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a) form
F kq1q2 /r
F kq1q2 /r
b)Units
Twopossibilities:
definekandderiveq(esu)
defineqandderivek(SI)
Definecoulomb(C)asthequantityofchargethat
producesaforceof9x109Nonobjects1mapart.
F kq
9 10 N
k(1C)
1q2 /r/(1m)
9
2 2
k 9 10 N
9
Forpracticalreasons,thecoulombisdefined
usingcurrentandmagnetismgiving
k=8.988x109Nm2/C2
Permittivityoffreespace
1
12 2
2
0
8.84 10 C /Nm
4 k
Then
1 q1q2
F
2
4 0 r
c)Fundamentalunitofcharge
e=1.602x1019C
Example:Forcebetweentwo1Ccharges
1mmapart
F=kq1q2/r2=9109(106)2/(103)2N=9000N
~weightof1000kgobject(1tonne))
sameasforcebetweentwo1Ccharges1kmapart
Example:Coulombforcevsgravityforelectrons
m,e
Fg
FC=ke2/r2
m,e
FC
FN=Gm2/r2
Ratio:
2
9
19 2
FC
ke
(9 10 )(1.6 10 ) N
2
FN Gm
(6.7 10 11 )(9.11031 ) 2 N
4 10
42
Example:VelocityofanelectronintheBohrAtom
Coulombforce:F=kq1q2/r2(attractive)
Circularmotionrequires:F=mv2/r
So,
v2=kq1q2/mr
Forr=5.29x1011m,v=2.18x106m/s
d)Superpositionofelectricforces
Netforceisthevectorsumofforcesfromeach
charge
F3
q1
q2
q3
F2
F1
Netforceonq:F=F1+F2+F3
6)ElectricField
abstraction
separatescauseandeffectinCoulombslaw
a)Definition
r
r F
E
q0
Units:N/C
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
b)Fieldduetoapointcharge
q0
Q
r
Coulombslaw:
ElectricField:
r r
E//
F
Qq0
Fk 2
r
Q
E F /q0 k 2
r
directionisradial
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
r kQ
E 2 r
r
c)Superpositionofelectricfields
Netfieldisthevectorsumoffieldsfromeachcharge
E3
q1
q2
q3
E2
E1
NetfieldatP:E=E1+E2+E3
Example
D=3m
d
16C
4C
q2
FinddtogiveE=0atP
E P E1 E 2 0
q411
q12 2
kq
kq
22
2
(D d)
d
E2
E1 E 2
E1
2(D d) d
4(D
d
2
d 2Dor D 6mor2m
2
3
7)ElectricFieldLines(linesofforce)
a)Directionofforceonpositivecharge
radialforpointcharges
outforpositive(begin)
infornegative(end)
b)Numberoflinesproportionaltocharge
2Q
c)Beginandendonlyoncharges;nevercross
E?
d)Linedensityproportionaltofieldstrength
Linedensityatradiusr:
N
1
Numberoflines
2 2
4r
r
areaofsphere
Linesofforcemodel<==>inversesquarelaw
8)Applicationsoflinesofforcemodel
a)dipole
b)twopositivecharges
c)Unequalcharges
d)Infiniteplaneofcharge
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+ q,A
+
Bycomparisonwiththe
fieldfromapointcharge,
wefind:
Fieldisuniformandconstantto?,
inbothdirections
Electricfieldisproportionaltotheline
density,andthereforetothecharge
density,=q/A
E
2 0
e)Parallelplatecapacitor(assumeseparationsmallcomparedtothesize)
E+
E
EL=0
+
+
+
+
E+
E
E=2E+
Stronguniformfieldbetween:
Fieldzerooutside
E+
E
ER=0
E / 0
Fringingfieldsneartheedges
f)Sphericallysymmetricchargedistribution
Symmetry==>radial
numberoflinesprop.tocharge
+
+
+
Outsidethesphere:
r kq
E 2 r
r
asthoughallchargeconcentratedatthe
centre(likegravity)
9)ElectricFieldsandConductors
Excesschargeresidesonsurface
atequilibrium
Fieldinsideiszeroateqm;
chargesmoveuntil|E1|=|E2|
E1
E1
E2
Closedconductorshieldsexternalfields
E
E=0
Fieldlines
perpendicularat
surface
Fieldoutside
conductingshell
notshielded
Fieldoutsidegrounded
shellisshielded
Fieldlargerforsmaller
radiusE=kq/r2
(concentratedatsharp
tips)
Demonstration:Vande
Graafgenerator
purpose:toproducehighfieldby
concentratingchargeusedto
accelerateparticlesforphysicsexpts
principle:chargeonconductors
movestothesurface