&t
hJ ay:rSm w&m;0iftusKd ;oufa&mufjcif; r&Scd yhJ gb;l ? uJu
G GJ
jym;jym;bJwnfaecJw
h mygb?J
'ga=umifv h nf; 1871 ck aemufyikd ;f rSm jyifopfusL;ausmaf &;orm;rsm;
[m qGpZf mvefjynfaxmifpu k kd vG,u f pl mG bJ odr;f ydu k Ef ikd cf =hJ uygw,f? &S&d if;
pJt
G ajccHjynfe,fawG ud, k yf ikd t
f csKyftjcmtaetxm;awG/ a'o"avh
xH;k pHtaetxm;awGEiS hf igjh ynfe,friS g qdw k phJ w
d "f gwaf wGukd jyifopfppfb&k if
eydv k ,D AH ekd mywf[m tm%mESi&hf u kd cf sKd ;zsuqf ;D ypf+y;D / e,fopfawGowfrw S f
+yD;awmh Prefacture vd@k qw kd hJ jynfe,faygi;f (18) ck udo k wfrw S cf yhJ gw,f?
ud, k pf m;jyKtrsKd ;om;tpd;k &ESihf tm%mydik tf rsKd ;om;tpd;k &tzJ@G w&yf
udk zJ@G ay;cJyh gw,f? tJ'gukd &mZ0ifrmS Felbatic orwEdik if t H ajccHOya'vd@k
ac:wGiaf pcJyh gw,f? 1798 ck {+yDv (12) &ufae@rmS jyXmef;ay;cJyh gw,f?
od@k aomfvnf; qGpZf mvefEikd if &H hJ rdr&d rhJ v
l blwtcsKyftjcmtm%mydik jf ynf
e,fcjGJ cm;a&;pdw[ f m &mZ0ifEiS chf sD jyif;xefaeawmh ratmifjrifcb hJ ;l ? rsm;
pGmaom jiif;cHrk y_ ÉdyuQawG jzpfc&hJ ygw,f? aemufawmh jynfoal wGukd yxr
OD;qH;k ADwt kd m%mpwiftyfwhJ 1802 ck arv Constitution udak &;qJG
jyXmef;cJ=h ujyefygw,f?
ADwOkd ya't& toufEpS q f ,fjynfwh v
hJ w
l ikd ;f / wdik ;f oljynfom;wdik ;f
tajccHOya'twnfjyKa&;twGuf rJay;cJhapygw,f? rJqEN&Sifaygif;
(72453) uoabmwlraJ y;cJyh gw,f? (92332) uoabmrwlraJ y;ygw,f?
(167172) u =um;aecJyh gw,f? tJ'D =um;aewJrh rJ sm;[m oabmwlwrhJ J
rsm;jzpfw,fv@kd q+kd y;D awmh tJ't D ajccHOya'udk twnfjyKa=umif; a=unm
cJyh gw,f? rlvtajccHOya'ESiphf m&if ckjyifqifwhJ Oya'[m tenf;i,f
atmifjrifvmygw,f? 'gayr,fh eydv k , D ef[m ol@oabmESio hf l useaf bmif
vd@k qwkd hJ jynfe,fyikd ;f udk oD;jcm;tajccHOya' ud, k pf aD &;qJjG yXmef; ay;jyef
w,f? tJ'g udk jzefajza&;Oya'vd@k ac:+yD;/ 1803 ck azaz:0g&v D (19) &uf
ae@rmS xkwf jyefcyhJ gw,f?
od@k aomfvnf; aemufq;kH eydv k ,
D efvnf;tm%mus tJ't D ajccHOya'
vnf; ysupf ;D cJw
h mygb?J 1815 ck =o*kwv f (7) &ufae@rmS jzefajza&;tajc
cHOya'udk &yfqikd ;f +yD; rlvtwdik ;f wdu
k &f u
kd u f kd jyefvnfxal xmif+yD; (22) ck
aom (Cantaung) wd@k [m jynfaxmifpo k abmwlncD suv f @kd qw
kd hJ (Fed-

91
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

eral Agreement) udk vdu

k ef mygw,fv@kd q+kd y;D usr;f used cf =hJ uygw,f? tcsKyf
tjcmtm%mydik jf ynfe,fwikd ;f u ta&;ydik o f t H rwf}uD;awGukd awG@qw kH hJ
wduk &f u
kd v
f w
$ af wmfygb?J qGpZf mvefjynfoal wGu a&G;cs,af pv$ww f hJ ud,k f
pm;vS,af wGr[kwcf yhJ gb;l ? tvGeaf &mha&mh&&J zJ @GJ pnf;xm;wJh (Confedera-
tion) wckygb?J
tJ'g aemufq;kH awmh ud,k jhf ynfe,fe@J ukd oD;jcm;a&S;usustwdik ;f aevdk
wJh (Federalist) awGe@J 'gawGut kd ukezf su+f y;D wckwnf;aom nD!w G af om
'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if u
H kd xlaxmifvw kd hJ (Redicalist) awG[m ESpaf ygi;f (30) ausmf
r#tjiif;yGm;r_ yÉdyuQr}_ u;D awG jzpfc=hJ u&ygw,f? tcsKd @ (Canton) awGvnf;
cJGxGufukef=uygw,f? 1846 ckESpfrSm jynfwGif;ppfomjzpfygava&m
(Centerban Canton) awGta&;&H;_ edr+hf yD;wJah emuf cJx G u G wf jhJ ynfe,fawG
udk (Confederation) xJrmS jyefvnf0ifa&mufapcJyh gw,f? &mZ0ifrmS
qGpt f rsKd ;om;nD!w G af &;atmifyt GJ jzpfe@J tJ'jD ynfwiG ;f ppfukd todtrSwf
jyKcJ=h uygw,f?
tJ'v D kd jynfwiG ;f ppf}u;D jzpf&onfrpS +y;D 1848 ckEpS rf mS Diet [m ,ae@
tajccHOya'}uD;udk pwifa&;qJaG pcJw h mygb?J tJ'D tajccHOya'[mvnf;
a&S;rlEiS hf acwfopfrpl pk nf;a&; “rl” 2 ckuakd phpyfjzefajzxm;wJh Oya'ygb?J
tJ'D qGpZf mvefjynfaxmifpOk ya'opftped'ge;f rSm b,fvq kd bkd movJ
qd&k if bk&m;ocif&t hJ vdq k ENtwdik ;f jynfe,faygi;f csKyfr[mrdwt f zJ@G [kqkd
tyfaom T qGpZf mvef (Confederation) onf qGpZf mveftrsKd ;om;
wd@k *k%u f suo f a&ESiw hf uG nD!w G af &;tiftm;awmifw h if;a&;udk xde;f odr;f
umuG,&f eftwGuf T Federal Constitution udjk yXmef;vdu k af yonfv@kd
Confederation ESihf Federation udak phpyfa&mar$+yD; olw@kd &mZ0ifb0jzpf
pOfEiS hf udu k n f aD tmifvyk af qmifxm;wmudk u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f?
tJ'rD mS vnf; qGpf (Confederation) [m puwnf;u tcsKyftjcmtm
%mydik jf ynfe,f (Canton) awGEiS phf wif+yD;awmh zJ@G pnf;cJw h ,fqw kd m&,f/
wjznf;jznf; (Centralisation) qdw k hJ A[dak cgi;f aqmifrE_ iS n
hf !D wG af &;pkpnf;
csuq f o D @kd a&G@vsm;vmw,fqw kd m&,f tJ'g u|eaf wmfw@kd aumif;rGepf mG awG@
&S&d ygvrd rhf ,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm; — qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifp&k mZ0ifjzpfpOfuakd wmh

92
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

u|eaf wmfajymp&mrvdak wmhygb;l ? r[matmufwb kd mqd&k ,

S vf pfawmfveS f
a&;}uD;u pwifayguzf mG ;ay;cJjh cif;ygb?J 1918 ckEpS f (Constitution) t&
&k&jS ynfr}uD;udk tajccH+yD;awmh acgi;f aqmifz@GJ pnf;cJw
h mygb?J xdak emuf
1924 ckESpf Constitution rSm jynfe,f (4) ckyg0ifvm+yD;/ 1936 ckEpS u f s
awmh (16) jynfaxmifpjk ynfe,fjzpfvmygw,f? qdAk , D uf,el ,D &H hJ A[dak cgi;f
aqmifrE_ iS hf nD!w G af &;pkpnf;csu[ f m tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm; Edik if aH &;tm
%mykid pf epfEiS hf qd&k ,
S v
f pfp;D yGm;a&;vlrt
_ aqmuftOD}uD;bJ jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifv h nf; awmif}uD;OD;xGe;f jrifw h @kd 'Dae@ jynfe,fn! D w G af &;tzJ@G
}u;D wd@k tvd&k w
dS [hJ mawG tukev f ;kH tjyif/ vlrsKd ;pka&;&mjy\emrSm jy\em
rsm;ajz&Si;f a&;ESihf ywfouf&if urBmrSmcH,&l avmufatmif tcGit hf a&;
tjynft h pHx
k nfo h iG ;f jyXmef;Edik jf cif;bJ jzpfygw,f? ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyaf &;orw
EdkifiHawG/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;a'oawG/ vlrsdK;pka'oawG ponfjzifh
vlrsKd ;}uD;i,faygi;f (181) rsKd ;/ bmompum; }uD;aygi;f (55) rsKd ;/ ud;k uG,f
onfb h momaygi;f (22) rsKd ;udk wu,fwef; wlnrD #z@GJ pnf;;=u&+y;D avmu
edAgŠ ex
f al xmifae=ujcif; jzpfygw,f?
qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpEk iS hf jrefrmjynfaxmifpEk pS jf ynfaxmifuvJ&G if/
qdAk ,
D ufjynfaxmifpEk iS jhf refrmjynfaxmifp— k &Sr;f jynfuvJ&G if urBmrSm
b,fjynfaxmifprk mS rS r&Sw d hJ cJx
G u
G yf idk cf iG Ehf iS w
hf uG vufeufuikd w f yfrsm;zJ@G
pnf;cGi/hf Edik if w
H umqufo, G af &;rS vGwv f yfpmG aqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG /hf ud,
k u
hf H
=urRmud, k f vH;k 0zefw;D a&;twGuf pDru H ed ;f rsm;a&;qJaG z:xkwyf ikd cf iG hf pwJh
tcGit hf a&;rsm;tjynft h 0 &&Sad pygw,f? urBmrSm&Sad o;wJh tjcm;jynf
axmifprk sm;udak wmh u|eaf wmfrajymvdak wmhygb;l ?
uae'g/ =opa=w;vs/ awmiftmz&dursm;ta=umif;uawmh t*Fvyd f
&Sibf &k ifopPmcHwhJ 'drk eD ,D jH ynfaxmifprk sm;jzpfwt hJ wGuf u|eaf wmf'aD e&m
rSm txl;rajymvdak wmhygb;l ? tJ'aD wmh csKyfvu kd &f if Armjynfrudt
k ajccH
+yD; jynfaxmifpzk @GJ xm;wm[m Edik if w H umjynfaxmifprk sm;jzpfay:vmyHk
&mZ0ift&‚if;/ A[dak cgi;f aqmifrE_ iS n hf !D wG af &;pkpnf;csut f wGuf 'Dt}urd f
'DtcgrmS 'Dvb kd zJ @GJ pnf;&r,f qdw k mb0udu k ay;wJyh pPn;f bk&m;udu
k ay;wJh
ypPn;f bJqw kd m u|eaf wmfw@kd tav;teuf ,H=k unfw,f?

