S TAY N G I N H X A N H

GII PHP THCH NG KH HU V TIT KIM NNG LNG CHO CNG TRNH
TI THNH PH H CH MINH

TI
NN T KIM
G L
NG
.
TIT
KIM
TIN
!

PHIN BN 1: NH PH

c ti tr bi:

Cun S tay ny c nghin cu pht trin bi s h tr kinh ph t B Gio dc v Nghin cu (BMBF) CHLB
c, trong khun kh ca d n Nghin cu Siu th Thnh ph H Ch Minh C ch thng nht qui hoch
th v mi trng thch nghi vi thay i kh hu ton cu. y l mt phn ca chng trnh ti tr Nghin
cu v Pht trin bn vng cho cc Siu th trong tng lai - Cu trc thch ng kh hu v tit kim nng
lng cho cc Trung tm th ang pht trin.

S TAY N G I N H X A N H

GIM CHI PH NNG LNG

TNG CHT LNG CUC SNG

BO V MI TRNG

Li ta
Ti liu hng dn ny l thnh
qu ca nhm lm vic v vn
nh thch nghi vi bin i kh
hu v cng trnh tit kim nng
lng thuc D n nghin cu
Siu th ca TP. H Ch Minh,
c ti tr bi B Gio dc v
Nghin cu ca c, nh mt phn
ca Sng kin nghin cu c bit
Nghin cu v Pht trin bn vng
cho cc Siu th trong tng
lai - Cu trc thch ng kh hu
v tit kim nng lng cho cc
Trung tm th ang pht trin.
Trong tnh trng bin i kh hu,
ngun nhin liu dn cn kit v s
tng trng kinh t nhanh chng
Vit Nam, vn v hiu qu nng
lng ang tr thnh mt trong
nhng nn tng m bo thnh
cng v kinh t v x hi cho nn
kinh t ang bng n ny. Vit Nam
s b nh hng nng n bi bin
i kh hu, do vic xut cc
bin php gim nh ri ro v thch
nghi vi bin i kh hu l tht s
cn thit v khn cp.

th ln ang tri nghim nhng ci

thin v tiu chun sng. Cc gi tr
mi ang c hnh thnh v khi
nim cuc sng vi ngun cm
hng mi v nhng nng lc mi
ang c nh hnh. Nguy c hin
hu m cc th ln ang phi i
mt l, khi a ra quyt nh
xc nh mc tiu ca s pht trin,
nhng vn v pht trin bn
vng v li ch lu di ca x hi,
ca loi ngi, ang b b qua.
Mt khc, ngi dn ang tri qua
giai on vt gi tng i vi nhng
nhu cu hng ngy, trong s l
nng lng v cc ngun nhiu liu
cn thit khc. Gi c c d tnh
s cn tip tc tng. Thm vo ,
nhng nh hng ca bin i kh
hu ang tr nn r rng li vn b
gt sang mt bn khi chng ta a
ra cc quyt nh v thi quen s
dng v tiu dng c nhn.

Trong 3 ngnh c lng tiu th

nng lng v kh thi CO2 nhiu
nht l cng nghip, vn ti v xy
dng, ngnh xy dng l ngnh lin
quan v nh hng trc tip n
cuc sng hng ngy ca ngi
dn Vit Nam.

Trong cun s tay ny, chng ti s

minh chng c rt nhiu phng
php thng minh c s dng khi
thit k nh . Nhng phng php
ny thng khng tn km, nhng
li a ra cho chng ta rt nhiu
li ch khc nhau cho c nhn v
cng ng. Sau , chng ti tho
lun v cc bin php gip ch nh
c th tit kim tin trong thi gian
trung v di hn.

Hin ti, ngi dn Vit Nam, c

bit l dn c sng cc vng

Theo l d nhin, thit k kin trc,

xy dng v sinh sng trong mt

ngi nh khng n gin ch l vic

ti u ho hiu sut nng lng s
dng. y l l do ti sao chng
ti lm vic trong mt nhm cc
nh nghin cu c t chc, t d
n nghin cu Siu th ca TP.
H Ch Minh. Trong , Tin s Michael Waibel t i hc Hamburg,
gi vai tr mt nh khoa hc nghin
cu x hi v l mt chuyn gia v
chnh sch pht trin, ng Christoph Hesse t i hc Cng ngh
Darmstadt chu trch nhim v thit
k kin trc v xy dng v Tin s
Dirk Schwede t Vin Thit k nng
lng Thng Hi c ng gp cho
cc ch v hiu qu s dng
nng lng v tin nghi vi kh hu
trong nh.
Rt mong bn c thng cm vi
chng ti nu c s sut hay thiu
st trong phin bn u tin ny,
hoc nu bn c c kin khc v
cc vn c nu ra. Chng ti
hoan nghnh cc kin ng gp
v nhn xt ca bn c cho phin
bn u tin ny c th hon
thin cho mt ti liu c hiu qu v
c nh hng nhiu hn.
HCMC-design-handbook@
energydesign-asia.com

TS. KTS. T Lan

Ph Cc trng
Cc Pht trin th
B Xy dng

TS. Phng Hong Kim

Ph V trng
V Khoa hc v Cng ngh
B Cng thng

KS. Quch Hng Tuyn

Ph Gim c
S Xy dng
Thnh ph H Ch Minh

Bin i kh hu v ang l mi
quan tm ca ton cu, mi cng
ng, mi ngi dn u cn c nhn
thc t nhng vic d l rt nh. Nhiu
ng gp nh c th to c nhng
ng lc ng k nhm ng ph vi
Bin i kh hu v to cho mi trng
sng ca nhn loi cng ngy cng tt
p hn. y l phng php tip cn
ca on chuyn gia t cc trng i
hc ca Cng ha Lin bang c trong
d n Nghin cu Siu th, trong
ly TP. H Ch Minh l th im, l mt
thnh ph ln nht Vit Nam, ang c
nhiu nguy c b nh hng bi tc
ng ca bin i kh hu. Sau qu
trnh nghin cu vi nhiu xut t
tng th quy hoch n cc gii php
c th, cc chuyn gia c xut
v S tay Ngi nh xanh cho dng
nh mt ph (l dng nh chim
trn 60% nh ca cc thnh ph ti
Vit Nam) vi mc tiu tit kim nng
lng ti a. y l mt n lc cao
ca cc chuyn gia c, S tay Ngi
nh xanh va tip cn c nhiu yu
t truyn thng ca Vit Nam va c
hng p dng c cc cng ngh
thng minh ca thi i, ng thi rt
gn gi vi iu kin thin nhin, c
th to c s hp dn ngi dn
Vit Nam tham kho v p dng khi
xy nh. y ch l mt nghin cu
nh cho mt thnh ph ln, nhng kh
nng nh hng ca nghin cu rt
ln nu nh hng triu gia nh ca TP
H Ch Minh v cc thnh ph khc
ca Vit nam nghin cu v p dng,
iu s ng gp ng k cho mi
trng sng ca th ni ring v cho
s pht trin bn vng ca th Vit
Nam v ton cu ni chung.

Vn phng Chng trnh mc tiu

quc gia v s dng nng lng tit
kim v hiu qu xin c gii thiu
n bn cun S tay Ngi nh xanh,
vi cc gii php thit k nh s
dng nng lng hiu qu v thch
nghi vi cc vn bin i kh
hu Thnh ph H Ch Minh. S
kt hp ca vn ha truyn thng,
phong thy Vit Nam v thit k
hin i c nhm chuyn gia
v kin trc v nng lng thuc
d n Siu th - TP. H Ch Minh
tin hnh nghin cu tng hp qua
cc phng din nh a cht, thu
vn, kh hu, cnh quan, nhn trc.

Bin i kh hu ton cu s nh
hng n mi quc gia, nhng
Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc
chu tc ng v ri ro ln nht. TP.
H Ch Minh c bit phi chu s
nguy him t nc bin dng v
l lt. Ngi nh xanh l mt trong
nhng gii php thch ng vi
bin i kh hu v gim thiu kh
thi nh knh. Cun s tay ny
c coi l mt sn phm ht sc
quan trng trong nhim v thch
ng vi bin i kh hu ca TP.
H Ch Minh.

Vi quan im ngi nh gim thiu

kh thi nh knh v thch ng vi
iu kin kh hu a phng, tn
dng ti u nng v gi, cun cm
nang s gii thiu cc gii php
thch ng kh hu trong thit k
kin trc, x l kt cu v k thut
lin quan. S thu hiu ca cc
nh nghin cu vi i sng tinh
thn v tnh cm ca gia nh Vit
s mang n cho bn cc gi cho
ngi nh p khng ch bn ngoi
hay cng nng hp l, m cn l
cm quan thm m tng gc sng,
mi lin h vi khung cnh thin
nhin.
Ngi nh l ni lu gi nhng k
nim ca gia nh, l chn i v
th gin v cm nhn cuc sng,
n cng l ting ni khng li
th hin s tinh t ca ch nhn.
Hy ngi nh ca bn ni vi
th h tng lai v mt cuc sng
Xanh!

y l kt qu ca qu trnh hp
tc vi nhng ng gp gi tr v n
lc rt ln ca nhm tc gi. Nhm
nghin cu kho st chi tit v
tnh trng thc t ca nh ph ti
TP. H Ch Minh v phn tch cc
yu t thit k nh truyn thng
ph hp vi iu kin kh hu a
phng. Hn na, nhm nghin
cu p dng cc cng c phn
tch hin i xc nh cc gii
php tit kim nng lng da trn
ti u ha nhu cu, tng hiu qu
kinh t v cht lng mi trng
sng ca ngi nh hng ti pht
trin bn vng ni chung. Cun
s tay ngi nh xanh bao gm 12
chng, cp n nhng vn
ht sc mu cht. S Xy dng
rt hn hnh c gp phn xy
dng ni dung mt chng v cc
khuyn co cho nhng vic nn lm
v khng nn lm khi xy nh. Cc
h gia nh, cc cng ty xy dng,
cc nh qun l v cc c s o
to c th s dng cc khuyn co
ny.

Ni dung

Gii thiu: Tit kim nng lng. Tit kim tin!........8-11

gi nng lng
nhn nh t cuc sng
bc tranh ton cnh

Nguyn tc thit k.......................................................12-19

cu trc khng gian

thi cng xy dng
cng nng s dng

Che chn nng cho cng trnh....................................20-25

la chn mu sc v vt liu
cch kin to h thng che mt
cc h thng che mt

Thng gi v lm mt...................................................26-29

thng gi t nhin
thng gi bng my mc
tch hp u im ca hai gii php trn

Cu trc v bc cng trnh..........................................30-33

h thng knh
cch nhit

Tit kim tin khi s dng nc nng.......................34-37

tit kim nc
bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri

Ni dung

Thi v hnh ng ca ngi s dng..............38-43

tim nng t s thay i hnh vi

tng i vi tng phng trong ngi nh
bin sn thng ngi nh ca bn thnh khu vn

Thit b tit kim in ................................................44-47

iu ho khng kh
chiu sng tit kin in
un nc nng
cc thit b gia dng

Phng thc xy dng v vt liu thn thin

vi mi trng...........................................................48-51

kt cu cng trnh
tng, sn v mi
bn
sc kho v s lnh mnh
tc ng mi trng

10

Phng chng ngp lt...............................................52-55

nng trn mc lut

cac cng trinh ngn nc l thm nhp (chng ngp kh)
cac cng trinh thot nc ngp (chng ngp t)
cac ky thut khac

11

Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!................................56-61

tm quan trng ca thng gi v khong li

vai tr ca sn trong v cy xanh
tm quan trng ca mt bng chc nng bp

12

Ngun..........................................................................62-65

thng tin sn phm

ti liu tham kho
i tc xy dng ni dung v cng tc thc hin

10

11
&

12

1. Gii thiu: Tit kim nng lng. Tit kim tin!

Gii thiu:
Tit kim nng lng. Tit kim tin!

