Suhail AlDhaheri

Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Wars of Religion
Absolutism
Enlightenment

1517- Martin Luther posts his 95 theses, and begins the Reformation.

1520- Luther publishes three more monumental works, To the Christian Nobility
of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the
Freedom of a Christian.

1521- Luther is declared a heretic and formally excommunicated from the

Catholic Church by Pope Leo X.

1526- William Tyndale publishes a translation of the New Testament in English.

1529- Luther and the Swiss Reformer Ulrich Zwingli to discuss the issue of the
presence of Christ in the Eucharost.

1530- Publication of the Confessio Augustana or Augsburg Confession, outlining

Lutheran theology and practice.

1531- Ulrich Zwingli dies.

1543- Nicolaus Copernicus publishes argument for heliocentric universe, based

on his own observations.

1546- Luther Dies at the age of 62.

1546- Tycho Brahe observs the plants and collect the information he finds.

1561- Gabriele Falloppio announces his discovery of the fallopian tubes in his
Anatomical Observations.

1562- Dynastic conflict intensifies wars of religion between Huguenots (French

Protestants) and Catholics.

1563- The 39 Articles of the Church of England are first published.

1564- Galileo Galilei, uses the telescope to observe the sun, moon, planets, and
craters.

Suhail AlDhaheri

1572- Thousands of Huguenots killed in Paris, the Protestants increase.

1572- Dutch Protestants begin revolt against Catholic Spanish Habsburgs.

1578- William Harvey explores working of the human body.

1581- Calvinist united province declare independence, the southern provinces stay
catholic.

1596- Rene Descartes uses deductive reasoning.

1598- French Protestants (Huguenots) are granted toleration by Henry IV in the

Edict.

1598- Protestants are granted freedoms.

1609- Peace declared.

1618- Bohemian-Protestant nobles threw Catholics out of a window.

1618- Thirty Years War (16181648): Most destructive war of religion.

1618- Tensions rise in Holy Roman Empire between Catholics and Protestants,
Calvinists and Lutherans War begins in Bohemia.

1642- The English Civil war begins.

1642- Isaac Newton argues that light can be described mathematically.

1643- King Louis XIV begins his 72-year reign on the French throne.

1646- Newton and Goffried Leibnitz independently develop calculus.

1648- The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Year's War.

1648-Treaty of Westphalia brings lasting peace, ends wars of religion, establishes

many of todays European borders.

In 1650, 20% of Europeans are Protestant (decline from 1600).

1651- Hobbes Social Contract, a government is to be created & John Locke

Natural Rights, a government's power comes from the people.

1659 - France and Spain continue war.

1667- Louis XIV begins four different wars to expand Frances territory to the
Rhine River and the frontier along the northeast and east of the country.

Suhail AlDhaheri

1682- Peter the Great ascends to the throne of Russia after the reign of the
Romanov family.

1687:Isaac Newton publishes laws of gravity.

1694 - Mary Astell published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies; lack of

educational opportunities for women.

1740- Frederick II inherits the throne of Prussia from his father, Frederick
William I.

1740- 1786 Fredrick The Great, the King of Prussia committed himself for the
reform of Prussia.

1748- the Baron de Montesquieu wrote his book, The Spirit of Law; separation of
powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the
government.

1750 - Classical Music Emerges.

1751 - Diderot created a large set of books; Encyclopedia.

1756- Seven Years War begins.

1760- King George III ascends to the throne of England.

1764 Voltaire published The Dictionnaire philosophique; an encyclopedic

dictionary. The alphabetically arranged articles often criticize the Roman Catholic
Church and other institutions.

1765 - Neoclassical Style Emerges.

1780-1790 Joseph II, the most radical royal reformer of Austria, he supported
freedom of worship.

1792- Mary Wollstonecraft published an essay called A Vindication of the Rights

of Woman, which supporter women's rights.