z 2 aoupag un mu The History of THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT in France, 1789 - 1850 LORENZ von STEIN Ore te en errr Da Crear d[Lorenz von Stein: THE HISTORY OF THE ‘SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN FRANCE, 1789-1850 ‘Trandatd, toduced, and eed by octhe Mengetborg “This the ist and only English edition of ‘Gasca! works which kes es of Chinese bane, can be appreciated om many Teel ‘The cute bor i simply the history of the Freveh Revolton- Hf fous and easy fide to the Revlon fr the ‘Geman. peg work writen wth teas and Dogue y's brant young man eho went fo study i ast inthe 1BiUe The second bor te social, Stes book came te funderd sour of lnowedge about soci [Eu before Marsan developed ts ll-edged fence It continued for more thas hall = ‘Sotary tobe igptaton for reformist ovement Indeed, many off thes 1 iain very mach alive tolay. For exam on Stes delineation af the lined im Dontance of costal felon as com ated to changes m_propetydtbution, Ent hi contention tha voting gh ae ‘Hfectal as lg us chances t sequte prop ftp and dation aze rst, help ts Ghlenstand porting probleme of oy a swell ystery. (Continued om ack flap) (Continued fom fon op) The thd ons scl theory. Sin de eloped = they of elt inate SES ciple ae thon [evel and formated web propos {im at cats regs an el age. His bok eneatal tthe Rat of sh logy and poled scene: Charly Se of Mt tte were Sovlped ‘uer hein Ahem The sera esone feds Sunde, asonding to won Sti re “weve. Sonor efoo "Ths postin wa jected Mar tno of "th ete rerohaton Int the ever we have accmultd since th ae to avr vo Sc they. “Te mmemon ow vom Sts ork Hogan “We have eee Hepelan conception of sods Bante of sndien cheng dow 10 acoummtion of Snaner rw Sen athe ey to soy, Sct Sings itr sbdoned his mecha of hangs i vor of the equi medias ian However im cent years dewcht- ‘eect ha gown wth tet moss {ed itre gun ts tothe older model ‘Thos von Stas wor sot oly of Hered tnportane, great ay that ny hy it mets 200 the tat os caval work cree set to any ester Bad cu an pation forthe bt ways of dealing ith coeur problemsDp 44-4 gD THE HISTORY OF = THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT ““ IN FRANCE, 1789-1850 Introduced, edited and translated by Kaethe Mengelberg cual. Frau ia-Hidtia TBPHYRedese) 1 Seyfe 19, (Hocineore P THE BEDMINSTER PRESSCopyright © 1964 The Bainter Pres, Tow, New Jey brary of Capes Calg Cal No, 6415771 Reales of his bok nied 0 sd th ames and dirs Yo Toe Benner Pras, Vind, he ertore about ather books tm the Sacil Sess fab Ie by er Brenan Pa. Contents Sri 5" Sen ond the Socal Rooms 33 Stee Es wht ta 4 he Omi f Brae fay a Revita R Nea mene ove pg tte ‘The Cmewpt of Social Dependence 64 Te Bn nd he Delt of Sol nerds Toward Independence 88. The Preandtio fr the Deep Bee Set Ineoennce, had Ogi oe Conga Law of Poel Rowton 75.‘The Faun the Ct ad the Pinole the Soil Nove ‘Ail Cnideton: Geman wd Fnsoe 92 Ena. = Prince of Kavay an the New Tato "Te Bile fe Third Eatte 112 “The Notblr of 78 Tand1788 21. The Etats Genel and {Mahe Fit rc fe Now Sty ate New Ont SG Ponety Mgr Tif vthe Th ane nd he Tow He ‘nt ofthe New Soy, 1a Conte Te Ute‘ Fromey Tan “he Tranaton ote Demacrto-CamenunitiePvod 128 The Graal Spun othe Te Cher The Nationa Guard td the Ce Thr Fit Ch 86 The Downfall fe neces 1105) 143. Teor 148. The Forermre of the, Mes sakes aioeateneg reemral an cain Inaction: The Reanationo sexi 180 "The Ane Sey othe Frat Pic of dhe ech Con New Msnrcly sed the Chater o June 14. The Resertin andthe uty Reet | 308 Tetrion: The Chaar of he New Hon 29 nde Socty and the Hae of Capital Onn 244 "Te lp of Ind! Soy tothe Ste, 240 otter 200.) Cooked Peanet ad te Pos "The Dependent Chet edt Soy 388 Evorgmte of hide Wrkng lat 358. The Pre {ara [cmnod} The Wage Redp the Dependant oe ‘Working Cine 250" The rrr (cote)he Soc Moet ft Lome C260 The Prlas the