Bn c thn mn,
Trong nhng nm va qua, Vit
Nam tri qua tnh trng tng gi
nng lng v theo d on gi
nng lng s cn tip tc tng
trong nhng nm ti. y l tnh
trng kh khn cho ngi dn Vit
Nam, nhng cc bn cng nn bit
rng, gi nng lng ti Vit Nam
vn cn r so vi cc nc khc,
nh c chng hn.
Ti c, gi nng lng hin ti
l 5,000-6,000 VN cho 1 kilowatt
gi v mt s nghin cu d

on mc gi ny s cn tip tc
tng thm 60% trong thp k ti. S
khng c l do no c th khin
gi nng lng ti Vit Nam khng
tng vi mc nh vy, m thm ch
cn cao hn th. Gi nng lng
tng cng l lc chng ta phi ngh
n vic lm th no tit kim
nng lng trong tng lai. Tt c
nhng u t cho vic tit kim
nng lng cn phi c nh
gi trong mi lin quan vi vic
tng gi nng lng.
Tit kim nng lng c th c
thc hin vi nhiu phng cch

Mc tng thu nhp h gia nh ti cc thnh ph ln nht Vit Nam 1999-2008

(Ngun: TNS Vit Nam 2009; thit k: Waibel 2009)

khc nhau. Cch thc tt nht l,

trnh vic tiu tn nng lng. Vic
ny c th d dng thc hin c
bng cch u t vo cc thit b
gia dng tit kim in, chng hn
nh t lnh, my git, Tivi LCD, l
vi sng hoc bng n tit kim
in. Ti cc h gia nh, my iu
ho khng kh thng c mc tiu
th in ln nht. My iu ho tit
kim in c th t hn loi sn
phm thng thng khong 2030%, nhng khon u t thm ny
s c thu hi bi vic tit kim
nng lng ch trong vng vi nm.
Tuy nhin, khon tin u t cho

Hy tit kim nng lng: ng lng ph tin ca bn

(Ngun: Hesse 2009)

1. Gii thiu: Tit kim nng lng. Tit kim tin!

vic iu ho khng kh ch ph
thuc mt phn vo hiu qu nng
lng ca thit b; phn nhiu ph
thuc vo thi quen s dng v thit
k ca ngi nh. Cun s tay ny s
gip bn thit k ngi nh mang li
cm gic thoi mi v c mc chi
ph thp khi s dng iu ho lm
mt khng kh.
Ngun tiu th in ln th hai trong
cc h gia nh l nng lng
un nc nng. Trong trng
hp ny, cc thit b un nc nng
bng nng lng mt tri hin c
sn trn th trng Vit Nam chnh

l mt s la chn r v kh thi thay

cho thit b in. Ti Vit Nam, cc
khon u t cho thit b un nc
nng bng nng lng mt tri c
th thu hi ch trong vng 4-6 nm.
Trong tt c cc trng hp ni
trn, vi mc tng gi nng lng
d kin trong tng lai, cc bn
s thu hi c cc khon u
t nhanh hn thng qua tit kim
nng lng. ng bn khon v
iu ny v chc chn, gi nng
lng s tng.
Ngoi vic tit kim nng lng
l mt khon u t hiu qu cho

tng lai, n cn gip bn v gia

nh gim s ph thuc vo s
thiu ht in v ct in. Chc
chn iu ny cng mang li gi
tr v n lm tng cht lng cuc
sng ca bn. Bn cnh , bn
cng s gp phn vo vic gii
quyt cc vn v nng lng
trong tng lai ca Vit Nam v
ca c loi ngi. Bn c th
khng c tr tin v iu ny,
nhng mt th gii an ton v yn
n s cho php bn v con ci bn
hng th c nhng thnh tu
ca qu trnh pht trin vi nim
tin v s hnh din.

Cc biu tng di y dng lm ni bt cc im quan trng trong cun S tay thit k ny:

Gi

Ch

(Cc cn nguyn ca vn )

Tit kim tin

Hy t lm

1. Gii thiu: Tit kim nng lng. Tit kim tin!

2
4

Khu dn c tit kim nng lng v thch ng kh hu (Ngun: Hesse 2010)

Nh ph hin i
Phin bn ny ca cun S tay tp
trung vo dng nh ph hin i
thng dng hin nay v y l kiu
nh vn ang c pht trin nhiu
nht ti TP. H Ch Minh. Vi l do
ny, chng ti xin c xut cho
dng nh ph nh l im khi u
khm ph v thc y tim nng
cho vic tit kim nng lng TP.
H Ch Minh v cc khu vc khc
ti Vit Nam.
Dng nh ph ny c xy
dng trong nhiu thp k trc khi
ngi dn khng c iu kin dng
my iu ha.
Nh ph thng c 4 n 5 tng, c
chiu ngang rt hp mt ng
v chiu di su v pha sau. Dng
nh ny trc y thng dnh cho

10

cc gia nh ln (gia nh nhiu th

h) v c khng gian bun bn ti
tng trt. Hin nay, tng trt thng
c s dng lm phng sinh hot
chung hoc khu vc xe c gii
ca gia nh.
Mc ch
Nhng hng dn c bin son
trong cun S tay ny ha hn s
lm tng nhn thc v nng lc
tit kim nng lng ti TP. H Ch
Minh cng nh ton b Vit Nam.
Cun s tay cng a ra cc thng
tin v cc sn phm, cng ngh v
cc kt qu nghin cu khoa hc
mi.
Nhm i tng
Cun s tay ny c vit cho tt
c nhng i tng c tc ng

n ngi nh nh ch nh, ngi

mua, kin trc s v ngi xy
dng. Cun s tay s gip cc bn
lin quan trong vai tr c th ca
mnh to ra nhng ngi nh tt
hn, cng nh gip hiu c v
trao i c c ngi nh tit
kim nng lng, bn vng v c
gi tr hn.
Cc ch nh s bit c cch xc
nh th no l mt ngi nh tt cho
h v a ra kin c th cho cc
nh cung cp dch v; Ngi mua
s hiu lm th no nh gi
c ngi nh v vn chi ph
nng lng v hiu qu tin nghi;
Cc kin trc s v ngi xy dng
s c h tr c th p ng
c cc yu cu v gii php tit
kim nng lng cho cc cng trnh
trong tng lai.

1. Gii thiu: Tit kim nng lng. Tit kim tin!

1. Cng trnh thp tng c mt cao

2. Cng trnh a chc nng: thng mi,
vn phng v nh
3. Kt cu che nng
4. Khng gian xanh cng cng v hnh
lang gi mt

Nh ph hin i ti TP. H Ch
Minh (Ngun: Hesse 2009)

Biu m phng nhu cu iu ho

khng kh cho thy nhit n t gi
cp (do m trong khng kh) v
nhit mt tri l 2 dng ti ln nht
v i hi chi ph lm mt nhiu
nht. Trong khi , truyn nhit qua
tng v ca s gip cn bng
nhit hiu qu v gip gim chi
ph nng lng. Nng lng lm
mt hng nm l 395kWh/m2/nm,
tng ng vi 250.000 ng/m2/
nm trong trng hp s dng my
iu ho thng thng (EER = 2.3),
v l 150.000 ng/m2/nm khi s
dng my iu ho tit kim nng
lng (EER = 3.6).
Yu cu lm mt ca nh ph in hnh khi s dng my iu ho (kt qu m phng,
Ngun: Schwede 2009)

11

2. Nguyn tc thit k

Cc nguyn tc thit k

Gii thiu

Cc nguyn tc thit k sau y

cho mt th h nh ph mi s gip
tng tnh bn vng v tui th ngi
nh ca bn. c bit, cc gii php
khng i hi k thut cao s chim
phn ln cc gi thit k trong
cun S tay ny. Do kh nng ti
chnh cng nh k thut v vt liu
xy dng a phng, tt c cc
tng thit k a ra u c tnh
kh thi cao v c khong thi gian
hi vn hp l.
Hnh thi v hng cng trnh

Hnh thi v hng ngi nh ph

ca bn l rt quan trng. Nhn
chung, din tch b mt tip xc vi
bc x trc tip t mt tri cn cng
nh cng tt. Mt mt cc mt ng
theo chiu ngn hn ca cng trnh
nn hng Bc - Nam (xem hnh
bn tri).

1. Cc b mt nh ngn hn cn nm
hng Bc - Nam.
2. B mt nh hng ng v Ty c
bo v bi cc ta nh k cn.
3. Phn nh ra, mi ht v ban cng l kin
trc che nng cho cng trnh.
4. Mi 2 lp c tc dng che chn nng v
to thng gi t nhin.
M hnh nh ph tit kim nng lng (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

12

2. Nguyn tc thit k

Mt khc kh di c bo v bi
cc ta nh k cn.
Trong trng hp khng th che
chn b mt tng hng ng v
ty theo cch ny, cc khng gian
th cp nh cu thang, nh kho,
nh tm phi c b tr y.
Ngoi ra, cc bc tng ny c
th cu trc thnh 2 lp c khong
trng gia thng gi. Cc b
mt hng ng v Ty ch nn c
t l hng, hn ch m ca i v
ca s.
Vi cc nguyn tc thit k ni trn,
hu ht bc x mt tri trc tip s
ch cn xut hin ti mi v b mt
tng pha Nam. Nh c th
hin m hnh pha phi bn di,
mi v tng pha Nam ca ta
nh cn phi c vng bo v chng
nng. i vi tng trt, phn nh ra
v mi ht l b phn kin trc che
nng cho cng trnh. Ti cc tng
pha trn, ban cng v lgia c tc
dng ngn chn v loi b kh nng
nh i lu trc khi nhit truyn
vo khng gian trong nh.

cu nhm t to ra bng rm cho

b mt, ng thi lm tng din tch
b mt c lm mt vo ban m
ln nhiu ln.

ca ngi nh
Thit k ca ngi nh phi to li
ch t vic thng gi t nhin cng
nhiu cng tt. B tr mt bng cn
cho php thng gi xuyn phng
cho tt c cc khng gian sinh hot.
Trong trng hp hng nng v
hng gi ch o c mu thun,
hng ngi nh c th cn iu
chnh li trong khong 0-30 m

Trn mi, nguyn tc thit k khc

c th c p dng. Cc tm
nng lng mt tri hoc cc vt
liu v phn x 2 lp c th c
s dng nh mt b phn chn
nng ch ng. Cu trc mi xanh
v cc vt liu b mt sng l gii
php chng nng th ng. Cc kt
Hng v qu o mt tri cho nh ph ti TP. H Ch Minh (Ngun: Schwede 2011)

13

2. Nguyn tc thit k

1. Mt ng pha Nam: kt cu che chn

nng nh ban cng, lgia, mi nh v
v 2 lp

2. Mi: che nng v chng nng bng cc

tm nng lng mt tri v kt cu 2 lp
thng gi
3. Mt ng pha Bc: vt liu xy dng
nh c th gim nhit d dng vo
ban m

4
Vng bo v chng nng (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

khng lm mt hiu qu lm mt t
thng gi.
Do hng gi ch o ti TP. H
Ch Minh l hng ng-Bc vo
ma kh v Ty - Nam vo ma
ma, cng trnh c th xoay nh
theo cc hng ny.
t c li ch ti u nht v s
thng thong t nhin, cc b mt
cng trnh nn c nhng trng,
ca i v ca s cng ln cng tt.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh , phi m
bo c h thng bo v hiu qu
trnh thu nhit mt tri. Khng
gian trong nh cng cn c bo
v khi nh hng ca ma, cn
trng v nhim khng kh.
Ca ht gi vo nh cn c t
v tr u gi v ti im thp ca
phng. Trong khi , ca gi
thot ra ngoi cn c t v

14

tr cui hng gi v im cao

hn trong phng. Nu c 2 ca
u c t v tr qu cao nh
vn thy nhiu nh ti TP. H Ch
Minh, khng kh vn chuyn ng
nhng ngi s dng khng thy
c hiu ng lm mt.
Nn trnh thit k phng ch m ca
mt pha. c bit, hnh thi hp
v di ca nh ph ph thuc vo
thng gi xuyn phng. Vi chiu
su n 15 mt, ngi nh vn c
th thng gi t nhin. Nh trong
hnh pha trn, mt ging tri hay
sn trong c th gip tng hiu ng
ng khi mt cch ng k.