93
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

'gayr,fh urBmzh @GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt

kH ajccHOya'ESiq
hf ef@usi+f yD; Armjynfr
vlrsdK;pk}uD;u jynfe,frsm;udk tEdkifusifhxm;wmvm;vdk@ tajccHOya'
a=umif;t&bJ ppfaq;=unf&h atmif—
(1) urBm'h rD u kd a&pDx;kH wrf;pOfvmt& jynfaxmifpjk ynfo@l vw $ af wmfukd
vlO;D a&tcsKd ;tpm;ESihf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufap+yD;/ A[dt k pd;k &udak &G;
cs,jf cif;/ od@k uvdk a&G;cs,o f nfah e&mrSmvnf; jynfe,frsm;rS ud, k pf m;
vS,rf sm;udv k nf; yg0ifxnfo h iG ;f jcif;/
(2) vlrsKd ;pkrsm;tm;vH;k ndE‡ i_d ;f oabmwlncD sut f & vlrsKd ;pkvw
$ af wmfukd a&G;
aumufz@GJ pnf;jcif;/
(3) urBm'h rD ukd a&pDx;kH wrf;pOfvmt& aiGOya'usr;f rsKd ;rSwyg; jynfo@l vw $ f
awmfEiS hf vlrsKd ;pkvw$ af wmfw@kd onf Oya'jyKa&;wGif tm%mwef;wljzpf
jcif;?
(4) urBmjh ynfaxmifpt k pd;k &wdik ;f jynfaxmifpn k !
D w
G af &;twGuf ta&;
w}uD;umuG,jf yXmef;&rnfh jyXmef;csuf (6) &yfteuf w&yfjzpfonfh
vlrsKd ;pk}uD;u vlrsKd ;i,frsm;udk rxdyg;Edik &f ef jynfaxmifpjk ynfo@l vw $ f
awmfu a&G;cs,af om A[dt k pd;k &rSm jynfe,faumifprD S ud, k pf m;vS,f
rsm;tm; jynfaxmifp0k ef}uD;rsm;tjzpfEiS hf yl;aygi;f zJ@G pnf;apjcif;/ nDwl
nDr#wm0ef&adS pjcif;/
(5) jynfe,f jynfrESihf jynfe,frsm;tcsi;f csi;f yÉdyuQrsm; ra=uvnfcsuf
rsm;udk Oya'a=umif;t& vH;k 0vGwv f yfpmG ajz&Si;f tqH;k tjzwfjyKEdik f
&eftwGuf w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfo@kd tm%may;tyfxm;jcif;/
(6) jynfaxmifpyk gvrD efrS (3) yHk (2) yHo k abmwlncD su&f rSom tajccHOy
a'udk jyifqifEikd jf cif;/
(7) &mZ0iftpOftvmt& tcsKyftjcmtm%mt& jynfe,ftjzpfxl
axmifcJhaom &Srf;jynfe,fuJhodk@aom jynfe,fudk cJGxGufcGifhudk
“rl” tm;jzift h yfEiS ;f xm;jcif;yif jzpfygw,f?
obmywd}u;D cifAsm;—'Dae&mrSm u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;yHk
t& rlt& yHpk t
H & urBm'h rD u
dk a&pDtpOftvmESihf udu k n
f aD =umif;udok m
tav;teufxm;+yD; ajymqdak ejcif;jzpfygw,f? A[djk ynfaxmifpt k pd;k &&Jh
tm%mudk vufawG@uikd w f , G u
f sio
hf ;kH ae=uwJh yk*Kd~ vfygwtD zJ@G tpnf;tif
tm;wd@k oabmxm;rSm;/ vky&f yfrmS ;}u;D awGtwGuaf wmh u|eaf wmfw@kd jynf
94
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

olawGu wm0efrcHEikd yf gb;l ? tJ'guawmh (Subjective factor) vd@k ac:wJh

uwWm;ydik ;f qdik &f mjy\emyg? Edik if aH &;t& &J&w
J if;wif;pm&if;&Si;f &r,fu
h pd P
jzpfygw,f?
om"utm;jzifh yxptpdk;&wuf+yD;wJhaemuf rvHkavmufwJh t
a=umif; wcsujf y+yD; “jynfruufbed uf” “jynfe,fvrl sKd ;pkuufbed uf”
&,fv@kd cJpG w d yf pfcjhJ cif;[m um,uHajrmuftm;jzifh A[djk ynfaxmifpt k m
%mESihf A[djk ynfaxmifpn k !
D w
G af &;udk cJpG w
d yf pfvu kd jf cif;jzpfwt
hJ wGuf u|ef
awmfw@kd rsm;pGm pdwef mcJyh gw,f? od@k aomfvnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd rmS ygvrD efrmS
waumifwrS;D rS r&Sw d thJ wGuaf =umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd u 'guu kd sw
d rf w
dS +f yD;
onf;cHvu kd &f ygw,f? tJ'aD wmh yxruJv G c$J suaf e&mu jynfrudt k ajccH
+yD;awmh jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;jcif;[m &mZ0ifjzpfpOfEiS hf b0tajctaet&
rSeuf efuu kd n f wD ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd u &d;k om;pGm,H=k unfw,f?
jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &Jh A[dak cgi;f aqmifrE_ iS hf nD!w
G af &;pkpnf;csut
f jzpf
ESihf tcktcsed t
f cgrmS tifrweftzd;k wefwhJ pDrcH suw f &yfjzpfw,fv@kd u|ef
awmfw@kd u tav;teufc, H w l ,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,facgi;f aqmifrsm;
&Jh (Federal) tppfppf tqdjk yKcsuaf wGukd em;axmif&if; avhvm&if;ESihf
tar&duef/ qGpfZmvefjynfaxmifpkwdk@&Jh [dka&S;wkef;u &mZ0iftpu
tvGeaf &mh&pJ mG zJ@G pnf;vmcJb h ;l wJh (Confederation) yHpk aH wGukd u|eaf wmf
wd@k tzd@k =um;a,mifjrifa,mifjzpfvmygw,f?
jynfe,fnaD emifacgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;u vuf&'dS yD zkH @GJ pnf;xm;jcif;[m
jynfru jynfe,fvrl sKd ;pkawGukd csKyfcs,v f r$ ;f rd;k xm;w,fv@kd ,H=k unfw,f?
tJ'vD kd u|eaf wmfw@kd EiS o hf abmuJv G a$J e=uygw,f? 'gu yxruJv G c$J sujf zpf
ygw,f? 'kw, d uJv G c$J suaf e&mu &yfwnfrj_ cm;em;csub f J jzpfygw,f?
(Stand Point) vd@k ac:ygw,f? qdv k &kd if;uawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd u jynfaxmif
pktwGi;f vlrsKd ;pka&;&mESiyhf wfoufv@kd 'Duae@vufiif;jy\em (Order
of the day)/ 'Duae@ vufiif;jy\em[m jynfrudk jynfe,fz@GJ &efr[kwf
ao;? jynfe,f&xdu k af om vlrsKd ;pkrsm; jynfe,f&&Sad &;ESihf jynfe,f&&S+d yD;
vlrsKd ;pkrsm; vH;k 0ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG hf &&Sad &;jr‡iw hf ifr_ bJv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd
,lqygw,f?

