Lauren Muhlestein

7th period

Annotated Bibliography

Ashikali, Eleni-Marina, and Helga Dittnmar. The Effect Of Priming Materialism

On Womens Responses To Thin-Ideal Media. British Journal Of Social
Psychology I51.4 (2012): 514-533. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Nov 2014.

Our society is cultured by two prominent ideas. The first idea being the perfect body
image and the second idea being the material good life. Though these two ideas
have never been researched and studied individually Ashikali and Dittnmar conduct
studies to prove their significance and differences in our culture. They argue that
materialistic and the ideal body being exposed in the media is connected to women.
Priming materialism is affecting womens idea of what their bodies should be.

Berman, Naomi, and White, Alexander. Refusing The Stereotype. Youth Studies
Australia 32.4 (2013) 38-47, Academic Search Premier. Web.18 Nov 2014.
The media is shaping the culture and attitude in our society which is reinforcing
body image, appearance, and gender stereotyping. He argues that the unrealistic,
photoshopped images, and false advertisements are influencing youths body image
and causing self confidence issues. He argues that educating young students about
media literacy skills is important to their self image because they will be able to
recognize fake images. By educating the young children, Berman argues that they
will learn how to love their own bodies without the influence of media telling them
otherwise.

Carney, Tara, and Johann Louw. "Eating Disordered Behaviors And Media Exposure."
Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 41.12 (2006): 957-966.
Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.
Students in South Africa are exposed to a high amount of media. Tests were
conducted to see if the amount of media exposure leads to anorexia nervosa or other
eating disorders. Carney explains how women that were found to have eating
disorders were exposed to lots of media and they also blamed the media for their

eating behaviors. She argues through this paper that the media is one of the reasons
why the women and some men in South Africa want to change their appearance.
She also argues that media isnt the only cause of eating disorders, but contributes a
lot of factors to eating disorders.

Champion, Helen, and Adrian Furnham. "The Effect Of The Media On Body Satisfaction
In Adolescent Girls." European Eating Disorders Review 7.3 (1999): 213228. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Nov 2014.
Many will say that media portrays only thin models. Because of this, studies have
been done to find out if this is true. Champion focuses on a study from 1996 to see
what kind of body types are found to be more attracted. She argues that the study
she examines is not as complex as it should be. Men and women were found to find
that an overweight image was more dissatisfying than a thin model presented in an
image. She stands by the idea that the idea of stereotypical bodies lead to negative
body image which then can lead to eating disorders.

Chang, Maria L. Walking a Thin Line. Science World. Science World, 14 Dec 1998.
Article. 18 Nov 2014.
Anorexia, Bulimia, and other eating disorders are now being linked to a chemical
that is missing in the victims brain, The chemical is called serotonin and this
chemical is associated with emotion and mood. Teens especially dont realize the
psychological and physical harm they are doing to their bodies by starving
themselves, The author, Maria Chang also writes about how eating disorders are on
a rise in women, but more importantly men. Men now these days are finding
themselves more attracted to their physical appearance. When men struggle with an
eating disorder, they can be victim to anorexia, but exercise bulimia is the most
common within men. She gives a lot of information of the new treatments Doctors
and Researchers are trying with patients struggling with eating disorders and it is
very educational.

Dittmar, Helga. How Do Body Perfect Ideals In The Media Have A Negative
Impact On Body Image And Behaviors? Factors And Processes Related To Self And
Identity. Journal Of Social & CLinical Psychology 28.1(2009): 1-8 Academic
Search Premier. Web. 18 Nov 2014.

The mass media is said to influence negative body image, especially in women.
Dittman examines many different studies that say media does influence negative
body image, but can also have a positive affect on men and women. She believes
that the thinness seen in the media does in fact concern women and their own
bodies. It is argued that body image is a core aspect to ones well being and physical
health. Dittman also contrasts how the media is seen as a positive source for some
women. She emphasizes the physiological process that occurs when women and
men view images of thinness or strong, muscular bodies.