4. Mng nh: b cha nc ma v c tc

dng lm mt tng trt

2. Nguyn tc thit k

1. Ging tri c tc dng thng gi t nhin

2. M thng v c ca gia cc phng
to gi xuyn phng

2
1

3. Tng hiu qu lm mt nh hi nc c
c t b nc trong nh (lm mt
on nhit)
4. Bc tng xanh cng gip tng hiu qu
lm mt nh hi nc

2
1

3
Ging tri xanh cho nh ph (Ngun: Hesse 2010)

B cc khng gian ni tht

B cc khng gian ca cc phng

cn phi xem xt n mi quan h
gia nhu cu s dng v ti nhit
ca phng. Tt c cc khng gian
c s dng thng xuyn vo
ban ngy nn c b tr ti phn
pha Bc ca ngi nh.
Bp v phng n, cc khng gian
lm vic kiu vn phng v cc
phng tr em cn c b tr ti
v tr ny. Nhng phng ny khng
nht thit phi c bo v thm
bi mt khu vc ngn nhit nh
mt nh pha Nam. Hn na, nn
s dng kt cu nh ca tng
ngoi tht lm tng kh nng
gim nhit vo ban m.
Bp v phng tm, l cc khng
gian to thm ti nhit v m,
cn c phn cch khi cc khu

Mt bng tng trt (Ngun: Hesse 2010)

15

2. Nguyn tc thit k

vc sinh hot v t cui hng

gi ca cng trnh hoc sn trong
kh thi thot trc tip ra bn
ngoi.
Mt bng b cc cc phng chia
ngi nh thnh 6 khu vc c lp
m vn c th s dng iu ha
khng kh mt cch ring bit. Mi
khu vc c th c lm mt ti
mt nhit theo ngi s dng.
Tuy nhin, ngi nh cn c thit
k sao cho d chu nht khi c gi
thng thong vo nh.

Mc ch chnh l gim thiu

vic s dng my iu ha nhm
tit kim nng lng v tin. Ging
tri c t ti v tr trung tm ca
ngi nh, lm tng chuyn ng v
y khng kh nng trong nh ln
pha nh mi.
Mt ci h nh tng trt v cy
xanh trn tng khu vc li i s
b sung hiu qu lm mt nh hi
nc (lm mt on nhit).

Mt bng tng trt a chc nng

(Ngun: Hesse 2011)

16

Mt bng tng 2: khng gian sinh hot chung

v lm vic (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

2. Nguyn tc thit k

Phi cnh tng trt th hin vic s dng linh hot cho chc nng (bn tri), ca hng hoc vn phng (bn phi) (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

Mt bng tng 3: Khng gian sinh hot

v sn thng (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

Mi che nng, cc tm nng lng mt tri

v vn trn mi (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

17

2. Nguyn tc thit k

1. Cn h 1: cho 1 gia nh
2. Cn h 2: cho 1 gia nh
3. Li vo cn h 2
4. Sn thng xanh

Mt kiu nh ph c vng bo v chn nng ng

(Ngun: Hesse 2011)

Gi :

Gi b mt tng tip xc vi
hng chiu trc tip ca mt
tri cng nh cng tt.

To ra vng che nng bo v

ngi nh khi tr nn qu nng.
Nguyn tc thit k quan trng
nht l to ra thng gi y
trong nh.
Mt bng tng phi cho php
thng gi xuyn phng.

3
1

Trnh b tr tng ngn vung

gc vi hng gi.
Mt bng sn cn chia ngi nh
thnh cc khu vc c lp
iu ha khng kh cc b khi
cn thit.

18

Mt kiu nh ph dnh cho 2 gia nh c li vo ring bit

(Ngun: Hesse 2011)

2. Nguyn tc thit k

Hy t lm
Bn cn b tr tt c cc phng
c s dng thng xuyn vo
ban ngy ti phn pha Bc ca
ngi nh.
B tr h nc nh ti tng trt v
cy xanh trn tng ging tri
lm tng hiu qu lm mt nh
hi nc.

Ch

Tit kim tin

Lm theo cc nguyn tc thit k

c bn ni trn s gip gim ti
nhit ca cng trnh mt cch
ng k m khng tiu tn bt c
mt khon u t hoc vn hnh
b sung no.

Trnh thit k cc phng ch m

ca 1 pha.
Tm che di ng v ca chp
nn c s dng nhng phi
ch v chng c th lm cn tr
thng gi t nhin.

Mc ch chnh l gim thiu vic

s dng my iu ha, nhm tit
kim nng lng v tin.

4
3
2
1. Ca hng v vn phng
2. Hnh lang li vo kiu ban
cng pha ngoi

3. Cc cn h
4. Sn thng xanh
Mt dng hnh thi dy nh ph c li vo t pha ngoi (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

19

3. Che chn nng cho cng trnh

Che chn nng cho cng trnh

3
2

1. Kt cu che nng: ban cng, lgia v mi

ua.
2. Che nng cho sn thng.

3. Che chn nng bng cc tm nng lng

mt tri v cu trc v 2 lp to thng gi
bn trong.
4. Tng xanh v vt liu xy dng nh
lm mt nhanh chng vo ban m.

Chn nng v to bng rm cho nh ph (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

Gii thiu
i vi kh hu ti TP. H Ch Minh,
do lng thu nhit mt tri, cng
trnh lun cn nng lng lm mt.
Do vy, ngi nh v cc phng trong
nh cn c che chn nng. Nhit
mt tri c truyn vo cng trnh
theo 3 cch. Cch u tin l thng
qua cc phn m ra ngoi trong
sut nh ca s, ca i v ca
mi. Cch th 2 l thng qua dn
nhit t pha ngoi b mt kt cu
c ca cng trnh vo bn trong.
Cch th 3 l nh cc lung khng
kh nng trn vo bn trong t cc
o nhit xung quanh ngi nh. C
3 cch ny u c th gim c

20

tc ng nh cc thit k thng
minh. Khi , nhit trong nh v
chi ph lm mt c th gim i mt
cch hiu qu bng nhng phng
thc th ng.
Nguyn tc thit k
Hng i mt tri thng kh ng
nht ti TP. H Ch Minh, ch c
thay i nh gia nhng thng lnh
v thng nng. Mt tri mc vo
bui sng t hng ng, sau
nhanh chng ln cao v ln pha
ty. iu ny cho php s dng h
thng kt cu che chn nng c
nh.

Theo truyn thng, ti khu vc kh

hu nhit i cc ngi nh thng
lp t tm chn thong cch mt
khong pha trc ca ly sng
v thng gi, cho php chiu sng
t nhin, thng gi v gim lm thu
nhit mt tri nh bng rm v i
lu. Cc kt cu nh ra dng mi
v ban cng cng ang c s
dng ph bin che chn nng
cho b mt hng Nam v Bc ca
cng trnh.
Trong trng hp bt buc phi
c cc phn trong sut hoc m ra
ngoi tng pha ng v Ty.
Cc b mt tng ny cn phi che
chn nng bng h thng mn chn

3. Che chn nng cho cng trnh

ng hoc tm che nng di ng.

Nu c th, cc cng trnh cn c
xoay theo hng ph hp p
dng ti a cc nguyn tc: m ca
ti cc mt ng pha Nam v Bc
v hu nh ng kn ti b mt pha
ng v Ty. Do h thng di ng
thng t hn v yu cu bo tr
nhiu hn trong qu trnh vn hnh,
kt cu che nng c nh c a
chung hn trong cc tng thit
k tit kim nng lng thit thc.
Trc ht cn s dng h thng
che nng bn ngoi trnh thu
nhit mt tri trc tip vo phng.
H thng che nng bn trong khng
th c tc dng ny. Nu cng
trnh khng qu cao v ti trng
gi khng qu ln, h thng che
nng bn ngoi l s la chn tt
nht. C th s dng h thng kt
cu che nng c nh v c th chu
c ti trng gi.
trnh tng nhit do dn nhit
qua cc phn kt cu c ca ta
nh, 3 nguyn tc sau y c p
dng.
Nguyn tc th nht l che nng to
bng rm: cc kt cu pha ngoi
cng trnh c che chn nng bi
mn chn, cy xanh, cc b phn
khc ca cng trnh hoc cng trnh
khc. Cch ny s lm gim c
mt lng nhit i vo cng trnh.
Nguyn tc th hai l s dng
nhng mu sng cho cc b mt
pha ngoi cng trnh phn x
nh sng mt tri v khng lm
nng tng.

Cc phng thc kt cu che nng cng trnh (Ngun: Hesse 2009)

21

3. Che chn nng cho cng trnh

Nguyn tc th 3 l gim dn
nhit ca tng. iu ny c th
thc hin c thng qua vic s
dng kt cu tng 2 lp vi lp
m khng kh gia lm cn tr
vic dn nhit, hoc thng qua vic
s dng cc vt liu c dn nhit
thp, chng hn nh vt liu cch
nhit hoc b tng bt.
Nhit do cc lung gi qu nng
gy ra th c th c gim i bng
cch to ra cc khu vc tin nghi
vi kh hu quanh cng trnh, chng
hn nh s dng mu sng, cy
xanh v cc yu t nc nu c
iu kin.
Cc v d v kt cu che chn nng v to bng rm cho nh ph v cn h
(Ngun: Waibel 2011; Schwede 2010)

Gi

Che nng cho cc khng gian bn

ngoi, pha trc ca i, ca s v
cc trng thng gi.
S dng mu sng cho va h
v trng cy ci pha trc v sau
nh.
S dng mu sng phn quang
cho tng ngoi tht v c bit l
cho mi nh trnh tng nhit mt
tri lm cho cc phn ca ngi nh
tr nn qu nng.

22

3. Che chn nng cho cng trnh

nhit ln ta nh v to ra gi mt
vo trong nh. Hy trng tht nhiu
cy ci vn trc v sau ca
ngi nh.

!
Vng gim nhit pha bn trong b mt cng
trnh (Ngun: Hegger, TU Darmstadt 2007)

Ch

Che chn nng c th lm nh

hng n chiu sng t nhin
bn trong nh. Vic che chn nng
khng c ngn ht nh sng ban
ngy m ch lm gim ti nhit do
bc x mt tri. Tuy nhin, nh sng
chiu vo nh qu nhiu v cc ca
s ln nh vn c s dng trong

thit k hin i th khng ph hp

vi kh hu ca TP. H Ch Minh.
Vic che chn nng khng c
lm gim kh nng thng gi ca
cng trnh; phi m bo cc thnh
phn che nng vn cho php thng
gi v chiu sng t nhin bn trong
cng trnh.
Trnh cho cc phng khng s
dng trong nh b tch nhit v nhit
s truyn sang cc khu vc c s
dng, gy nng bc, kh chu v cn
nng lng lm mt. Cn m bo
cc khng gian l thin, chng hn
nh khu vc cu thang, phi c
che chn nng v thng gi hiu qu.

S dng vt liu c dn nhit

thp, kh nng gim nhit nhanh v
khng truyn nhit vo bn trong
nh.