95
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

jynfe,facgi;f aqmifr_ jynfe,facgi;f aqmifrsm;uawmh rdrw d @kd b0&yf

wnfrt _ ay:rSm tajcrcHbJ tm;vH;k aomjy\emawG[m jynfrudk jynf
e,fwckvyk v
f ukd &f if udpt P m;vH;k at;ukerf ,fv@kd ,lqw,f? tJ'v
D kd (Stand
Point) u|eaf wmfw@kd EiS hf &yfwnfrr_ mS jcm;em;aeygw,f? wwd,uJv G c$J suf
uawmh jy\emcsOf;uyfyHkjcm;em;jcif;bJ jzpfygw,f? uGm&Sif;wm
(Approch) jzpfygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd u vlrsKd ;pkjy\emrsm;ESiw hf uG jynfaxmifpwk ckv;kH aomif
rwif a&rusEiS hf Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ b¾ma&;/ ppfa&;rSp+yD;awmh t=uyf
twnf;qdu k af e&wmawG[m rajyrvnfra_ wG[m e,fcs@J ya,m*awGEiS hf
jynfwiG ;f ppfyÉdyuQawGukd r&Si;f rvif;Edik of r# qufvufcpH m;ae&OD;r,fv@kd
u|eaf wmfw@kd u tav;teuf,=kH unfw,f?
'ga=umifh 'Djy\emawGajz&Si;f a&;vuf vufiif;yxr/ jy\emt00
+idr;f csr;f nD!w
G pf mG ajz&Si;f a&;[m 'kw, d vd@k u|eaf wmfw@kd u jy\emudk
csO;f uyfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,fnaD emif &Jabmf}u;D rsm;uawmh jynf
axmifppk pfppfrt l & ud, k +hf cHu,
kd cf wf=ua&;onf yxr/ jy\emt00
aemufusrS wef;wlnrD #ajz&Si;f a&;onf 'kw, d vd@k ,lq=uygw,f?
tJ'v D kd jy\emcsO;f uyfyrkH mS vnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd EiS hf 0rf;enf;pGmjcm;em;
aeygw,f? tJ'v D kd jcm;em;uJv
G c$J surf sm;[m (3) a&&mrSm awG@&cdS pH m;vm&
ygw,f? 'gawGuv kd nf; u|eaf wmfw@kd EiS hf jynfe,facgi;f aqmifrsm;[m tjyef
tvSef wOD;ESiw hf OD;nD&if;tudk rdom;pkpw d "f gwEf iS hf qENwol abmaygu=f u
ap&ef uln}D udK;yrf;=urnf jzpfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd uv kd nf; uln}D udK;yrf;
ygv@kd tJ'g arwWm&yfcyH gw,f?
obmywd}u;D cifAsm;— jynfaxmifppk pfppfqw kd rhJ [
l m ckvt
kd ajctae
rsKd ;rSm b,fenf;ESirhf # roifah wmfao;a=umif;/ jynfwiG ;f jynfya&;&m&_a'gihf
rsm;ESihf Edik if w H umtajccHOya'rsm;rS u|eaf wmfw@kd ta=umif;jy uef@uu G f
cJyh g+yD? ndE‡ i_d ;f wifjycJyh g+yD? u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd apm'uwufp&mwckuseyf gvrd hf
r,f? 'gjzif&h if jynfaxmifppk pfppfr[ l m ArmjynfaxmifpEk iS hf b,fawmhrS
rxdkufwefawmhbl;vm;vdk@ ar;p&m&Sdygw,f? jrefrmjynfaxmifpk&Jh
tem*wf&mZ0ifwauG@rmS jynfrjynfe,ftm; vH;k wu,fwef;wlnrD #
tjynft h 0taumiftxnfaz:Edik =f ur,fu h mvudk rkcsawG@&ygvrd rhf ,fv@kd

96
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

u|eaf wmfw@kd u 'Dvakd jymcsiyf gw,f? ‚if;umvu awmh wjcm;r[kwyf gb;l ?

jrefrmjynfaxmifpk qdk&S,fvpforwEdkifiHawmfudk xlaxmifEdkif=uwJh
umvbJ jzpfygw,f?
vlwOD;ESiw hf OD;/ wwef;pm;ESiw hf wef;pm;/ vlrsKd ;pkwckEiS w hf ck/ jynfe,f
wckEiS w
hf ck Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;tm;jzifh vH;k 0acgi;f yHjk zwf aoG;pkwrf _
uif;wJh qd&k ,
S v f pfvrl t _ aqmuftOD xlaxmifEikd =f uwJt h cgrmS ,ae@ qdAk D
,ufjynfaxmifpo k rwEdik if rH mS uJoh @kd jynfe,ftm;vH;k / vlrsKd ;pktm;vH;k wd@k
[m wu,fwef;wlnrD # tajccHtay:rSm tpGr;f ukev f wG v f yfpmG wd;k wufr_
&&Srd nfrmS rkcsygb?J
qd&k ,
S vf pfjynfaxmifppk epftwGi;f rSm vlrsKd ;pkrsm;tm;vH;k b,fuo hJ @kd
wef;wlnrD #tjynft h 0 &Swd ,fqw kd m qdAk ,D uf,el ,
D [
H m b,f&efol b,f
rdwaf qGurS tjrpfrxGuEf ikd af wmhbJ urBmv h ufawG@oufaojycsu}f uD;
tjzpfEiS hf &yfwnfv#uf &Sad eygw,f? tJ'v D kd xlaxmif&wJh jynfaxmifppk pf
ppfq&kd if u|eaf wmfw@kd bmrStjiif;yGm;p&mvJ rvdak wmhygb;l ? wrsKd ;om;vH;k
&Jh vlra_ wmfveS af &;wd;k wufr_ jzpfpOftwGi;f u obm0ususxu G v
f mr,fh
qd&k ,
S v f pfjynfaxmifpjk zpfwt hJ wGuaf =umifh &mZ0ifuu kd ay;tyfvmwJh
jynfaxmifppk pfppf jzpfygvrd rhf ,f?
qdvk &kd if;uawmh cifAsm— 'Dae@u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifp&k zhJ @GJ pnf;tkyf
csKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'[m trsKd ;om;vGwv f yfa&;awmfveS af &;}u;D u obm0
usus nD!w G pf mG oD;yGiahf yguzf mG ;ay;wJh ouJoh @kd tem*wfq&kd ,S v
f pfawmf
vSeaf &;}u;D uvnf; tem*wfq&kd , S v
f pfjynfaxmifppk pfppfukd obm0us
us ayguzf mG ;oD;yGiahf y;ygvrd rhf ,f? 'gukd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,H=k unfygw,f?
qdck w
hJ hJ qd&k ,
S v
f pfjynfaxmifppk epfukd +idr;f csr;f pGmul;ajymif;xlaxmif
Edik &f eftwGuf jynfwiG ;f jynfytvm;tvmrsm;u aumif;pGmjyaeygw,f?
xdk umv[m ra0;awmhb;l vd@k u|eaf wmfw@kd ,=kH unf,q l ygw,f? ,ae@
jynfaxmifpv k il ,fw@kd &hJ vlom;tpOftqufrmS bJ jrefrmjynfaxmifpq k kd
&S,v f pforwEdik if aH wmf[m rkcsjzpfay:&awmhr,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,=kH unf
ar#mv f ifah e=uygw,f?
,ae@ u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,f/ jynfr/ jynfe,f&jdS ynfot
l m;vH;k wd@k [m
qdk&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkudk OD;wnfcsDwuf=u&if trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDxl
97
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

axmifa&; vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk wufnv

D ufnED iS hf tpGr;f uke}f udK;yrf;wnf
aqmuf&efom vufiif;ta&;}u;D jzpfygw,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd 'g av;pm;pGm
wifjyvdyk gw,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm— u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd apm'uwufp&mwck quf
vufuseyf gvrd Ohf ;D r,f? xdt
k csuu f awmh vuf&jdS ynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;tkycf sKyf
yHt
k ajccHOya'udk vuf&t dS ajctaeESihf tawG@t}uHKrsm;t& bmr#jyif
p&m rvdak wmhb;l vm;vd@k ar;p&m&Syd gw,f? tajzuawmh vuf&t dS aet
xm;ESihf yHpk t
H wGi;f rSm jyifp&mawG tawmfb&J ydS gvrd rhf ,f? 'gawGEiS yhf wf
oufv@kd &mZ0ifa=umif;ESiw hf uG vdu
k ef mjyKjyiftyfwhJ tajccHrrl sm;udk u|ef
awmfw@kd &hJ vlrsKd ;pka&;&mt}uHay;pmwrf;rSm xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
xdtk us,pf mwrf;udk obmywd}u;D ESiw hf uG vlrsKd ;pku,kd pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;
tm;vH;k udk u|eaf wmfw@kd cspcf if&if;ES;D pGm a0iSurf;vSr;f rnf jzpfygw,f?
od@k aomfvnf; 'Dae&mrSm ta&;}uD;wJt h csut f csKd @ukd az:xkwwf ifjy
vdyk gw,f? (1) ,ae@jy\em[m jynfr{&d,mudk jynfe,fwckz@GJ a&;awmif;
qd&k efr[kw/f jynfe,f&xdu k af om vlrsKd ;pkrsm; jynfe,f&&Sad &;ESihf &&Sx
d l
axmif+y;D aom jynfe,frsm;tm;vH;k wef;wlnrD # tajccHwiG f &yfwnfap+y;D /
ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfrt
_ cGit
hf a&;rsm; tjynft
h 0&&Sad &;om t"dujzpfygw,f?
'DtwGuf jyifqifz@kd u jynfaxmifpAk [dt k pd;k &wGif jynfe,fu, kd pf m;
vS,rf sm;tm; jynfaxmifpw k m0efcrH sm;tjzpf tm%mtjynft h pH&k &Sxd rf;
&Guaf pjcif;/ aemufwcsuu f jynfaxmifpEk iS hf jynfe,frsm;tm%mcJaG 0a&;Y
jynfe,frsm;. vH;k 0ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &hf &Sad &;rlay:wGif wdusjywfom;r_
&&Sad pa&;?
aemufwcsuf jynfaxmifpkESifhjynfe,frsm;twGif;&Sd obm0o,H
ZmwypPn;f rsm;xkwv f yk af &;wGif jynfaxmifpt k ajccH/ jynfe,ftajccH [k
cJjG cm;+y;D pDru
H ed ;f rsm;ESihf pepfwusqufpyfvyk af p&eftwGu‚f if;/ jynfaxmif
pkprD uH ed ;f aumfr&Si/f jynfe,ftvdu k pf rD u
H ed ;f aumfr&Sirf sm;udk Oya't&
tcdik t f rmzJ@G pnf;I qufpyfvyk af qmifomG ;a&;?
aemufwcsuf jynfaxmif pkw;kd wuf}u;D yGm;r_ &HyakH iG}u;D w&yfziG v
hf pS I
f
w&m;0ifxnfh0ifjcif;/ w&m;0if xkwf,loHk;pJGjcif;wdk@ jyKvkyfap&efESifh