Ness 8 Penal Property so he Fan 250, "The Inert a Sige ot Sol Move. Senko 978 (Conmnien i sR Soin 82 eMac af Repahionim 257, The Stage and Deft The’ Genen Chute ofthe Hearn. Movement 300. The Scifi The Piel Reo Mover nd the CuAPren oN: Tie JoLY MONARCH, 1s STRUCGLE WITH INDUSTMAL The Mossy sth iting Class 319. The Patino the [hy Monchy roe Socky 32. The Cone Lass {ny nd of Pers ovement the Jaly Neary 322 ‘The Dewlopnen othe Pande of Pens Coverame 5. Lone Page Stee ws Indl Sica "990 The Dowie be Momry 35 Seca 340.” The Elements of Owneahip ad the Lew Ren Smiety 351. (The Republic of Industral Ownenhip 31 Snltbe Chis "Se. The prt Lesrod Mecca ee gy St ie Mra dre Te Conor Indetril Socty 387.” The Suge of the two Claes 200, ‘The Sage bewece Capit nad Lab rt Cosa 18 Ey Stn wih te re fo Se, eng ‘dr ther goer erst elated oe ict HB Cutine ofthe Origin! Wk (890) 48Appendix OUTLINE OF THE ORIGINAL WORK (1850) aces) ete etn td st eatin| ‘THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY AND THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF TTHE FRENCH REVOLUTION UNTIL 1890 1 Goncpt of Scey 1) the County of Me oe Cty 2) The Oni of Btn le 5) The Grr af he Haman Comma 4) The Greet e St The Pcp of he Sue and of Soke 1) "The Cama af he Life he Cnty 2) The Pina of the Sate 3) The Peo Soy [MY Ofgn end Coney of Sei Depends 11” The nl Sone o Dependence 2) How te Raling Sil Cr Came Con ofthe State 5} The Acta Doaopmmt Sid Domination Clas Socal Piers Ete ad Caste 4) The Cncpt of Soa Dependence IW The Principled the Development of Son Independence 1) the ht of epee 3). Te bat f Al ovement Tow Sec Indapendene 5) The Prunes of he Derdapoent of Sal, 4) Bact an On ofthe Pall Movement 3). Ciap of Pati! Relom 8) Conca lw Pel Reveason 3) The des of Sol Denar abd ts ne Stine 4) Soc Revaaton 5}, Socal Reform ME A Pha! Comidraton: Gomany snd Ponce Tanaaction: Blemet ofthe French Rests 1) "The Condon and Ine Catation of French Scety ators the Reuse 2) The Pantin of the Ste n Fra blr the Reveton 3) Te Ong fhe Kna of Liberty aod ly 4 The Pradpe of Eqolty sd the New Ea f Palen ‘ibe lot Scion The al ofthe hid Bate 1) The Notable of 1757 an 1788 2) The “Pre Clncaur” and the Covet Nationa “set 45) The Decoration fhe igo Man, he Fit Pil "he Ne Soty ad the Ne Ore f repr igs ‘he New Pac Law seth Conse af 791, 5) The The Ete andthe Two Elmaat of the New ‘Shey te Cotta, ie Ft Zane Sond Sutin: The Toston othe Demictc Communit Ped 1) The Gndea! Seprtin ofthe Tw Caner ‘he Naonal Cou the Cab Thi it lsh 2) The Doll of the Moary ‘hind Seton: The Daneontic Communic Ped 1) The Tw Intentions of gay "The Dowalala h Cale 2) uli Demacrey apd the Cann of 709 3) Terai4 Te Pane Hn men nd Se BETS he re eens ef Grin & teva eo Fut actin Tato th Pre Sey norco 08 Irraucton: The Fondation of th Aisin Soy ine Seton The Og of he Bape 1) lat let of Fea Society andthe Berne of 2). The Poston of he New Arey 5) The Coup Bat of he Ib Frc he Year V (Sp ‘on 1) ©) apelin 5) Teas oan he Castine Aca Orgenton ‘fhe the 6d Brame Ano VIE (owen Soh 170); te Coat sf 1790 and th Sous Cenate Orig of 1902 1) The Orgse Lawn The Cole Cand Soci I ‘eta 1) Naps Coes 2) The imperl Order of Proc Sosy Te Roby ofthe Empires he Eas 2) ance al Oi of te Angie Sockty 44) Reece View ad Taatinn af the Next Peso Pat Thon, The Restoration ‘rin, Sragle and Victor of Cle Soy 1) "he Aequstive Soty and te Fine Proce of "hte! Cmte 2) The Comat of Ctenhip, cf Chit Comte and Gil Sit 3) The Fal of Nag, th New Monarchy an te Charter Joc 4) The Resort ad the fly Rev ‘THE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, SOCIALISM. AND COMMUNISM IN TFRANCE, 18-1548 Intraction The Charter of the Now Bra ‘art Osada Soy, Domination nd Condon 1 The Orde of Ida Ssiety iy Tmt 2) The Onin fe Ral of Capt nd Cape Owners 5) Hw Capita onal Soint 1 The Reatonain of Intl Sct othe Sate 1" Costar 4), Gina! Petmet al a