Hy t lm
Cy xanh xung quanh nh s gip
lm gim nhit khng kh bn
ngoi nh nh s che chn nng
v hi nc. Khng kh xung quanh
cng trnh mt hn s lm gim ti
Cy xanh ti ban cng (Ngun: Linh 2010)

23

3. Che chn nng cho cng trnh

Tit kim tin

Kt cu che chn nng l thc t

v hiu qu tit kim nng
lng lm mt trong nh.
nh sng t nhin l cch chiu
sng hiu qu v d chu nht, do
, ngi nh cn m bo c
che nng, thng gi v chiu sng.
Hy lun ng h thng che chn
nng khi bn khng c nh.

tng mt ng xanh (Ngun: Hesse 2009)

Ngi nh mt tri c che chn nng hon ton ti TU Darmstadt / Germany

(Ngun: Hegger, 2007)

24

Vng gim nhit

(Ngun: Hegger, 2007)

3. Che chn nng cho cng trnh

1. Bc x nhit (pha ngoi)

2. Tng cy
3. Khong trng thng gi
4. Tng (bn trong)
Cng ngh mt ng xanh
(Ngun: Browne 2004)

Mi chp che chn nng

(Ngun: TUD archives, 2008)

Chi tit kt cu (Ngun: Hesse 2011)

V d ti Chile
(Ngun: Browne, 2004)

V d ti thnh ph H Ch Minh
(Ngun: Waibel, 2011)

25

4. Thng gi v lm mt

Thng gi v lm mt

1. ng chuyn ng khng kh t do: cho

php thng gi t nhin
2. Ca s c th ng m thng gi xuyn
phng

4
2

4
2

3. Gi to t qut
4. Khu vc khp kn dng my iu ha
5. Ngn lung khng kh t khu vc sinh nhit

5
3

Thng gi t nhin ca nh ph (Ngun: Schwede, Hesse 2010)

Gii thiu
Cc cng trnh ti khu vc kh hu
nhit i nh TP. H Ch Minh cn
c thng gi do 3 nguyn nhn.
Th nht l cung cp khng kh
trong sch t bn ngoi vo nh.
Th hai l y khng kh, hi
m, mi v nhng thnh phn c
hi khc t trong nh ra ngoi. Th
ba l do khng kh lu thng s lm
cho vi kh hu trong nh tr nn d
chu hn.
Trong cc cng trnh khng dng
iu ha m c thng gi t
nhin, lung gi vo nh s lm mt
v tng cht lng khng kh. iu

26

ny l ng trong hu ht cc thi
im ti TP. H Ch Minh.
Tuy nhin, vi cc khng gian s
dng my iu ha, vic trao i
khng kh trong v ngoi cn c
theo di v hn ch n mc ti a
nhm trnh tht thot nng lng
lm mt ca my iu ha. So vi
thng gi t nhin, kh nng cung
cp khng kh trong lnh, cng nh
trao i khng kh trao i khng
kh, hi m qua s dng ra
ngoi, i vi khng gian s dng
my iu ha l thp hn. Vic m
bo cht lng khng kh trong nh
khng nht thit phi duy tr nhng
lung gi ln vo mi lc.

Nguyn tc thit k
i vi kh hu nhit i m, thng
gi t nhin l mt cch thc rt
hiu qu, gip tit kim nng lng
v to tin nghi vi kh hu d chu
trong nh, do vy, cch thc ny
phi c m bo thc hin thng
qua cc gii php thit k cng
nhiu cng tt cho nhng cng trnh
mi.
Cc thong rng v mt ng
thot khng kh t do nh ging
tri cn c thit k, nhng lung
khng kh ny cng c th chn li
c bt c khi no s dng my
iu ha.

4. Thng gi v lm mt

Khoanh vng cc khng gian trong

nh thnh cc khu vc s dng
iu ha v khu vc khng s dng
iu ha da trn m hnh thng
gi hn hp l cch thc thch hp
m bo v ti a c tin nghi
vi kh hu trong nh m vn tit
kim nng lng. Khi khng c gi
t nhin, qut c th to ra gi
lm mt khng kh. K c khi c gi,
qut c th vn c s dng thm
lm mt.
Trong nhng cng trnh hin i,
ngi ta thng la chn lm mt
bng my mc. Vic ny cn phi
kim sot t c yu cu tin
nghi vi kh hu cn thit. Cc thit b
tit kim nng lng cng cn c
la chn. Cc h thng lm mt ny
cn c hiu sut hot ng cao.

Kh nng tch t bn trong

Thng gi xuyn phng v

thng ng

Thng gi gia 2 lp mi
V tr tng khng ph hp

Gi

Thng gi t nhin

V tr thng gi xuyn
phng qu cao

i vi thit k thng gi t nhin,

ca i v ca s phi d ng, m.
Ca cng cn phi rng gi i
vo v ra, nhng cng cn phi tht
kn c th ng li khi s dng
my iu ha.

V tr thng gi xuyn
phng thch hp

Gim lng khng kh trao i bn

trong v ngoi; bt kn cc ca v
cc cu trc mt ng khi s dng
iu ha.

Ht gi b sung

V tr tng ph hp

Gim tng ngn bn trong

nh

Cc dng kt cu thng gi t nhin (Ngun: Hesse 2009)

27

4. Thng gi v lm mt

Gim ti nhit
Phn cch cc khu vc c ti
nhit ln bng cc tng ngn v
li thng gi ring bit.
B tr cc khu vc c m cao,
mi v cc yu t c hi cui
hng gi. S dng cch thot kh
t nhin hoc my ht khi thit k
bp, cc phng t v cc khu vc
khc c ti nhit, m.

Thi gian cn iu ha khng kh cho nh ti TP. H Ch Minh (Ngun: Waibel 2009),

My iu ha thng c bt trong phng ng v iu khin bi ngi dng khi cn thit.

Gim kch thc cc phng bng

cc ca i hoc vch ngn di ng.
La chn vt liu: s dng vt liu
khng mi v gim thiu vic s
dng cc vt liu c th to ra yu
t c hi v bi bn trong nh.
S dng theo nhu cu
H thng iu ha cn c iu
khin theo ng yu cu c th
bt ln khi cn v tt i khng
s dng nng lng khi khng cn
thit.
Cc qut ht gi cho cc phng m
t v nh bp cng cn c thit
k c th kim sot c theo
nhu cu. Cc qut thng gi cn
c cng tc in c th d dng
ng kn li khi khng c nhu cu.

Cc dng iu ha khng kh cho nh ti TP. H Ch Minh (Ngun: Waibel 2009)

Thng gi t nhin vn l cch thc iu ha khng kh ph bin.

28

Thit k ni tht
S dng cc vt liu ni tht mt
m, c nhit dung v dn sut ln

4. Thng gi v lm mt

1. Thng gi xuyn phng

2. Thng gi ng
3. Ca s lt
4. Ca chp gp

Phng thc thit k thng gi bn trong (Ngun: Hesse 2010)

s gip c c cm gic mt m
v d chu trong nh.

To cc khng gian trong nh

c tin nghi vi kh hu tt m khng
cn s dng iu ha. Nhng khng
gian ny phi c che chn nng,
thong gi, c vt liu mt, nh v
c to cm gic thoi mi.

Hy t lm
Cy xanh quanh nh s gip gim
nhit khng kh bn ngoi nh
tc dng che nng v nh hi nc.
Khng kh lnh hn quanh nh s
gip gim ti nhit ln cng trnh v
to ra gi mt thi vo nh. Trng
tht nhiu cy xanh v cy bi
vn trc v sau nh.
S dng qut (nh qut trn, qut
gn tng) to gi mt. Khi s
dng my iu ho, c th s dng
thm qut in o nhit. Qut
c s dng nh l mt cch iu
ha khng kh bn t nhin v tit
kim nng lng.

Cc trng thng gi cn c
thit k c th kim sot, d
dng tip cn v vn hnh v
c s dng hng ngy.

Ch

Cc ca s, ca ra vo, kt cu
tng rt cn kn kh c th kim
sot lng trao i khng kh bn
trong v ngoi. Cc ca s v ca
ra vo cn c ng kn, tt c
cc khong trng, vt nt v ch ni
cn c bt kn.
Cc khe ng ti ca s v ca
ra vo cn c kim tra thng
xuyn m bo kn kh, thm ch
cn thay mi duy tr chc nng.

Tit kim tin

Khng bao gi ca m khi s

dng iu ha. Cn lun ng cc
ca ra vo v vch ngn trong nh
ngn cch khng gian s dng
iu ha.
Vn hnh iu ha theo yu cu,
ch bt khi bn s dng phng.
ng t my lnh nhit qu
thp.
Trc ht hy s dng thit b che
chn nng v ca chp gim
nhit trong phng.

29

5. Cu trc v bc cng trnh

Cu trc v bc cng trnh

Gii thiu
Lp v bc bn ngoi cng trnh
c tc dng ngn cch khng gian
trong nh vi bn ngoi. V th, n
c tc dng bo v cc khng gian
trong nh khi cc nh hng ca
mi trng vt l nh gi, nhit
nng, lnh v ma, cng nh
cc hin tng kh hu khc nh
l lt hay bo ct. N cng to ra
s ring t cho ngi nh, trnh bn
ngoi c th nhn vo v ngn gim
s truyn m thanh t trong nh
ra ngoi v ting n t ngoi vo
trong nh. N cng gip m bo
an ton, an ninh, trnh trm cp, t
nhp, bo v ti sn ca ch nh.
ng thi, lp v bc cng rt cn
c thit k c th to ra mi
lin h gia bn trong v ngoi nh,
nhm to mi trng tin nghi cho
ngi s dng lin quan n nhng
yu t ht sc quan trng nh chiu
sng, thng gi, tm nhn ...
Lp v bc cng trnh khng ch l
b mt ca cng trnh m n em
li cm nhn v thm m v thng
c thit k phn nh a v x
hi ca gia ch.
Khng kh lt qua khe ti ch ni ca tng, khi i lu s lm mt bc tng, gy ra
nm mc c hi v gy hng hc cho cng trnh (Ngun: Hesse 2010)

30

5. Cu trc v bc cng trnh

Nhiu b phn ca cng trnh tham

gia vo vic to ra cc chc nng
ni trn v do v bc cng trnh
c cn nhc thit k da trn
cc yu cu ny. ng thi, cc b
phn ca cng trnh c gn kt
vi nhau nh th no l ph thuc
vo cc chc nng.
Chng hn, k c khi khung ca v
tng c cht lng cao, khe h
gia khung ca s v tng vn s
l im yu gi, ngm nc v
ting n nh hng n cng trnh.
Thit k hp l cho cc im ni v
thi cng cn thn l ht sc quan
trng m bo chc nng hot
ng tt cho cng trnh.
Nguyn tc thit k
Kn kh
Khi cc khu vc trong cng trnh
c lm mt bng iu ha, vic
thng gi phi c kim sot. Cc
mi ni gia cc b phn cng trnh
cn phi gim thiu v c bt kn
mt cch cn thn. Cng trnh phi
c xy dng bo m kn kh.

bn ngoi

bn trong

Cch nhit
Phi gim thiu truyn nhit t
V bc cng trnh 2 lp c tc dng chng nng, thng gi gi cho nhit khng vo bn
trong ngi nh (Ngun: Hesse 2009)

31

5. Cu trc v bc cng trnh

V d ti khu dn c mi TP. H Ch Minh

(Ngun: Waibel 2010)

Kt qu iu tra v cc kt cu c trng ca cc d n nh ph mi (Ngun: Waibel 2009)

Nh ph ang c xy dng, gch nh

c s dng cch nhit
(Ngun: Waibel 2010)

32

5. Cu trc v bc cng trnh

ngoi vo trong nh. Vt liu c dn

sut thp nh b tng hoc gch
nh nn c s dng lm vt liu
cho tng. Lp cch nhit b sung
c th c gn vo kt cu cng
trnh, v lp cch nhit ny cng
phi c bo v trnh nc v
cc tc ng vt l khc lm hng.
Nc v m
Kh hu TP. H Ch Minh c m
khng kh cao v ma ln thng
xuyn. Do , lp v bc cng trnh
cn c thit k c th chu
c nc v m. Nc chy
cn phi c a ra bn ngoi
cng trnh mt cch hiu qu thng
qua nhng thit b, kt cu c
bao kn. c bit, khi ni tht cng
trnh c lm mt ti mt nhit
qu thp (khng tit kim nng
lng), cn trnh tch t hi m ti
cc kt cu bng cch s dng cc
lp kn kh v chng m b mt
m hn ca lp cch nhit. kn
ca lp bo v ny cng cn c
bo tr mt cch cn thn.
Che nng v tm chn nng
Vic hp th nhit mt tri lm tng
mt phn ln nhu cu lm mt, nn
nh hng ca bc x mt tri cn
c gim thiu ti a. Do , tm
chn thng thong, mi nh v cc
kt cu che chn khc cn phi
c lp t che nng cho cc
b phn c v rng ca cng trnh.