98
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

‚if;tjyif jynfaxmifpu
k jynfe,frsm; od@k jynfr.txl;axmufyahH iGrsm;
oD;jcm;ay;tyfa&;?
aemufwcsuf jynfaxmifp0k efxrf;tzJ@G jynfe,f0efxrf;tzJ@G ukd oD;jcm;
xm;&Sad &;ESihf xde;f csKyfjyKjyifa&;?
aemufwcsuf *syefppfavsmfa=u;ESifhwuG EdkifiHjcm;tultnD t
axmuftyHrh sm;udk jynfe,frsm;tjrefq;kH wd;k wuf}u;D yGm;a&;twGuf jynfr
xuftxl;tcGit hf a&;rsm; ydrk ckd pH m;cGiahf y;a&;?
aemufwcsuf jynfe,faumifpDrsm;udk jynfe,fOya'jyKv$wfawmf
tqifth wef;od@k jri‡ w hf ifa&;/ jynfe,fOuUXrsm;udk vGwv
f yfpmG a&G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufciG jhf yKa&;?
aemufwcsuf jynfe,fqikd &f mbwf*surf sm; oD;jcm;vkyaf qmifjyXmef;
cGi&hf &Sad pa&;ESihf jynfaxmifpEk iS jhf ynfe,ftcGeaf wmfcaGJ 0a&;wGif twdtus
ndE‡ i_d ;f owfrwS af &;?
aemufwcsuf vuf&jdS ynfaxmifpOk ya'pm&if;rSm ajr,m/ opfawm/
owWKwGi;f / a&eHwiG ;f rsm;/ pufrv _ ufrx _ al xmifa&;rsm;ESihf tjcm;ndE‡ i_d ;f &&Sd
aom bmom&yfrsm;udk jynfe,fjynfrpkaygi;f oufqikd af om wwd,pm&if;
wGif xnfo h iG ;f &efEiS hf jynfe,fwikd ;f onf txufygvyk if ef;rsm;wGif A[djk ynf
axmifpt k pd;k &. 0g'ESirhf qef@usiv f #if vH;k 0vGwv
f yfpmG vkyaf qmifyikd cf iG hf
tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&&SdapcGifh?
aemufwcsuf tvkyo f rm;tcGit hf a&;/ ajr,majrpepfjyKjyifa&;/ 'Drkd
ua&pDa'oE &W tkycf sKyaf &;pepf xlaxmifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif (jynfe,fwikd ;f
onf A[djk ynfaxmifpt k pd;k &. xlaxmifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGi)f jynfe,fwikd ;f
twGuf vH;k 0vGwvf yfciG &hf &Sad pa&;ESihf A[djk ynfaxmifpt
k pd;k &. pD;yGm;a&;/
vlra_ &; paom bkwEf iS ahf umfyakd &;&Si;f rsm;wGif jynfe,fu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;
onf wef;wl&nfwl tjynft h 0yg0if&&Sad pa&;?
aemufwcsuf jynfe,frsm;wGif A[djk ynfaxmifptk pd;k &.0g'ESit
hf nD
todynmwd;k wufa&;twGuf vlrsKd ;pkbmomtvdu k f oD;jcm;toHvi$ &hf kH
rsm;xlaxmifciG &hf &Sad pa&;?

99
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

aemufwcsuf jynfe,fwikd ;f ya'o&mZfzEd ydS cf sKyfcs,rf /_ vlrsKd ;}uD;0g'

zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf /_ ppf0g'zD Ed ydS cf sKyfcs,rf 0_ g' z,f&mS ;I 'Dru
kd a&pDb0udk jynf0h
pGm jznfw h if;ay;a&;ESi?hf
aemufq;kH wcsuf ta&;}uD;qH;k ndE‡ i_d ;f &rnfh tajccHw&yfrmS tem*wf
jrefrmjynfaxmifpq k &kd ,
S vf pforwEdik if xH al xmifa&;twGuf vuf&tdS ajc
cHOya'ESihf jynfe,fqikd &f mtajccHOya'rsm;wGif wdusjywfom;aom &nf
!Ge;f csurf sm;udk tjynft h pHx
k nfo
h iG ;f jyXmef;a&;yif jzpfygw,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm;— vuf&zdS @GJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'wGif jyif
qif&efvt kd yfaom tcsut f csKd @ukd u|eaf wmfwifjyvd@k +yD;yg+yD? useºf uGi;f
aom tcsurf sm; rlrsm;rSm u|eaf wmfw h @kd a0iSrnfph mwrf;tus,rf mS awG@
&SdEdkifygw,f? 'ghtjyif A[dkjynfaxmifpktpdk;&u jynfe,frsm;.tpdk;&
tm%mudk ta&;w}uD;tajctaersm;&Jh odr;f ,lEikd cf iG Ehf iS hf ywfoufv@kd
,cktpd;k &u jyifqif&ef}u&H , G xf m;csuEf iS hf ywfoufv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd vH;k 0
oabmrwl Edkifygbl;? txifrSm;tjrifrSm;awG jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f?
vuf&t dS ajccHOya'rSm &Swd hJ yk'rf (94) t&twdik ;f yif qufvufxm;&Sd
oifw h ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,lqygw,f?
xd@k tjyif jynfe,frsm;cGx J u
G cf iG &hf &Sad &;rlEiS hf ywfoufv@kd rltm;jzifh jynf
axmifpt k *F gEiS t
hf nD todtrSwjf yKygw,f? urBmrSmawmh qdAk , D uf,el D
,HEiS hf jrefrmjynfrmS bJ &Syd gw,f? od@k aomfvnf; ,ae@jynfwiG ;f jynfytajc
taersm;t& xdt k cGit
hf a&;udk vufawG@toH;k jyK&ef rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf #
ravsmu f efao;a=umif; tm;vH;k oabmayguv f ufcEH ikd +f yD; jzpfygvrd rhf ,f?
'ga=umifh 'Djy\emESiyhf wfouf+y;D jynfaxmifpEk iS hf jynfe,frsm; tajy
tvnfnE‡d i_d ;f =u&+y;D / jynfaxmifpw
k ckv;kH tcdik t
f rmpkpnf;nD!w
G Ef ikd af &;
twGuf tpGrf;ukefumuG,fapmifha&Smuf=uyg&ef u|efawmfwdk@txl;bJ
arwWm&yfcyH gw,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm;— ed*;kH csKyftm;jzifh u|eaf wmfw@kd “yrnw” .
oabmxm;rsm;udk atmufygtwdik ;f vd&k if;udk wnf'h ;kd bJ xyfrw
H ifjyyg&ap?
(1) ,ae@ jynfwiG ;f jynfytajctaet& jynfaxmifppk pfppfqwkd rhJ u
l kd xl
axmif&if (Confederation) qefqefjzpfvm+yD;/ jynfaxmifpnk ! D w G f

100
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

a&;xuf wpwptm;jzifh jynfaxmifp+k ydKuJaG &;udo k m tm;ay;&m

a&mufygvrd rhf nf? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd oabmrwlEikd yf g?
(2) ,ae@ jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;cJo h nfh (14) ESpo
f ufwrf;twGi;f rSm e,fcs@J
orm;wd@k &hJ ya,m*awG/ tkypf ;kd olw@kd &hJ oabmxm;rSm;awG/ vkycf suf
rSm;awGa=umifh jynfe,fvrl sKd ;pkrsm;twGi;f jynforl sm;tm;vH;k ESit hf wl
rsm;pGmepfemae&onfukd u|eaf wmfw@kd txl;vdu _ v
f pJS mG todtrSwjf yK
ygonf? tav;teuf emusn;f ygonf? ‚if;twGuf ,ckjynfaxmifpk
zJ@G pnf;yHk yHpk t
H wGi;f rSmbJ taetxm;twGi;f rSmbJ tpGr;f ukev f u kd f
avsmndE‡ i_d ;f jyifqifay;&ef u|eaf wmfw@kd v;kH 0oabmwlnyD gonf?
(3) ,ae@ urBmay:rSm qd&k , S v
f pfpepftajccHwhJ jynfaxmifppk pfppfEiS hf
t&if;&Sipf epfut kd ajccHwhJ jynfaxmifppk pfppfw@kd &ydS gw,f? ‚if;wGif vl
wOD;ESiw hf OD;/ vlwef;pm;w&yfEiS w hf &yf/ vlrsKd ;pkwckEiS w
hf ck/ jynfe,fwck
ESiw
hf ck zdEydS af oG;pkyrf &_ adS ewJh t&if;&Sipf epfukd tajccHwhJ jynfaxmifpk
ppfppf qdw k m[m yHpk t H m;jzifo h m&SI d tESpo f m&uawmh twlomjzpf
a=umif; tar&duef&mZ0ifEiS w hf uG tjcm;t&if;&Sijf ynfaxmifp&k mZ
0ifrsm;u urBmwGif aumif;pGmoufaocHae+yD; jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifjh ynfaxmifppk pfppfukd yHpk rH mS a&m tESpo f m&rSma&m wu,f
tvd&k ydS gv#if jrefrmjynfaxmifpq k &kd ,
S v f pforwEdik if x H al xmifa&;qDo@kd
om OD;wnfcsw D uf=uygv@kd tav;teufwu kd w
f eG ;f vdyk gw,f? vomwke;f
Adik ;f iif qdo
k nfph um;t& jynfwiG ;f jynfytajctaeuvnf; xdyk ef;wdik o f @kd
yd@k aqmifv#u&f adS eonfukd tnDt!Gwf qkawmif;toH;k cs&efjzpfygw,f?
(4) ,ck usi;f yv#u&f w dS hJ vlrsKd ;pkaygi;f pHn k E‡d i_d ;f zvS,af &;yJ}G uD;udk tjyef
tvSef vGwv f yfpmG ndE‡ i_d ;f zvS,af &;yJt G jzpfEiS o hf m u|eaf wmfw@kd tod
trSwjf yKyg&ap? wOD;ESiw hf OD;t=uyfuikd +f yD;awmh wpHw k ckaom tqH;k
tjzwfu&kd atmif vkyw f yhJ t
GJ jzpfEiS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd rvkyyf g&apESi?hf u|ef
awmfw@kd rygyg&apESi?hf u|eaf wmfw@kd r,H=k unfygb;l ? vufrcHygb;l ?
1947 ckEpS f yifvn kH v D mcH}uD;jzpf+yD;wJah emuf 'Dw}udro f m rsuEf mS jcif;
jyefqikd &f wmud;k ? wcgqufqH q,fcgvef rjzpfapbJ tajyajytvnf
vnf txyfxyftjyefjyef ndE‡ i_d ;f a&;wGio f m tqH;k owfoifyh gw,f?