tion within he Sate 5), Cinna! Marcy IL The Desens Int! Socey 1)°"Tee On af he Atego 2 Thy det the Boers of td! Wong 3) The Prana (etm) Wage Reatonsip-The De Dende ofthe Washing Cl 4) Toe"Pretaat coal) “Pooper, Nate and Conse 5) Cohn: The Proktarit Proper IV Seca! Memento he Laer Cae 1) "The Ptr he Neg f Pesan Propet and the Fam 2) Inept sd Stages of he Socal Movement Pat Te Soin 1) Samedi Fe Pr wo 18232) The Sin Simi Flt Po fh uly Reh Sem Poole fu Reva ad Sat Simei $n) Ferd Son aed Deshi hat Bored th Pars 2) Gerona te ° ‘py Hinay ond the Cg of Conte ‘Wf he Aga Comeralatin "he Page od the Fi Commiian an tr Ratoni of See et Petal epubeonim 18501855 1D) The Nore of Rept 2) The Siupieand Dele af Hepes 5} Thm to te Fis Poly Soe Movement Sind Psa: Commi sce 185 Seale Commi (Sabon) 2) ‘Reigns Goamnaton de Manfeatone 1 Bede i Magna 8) Thepie Canmnten §) Gait Comma 4) Reve Lam Paloopty of Reign Third Fv: Reform Aocement sce 1842 1)” Geel Chart ft Bloom Movement 2) ‘The'soal Romer 5} Th Fol Retonn Mivenant the Bagong of “Stl Boman Firmen Tn Sse sonon ML On Cabets Comms I Ritpthy af Sm and Commi “THE MONARCHY, THE REPUBLIC AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF TFRENCH SOCIETY SINCE THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION, 1918 Intodton 1 The Nate of Money The Concept sf Monarchy 2) The Sco Netre of Slnachy-Norarty, te Rallng ‘has nd the Sra Bete Then 2) The End of The See 4) The Monahan he Reng Cae The Jay Monarchy, Ho Stra th Industri Soy ond Downfal 1) The ston ofthe fly Monn rec ety 2} The Concept of Legacy nd Pero Gvenaent be fy Monarchy 2) The Deveopnon ofthe Price of th Poa Gog 4) nis Phipps rg th Indl Sexy Vor ‘rr te Repl ove the ra and aon ‘i ovr the Bacon Reto 1M the Down of Monariy 1) "Facaes Comting Toward te Ea G2) The Gonos de wich Monarchy Pst ret Te he hye si er cmon ee f2) The kde of the Pur Republic So ee fore Hy med Spe ot ey 3 RBS te toe ‘sea Se sto: The Contos of the Hitt Reps “The Reps hati ) The Fowl Rp and the Rees of the Rate2) The Repub of the Indl Sacty ‘Stein Seton: The Struggle een Capt nd Labor for he Co dt Bente ne Ove ‘Att frm fst Bestar 57 The Rep of Indl Nonawnentip 1) The Goal Sivtn. The Pas and et Teds 5) The Agito Raped ad the Bnd of he 2) Poon ind he Onset of Crt ‘Sorat of Indl Sacey though Ce War | iat he Rif Peal Pope 6) Ssomtyand the Rep of Mtl Interest 9) Com ” ma B)"TheOngunaton of Vane and of Cet and ‘epi ask Put Tee Th Soret ofthe Intel Sait Fence Since he 4) The Coton of Noob hd it Sig Paluny Reve Betis le i te Bat Dy The ibe wok Pat Secon: The Gradual Dedopmen andthe Ontrsk of the eft Ste barn Ctl ar pom Fan the ‘Cnceing Hema: The Prete Shape athe Moblonin Fin Sxety 2) The Chrctrof he oval Gveroet, Lamang The Sao the Soc Sg : E'rhe Condon ofthe Polenta Sei ond Fel omer 5 2) Tae Comal Novenets Th Fes ade Ch 53} The Fre Law ad Meare of the Prove Cover mt Te Pe Conte al 44) Tate Nato : 5) Lae Bn ad St Soin 2) The Orphan 6) Caton! S)"Pabary 80, The Minit ds Progr : ‘The Confer of the Loemtoore 17) The Brat Suing the Soe of the Tada 1. The Smee of he Te Claes 18) Caio Pa on te Sogn of Capital sd ‘ain Ret ihe Gener Astapmicy of Oe tal Nicweip. The Quen of Conerting te 49) The Worker? Dotan of March 20 10) Ape lth Fine Ven of te Poperyuing Clan . 19) maby of te Commer fe pe 8th Ele Mae New ‘aion ew Bower md 19) "Th Amie Continent, the Commision Erde. "The Ft Wess of Bay My Ste Sn 18 The ad he Commi detACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ti Amencan Cool of Leared Societies for a. generous grant which prenpied at cael contribution towards Oe expense of rer Baropnn varie od ll est of Sing the Tato "ena Callege, East Orange NJ for granting mea yea?’ leave of atotoce t fel the femlation ta for oflsag #8 mnoogrphic "De Terence K; Hoping, AstntProfeacr a Soiogy at Chunbia Lnvetiyy and Dr. Robert Wharton, Professor of Sosnngy at Upsala Cole