Vi mc tiu ny, mi thng thong

b sung c th c s dng pha
trn sn thng hoc vn trn
mi. Vic che chn nng lun phi
c thit k m bo thng thong
dn nhit nng t trong nh ra
ngoi mt cch hiu qu.
Knh
H thng knh c th c rt nhiu
chc nng. Mt s h thng knh
c tc dng bo v chng nng v
lnh; mt s c thit k c
th ngn nhit mt tri nhng cho
php nh sng i vo cng trnh.
Trc y, knh phn quang hoc
gng c s dng, nhng ngy
nay, cc h thng tinh vi hn c th
cho php ngn nhit bc x, nhng
ng thi vn c nh sng t nhin
v vn nhn xuyn qua c.

h thng knh chng nng trong thit

k v m bo cc ca s c thi
cng, lp t theo ng thit k.
Trong iu kin kh hu nng m
nh Vit Nam, khi thit k lp v
bc cng trnh, cn c bit lu
hiu c cc thi quen v tng
tc vt l gia cc lp v cc b
phn ca cng trnh.

Ch

Cc mi ni gia cc b phn ca
cng trnh s nh hng n chc
nng lp v bc cng trnh, do
cn ch vic thi cng phi tht
chun v cc mi ni phi kn
khng b nh hng bi nc, gi,
bi v ting n.
H thng knh l thnh phn c
chc nng quan trng ca lp v
cng trnh. Cn ch khi la chn

Mt ng xanh (Ngun: Waibel 2010)

33

6. Tit kim tin khi s dng nc nng

Tit kim tin khi s dng nc nng

Cc thnh phn ca bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri (Ngun: Nhin 2010)

Nguyn l
My nc nng nng lng mt
tri (SWH) hot ng theo nguyn
l i lu nhit t nhin v hin
tng hiu ng lng knh bin
i quang nng thnh nhit nng
v by nhit thu gi lng nhit
ny.
Thnh phn chnh ca SWH l b
phn thu nng lng mt tri. Nng
lng mt tri c hp th ti b
mt thit b s un nng nc, do
qu trnh i lu nhit t nhin,

34

nc nng i ln nh hn s nm
pha trn bnh bo n, nc lnh i
xung nm phn di bnh. Qu
trnh ny din ra lin tc cho n khi
nhit trong bnh bng nhit
ca nc ti thit b hp th.
Vic to ra nc nng khng ph
thuc vo nhit ca mi trng
bn ngoi m ph thuc vo kh
nng hp th nhit ca thit b nng
lng vi cc tia bc x nh nng
mt tri. C ba loi ng thu nhit,

1) Loi thu nhit bng ng nha

tuy gi r nhng hiu sut thu
nhit km, ch thch hp ti
cc tnh pha Nam.
2) Loi ng thy tinh chn khng.
N c gi thnh va phi v
c s dng ph bin nht.
3) Loi thu nhit bng ng ng.
N c hiu sut cao, bn
nhng gi thnh cao.

6. Tit kim tin khi s dng nc nng

Hiu sut ca SWH dng ng thy

tinh chn khng c ghi nhn
l cao hn so vi SWH kiu tm
phng, nhng kh nng chu p
sut, chu sc nhit v bn c
hc l khng tt nh SWH kiu tm
phng.

Nguyn l thit k / lp t

vn chuyn nc nng
khong cch va phi c th dng
ng nha PPR, hoc ng kim loi,
tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp
khong cch khng ngn th c th
dng ng nha PVC loi tt.

Nn

so vi mt ngang.
Nn la chn dung tch ca bnh
bo n ph hp vi s ngi trong
gia nh s dng. Vi h thng dung
tch 200 lt c th dng cho khong
5 ngi.
Nn thit k ng ng dn n
u ra cng ngn cng tt.

H thng phi c t v tr
hng c nng v khng b che
khut.

Nn chn my nc nng nng

lng mt tri t tiu chun DIN
EN 12975 v ISO 9459-5.

Ngay sau khi lp my mt ngy

ngi s dng nn kim tra li ton
b h thng, nu thy r r, phi yu
cu ngi bn khc phc ngay.

H thng phi c duy tr ngun

cp nc n nh.

Nn t thit b thu nhit quay v

hng Nam chch Ty 15 l tt
nht, gc nghing khong 25-30

Nn t bnh nc lnh cao hn

hoc t nht l bng cao u vo
ca h thng.

V d v vic s dng bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri ti TP. H Ch Minh (Ngun: Cce 2011)

35

6. Tit kim tin khi s dng nc nng

Ch

Kh hu nhit i min Nam c

th cung cp nc nng 365 ngy.
Tuy nhin mt s vng kh hu cn
nhit i min Bc khng t
c yu cu ny. Do vy, ngi
s dng nn cn nhc chn SWH
c bnh cha dung tch ln hn
m bo ngun nc nng cho
nhng ngy khng c nng.

Khng nn
Khng c dng bm bm
thng vo bnh bo n. Nu bm
thng vo s xy ra hin tng
v ng chn khng ca bnh nng
lng hoc ngun nc lnh i
xung theo ng ra ca bnh bo
n.
Nu ngun nc nhim phn hoc
nhim nng th khng nn dng
my nng lng mt tri v nhit
cao, tnh n mn ca nc tng
rt mnh, thm ch c th n thng
bnh inox.
Nn t bnh nc lnh cao hn
hoc t nht l bng cao u vo
ca h thng.

36

Kt qu kho st v vic s dng bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri (Ngun: Waibel
2009). a s ngi s dng c bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri u khng
nh quyt nh ca h l rt hu ch v s vn tip tc lp t, cuc kho st cho thy
ngi dn c kh nng tit kim c t 100.000 n 250.000 ng mi thng.

6. Tit kim tin khi s dng nc nng

Tit kim tin

S dng SWH c th tit kim

khong 944 kWh/h gia nh
(4 ngi/h gia nh)
Thi gian thu hi vn vo
khong 4,4 5,6 nm. N cng
c th gim c 2 nm (i
vi thit b c cng sut l 150
lt) trong iu kin ti u.
S dng SWH ng gp trc
tip vo vic ct gim in nng
trong gi cao im.

Thit k h thng bnh nc nng nng lng mt tri (Ngun: Nhin 2010)

37

7. Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi s dng

Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi

s dng

Gii thiu
Chng ta hy cng xem bn c th
thay i g tng cn phng trong nh
mnh!
Mc d, vic s dng cc thit b tit
kim nng lng, cc vt liu xy dng
thn thin vi mi trng v kin trc
xy dng tng th l nhng cch tt nht
gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng
v tit kim chi ph ti a, nhng thi
v hnh ng ca ngi s dng vn l
yu t c bn to ra nh hng ln v
lu di ti hai mc tiu trn.
Mt trong nhng bc d nht m mi
ngi sng trong ngi nh c th lm l
thay i nhn thc v bt u t nhng
hnh ng n gin ca chnh bn thn
mnh. Nhng thay i nh ny khi kt
hp vi nhau s cng to ra tc ng
ln. Ngi nh ca bn xanh ti mc
no l ph thuc vo chnh bn.

6
4

2
5

Phng bp
Phng bp l mt trong nhng ni c
s dng nhiu nht trong nh v do
cng l mt trong nhng khu vc tiu tn
nng lng v nc nhiu nht.
Tuy nhin, c rt nhiu cch thay i
thi quen trong phng bp v gip tit
kim cc ngun nng lng.

Kh nng tit kim nng lng trong mt phng bp in hnh

(Ngun: Live & Learn 2011)

38

7. Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi s dng

1
Ra chn a trong bn nc x
phng v trng trong mt bn nc
lnh khc. Cch lm n gin ny
c th gim i mt na khi lng
nc s dng trong nh bp. Ti
s dng nc ra rau c qu
ti vn cy.

2
S dng li tt c cc loi ti ni-lng
ng hoc lm ti rc.
Nn c hai thng rc: mt thng
ng rc hu c v mt thng ng
cc loi khc (nu c th th tch
ring giy v ni-lng ti s
dng hoc ti ch).
Ti s dng li rc hu c lm phn
bn cho vn rau nh bn.

3
Dng loi ni c kch thc ph hp
khi nu nng v ni cng nh s
cn cng t thi gian lm nng.
y vung ni khi ang un si v
vung ni s gi nhit v gip n
chn nhanh hn.

4
Kim tra xem ca t lnh c ng
kn khng bng cch kp mt t
giy vo ca t ri ng li. Nu
bn c th rt t giy ra d dng th
tc l giong ca t cn phi thay
hoc lm sch.

5
Lm sch gin lnh ca t lnh mi
thng mt ln. Gin lnh thng
c t ng sau hoc pha
di t lnh. Ch rt in t lnh
trc khi lau chi.

6
K t lnh cch tng v t xa cc
ngun nhit. iu ny gip t lnh
khng phi tn nhiu nng lng
hot ng.
thc n ngui trc khi cho vo
t lnh, ng qun y np thc
n li.

39

7. Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi s dng

5
3
2

Cc bc gim tc ng ti mi trng trong phng khch (Ngun: Live & Learn 2011)

Phng khch
Phng khch l ni bn dnh nhiu
thi gian nht cng bn b v gia
nh, cn phng ng l ni thoi
mi nht trong cn nh.
c hai cn phng ny, c rt
nhiu cch gip gim thiu tc ng
ti mi trng m vn gi nguyn
c tnh thoi mi v tin dng.

1
Mt ci qut s gip bn cm thy
mt hn 3 C. Qut s dng t
nng lng hn my iu ha v
nh th s gim lng in nng
tiu th. Tt qut khi khng trong
phng.

40

2
ng ca chp hoc ko mnh
ngi nh c mt. nh nng mt
tri chiu thng vo ca s khng
c che chn c th khin ha
n tin in nh bn tng 20%.

3
Khi tri mt, hy m ca thay v s
dng iu ha.

4
Rt cc phch in khi khng s
dng hoc tt cc cng tc in.
in tiu th cho cc thit b trong
trng thi ch (tt nhng vn cm

in) c th chim 10% lng in

nng ca nh bn.

5
S dng nh sng t nhin v
phng php chiu sng tp trung
mt im thay cho vic chiu sng
ton cn phng. t n ng gc
phng lm sng phng m vn gim
c chi ph.

6
Tt tt c cc bng n, my iu
ha, qut, v cng tc in mi khi
bn ri phng.

7. Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi s dng

1
3

Phng ng (Ngun: Live & Learn 2011)

Phng ng

1
Trnh lp iu ha ni c nh
sng mt tri chiu trc tip. t
iu ha nhit cao, c gng
duy tr bng hoc hn 26 C.
Mi ln tng thm 1 C l bn
tit kim 7% nng lng. m
bo mua iu ha ph hp vi kch
thc ca cn phng.

2
Khng lp t my iu ho ngay
pha trn u bn khi ng v n s
nh hng n sc kho ca bn.
Bn nn lp t my iu ho pha

trn ca s v pha cnh ca

ging.
Ci t ch ng (Sleep mode)
v hn gi iu ha t ngt na
gi sau khi bn i ng. Tt iu ha
hon ton khi ri nh, k c trong
mt thi gian ngn.

3
Thay bng n trn bng n LED
(n i t pht quang) hoc n
CFL (n hunh quang). n hunh
quang so vi n thng c
sng tng ng, nhng ch tn

nng lng v bn gp 10 ln,

c th tit kim 66% in nng trong
ton b thi gian s dng. n LED
thm ch cn tit kim nhiu hn.

4
Sc pin in thoi ngay sau khi bn
v nh thay v cm sc c m.

5
Sn tng mu sng, tng mu
ti s hp th nh sng v i hi
nhiu thit b chiu sng hn, do
tiu tn nng lng hn.

41

7. Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi s dng

4
Hy lp t vi hoa sen chy chm
tit kim 3 lt nc mi ln tm.
Nu bn khng tm mua c loi
vi hoa sen ny, vi loi thng
thng, bn ng vn ht c nc
chy khi s dng.

C nhiu cch tit kim nng lng trong phng tm (Ngun: Live & Learn 2011)

Phng tm
Phng tm l mt trong nhng ni
tn nc nht trong nh.
Ch cn nhn thc c thi quen
s dng nc v vi mt vi thay
i nh, bn c th tit kim c
ngun nc, tin bc, ng thi
bo v mi trng.