101
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

'DE;DS aESmzvS,af &;yJ}G u;D udk tzufzufu r#wwJt

h pDtrHawGEiS hf oabm
xm;}uD;}uD; xm;+yD; usi;f y&efjzpfygw,f?
(5) xdk aqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f csurf sm;udk qdik &f mqdik &f mwd@k u jyefveS o f ;kH oyf=u+yD;
wJah emuf 1963 ckEpS f ESpOf ;D rSm jynfaxmifpn k !
D w
G af &;nDvmcHobif
}u;D xyfru
H si;f y+y;D / xyfrn H E‡d i_d ;f =u&+y;D / tpHt
k nDvnf; wufa&mufap
=u&+yD;/ tenfxikd =f uwJt h cgrmS qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;csrw S o
f ifyh gw,f?
'g[m u|eaf wmfw@kd &v
hJ &kd if;oabmxm; (5) &yfukd wnf'h ;kd bJ wifjyjcif;
jzpfygw,f?
obmywd}uD;cifAsm;— ,ckvkd wdik ;f &if;om;aygi;f pHak oG;jcif;om;jcif;
rsm; pHn
k aD qG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f a&; obif}uD;rSm “yrnw” tzJ@G }uD;&Ju h , kd pf m;
aqG;aEG;ndE‡ i_d ;f cGi&hf &Syd gojzifh obmywd}uD;ESiw hf uG tm;vH;k aom nDawmf
aemifawmftaygi;f wd@k tm; txl;vdu _ v
f pJS mG aus;Zl;wif&ydS ga=umif; tpD&if
cH&if; ed*;kH csKyfygw,f cifAsm;?

**********

102
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

tcef; (10)

zqyvtzJc@G sKyf OUX OD;AaqG. aqG;aEG;wifjycsuf

obmywd0ef}uD;csKyfEiS hf aoG;csi;f om;csi;f nD&if;tudjk zpf=uwJh nDawmf

aemifawmftaygi;f wd@k cifAsm;? nDawmfaemifawmftm;vH;k ESihf ,ckv&kd if;&if;
ES;D ES;D awG@qakH qG;aEG;cGi&hf wJt
h wGuf u|eaf wmftxl;bJ0rf;ajrmufygw,f? nD
awmfaemifawmfrsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyJGusif;y&wJhta=umif;uawmh jynf
axmifpzk @GJ pnf;yHrk }l uD;udk pOf;pm;&zd@k jzpfw,fv@kd u|eaf wmft
h aeeJ@em;vnf
ygw,f?
t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd v
D ufatmufcb H 0rSm wuJw G jym;pDjzpfc&hJ wJh nDawmf
aemifawmfawG[m yifvn kH vD mcHrmS yxrqH;k t}urd f jyefvnf+y;D awmh u|ef
awmfw@kd awG@qckH iG &hf cJ=h uygw,f? trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmif
qef;ud, k w
f ikd f OD;pD;acgi;f aqmif+yD;awmh a&;qJcG w hJ hJ tajccHOya' nDawmf
aemifawmfawGtm;vHk; a=ua=unufnufaqG;aEG;wdkifyif+yD; tm;vHk;
oabmwl wnDw!Gww f nf; twnfjyKcJw h thJ ajccHOya'/ tJ'D tajccHOy
a'&Jh tajccHr}l u;D udk vG,v f ,G Ef iS jhf yifqif&if rSm;vdrrhf ,fv@kd u|eaf wmftae
ESihf &d;k om;pGm ,H=k unfryd gw,f?
tajccHOya'&Jh tajccHr}l u;D udk ajymif;vJz@kd rvdv k m;wma=umifh ,ckvkd
nDawmfaemifawmfrsm; &if;&if;ES;D ES;D awG@qakH qG;aEG;jcif; jyKvkyzf @kd rvdvk m;bl;
vdk@ u|efawmfrqdkvdkygbl;? xifjrif,lqr_vJ$rSm;r_rsm;/ tqifrajyr_rsm;
tu,fI&Sv d #iv
f nf; rdom;pkenf;ESihf &if;&if;ES;D ES;D cspcf sp=f unf=unfEiS hf u|ef
awmfw@kd awG@qakH qG;aEG;+y;D ajz&Si;f Edik zf @kd tifrwefrS ta&;}u;D ygw,f? rdom;
pkenf;ESio hf m u|eaf wmfw@kd ajz&Si;f &if u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if H
twGi;f rSm rajz&Si;f Edik w
f hJ jy\em&,fv@kd r&Sb d ;l vd@k u|eaf wmftaeESihf pJpG GJ
+r+J rJ ,Hv
k nf;,H=k unfygw,f?
csi;f / ucsi/f u&if/ rGe/f &cdik /f &Sr;f / ArmawG[m waqGwrsKd ;wnf;jzpfchJ
=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh udv k ekd aD cwfu e,fcs@J w@kd &hJ aoG;cJrG a_ wGa=umifh aqG&if;
rsdK;&if;awGjzpf=uayr,fh e,fcJs@wdk@u u|efawmfwdk@udk wuJGwjym;pDjzpf
atmif cJcG yhJ gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f awG[m vGwv f yfa&;&wJh

103
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

tcgrmS jyef+y;D awmhaygi;f rdjyefawmhvnf; pdr;f ovdvk jkd zpfc&hJ jyefygw,f? tJ'D
vdk jynfaxmifpt k opfxal xmif+yD; jyefaygi;f cgprSm txiftjrifvrJ$ mS ;r_rsKd ;
qdwk m tenf;ESit hf rsm;&Sw d m[m rxl;qef;ygb;l ? 'gawG[m "rRmwmjzpfyg
w,f? 'gayr,fh apwemoef@oef@ro d m;pkpw
d af wGEiS hf tJ't D xiftjrifv$J
rSm;r_awGud ajz&Si;f Edik rf ,fqw
kd mudv
k nf; u|eaf wmfth aeESihf &d;k &d;k om;om;
,H=k unfygw,f?
ckwufa&mufvmwJh nDawmfaemifawmf ud, k pf m;vS,af wmf}uD;awG
tm;vH;k [m 'Dpw d "f gwrf sKd ;awGvnf; &S+d yD;om;jzpfw,fqw kd m txl;ajymzd@k
rvdyk gb;l ? rdom;pkpw d "f gw&f w dS v hJ al wGrsm;vk@d om 1948 ckEpS u
f u|eaf wmf
wd@k jynfaxmifp}k u;D +yKd vzJ @kd vufwvH;k omvdak wmhwhJ tajcqd;k taeqd;k }u;D
udk nDawmfaemifawmfawGtm;vHk; ,Hk,Hk=unf=unfvufwJG+yD; atmif
atmifjrifjrifEiS hf &ifqikd Ef ikd cf w hJ o hJ m"u[m txift&Sm;&Scd yhJ gw,f?
tJ'ga=umifh ckjzpfay:aewJh jy\emawGuv kd nf; acsmacsmarmarmESihf
ajyvnfatmiftrSeaf jz&Si;f Edik &f r,fv@kd u|eaf wmft h aeESihf pJpG +GJ rJ+rJ,=kH unf
jcif;jzpfygw,f? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf&hJ jy\em&yfrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &
wJhtcgrSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf&Jh tajctaeESifhudkufnDatmif
jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if &H t
hJ ajctaeudo k m t"du=unf+h yD; ajz&Si;f oifw h ,f
vd@k vnf; u|eaf wmht f aeESihf ,H=k unfygw,f?
'gayr,fh urBmay:rSm&Swd hJ tjcm;Edik if tH oD;oD;rSmjzpfcyhJ sucf w
hJ hJ tjzpf
tysut f awG@t}uHKrsm;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd ravhvm&bl;vm;vd@k ar;p&m&Syd g
w,f? 'ge@J ywfouf&ifawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd tjcm;Edik if t H oD;oD;rSm jzpfcyhJ suf
cJh tjzpftysuaf wG/ tawG@t}uHKawGuv kd nf; u|eaf wmfw@kd taeESihf avh
vmoH;k oyfz@kd vw kd ,f? avhvmoH;k oyfz@kd vnf;aumif;w,f qdw k m u|eaf wmf
&d;k &d;k om;om;ajymvdyk gw,f?
tJ'ga=umifh jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;a&;ESihf ywfouf+yD; tjcm;Edik if aH wGukd
vnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd avhvm=unf&h r,f? Edik if t H oD;oD;&Jh jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;
yHak wG[m nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;od=uwJt h wdik ;f bJ a,bl,stm;jzifh ESpf
rsKd ;ESppf m;&Sw
d ,fqw kd m u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@&ygw,f? wrsKd ;uawmh jynfaxmif
pkpepfjzpfygw,f? wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfygw,f? tjcm;wrsKd ;uawmh pnf;
pnf;&H;k &H;k jzpfwhJ wjynfaxmifpepfjzpfygw,f?

104
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;cifAsm;— u|eaf wmfbiG ;f bGi;f bJwifjyyg&ap?

jynfaxmifppk epfEikd if aH wG[m trsm;tm;jzifh ysu H sorm;Edik if o H m;rsKd ;awG
om trsm;aexdik w f EhJ ikd if aH wGrmS cyfrsm;rsm;jzpfcyhJ gw,f? tar&duefjynf
axmifp}k u;D udk u|eaf wmfw@kd =unfyh g? Oa&mywdu k Ef ikd if u
H Edik if w
H um t&yf
wumu ul;ajymif;vmwJh wdik ;f &if;om;awG}u;D vdv k kd jzpfwmudk u|eaf wmf
wd@k awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f? qGpZf mvefjynfrmS qd&k ifvnf; jyifopf/ tDwvDEiS hf *sm
r%DEikd if oH m;awG[m rdrw d @kd r&l if;Edik if EH iS hf cJcG mG vm+yD; ysu H svjkd zpfaewmudk
u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f? =opa=w;vsjynfaxmifpq k &kd ifvnf; wu|e;f
orm;/ ysu H sorm;awGu xlaxmifwjhJ ynfaxmifpjk zpfw,fqw kd mudk u|ef
awmfw@kd awG@&ygr,f? uae'gjynfaxmifprk mS &Sad ewJEh ikd if o H m;awG[mvnf;
e,fcw H ikd ;f &if;om;awGr[kwyf gb;l ? t*FvefEiS hf jyifopfu a&=unf&mjruf
Ek&mqdo k vdk ajymif;vm=uwJh vlawGbjJ zpf=uygw,f?
tJ'aD wmh nDawmfaemifawmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;u ar;csiaf r;yg
vdrrhf ,f? qdAk ,
D uf&&k mS ;ESihf uGejf rLepfEikd if w H csKd @rmS aum 'Dvykd sH usawGEiS }hf u;D
zJ@G pnf;xm;wmbJvm;vd@k ar;csiaf r;ygvrd rhf ,f? tJ'D tar;rsKd ;om;ay:vm
&if u|eaf wmfww kd wkd w
k w f w k Ef iS b
hf J ajzyg&ap? uGejf rLepfEikd if aH wGEiS hf u|ef
awmfw@kd [m Edik if aH &;OD;pD;}uKd ;udik rf y_ pkH jH cif;rwl=uygb;l ? u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ ygvD
ref'rD u
kd a&pDenf;ESihf olw@kd vrkd vkyEf ikd w f ma=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd EiS rhf wl wrl
xl;wJh uGejf rLepfpepfukd tcku|eaf wmfw@kd upd rP mS xnf+h yD;ajymzd@k rvdyk gb;l ?
'DavmufbJ u|eaf wmfajzvdyk gw,f?
aemufwcsuu f kd nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;u ar;csiaf r;Edik yf gao;w,f?
csi;f / ucsi/f u&if/ rGe/f u,m;/ &cdik /f &Sr;f / ArmawG[m &mZ0ift& wdik ;f &if;
om;awGjzpfw,f? aqGrsKd ;&if;jcmawG jzpfw,f? bma=umifh t*Fvyd v f ufrS
vGw+f y;D vGwv f yfwEhJ ikd if u
H kd xlaxmifwt hJ cgrmS wjynfaxmifpepfEiS rhf [kwf
bJEiS hf ,ckvkd jynfaxmifppk epfEiS hf wnfaxmif&ovJv@kd ar;csiaf r;Edik yf g
w,f?
tJ'guawmh&iS ;f ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd rdom;pkwawG[m t*Fvyd u f v kd kd
eDe,fcs@J pepfvufatmufrmS wuJw G jym;pDaecJ&h ygw,f? vlcsi;f cJx
G m;,Ho k m
ru tcsi;f csi;f pdw0f rf;uJaG tmifvnf; aoG;cJaG y;cHc&hJ ygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh
u|eaf wmfw@kd wawG jyefaygi;f xky+f y;D Edik if o
H pfukd jyefvnfwnfaxmifwt hJ cg