Graydon, Shari. "How the Media Keeps Us Hung up on Body Image. Graydon, Shari.
Summer 2008. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.
Shari Graydon talks about how women and girls are at war with their bodies than
ever before. She also mentions all of the treatments men, but mostly women are
going through for the perfect, ideal body. These things include, stomach stapling,
diets, Botox, liposuction, and breast implants, just to name a few. Later on, Shari
shares examples of different models involved in the fashion industry and how some
have died because their bodies were so unhealthy from not eating. Also some of
these models are facing long term effects of their poor decisions to be a size zero,
walking down the runway. To conclude she writes about how unrealistic bodies are
becoming and how great the desire is to become what you see on the television.

Hargreaves, D., and M. Tiggemann. "The Impact Of Television Advertising On Adolescent

Body Image: Parallel Processes For Girls And Boys." Australian Journal Of
Psychology 55.(2003): 45. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.
Although many will argue that the media just has negative impact on women,
Hargreaves and Tiggermann state facts on how the media has just as much negative
influence on mens self body image. An experiment was conducted for both girl
and boy teens. In this experiment, commercials are used to supply data for the
study. Television commercials of actors who are known for the ideal of
attractiveness for women and other commercials that have were non-appearance are
present in this study. Hargreaves uses this study as evidence to his audience that
teen girls are impacted more by these commercials than teen boys. The commercials
prove to be more degrading and lead to a negative body image in girls.

Lawrie, Z., Hill, and R. J., Sullivan, and E. A., Davis, and P. S. W. "Media
Influence on the Body Image of Children and Adolescents." Routledge.
Routledge, 1 Oct 2006. Article. 15 Nov 2014
Men and women are being affected differently by being exposed to the different
types of media. Lawrie connects to his audience by sharing personal stories of
victims who have been affected by social media negatively, statistics, and studies to
prove his point. He also discusses how much pressure adolescent teens are under to
accomplish the unrealistic, perfect body. Also, he uses studies to show the
correlation between age of adolescents and how they are being affected more as
they grow older. The image media is sending out about body image is causing more
men and women to fall victim to eating disorders and poor self image.

Sass, Erik. "Social Media Fueling Women's Body Image Issues." The Social Graf. The
Social Graf, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2014.
Sass believes that social media is allowing women to compare themselves with
other women. He gives examples of a survey that was conducted to show how
women view themselves and how social media is affecting their body image. Social
media is allowing men, women, and children to compare themselves to other
peoples appearance, which usually leads to negative self image. He also recognizes
how painful it can be to people to look in the mirror and not like what they see. He
insists that these new editing filters are as much to blame because of the way they
make people look, unrealistic. The message of this article is simple. Sasss
observations are that all the social media sites are leading men, but especially
women down a road of poor, negative, self body image.

Stephen, Ian D., and A. Treshi-Marie Perera. Judging The Difference Between
Attractiveness And Health: Does Exposure To Model Images Influence The
Judgments Made By Men And Women. Plos ONE 9.1 (2014): 1-8. Academic
Search Premier. Web. 20 Nov 2014.
It is argued that media has the greatest influence over body image, but what exactly
is the preferred weight? Throughout this article, Stephen and Treshi-Marie research
and conduct studies to find out if men and women prefer attractiveness over health
and how it is relevant to mate selection. It was found that women would rather look
thinner and be attractive than have a healthy body. They stand firm in their findings

that short exposure to model images in the media do have a great affect in womens
perception of attractiveness and not health.

Thompson, J. Kevin, and Leslie J. Heinberg. "The Media's Influence On Body Image
Disturbance And Eating Disorders: We've Reviled Them, Now Can We
Rehabilitate Them?." Journal Of Social Issues 55.2 (1999): 339-353.
Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.
Studies have been conducted and research has found that media is a significant
factor in the development of eating disorders. Medias pressure is appearing to be
moderate to mediate on the affect leading to eating disorders and body
dissatisfaction. Because of this appearing in the media, researchers and finding
strategies that will help this problem of eating disorders and negative body image to
decrease. Thompson argues that social marketing and social activism can be one of
the ways to prevent the negative social media messages to be shared with the
public.