1
Kho vi nc khi ang nh rng,
ra mt hoc co ru. Hnh ng
ny c th tit kim 7-12 lt nc
mi pht.

2
Thng xuyn kim tra vi c b r
nc khng, nu c th phi sa
ngay lp tc. Mt vi nc r r 01
git nc/01 giy c th tiu tn
945 lt nc mi thng, l cn
cha tnh n chi ph tiu hao nng
lng.

3
Lp t bnh nc nng bng nng
lng mt tri nu c th. Nu
khng th ch nn bt bnh nc
nng 5-7 pht v tt ngay khi khng
dng na.
Lng in dng un nc
nng l ngun nng lng tiu th
tn nht trong mt h gia nh.

42

Mua loi giy v sinh ti ch v

khng c cht ty trng.

Phng tm (Ngun: Live & Learn 2011)

7. Thi v Hnh ng ca ngi s dng

Hy bin mi hoc ban cng

nh bn thnh mt khng gian
xanh bng cch trng cy.

Tn dng khng gian tng thng (Ngun: Linh 2010)

Mi nh l ni tt nht trng
rau v to ra mt tc ng ng
k v mt mi trng cho ngi
nh bn v thnh ph bn ang
sng.

Mi nh xanh v sn vn xanh
Mi nh xanh v sn vn xanh s:
H nhit cho ngi nh v cho c thnh
ph bn ang , do vy cng s
gim nng lng tiu th trong mi h
gia nh v tit kim tin bc
Lm gim nng kh CO, NO2, O3,
PM10 v SO2
Lm gim pht thi kh CO2
C thi gian s dng lu gp i mi
nh thng.
Trng cy xanh trong nh l mt trong
nhng cch tt nht iu ha nhit
, nng cao cht lng khng kh,
gim thiu chi ph nng lng v to ra
mt khng gian sng tt hn.
C th truy cp vo s trang web
bit thm v cch trng cy trn mi
nh:
http://rausach.com.vn
http://khuyennongvn.gov.vn
Sn vn xanh trc phng bp (Ngun: Linh 2010)

43

8. Thit b tit kim nng lng

Thit b tit kim nng lng

Gii thiu
Nng lng s dng cho cc thit
b in nh bn ph thuc phn
ln vo cht lng ca thit b, tnh
trng k thut v tng ng gia
nhu cu s dng v hiu sut thit
b. Mt s loi thit b ny tt hn
loi khc l do thit k v cng ngh
c s dng. Nhiu trng hp,
hiu sut ca thit b b gim i khi
vn hnh do khng c bo qun
tt hoc vn hnh sai. Khi s dng
thit b qu lu hoc sai cch thc,
chng s tiu th nng lng nhiu
hn v do , gy ra lng ph. S
lng thit b in trong nh bn
thng xuyn tng ln, v mi phn
ca thit b u tiu th in nng
v lm tng gi s dng, thm ch
c khi s dng cc thit b tit kim
in.
Chng trnh dn nhn
Tit kim nng lng bng cch
s dng thit b tit kim in l d
thc hin khi bn bit cch xc nh
cc thit b . Hiu qu nng lng
c th so snh c da trn nhn
cng sut v hiu sut.
Mt chng trnh dn nhn tit kim
nng lng cho cc thit b in gia
nh nh bng in, chn lu, my
iu ha v my nc nng cng
ang c gii thiu ti Vit Nam.

44

S lng thit b in tng ti 100 h gia nh Vit Nam. S lng tng s lm cho
nng lng tiu th tng cho d s dng bt c cc thit b tit kim nng lng no.
(Ngun: ng Hong c Hunh, Trung tm Tit kim Nng lng, thng 2, 2011)

8. Thit b tit kim nng lng

Chng trnh ny cng ph bin

v hiu qu nhiu nc trn th
gii. C 2 loi nhn nng lng
Vit Nam:
(1) nhn so snh, so snh hiu
sut ca cc thit b khc nhau.
(2) nhn cng nhn, nhn ngay
ra c sn phm tt nht.
ng thi, chng trnh ny s ph
nhn cht lng sn phm nu sn
phm khng p ng c yu cu
hiu sut tit kim nng lng ti
thiu.
Tuy nhin, cch khc gip tit kim
nng lng khi dng v lp t thit
b, l: Khng s dng qu nhiu
bng in khi chng khng gip
bn nhn r hn; lp t cc thit b
in lm mt ti v tr khng b chiu
nng, mt m v thng thong.
Hn ch thi gian s dng my
nc nng khi m bn khng cn
nc nng c ngy m ch s dng
khi tm vo bui sng. Cng tc
bo qun thng xuyn l rt quan
trng khi s dng cc thit b mt
cch hiu qu v gi cho chng
lun trng thi tt trong mt thi
gian di.

V d ti Vit Nam Nhn nng lng

(Ngun: Nhin 2011)

45

8. Thit b tit kim nng lng

Gi

Bo qun thit b lun tnh

trng tt (thay v lm sch b
lc,)

Khi bn mua thit b in gia dng,

cn m bo:
Ngh k lng trc khi mua cc
thit b mi.
La chn thit b thch hp nht
cho mc ch ca bn.
C th kim sot theo nhu cu s
dng.
C th bt ln khi cn v tt i khi
khng s dng n.
Khng tiu tn nng lng
trng thi ch.
Lun tm nhng thit b c hiu
sut tit kim in nng (hoc t
nht l c thng s nng lng).

Hy t lm
S dng cc thit b in mt cch
thng minh.
Lp thit b bm gi gim thi
gian vn hnh.
Thay b lc ca h thng iu ha
v thng gi nh k (vic ny d
dng v hiu qu v tit kim gi
nng lng).

Ch

m bo bn bit cch thc s

dng v c hng dn vn
hnh thit b mt cch tt nht.

Cch thc ph hp tm kim thit

b c hiu sut cao l xem cc nhn
nng lng. Trc y, cc nhn
nng lng M v chu u c th
tm thy trn cc thit b in Vit
Nam. Hin nay, chnh ph Vit Nam
ban hnh h thng nhn nng
lng ring ph hp vi iu kin
a phng.

Yu cu v tho lun v tit kim

nng lng vi ngi bn hng v
cng ty lp t thit b.

Tuy h thng ny vn cn ang

trong qu trnh pht trin (nhn
Ngi sao nng lng Vit), cc

Lun la chn thit b c hiu

sut tit kim in nng cao hoc
c nhn tit kim nng lng.

46

nhn nng lng cho qut, bng

n, my lnh, my nc nng v
cc thit b in gia dng khc s
c ban hnh trong nhng nm
ti. Nhng cc bn ng ch i,
hy l ngi s dng thng minh
ngay t by gi.

Tit kim tin

Bn c bit l dng bng n tit

kim nng lng c th gim 70%
mc tiu th in? iu ny s gip
gim 10% ha n tin in, tc l
55.000 VN. Mc ny l khong
0.5% mc thu nhp trung bnh ca
h gia nh hin nay.
Do hin nay cha c nhn tit
kim nng lng cho my iu ha
khng kh, ch s EER (hiu sut tit
kim in nng) thng s k thut
s gip la chn thit b iu ha
tit kim in.
Trn th trng Vit Nam c
nhng sn phm c mc tit kim
nng lng trong khong 2.3 n
3.6. (Ngun: Chng trnh th im
dn nhn tit kim nng lng v
tiu chun v nh mc nng lng
ti thiu cho my iu ha khng
kh, bo co v nhim v 3, thng
3, 2009).

8. Thit b tit kim nng lng

Mc tiu th in trung bnh l 370 kWh/thng, ha n tin in l khong 536.200 VND/thng cho ngi nh khng s dng thit b chiu sng
tit kim in; Mc ny s gim c 10% chi ph tin in hay 55.000 VN bng vic s dng thit b chiu sng tit kim in. Vi mc thu
nhp trung bnh l 10 triu ng (500 US$), mc tit kim ny l khong 0.5% thu nhp ca cc h gia nh hin nay. (Ngun: Schwede 2011)

Bng n hunh quang Compact v bng

n si t (Ngun: Schwede 2011)

Mc tiu th in trung bnh l 370 kWh/thng, ha n tin in l khong 536.200 VND/

thng ti ngi nh khng s dng thit b iu ha khng kh tit kim in; Mc ny s gim
17% chi ph tin in hay 94.000 VN bng vic s dng thit b tit kim in. Vi mc thu
nhp trung bnh l 10 triu ng (500 US$), mc tit kim ny l khong 1% thu nhp ca cc
h gia nh hin nay. (Ngun: Schwede 2011)

47

9. Phng thc xy dng v vt liu thn thin vi mi trng

Phng thc xy dng v vt liu

thn thin vi mi trng

Gii thiu

nhit , cu trc bao che da trn

h khung kt cu cn c thm lp
cch nhit. Cn ngn nga s hnh
thnh nm mc trn tng v n
c hi cho cng trnh v c th nh
hng n sc khe ca bn.

C rt nhiu phng thc xy dng

v s dng vt liu cho nh ph
bn la chn. Cc gi sau y
s gip tng cht lng v tui th
cng trnh, ng thi tit kim nng
lng v gim chi ph.

Tng trong nh ph cn lm bng

gch khng cha cc thnh phn
ha hc c hi v khng bc ra
cht c hi. Vt liu xy dng
truyn thng c th ci thin p
ng mt cch d dng cho cc
tng thit k hin i.

Cc loi gch t nung hoc gch

tro bay (btng nh) l cc loi gch
thn thin vi mi trng c s
dng ti Vit Nam. Gch tro bay
cha 50% t, 20% ct, 10% xi
mng v cc cht gia c. Loi vt
liu ny khng ch gim gi thnh
m phng thc sn xut cng rt
c hiu qu.

Nguyn tc thit k
Vic s dng kt cu khung truyn
thng lm h kt cu ngi nh,
bn s c th b tr mt bng sn t
do v linh ng. y cng l cch
tip cn c bn cho mt h thng
xy dng sinh thi v kinh t. H
khung kt cu phi theo mt h
thng kch thc thi cng 3 chiu
to ra cc khng gian chung v
ring t ph hp trong ngi nh.
Bng cch tiu chun ha quy trnh,
chi ph c th c gim i mt
cch ng k. iu chnh khung kt
cu ra sau hay v pha trc cho
php to ra kiu kin trc bao ln,
mt phng thc n gin che
chn nng. Cc nh dng v sp
xp xen k kiu sn thng hoc
cc phn nh ra dng ban cng v
mi ua l rt hiu qu.
gi mt bn trong cng trnh,
gim thiu vic bt buc phi s
dng iu ha v trnh gradien

48

Kt cu khung ca nh ph
(Ngun: Hesse, 2009)
1. Cc mng
2. Tm sn khng thm nc (white tank)
3. H kt cu khung
V d cc loi gch tro bay
(Ngun: The Modern Green 2010)

9. Phng thc xy dng v vt liu thn thin vi mi trng

Gch tro bay khng cn phi nung

nhit cao nh gch nung thng
thng nn khng thi ra kh carbon. Vi nng lng tiu th thp,
gch tro bay ch cn c nn v
lm kh trong vng 2 tun.
Vt liu tre c th c s dng
vi nhiu cch thc khc nhau. Vt
liu ny rt tt lm cnh chp,
vch ngn, ca i v khung ca s.
Vt liu tre dng nn rt cng v
bn, thm ch c th s dng trong
phng tm hoc ngoi tri.

Bn cn bit l c th c s khc
nhau rt ln v cht lng ca
ca s. Ca khung nhm thng
s dng ch c 1 lp s gy ra r
r nng lng nhiu nht cng
trnh. Ca khung g vi knh 2-3
lp s gip duy tr nhit khng
kh mt m bn trong nh. Nhm
c s dng lm khung ca cng
gy ra rt nhiu vn , ch yu l
gy truyn nhit t ngoi vo trong
nh rt nhanh chng. Mc d y
l vt liu c th ti ch nhng li

i hi rt nhiu nng lng sn

xut. Vi mt lng sn phm l 1
kg nhm, 8,5 kg kh carbon s c
thi ra mi trng.
Trc y, v thm ch hin nay,
knh trng gng v phn quan
vn c s dng phn x nh
sng mt tri ra ngoi. H thng
knh hin nay c cc lp ph trong
sut c tc dng ngn nhit mt tri
nhng vn cho php nh sng t
nhin vo phng. Lng thu nhit
mt tri qua ca s cng phi c
xem xt khi la chn loi ca s
lp t, c bit khi kt cu che
chn nng khng hiu qu.