105
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

rSm tprSm pdr;f ovdjk zpfaecJ&h ygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh wjynfaxmifpepfukd

u|efawmfwdk@}udKufcsifayr,fh jynfaxmifpkpepfESifhbJ tpysdK;cJh&w,f?
tdE, Nd jynfrmS vnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd =unfrh ,fq&kd if 'Dtwdik ;f bJ u|eaf wmf
wd@k p+yD; ysKd ;+yD;awmh xlaxmifc&hJ w,fqw
kd m awG@&w,f?
nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;cifAsm;— urBmay:rSm vuf&&dS adS ewJh jynfaxmif
pkEikd if aH wGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd aoaocsmcsmavhvm=unfrh ,fq&kd if jynfaxmif
pkpepftay: jynfwnfcgpu xm;cJah yr,fh olw@kd &o hJ abmxm;awG[m
t}u;D tus,af jymif;vJvmwmudk u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@&ygw,f? jynfaxmifpk
toGiu f kd aqmifxm;&ayr,fh vufawG@tm%mudk cJaG 0oH;k pJ&G wJth cgrmS
wjynfaxmifpepfzufukd tm;oefvmwm u|eaf wmfw@kd awG@&ygw,f?
jynfaxmifppk epform;awG[m bmjzpfv@kd oabmxm;ajymif;cJ&h ovJ?
jynfaxmifpak wGukd wnfaxmifcgprSm vlawG[mpdwaf eoabmxm; usO;f
usO;f ajrmif;ajrmif;ESihf ig[
h mrSig[h mqdw
k hJ twW[w
d oabmxm;awGEiS hf
wdik ;f jynfwjynftaeESihf &S&d o
dS r#tm%mawGukd jynfe,fawGu cyfrsm;rsm;
cJ,
G cl siwf [hJ m rxl;qef;ygb;l ?
vky&f if;vky&f if; vufawG@=uawmh tJ'v D kd tm%mawGukd tpdypf yd f
tr$mr$mjzpfatmif cJpG yd +f yD; ay;vdu k &f jcif;[m jynfaxmifpw k ckv;kH udk +cHKiHk
+yD;awmh wm0ef,&l wJh A[dt k pd;k &tzd@k tiftm;csed @J +yD; jynfaxmifpw k ckv;kH
&Jh umuG,af &;udk wd;k wufaumif;rGecf ikd cf ef@pw d cf s&atmifvnf; rvkyEf ikd ?f
pD;yGm;a&;udv k nf; wd;k wufz@GH +zKd ;atmifrvkyEf ikd /f tjcm;vlra_ &;awGuv kd nf;
tifwu kd tf m;wduk f rvkyEf ikd bf J wdik ;f jynfomatmufwef;us aemufwef;us
Edik if b
H 0udk a&G@avsmusqif;oGm;aewmudk awG@&ygw,f?
tJ'aD wmh wdik ;f jynfukd wae@wjcm; a&ESiihf g;vdjk zpfomG ;rSma=umufvm
&ygw,f? jynfaxmifpt k oGiu f kd aqmifxm;&ayr,fh wjynfaxmifpepf
cyfqefqefjzpfatmif jynfe,fawGu jynfaxmifpAk [dt k pd;k &udk tm%m
awG wpwpESihf ajymif;vJay;vm&wmudk awG@ae&ygw,f?
nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;cifAsm;— jynfaxmifppk epfrmS vnf; a,bl,s
tm;jzifh rl (2) rl &Syd gw,f? jynfaxmifpAk [dt k pd;k &&Jh tm%mudu
k ef@owf
csKyfcs,xf m;+y;D jynfe,fawGukd ºuiG ;f usew
f t
hJ m%mawG taomroyfay;
xm;wJh rlu wrl/ jynfe,ftm%mawGukd tuef@towfEiS jhf yXmef;+y;D awmh
106
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

jynfaxmifpAk [dt
k pd;k &udk tawmrowf ºuiG ;f usew f t
hJ m%mawG ay;xm;
wJh rluwrl/ tJ'vD kd a,bl,s tm;jzifh rlEpS rf l &Syd gw,f?
yxrrlt&qd&k if A[dt k pd;k &u tm;enf;+y;D / jynfe,ftpd;k &awGu tm%m
yd&k ydS gw,f? 'kw,d rlt&qd&k if jynfe,ftpd;k &awGu tm;enf;+y;D jynfaxmif
pkwckv;kH ESio hf ufqikd w
f hJ A[dt k pd;k &u tiftm;awmifw h if;jcif; &Syd gw,f?
,ae@ urBmay:rSm &S&d o dS r# jynfaxmifppk epfEikd if aH wGukd avhvm=unfh
wJt h cgrmS yxrjynfaxmifpt k rsKd ;tpm;u 'kw,
d jynfaxmifpt k rsKd ;tpm;
bufukd tajccHOya'jyifwehJ nf;/ w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyrf sm;&Jh pD&ifq;kH jzwfay;
wJeh nf;/ vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf; tpOftvmenf;awGEiS hf odoo d mom}u;D ajymif;vJ
vmwmudk awG@&ygw,f?
wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifp}k uD;wckv;kH tiftm;awmifw h if;atmif
jynfaxmifpAk [dt k pd;k &udo
k m tiftm;jznfw h if;ay;aewJh tcsed tf cgjzpf
w,fqw kd [
hJ mudk awG@&ygvrd rhf ,f? tJ'g[m vlawGtjrifreS &f vm+y;D wurBm
vH;k uvufcaH jymif;vJvmwJh rSeu f efwhJ jynfaxmifpv k rf;pOfjzpfygw,f?
nDawmfaemifawmifrsm;cifAsm;— ckacwf[m Edik if w H ikd ;f wrsKd ;om;vH;k
pD;yGm;OpPmwd;k wufa&;ESihf wrsKd ;om;vH;k &Jv
h +kH cHKa&;udk t"du OD;pm;ay;ae&
wJh acwfjzpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh wjynfaxmifpepfjzpf&ifvnf; jzpf&r,f?
jynfaxmifppk epfjzpf&ifvnf; jynfaxmifpAk [dt k pd;k &u xdxad &mufa&muf
tvkyv f yk jf zpfatmif jynfe,frsm;u vdv k ckd sicf siEf iS hf A[dt
k pd;k &udk tiftm;
jznfw h if;ay;ae&wJh acwfjzpfygw,f?
nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;cifAsm;— jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if &H hJ zJ@G pnf;yHEk iS hf
ywfoufv@kd nDawmfaemifawmftcsKd @u Armjynfrudk tjcm;jynfe,frsm;
enf;wl jynfe,fwcktjzpf zJ@G pnf;ygvm;vd@k t}uaH y;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f?
tJ't
D }uHay;csuEf iS hf ywfoufI u|eaf wmfw@kd &ohJ abmxm;udk u|eaf wmf
wifjyvdyk gw,f? Armjynfrudk jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;zd@k obm0usw,fv@kd q&kd if
u|eaf wmfw@kd u zJ@G pnf;zd@k =unf=unfjzLjzL vufccH siyf gw,f?
'gayr,fh Armjynfrudk jynfe,fwcktaeESihf rxlaxmifapbJ jynf
axmifpAk [dtk pd;k &vufatmifrmS vuf&t
dS ajccHOya't& wdu
k &f u
kd o
f rd ;f
ydkufxm;yg? Armjynfr[m a&ajrtaetxm;t& obm0tavsmuf

107
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

tjcm;jynfe,fawGxuf ydrk w kd ;kd wufz@GH +zKd ;aewm awG@Eikd yf gw,f? u|eaf wmf
wd@k tvdrk mS Edik if aH wmf0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek&t hJ vdq k ENEiS hf twlwb l jJ zpfygw,f?
w}udru f 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D EkajymcJb h ;l wmuawmh vlwOD;wa,muf[m ajc
vuftp&Sw d hJ ud, k t f *F g&yfawG[m tcsKd ;ususw;kd wufrS =unfv h @kd vrS ,f?
xdek nf;wl jynfaxmifprk mS vnf; a'otm;vH;k nDwn l rD # wd;k wufEikd rf S wifh
w,fvyS Edik rf ,fqw kd thJ csuf jzpfygw,f? tJ'D &nf&, G cf sut f & jynfe,fawG
wd;k wufr&_ +dS y;D / jynfe,fawGxufw;kd wufr&_ +dS y;D jzpfwhJ Armjynfru usejf ynf
e,ftm;vH;k &Jh wd;k wufru _ ykd g yg0ifwm0ef,al poifw h ,fv@kd ,lqwma=umifh
Armjynfrudk jynfe,fz@GJ a&; ray;cJjh cif;jzpfygw,f?
nDawmfaemifawmfw@kd cifAsm;— xl;jcm;wJh u|eaf wmfw@kd &t hJ ajctae
t& Armjynfrudk jynfe,frvkycf w hJ m rSeu f efw,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,q l
ygw,f? tu,fI Armjynfrudo k m jynfe,fay;rd&if jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if H
&Jh tajctae[mwrsKd ;wzHk ajymif;vJomG ;p&m&Syd gw,f? Armjynfruvnf;
ig[m jynfe,fwckbq J +kd y;D awmh tjcm;jynfe,fawG&hJ xlaxmifa&;udk wm
0ef,cl sirf S ,lygvrd rhf ,f? Armjynfe,frS Armjynfe,fqw kd hJ usO;f ajrmif;wJh
pdw"f gwaf wGay:vm+yD; &S&d o dS r# rdrt
d iftm;udk tjcm;jynfe,fawGtwGuf
r#a0roH;k bJ Armjynfe,fwckxrJ mS om tvH;k pHzk o d ;kH csif oH;k vmygvrd rhf ,f?
jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if aH wmf A[dt k pd;k &udak y;xm;wJh tm%mawG[m tckvkd
&Scd sirf v
S nf; &Syd gvrd rhf ,f? tjcm;jynfe,fawGu awmif;ovdk Armjynfe,f
uvnf; tm%mawGud awmif;csiaf wmif;vmygvrd rhf ,f?
vuf&t dS ajccHOya'&Jh wwd,Z,m;rSm yg&w dS hJ jynfaxmifpEk iS jhf ynfe,f
udk cJaG y;xm;wJh Oya'jyKpm&if;awG[mvnf; cktwdik ;f jzpfcsirf jS zpfygvrd rhf ,f?
tJ'v D o kd m jzpfomG ;&if jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if &H hJ A[dt k pd;k &[m tvGet f if
tm;csed @J whJ &kyjf y[efjytpd;k &rsKd ;om jzpfomG ;ygvrd rhf ,f? Armjynfe,fom
ol@obm0owWKypPnf;/ ol@tcGeftaumufawGESifhol/ ol@xlaxmifa&;
twGuf vdi_ v f i_d }f u;D oH;k pJEG ikd +f y;D awmh wjcm;a'oawGrmS awmh t*Fvyd af cwf
wke;f uvdk epfemrSmpd;k &dr&f ygw,f? jynfaxmifp}k u;D [mvnf; =um&if0g;tpD;
ajyovdk +yKd uJ, G ikd vf o J mG ;rSmvnf; pd;k &drrf yd gw,f? tJ'ga=umifh Armjynfrudk
jynfe,fz@GJ pnf;cGirhf ay;cJw h m[m tvGerf eS f uefw,f? obm0usw,fv@kd
u|eaf wmfw@kd ,=kH unfygw,f?

108
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;cifAsm;— tar&duefjynfaxmifpu k kd tpysKd ;cJh

wJh udv k ekd jD ynfe,f (13) jynfe,f[m ig[ h mrSig[
h m/ igah 'oom tcsKyf
tcs,jf zpf&r,f/ igah 'o vkycf siw f ikd ;f vGwvf w
G v
f yfvyfvyk &f rSaumif;r,f
qdwk ohJ abmESihf tar&duefjynfaxmifp}k uD;udk pxlaxmifcyhJ gw,f? 'gay
r,fh tcktcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpEk ikd if rH mS tajctaet& tar&duef
orw}u;D udk oufwrf; (4) ESpt f wGi;f rSm tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k t hJ m%m
&Sif qefqefjzpfatmif tajymif;tvJ jzpfvmygw,f?
wenf;tm;jzifh jynfe,fawG[m jy,k*o f abmbJ&adS wmhw,f? tar&d
ueforwxHrmS om tm%mtrsm;qH;k xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? wenf;tm;
jzifh a&mh&;D a&mh&jJ ynfaxmifppk epfb0rS vufawG@rmS A[du
k wif;wif;=uyf
=uyfcsKyfudkifEdkifwJh wjynfaxmifpepfqefqefjzpfvmwm awG@&ygw,f?
urBmay:&Sd jynfaxmifpEk ikd if t
H oD;oD;u odood mom}u;D ,cktcg ajymif;
vJaeygw,f? acwfukd u|eaf wmfw@kd qef@usi+f y;D acwfukd aemufjyefrqJo
G ifh
awmhygb;l ?
nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;cifAsm;— jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if u H kd +Adwod #"e
o[m,vdjk zpfatmifvnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd pw d rf ul;xdu k yf gb;l ? +Aw
d o d #"eo
[m,Edik if aH wG[m yxrrSm udv k ekd /D +yD;awmh 'dik t f mcD/ +yD;awmh 'drk eD ,D /H
+yD;awmh ud,
k rhf if;ud,
k chf si;f vH;k 0vGwv f yfwEhJ ikd if aH wGtaeESihf wpwptpD;
ajyukeyf gw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if [
H mvnf; +Aw d o
d #"eo[m, Edik if H
ESirhf wlygb;l ? +Awd o d #"eo[m,qdw k m[m e,fcs@J +y;D xlaxmifcw
hJ hJ Edik if aH wG
udk pkpnf;xm;wmjzpfygw,f? tcsi;f csi;f vnf; vlprd ;f w&HpmawGvkd qufqH
=uygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if u H awmh aoG;csi;f om;csi;f
awG pdww f o l abmwlEiS hf obm0tavsmuf jzpfay:vmwJEh ikd if jH zpfygw,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd Eikd if uH kd Edik if w
H cktaeESihf wnf+rJatmif tiftm;wae@wjcm;
ydrk akd wmifw h if;atmifom u|eaf wmfw@kd a&S&o _ ifyh gw,f?
nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;cifAsm;— tar&duefEikd if EH iS hf u|eaf wmfw@kd Eikd if H
rwlwthJ csuw f csuu f kd u|eaf wmfxyf+yD;wifjyvdyk gw,f? tar&duefjynf
axmifpu k kd =unf&h if tJ'jD ynfaxmifpx k rJ mS &Sw
d jhJ ynfe,fawG[m rsm;aom
tm;jzifh e,fajr{&d,mtus,t f 0ef;t& rwdr;f r,dr;f jzpfwmawGukd awG@

109
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

&ygvrd rhf ,f? jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if u

H sawmh 'Dvrkd [kwyf gb;l ? jynfe,fwck
ESiw
hf ck[m e,fajr{&d,mus,0f ef;jcif;a&m/ vlO;D a&jcif;a&mtifrwef uGm
jcm;ygw,f? }uD;wJh jynfe,fuody}f uD;+yD;/ ao;i,fwjhJ ynfe,fu tvGerf S
ao;i,fygw,f?
tJ'g[mbma=umifjh zpf&ovJq&kd if jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if &H hJ jynfe,f
zJ@G pnf;yHzk @GJ pnf;enf;[m tar&duefvakd 'otvdu k rf [kwb f J vlrsKd ;pktvdu
k f
zJ@G pnf;cJw h ma=umifh jzpfygw,f? tJ'v D kd e,fajra'otavsmuf e,fajra'
o tus,t f 0ef;jcif;vnf;uGmjcm;/ vlO;D a&jcif;vnf; uGmjcm;wma=umifh
vlrsKd ;pkvw $ af wmfz@GJ pnf;zd@k tajccHOya'a&;qJcG w hJ thJ cgrmS jynfe,fwikd ;f udk
trwfO;D a& nDwn l rD #ray;Edik cf yhJ gb;l ? tJ't D csuu f kd wdik ;f jynfjyKv$waf wmf
rSm yg0ifaqmif&u G cf bhJ ;l wJh nDawmfaemifawmfwikd ;f todjzpfygw,f? 'gay
r,hf vlO;D a&t& &oif&h xdu k wf mxuf jynfe,fawGtwGuf vlrsKd ;pkvw $ f
awmftrwfO;D a&udk ydrk +kd yD; owfrw S af y;cJyh gw,f? xl;jcm;wJh u|eaf wmfw@kd
tajctaet& vlrsKd ;pkvw $ af wmfrmS jynfe,ftm;vH;k ua&G;aumufwif
ajr‡mufwt hJ rwfO;D a&[m jynfrua&G;aumufwifajr‡mufwt hJ rwfO;D a&
xuf ydak ewmawG@&ygw,f? ckcsed rf mS vnf; ydak ewm awG@Eikd yf gw,f?
jynfo@l vw $ af wmftwGuf urBmt h pOftvmt&qd&k if vlO;D a&tcsKd ;
tpm;tvdu k f trwfO;D a&udt k wdtus u|eaf wmfw@kd owfrw S af y;avh&ydS g
w,f? 'gayr,fh u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if rH mS awmh 'DtpOftvm
twdkif;twdtusrvkyfcJhygbl;? jynfe,fawGudk tcGifhta&;ydkay;vdkwJh
oabmESihf jynfe,fawGu jynfo@l vw $ af wmfrmS omref&oif&h xduk w f hJ t
rwfO;D a&xuf yd&k atmifwrifyrkd +kd yD; owfrw S af y;cJw
h m txift&Sm;jzpfyg
w,f? 'Dx;l jcm;csuaf wG[mvnf; tjcm;jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wGEiS hf rwlygb;l ?
xl;jcm;wJh jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if &H hJ tajctaet& jynfe,fawGtcGit hf a&;
udk yd&k atmifppD Ofay;cJjh cif; jzpfygw,f?
nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;cifAsm;— aemufq;kH xl;jcm;wJt h csuw
f csuu f
awmh jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if &H hJ A[dt k pd;k &tzJ@G rmS tajccHOya'u jynfe,f
awGukd ud, k pf m;jyKwJh 0ef}u;D awGyg0ifciG ahf y;xm;ygw,f? urBmjh ynfaxmifpk
Edik if rH sm;&Jh tajctae tajccHOya'awGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd avhvm=unfw h hJ
tcgrmS b,fjynfaxmifprk mS rS jynfe,fawGukd 'Dvt kd cGit
hf a&;ray;cJyh gb;l ?