Tm sn bng tre ca nh my The Bamboo Factory ti Vit Nam

(Ngun: www. thebamboofactory.com)

Tc dng hu ch ca vt liu ny
l hon ton thuyt phc. Tre c
tc pht trin nhanh chng, thc
s c ngha nh mt loi g a
phng, c gi thnh r v gy t
kh thi carbon vo mi trng do
vn chuyn gn. Tre cng hp th
lng carbon ioxin ln v thi ra
nhiu oxy hn hu ht cc loi cy
xanh khc.

3
1. Cnh ca lt
2. Khung cch nhit
3. Knh 2 lp
Mt ct ca s
(Ngun: Euro-window, TP. H Ch Minh)

49

9. Phng thc xy dng v vt liu thn thin vi mi trng

Mt yu t chnh ca vt liu xy
dng bn vng l gim thiu vic
s dng cc ha cht c hi. Cn
phi trnh nhng ri ro nh kh c
hi thot ra t nha, sn, vecni,
thm, g ngm formaldehyde. i
vi lp ph tng, nn s dng
sn nc khng cha ha cht lm
long. Thay vo , va trt xtuc
c nh bng s r hn v d
bo qun hn. Bn c th lm sch
tng bng ming bt bin v lp
sn c th hng nm m khng
cn sn li.

s gip to ra vi kh hu tt hn cho
mi ngi trong thnh ph.

To trng, ca s v ca i
rng thng gi c tt hn.

Gi
La chn loi kt cu khung chnh
ca cng trnh cho php b tr mt
bng sn t do v linh hot.
Thit k mi nh v ban cng
che chn nng.

Nn nh rng, ngi nh sinh thi

khng ch c ngha l s dng t
nng lng m cn phi d bo
qun. D nhin, cc loi nha khng
c cng c th l vt liu c ch.
Chng hn, ngi lp mi c th lm
t cc loi nha nh ti ch.
Mt vt liu rt c bit l cy
xanh. Cy xanh c th trng ngoi
nh to vng bo v, to bng
rm v to ra lp lm mt cho
khng kh i xuyn qua v i vo
lm mt cc khng gian bn trong
nh nh quy trnh thng gi lm
mt on nhit. Ti thnh ph
nhim nh TP. H Ch Minh, li ch
ca cy xanh l rt r. Cy xanh
lm sch bi bn khng kh, chuyn
kh carbon thnh oxygen, v cung
cp khng kh trong lnh cho mi
trng. Vic s dng cy xanh
nhiu nhn chung mi trng hp

S dng vt liu a phng nh

gch tro bay hoc tre nn.
Hn ch s dng cc loi vt liu
c thnh phn ha hc c hi.

6
2

1. Tng xanh v cy trng

ti ban cng
2. Rau v cy c
3. Kt cu mi xanh
4. Tm che nng
5. Tm nng lng mt tri
6. Cy ci, cy bi v tre

1
Vn hu ch trn mi (Ngun: Hesse, 2011)

50

S dng kt cu 2 lp trong trng

hp khng th lp t kt cu che
chn nng.

9. Phng thc xy dng v vt liu thn thin vi mi trng

S dng cc phng thc xy

dng v vt liu c th d dng
bo qun v c tui th cao.
7

Hy t lm
Xem xt cc khe gia ca s v
tng. R r kh ng ngha vi r
r nng lng, v gy lng ph tin.
C rt nhiu loi bt bt kn thn
thin vi mi trng c coi l bn
vng, khng ch do chng gip ci
thin vic tiu th nng lng, m
hp cht cha cc thnh phn
c th ti ch hoc ti s dng.
S dng cy xanh che chn nng,
lm mt, lc khng kh v cung cp
oxy.

5
2

1
Mt ct nh ph in hnh (Ngun: Hesse, 2011)

1. Chng thm cho khung kt cu

Ch

2. Tng lm bng gch tro bay

Cn m bo cc thnh phn mi
nh, bao ln c cch nhit
trnh cho chng tr thnh nhng
cu truyn nhit.

Gi cho khng gian m chnh ca

ngi nh c thng gi; mt khc,
khng tht thot nhit t cc
khng gian s dng iu ha.

3. H thng mt ng cch nhit

Lun nh rng khi phn chia khng

gian trong nh theo cc khu vc
lm mt, bn cng cn xem xt n
tt c cc yu cu v xy dng c
lin quan.

Vic s dng tng v ca s

cch nhit l rt quan trng, thm
ch c pha bn trong nh.

6. Sn khng c cht c hi

4. Sn v vch tng bng tre

5. Ca s knh 2 lp cch nhit

7. Vn trn mi hu ch

51

10. Phng chng ngp lt

10

Phong chng ngp lut

Gii thiu
Ngp lt ngy cng xy ra thng
xuyn v nghim trong hn ti TP.
H Ch Minh trong vong vai nm
gn y. H thng ia cht thu vn
thi khng chi bi anh hng bi
triu cng, ma con bi cac cn
ma to ngay cang tng, va lu v
t cac khu vc thng ngun.
Tuy nhin, cac nguy c v mi
trng ca TP. H Ch Minh a
phn la do thay i kh hu va phat
trin thi. Nha va khu dn c
thng khng co thit k phu hp
am bao ngn v chng ngm
nc ma, cung nh khng co cac
h thng thoat nc hiu qua rut
nc vo cc thi im mc nc
ln cao. t tr khng thm thu
nc ngy mt tng do thi hoa
cac khu vc ngn va thm nc
trc y lam giam cng sut
tr, thoat nc l v nc ma
ca th. Mc nc mt cao, h
thng thoat nc thng nhim
v khng m bo, lm tc thoat
nc chm v gy ra ngp lt ti
cc khu vc trng. Ngp lut lam tran
nc bn ra t h thng cng ranh,
gy nhim nc, to ra dich bnh,
huy hoai nha va cac cng trinh c

52

s ha tng. Ngp lt do thuy triu

cung gy ra hin tng nhim mn,
lam hai cy trng va mua mang.
Cac phng an chng ngp lt
Noi chung, vn ngp lt phai
c giai quyt hiu qua trn din
rng (cp thanh ph va khu vc)

bng mt chin lc cn bng cac

phng an ky thut khac nhau nh
xy dng h thng knh mng,
iu, hoc bao v cac khu vc m
ly v ng bng ngp l. Di y
s gii thiu mt s phng an c
ban x ly chng ngp lut cho
nha va cac khu dn c.

Khu dn c

Nha

Nng trn
mc lut

Nng mt ng
va/ hoc toa nha

Nng tng hm/ tng

trt

Cac cng trinh

ngn nc l
thm nhp
(chng ngp kh)

Ngn nc c inh Tng trt ngn nc

( iu) hoc tam tam thi hoc c
inh
thi (tng chn
lu)

Cac cng trinh

Cc con ng
thot nc ngp chng l vi cac
(chng ngp t) tuyn thoat nn

Tng trt c s
dng tm thi
chng lt

Cac ky thut khac

iu va ng
ng thoat nc,
bm nc

Gii thiu v cc gii php bo v l lt (Ngun: Eckert 2011)

10. Phng chng ngp lt

Nng nn ng v/
hoc nn nh
Nng nn ton b khu vc dn c
hoc nng nn cc ta nh l bin
php ph bin cc khu mi ti
TP. H Ch Minh. cac khu dn c
hin hu, co th nng ng ni
b, hm, nu nn ng khu thp
hn ng ph chinh, hoc thp
hn mc ngp nc.
ng p va ng bao v b sung Qun 8 TP. H Ch Minh
(Ngun: Michael Waibel 2011; Druskath 2011)

Ch

Nn thao lun vi chinh quyn

tin hanh hoat ng nay mt cach
hp phap, cung nh tun theo theo
cac quy chun thit k va yu cu ky
thut. Nc t cac con ph va toa
nha c nng ln c th se chay
xung cc khu vc xung quanh lm
anh hng ti cac khu vc dn c
ln cn.

Hy t lm
Nng tng hm/ tng trt
Nu tng hm hoc tng trt nh
bn thp hn ng ph chinh,
hoc mc ngp in hinh, tng
hm/tng trt co th phai nng ln
mc an toan ngp lt. Bn c th t
lam, nhng se tn kem va phai am
bao s dng cac nguyn liu chng
thm nc. Chu y x l nc ong
t h thng thoat nc.

1. Nng san
2. ng dc va bc thang
3. Hm chng lut
Vi du v cac cach thch ng c bn (Ngun: Michael Waibel 2011; Druskath 2011)

53

10. Phng chng ngp lt

Nguyn vt liu Gia thanh (ng)

Tit kim tin

Van

~10,000-20,000/tm

Tui cat

~50,000-100,000/tui

Xi mng

~ 50,000-70,000/bao

Gach (A)

~110,000/m2

Soi

~75,000/khi

Cht dnh/keo dan

Bin phap bao v c inh/

tm thi
p p va chng nc dng
l bin php chng l c inh. Tuy
nhin, cac bin phap nay kha tn
kem, cn quy hoach chnh xc v
chi co chinh quyn thanh ph mi
co th thc hin c. Cac tng
chng lut di ng co th d dang
xy dng tai v tr nhng p ngn
nc a xy va ngi dn ia
phng co th t lp t trong
trng hp bi lut.

Di 100,000/lo

Ga thnh chi cho vt liu chng lt

(Ngun: Hng 2010)

Tng chng lt di ng c lm bng h thng dm ngn nc cho cc cng trnh cng

cng (Ngun: IBS 2010)

Tng chng ngp lt tam thi

hoc c inh
Tng trt hoc tng hm co th
c bao kn bng cac tng
chng thm nc/ chng ngp c
nh hoc di ng. Cac tng nay
phai cao trn mc ngp nc in
hinh it nht la 50 cm. Cac ch bao
kin c inh se han ch li vao toa
nha.

Bit kin cac ch h c inh hoc di ng

(Ngun: ICPR 2002/www.floodpanel.com)

Thit k c bn chng nc xm nhp

(Ngun: Hng 2010)

Tng trt co th c bit kin tam

thi nh cac cng/ca chng lut.
Tuy nhin, chung kha tn kem va
cn kim tra thng xuyn am
bao chng hoat ng tt.

Hy t lam
t cac chng ngai vt ngn
nc vao la mt giai phap phu hp
va re tin cho tt ca cac h gia inh.
Co th t cac tm van g hoc cac
chng ngai vt khac ngay trc
bc ca. Co th dung cc vt liu bt
kn chn thm cho kht vo khung
ca. Nn s dung cc loi sap
bit kin cac l hng. Cac bin phap
khac ngn nc la s dng tui
cat, a, xi mng va gach.

Ch

Vt liu bt kn co th g ra v co
th dung lai c sau khi s dung.

Ca chng lut ong va m ca chng lut tai tng trt cua thanh ph Hafen Hamburg

54

Cac tui cat, gach, xi mng, a

co th s lam hong mt ngoai cua
nha.

10. Phng chng ngp lt

iu va ng ng thoat nc
Co th xy h thng bn ngoai
nha ngn lut. ng ng thoat
nc cung co tac dung, nu nc
lut tran ln t ming h ga bn trong
nh.

ng ph chng ngp nc
vi cac li thoat nn
Cac ng ph va ngo hem co th
c xy dng nh knh ao tam
thi, c th tr nc ti khi xy
ra l ln. ng ph va via he s
khng s dung c khi bi lut, nn
cn co thm cac ng thot nn
khi vt qua mc lut an toan.
Tng trt s dng tam thi
chng lt
Tng trt chng lt (p lt nn va
tng, lp t thit bi in trn mc
nc lut) tam thi co th bi ngp
nc nhng khng h hai nng.