110
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if rH mS om xl;jcm;wJt h ajctaet& A[dt k pd;k &tzJ@G

rSm tzJ@G xrJ mS jynfe,fu, kd pf m;vS,af wGukd yg0ifapwJt
h cGithf a&;rsKd ; ay;
xm;wm&Syd gw,f? vuf&t dS ajccHOya't& jynfe,fOuUXwd@k [m tvdt k
avsmufoufqikd &f m jynfe,ftwGuo f m wm0efc&H wJ0h ef}uD;jzpf+yD; jynf
axmifpt k pd;k &tzJ@G 0if 0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf&ygr,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd &x hJ ;l jcm;wJh tajctaet& 'Dvx kd ;l jcm;wJt
h pDtpOfawG
vkyw f m[m u|eaf wmfw@kd }udKufygw,f? tJ't D pDtpOfukd rjyifxu kd b
f ;l vd@k
vnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd ,=kH unfygw,f? tcsKd @u 'DtpDtpOfawG[m rrSeb f ;l
vufawG@rmS tcuftcJ &Sw d ,f? +yD;awmh uufbed uftpd;k &tzJ@G wcktae
ESihf &So
d if&h x
dS u
kd w
f hJ pkaygi;f wm0ef,rl u _ v
kd nf; zsu&f ma&mufw,fv@kd ,lq
=uygw,f? tJ'v D kd ,lq+y;D jynfe,fOuUXrsm;udk jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &tzJ@G 0if
rSm ryg0ifapcsi=f uygb;l ?
nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;cifAsm;— tajccHOya'udk a&;qJcG phJ Oftcgu
uufbed uftpd;k &tzJ@G wcktwGuf ta&;}uD;wJt h csuw f csu[ f m pkaygi;f
wm0ef,rl jS zpfw,fqw kd m u|eaf wmfw@kd ocd yhJ gw,f? jynfe,fOuUXjzpfwhJ vl
[m jynfaxmifpAk [dt k pd;k &udk zJ@G pnf;cGi&hf wJyh gwED iS hf ygww D jl cif;jzpfcsirf S
jzpfr,fqw kd mudv k nf; u|eaf wmfocd yhJ gw,f? 'gayr,fh jynfe,fawGukd jynf
axmifpAk [dt k pd;k &&Jh wm0efEiS 0hf wW&m;/ xd@k tjyif tcGit hf a&;ygay;csi&f if
+yD;awmh &if;&if;ES;D ES;D vnf;jzpfapcsi&f if 'Denf;uvJ+G yD; tjcm;enf;r&Sb d ;l vd@k
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111
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

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ygw,f?
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ajcmufEikd o f vdk jzpfomG ;wmraumif;ygb;l ? rdom;pkpw d "f gwu f kd xdcu kd rf mS
u|eaf wmftvGeb f aJ =umufygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh vuf&t dS ajccHOya'yk'rf
(94) udb k J vuf&dS twdik ;f qufxm;zd@k u|eaf wmfw@kd taeESihf vdv k m;ygw,f?
112
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;cifAsm;— u|eaf wmfw@kd &hJ zJ@G pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajc

cHOya't& jynfo@l vw $ af wmfEiS hf vlrsKd ;pkvw $ af wmf&,fv@kd v$waf wmf (2)
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ESihf ywfoufwhJ oufqikd w f t
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u|eaf wmfw@kd avhvm=unfw h t hJ cgrmS v$waf wmf (2) &yfteuf wjynfv;kH
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awmfuo kd m 'Dtm%mrsm;tyfEiS ;f xm;wm awG@Eikd yf gw,f? tJ'rD [ l m urBm
uvufcx H m;wJh ygvrD ef'rD ukd a&pDrl jzpfygw,f? b¾ma&;tm%mrsm;udk
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omcef@&ayr,fh tjcm;Edik if rH sm;vdk u|eaf wmfw@kd jynfe,fawGu tcGit hf a&;
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pd;k &tzJ@G rmS tvdt k avsmufyg0ifciG ahf y;xm;wm &Syd gw,f? tjcm; jynf
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udv k nf; nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;wd@k todbJ jzpfygw,f?
nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;cifAsm;— ed*;kH rcsKyfrD tcsut f vuftenf;i,f
udk quf+y;D wifjyvdyk gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd &v hJ uf&dS jynfaxmifprk [
l m rSeu
f ef
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wd@k tckvjkd ynfaxmifpak cwf pkpnf;wJah cwf &wJah e&mrSm +cdr;f ajcmufr/_
t"rRr_ vH;k 0rygcyhJ gb;l ? tm;vH;k oabmwlz@GJ pnf;cJw h m[m b,forl rS jiif;
Edik yf gb;l ? jynfaxmifpx k ;kH wrf;pOfvmawGEiS t hf nD—
(1) jynfaxmifpu
k wm0ef,&l r,fh vkyif ef;bmom&yfrsm;ESihf

113
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

(2) jynfe,frsm;ESiohf ufqikd w

f hJ vkyif ef;bmom&yfrsm;udk tajccHOya'rSm
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tm%mrsm;ESihf ywfouf+yD; tjiif;yGm;r_&v dS m&if tajccHOya'ESit hf nD
t"dyg` ,&f iS ;f vif;ay;r,fh w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyfuv
kd nf; zJ@G pnf;xm;ygw,f?
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t*F g&yf (5) &yfpvH;k ESihf udu k n
f w
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ajymvdyk gw,f? ºuGi;f uset f m%mrsm;udk jynfaxmifprk mS xm;oifo h vm;/
'grrS [kwf jynfe,fawGrmS xm;oifo h vm;qdw k m[m jynfaxmifpw k ckEiS hf
wck rwl=uygb;l ? oufqikd &f mjynfaxmifpu k rdr&d t
hJ ajctaet& xm;csif
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tm;vH;k &Jh wlnw D thJ jrifjzpfygw,f?
jynfaxmifp}k u;D udk tiftm;awmifw h if;apcsi&f if/ +y;D awmh jynfaxmif
pkwnfaxmifru _ kd xdxad &mufa&muf atmifatmifjrifjrif aqmif&u G af p
csi&f if tJ't
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r,f? }udKuf&mudk rdrw d @kd wikd ;f jynftajctaet& vkyEf ikd yf gw,f?
tJ'ga=umifh jynfaxmifprk u l kd rysuEf ikd yf gb;l ? ºuGi;f uset f m%mrsm;udk
A[dt k pd;k &/ jynfaxmifpAk [dt k pd;k &rSm xm;&ifvnf; jynfaxmifppk pfygw,f?
ºuGi;f uset f m%mrsm;udk xm;csi&f mrSm xm;Edik yf gw,f? ºuGi;f uset f m%m
rsm;udk A[dt k pd;k &/ A[djk ynfaxmifpt k pd;k &rSm xm;rdwma=umifh jynfaxmif
pkt*F gcsKd @,iG ;f oGm;+yD qdw k mrsKd ; u|eaf wmfw@kd r=um;bl;ygb;l ? tckrS txl;
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jynfaxmifpAk rmEdik if rH sKd ; rjzpfapvdyk gb;l ? awmifw h if;cdik rf mwJh ArmEdik if rH sKd ;
udok m jrifvykd gw,f?
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114
 jynfaxmifpkppfppfrl

tcg acwfrrSaD wmhygb;l ? tJ'D rlrrSew f ohJ abmw&m;udk vGecf w hJ hJ ESpaf ygi;f
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cHae&ygw,f?
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wJrh wl ckukd zsuyf pf&r,fv@kd awmif;qdak ejcif; r[kwyf gb;l ? jynfwnfcgpu
ay;+yD;om; tcGit hf a&;awGukd rltm;jzifh b,ftcGit hf a&;udrk S r&kyof rd ;f
xdu k bf ;l vd@k u|eaf wmft h aeESihf ,H=k unfygw,f? tvsO;f oifv
h @kd om u|ef
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qHenf;awG rrSeu f efwm nHzh si;f wm r,Ofyg;wm rvdrrf mwmawGvnf; &Sd
oavmuf&rdS mS ygb?J
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[m vlom;wd@k &hJ "rRwmrd@k rdom;pktcsi;f csi;f wa,mufEiS w hf a,muf

115
jynfe,frsm;nD!Gwfa&;tzJGŒrSwifoGif;aom

onf;cH+yD;awmh =uif=uifememESihf xGuaf y:vmwJh wusuu f sujf y\em

awGukd ajz&Si;f =u&if rajyvnfp&mta=umif; r&Sb
d ;l vd@k u|eaf wmf,=kH unfchJ
ygw,f?
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rwd;k wuf/ rzH@G +zdK;bJ atmufwef;aemufwef;usaeovd/k Armjynfr tcsKd @
ae&mawGrmS vnf; tvGeaf tmufwef;aemufwef;usaeygao;w,f? tJ'D
atmufwef;aemufwef;us+yD; rzH@G +zdK;ao;wJh ae&ma'otm;vH;k udk usef
a'otm;vH;k ESihf nDww l ;kd wufvmatmif u|eaf wmfw@kd taotvJ tqif;
&Jc+H yD; }udK;pm;=uzd@k vdyk gao;w,f?
u|eaf wmfw@kd vufw+GJ yD;}udK;pm;=u&if ratmifjrifEikd pf &mta=umif;
bmrSr&Syd gb;l ? tcktcg jy\emawGtvGerf sm;aeayr,fh u|eaf wmfw@kd
waoG[m aoG;&if;om;csi;f nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;taejzifh &if;&if;ES;D ES;D
cspcf sp=f unf=unf pnf;pnf;&H;k &H;k ESio
hf m ajz&Si;f =uzd@k vykd gw,f?
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jynfaxmifpkArmEdkifiHawmf}uD;udk tiftm;csdeJ@oGm;atmif rjyKrdapzdk@
wjynfaxmifpv k ;kH tiftm;awmifw h if;a&;/ wjynfaxmifpv k ;kH &Jh pD;yGm;ydrk kd
awmifw h if;a&;/ jynfaxmifpo k jl ynfaxmifpo k m;tm;vH;k twGuf w&m;r#
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}uD; xm0pOfwnfwchH ikd +f rJa&;udk a&S@&+_ yD;awmh aqmif&u
G =f uzd@k vwkd ,fqw kd hJ
[mudb k J u|eaf wmfav;av;eufeuf wifjy&if;ed*;kH csKyfygw,f?

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116