Cac li thot khn cp c inh

Tng v sn chng thm (Ngun: www.lsuagcenter.com)

Bm nc
S dng h thng bm nc l cn
thit nu khu dn c c bo v
bi h thng iu, nhng l lt
tng ln do h thng thot nc ni
b trong thi gian c triu cng.
H thng bm nc cng cng la
mt phng tin tt bm nc t
khu dn c ra knh ao hoc sng.

ng ng thoat nc
(Ngun: Hng 2010; Waibel 2011)

55

11. Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

11

Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

Gii thiu

Khng nn !

Nn !

Di y, bn s c cung cp
tng quan v nhng ci m bn nn
lm v nhng ci bn nn trnh,
lin quan n thch ng kh hu v
tit kim nng lng cho nh ph
ti TP. H Ch Minh.
Mt s yu t c x n c th
khng thuc trch nhim ca bn
m ca c quan hnh chnh a
phng hoc cc cng ty pht trin
nh.
Nu bn nhn thy hin tng ang
lm sai, ng chn ch trong vic
trao i vi cc c s c lin quan.

Khng c hnh lang phc v cc

b, khng c thng gi.

C hnh lang phc v cc b cho

php thng gi gia 2 dy nh, to
ra i lu nhit v thng thong.

Xy dng qu ti v ln xn pha
trn khu vc sn trong s khin
khng m bo thng gi v khng
to ra kh i lu.

Sn trong gip tng cng thng

gi cho ngi nh.

Cc chuyn gia c uy tn t S xy
dng TP. H Ch Minh xc nhn
ni dung ca chng ny.

56

11. Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

Khng nn !

Nn !

Mt tin ngi nh khng c, ban

cng, v thit b che chn nng dn
n ti nhit mt tri ln, tng nhu
cu iu ha khng kh, v gy lng
ph nng lng.

Mt ng ngi nh c lgia, ban

cng v h thng che chn nng.
Kt qu l gim lng thu nhit mt
tri, tit kim iu ha khng kh v
gim lng ph nng lng.

Nu nh bn khng c ging tri/

sn trong, bn s khng c chiu
sng t nhin v phi dng chiu
sng nhn to, thm ch vo ban
ngy, gy lng ph nng lng.

Sn trong/ging tri gip chiu

sng t nhin v thng thong cho
cng trnh.

57

11. Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

Khng nn !

Nn !

Cy xanh trng li i b em li
bng rm cho ng ph v va
h, gip gim nhit v tng gi
tr cnh quan. Ngoi ra, cy xanh
cng mang li nhng li ch b
sung nh:
che nng cho khu vc xe dc
ng
khu vc xanh nh c th l khng
gian chung cho cc hot ng
cng ng
Khu vc c nhiu cy xanh c th
h tr cho nhng ngi bn hng
rong. Bng cch ny, nhiu ngi
s c c hi tr nn quen thuc vi
khu vc ny v gp phn lm tng
sc sng th.

Khng c khong li, khng c cy

xanh v sn trong b che kn, ngi
nh d b lm nng v thit k th
tr nn thiu thng nht.

58

Dy nh ph ny c khong li.
Thm vo , cy ci cng gp
phn to ra mi trng vi kh hu
tt.

11. Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

Khng nn !

Nn !

Ging tri trong nh ny khng c

cy xanh v h nc nh lm
mt.

Ging tri vi khu vc cy xanh

to tin nghi vi kh hu.

Mi khng c h thng un nc
bng nng lng mt tri.

Cn lp t h thng un nc
bng nng lng mt tri bt c
ni no c th.

59

11. Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

Khng nn !

Nn !

S dng knh mt lp trc tip v

rt nhiu iu ha.

S kt hp gia knh v tng

xanh s gim nhit bn trong

Thit b cn nhiu in nng: ht

mi nh bp/ Khng tn dng nh
sng t nhin.

Tn dng nh sng t nhin/ Han

ch s dng in.

60

11. Tng quan: Nn v Khng nn!

Khng nn !

S dng qu nhiu n c in
nng cao, dn n lng ph in
nng.

Nn !

S dng bng n tit kim in.

Ngun ca cc bc nh trong Chng 11: S Xy dng TP. H Ch Minh.

61

12. Ngun

12

Ngun

i tc xy dng ni dung

TS. Michael A. Waibel

Khoa a l kinh t, i hc Hamburg
Bundesstr. 55, D-20146 Hamburg, CHLB c
ThS. KH KTS. Christoph Hesse
Khoa Kin trc, i hc cng ngh Darmstadt
El-Lissitzky-Str.1, D-64287 Darmstadt, CHLB c
TS. Dirk A. Schwede (PhD, USyd. AUS)
Cng ty energydesign (Shanghai) Co.,Ltd.
Chifeng Road 63, 200092 Shanghai, China
ThS. Vn Nguyt
Gim c Quc gia Live & Learn
S 30, ng 32/26, ng T Ngc Vn, H Ni, Vit Nam
ThS. KH Ng Th T Nhin
Vin ng dng Cng ngh
B Khoa hc v Cng Ngh
25 L Thnh Tng, H Ni, Vit Nam

KTS. Trng Sn
Phng Pht trin th, S Xy dng TP. H Ch Minh
60 Trng nh, qun 3, TP. H Ch Minh, Vit Nam
KTS. Trn Thu Hng
Khoa Quy hoch th, Trng H Kin trc TP. H Ch Minh
196 Pasteur, qun 3, TP HCM, Vit Nam
K s Ronald Eckert
Trng i hc BTU Cottbus
Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 1, D-03046 Cottbus, CHLB c
trang web: http://www.tu-cottbus.de/projekte/de/megacity-hcmc/

62

12. Ngun

Vn cy trong nh ph (Ngun: Linh, 2010)

Cng tc thc hin

S Xy dng TP. H Ch Minh, Vit Nam

Cc Pht trin th, B Xy dng, H Ni, Vit Nam

Cc Qun l Nh v Th trng Bt ng sn, B Xy dng, H Ni, Vit Nam

Chng trnh Mc tiu Quc gia v S dng Nng lng Tit kim v Hiu qu, B Cng thng, Vit Nam

Vn phng kin trc a phng: NQH Architects, TP. H Ch Minh v Kin trc s Lai The Duy, TP. H Ch Minh

Trng i hc Kin trc TP H Ch Minh, Vit Nam

Ni dung ti liu c xc nhn bi cc c quan c thm quyn:

63

12. Ngun

Thng tin sn phm

S tay ngi nh xanh: Gii php thch ng kh hu v tit kim nng lng cho cng trnh ti thnh ph H Ch
Minh. Phin bn 1: Nh ph (bin tp:) Hesse, C., Schwede D. & M. Waibel 2011). 68 trang.

Ti min ph
Trang web ca d n D n nghin cu Siu th ca thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Bn ting Vit:

http://www.tu-cottbus.de/projekte/de/megacity-hcmc/urban-development/overview/
2011_edition_Handbook_for_Green_Housing_VN.pdf

Bn ting Anh:

http://www.tu-cottbus.de/projekte/de/megacity-hcmc/urban-development/overview/
2011_edition_Handbook_for_Green_Housing_ENG.pdf

Trang web ca Chng trnh mc tiu Quc gia v s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu (VNEEP):
Bn ting Vit:

http://tietkiemnangluong.com.vn/home/eepmedia/2011_edition_Handbook_for_Green_Housing_VN.pdf

Bn ting Anh:

http://tietkiemnangluong.com.vn/home/eepmedia/2011_edition_Handbook_for_Green_Housing_ENG.pdf

64

12. Ngun

Ti liu Tham kho

Deutsche Energie Agentur (2010): Machen Sie dicht: Energiesparen in Gebuden. Mit wenig Aufwand viel
erreichen: Richtig heizen, dmmen, lften, 42 trang.
Deutsche Energie Agentur (2003): Modernisierungsratgeber Energie, Kosten sparen, Wohnwert steigern,
Umwelt schonen, 57 trang.
Hesse, C. (2009): Phase 1 report on the analysis of locally established housing typologies. Report, 60 trang.
Hesse, C. (2009): Phase 2 report on concept design proposals and draft guidelines for energy- and climate efficient
housing typologies. Report, 40 trang (A3).
Schwede, D. (2009): 1st report: results of the computational simulation study on energy-efficiency measures
in the design of a modern Vietnamese Shophouse in Ho Chi Minh City, 22 trang.
Waibel, M. (2009): 1st report on the awareness, behavior, acceptance and needs of energy-efficient
structures and goods among middle- and upper-class households of Ho Chi Minh City. Survey Report, 108 trang.
Waibel, M. (bin tp) (2010): Climate Change and Sustainable Urban Development in Vietnam (K yu hi tho:
Bin i kh hu v Pht trin th bn vng ti Vit Nam). Proceedings of a Conference organized at Goethe
Institute Hanoi, 14-15 September 2010, H Ni, Vit nam, 376 trang.
Cc vn bn php lut c lin quan:
Lut s: 50/2010/QH12: Lut S dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu do Ch tch Quc hi Nguyn Ph Trng
k ngy 17/6/2010, 16 trang.
Quyt nh s 51/2011/Q-TTg: Quyt nh quy nh danh mc phng tin, thit b phi dn nhn nng lng,
p dng mc hiu sut nng lng ti thiu v l trnh thc hin do Th tng Nguyn Tn Dng k ngy
12/9/2011, 5 trang.
Ngh nh s 73/2011/N-CP: Ngh nh quy nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh v s dng nng lng tit kim
v hiu qu do Th tng Nguyn Tn Dng k ngy 24/8/2011, 29 trang.

Dch thut v hiu nh

V Phng Linh, Ng Th T Nhin, Michael Waibel.

Ngun nh
Christoph Hesse (1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 48, 50, 51),
Dirk Schwede (11, 13, 22, 26, 44, 47), Michael Waibel (8, 22, 25, 28, 32, 33, 36, 45, 53, 54, 55), Ceyhan Cce (35),
Ronald Eckert (52, 54, 55), IBS (54), ICPR (54), Vu Thi Phuong Linh (23, 43, 63), Live & Learn (38, 40, 41, 42),
Ngo Thi To Nhien (34, 37, 45), Stephanie Druskath (53), www.floodpanel.com (54), www.lsuagcenter.com/ (55),
Thu Hang Tran (54, 55, 63), S Xy dng thnh ph H Ch Minh (56-61), Enrique Browne (25),
Prof. Hegger, TU Darmstadt (23, 24) Eurowindow, HCMC / Vietnam (49), The Modern Green (48),
The Bamboo Factory, Vietnam (49)

Li cm n
Cun s tay ny c dch v xut bn vi s h tr v hp tc ca S Xy dng thnh ph H Ch Minh, Chng
trnh mc tiu Quc gia v s dng nng lng tit kim v hiu qu, Phng Thng mi Chu u ti Vit Nam v
D n nghin cu Siu th ca thnh ph H Ch Minh c ti tr bi B Gio dc v Nghin cu c.

65

NH XUT BN GIAO THNG VN TI

Tn giao dch quc t: TRANSPORT PUBLISHING HOUSE

80B ph Trn Hng o, phng Trn Hng o, qun Hon Kim, thnh ph H Ni.
Phone/ S in thoi: +844-3942-3346; +844-3822-1627; +844-3942-4620.
Email: nxbgtvt@fpt.vn; Website: http://www.nxbgtvt.vn
Chu trch nhim xut bn: L T Giang
Bin tp: Phm Quang Hun
Thit k: Christoph Hesse, Dirk Schwede, Michael Waibel
In 3.020 cun, kh 21 x 29,7 cm ti Nh xut bn Giao thng vn ti.
ng k k hoch xut bn s: 1252-2011/CXB/1-140/GTVT.
Quyt nh xut bn s: 166/Q-GTVT ngy 10 thng 11 nm 2011.
In xong v np lu chiu thng 11 nm 2011.
ISBN: 978-604-76-0030

CHNG TRNH MC TIU QUC GIA V S DNG

NNG LNG TIT KIM V HIU QU
54 Hai B Trng, Hon Kim, H Ni, Vit Nam
in thoi: +844-2220-2412 Fax: +844-2220-2412
Email: vptknl@moit.gov.vn
Website: http://tietkiemnangluong.com.vn