frente net in he project eocoragement and sin fe vabe for he hiro of soial oug Mia ti fr rh sion of te eh De, Goth Toth for citeal aaiae of the taasaton aod the Intractom sake gggetons and asistance Inthe search for com ‘tent English agile to Stele base oases, ‘Mes. Ruth Stier fore surreal silinges 0 cooperate i eit tng pstage al to taste, aan ‘br Bente Lacknenn for ging the maniorit at al euchs, ‘argue OTe for nteligrt sod ent real wok afer the mama had reached ts al ng, a5d Dr. Manfed von Stein rndion of Lares von Sein and cxtodian his ganator's iorany Dogon, ow Hv in the United Sa, fox ivng me evan gangs Into the fey ery kM Preface When Lene von Seis bok “The History of the Soil Movement tn France fon 1780 othe Erste out 1880 the Thi French Fevolton was sll eh in everybody's min To the preace of Octo ter 188, the wuthr tater that oshidy dares to doubt that really ir bean scl revit” a fac whch conte the comets of Ie ear reiedon. The feoton of 1848 vexed the gael com ‘quer he ad dea fom is ale, that estate was aw how {sto the strug of th two ple of soy” (p. 5) and tat “Ue cal ‘qeton i longer areal cay” (p 5) int “destined to became the abance of psa and fate deveopnens” (8) ‘aos de Tocqueil, who had bren a meer tf he Continent Assembly 184, to the same pit of view inhi sles onthe Fresh FRevelton and in his Meenoze Tt ually hat the wo suthore eet ‘met: ut the srry of thar approach sing, Hoth conséeed the French Reelin of 1780 sn uxprocedened ani Sal break wi tho scopic tadiin of zope hasty. both cane to the com tloson that “rel objec was Tene +e form af goverment than few veiety” [144 p. 160] and that “te ape of socal demas Snewabe” [46 py. Both interpreta the revolsonry deve of 188 1 the test manfeatin of the esd Yowsrds ent te el of the eign Reoluion, wich ad faked in sol lationship td bh conse the tak ofthe fate age to amo fo fae wih alin practic. But wile Tocguevle i eset sone himel theyole of an lterpetaive sol hora, Sc eb his anal inva geweal concept of scety ant fn 4 conesjonding Blow of Nicry He considered his book "an atempt to ase th ts yet sy tion [ofthe redaninance ofthe sca esi] to ditt sletfe aceon” (p 6) “Thre mo don that the “History of tho Saal Movernent in Fence” inspite of all ts shwtcomanget ain af is of "hough Ste reson in ths bok her become af lasting tapostance ‘several resets In the As plas acl an pat a fetaton of hist material, Wise studying the changes in Pench secety ding the pou Hay year he fad tome tthe cocron oe teUist the titinalapprach in historical aus wa mo lng ste {actry, Soin td Comma fn Free a boo he pot of de rte for is ni dring hs soja Psi Beery 1980, The {owing espana home movement by the bering els dfraehised tr ef he eco of sal frm to avid revolution. He began to fencaive the suctre of siciety ar the base fate dterining he curse of plea devlopments Before Mare, who vas familiar with Sas putlcaten, Geveoped hie ov apron to cal Matry, Sten had expounded the concept ofthe proletatat and aged a crucial cle to cle latontpe inthe Mtv! proce Furthermore, Hr alae Ted into the wonton tat comtructve wellaepaliy was indi pensable forthe stably and progess of Industral ciety Ths he Eecame an ely advocate of cl ror arent set ingly Fly, thr edo 9 provides sable tas for toe exploration ‘eee ist atmpt tt op concept of sit a a independent term and to develop ts conten” (p. 6) seems altos pone to dverook bs contribution during the growth ofthe socal menos he {ith century. and ye ths has Boon dw aly cnet the ner atonal trate ‘ABest ‘Stein's Book arouted «grat deal of interest academic ate in Germany A second edition appeared in 15 Inter dens, the orga coatrbutior of thi wor rere anos freten eat redominenty ead rt saodard ace for sder of ary Preach Scala tnd commen, When itlctanl and pact twatecet Sf the inporance of polical and soll reform wae nly sralened a Genany in consquence ofthe cllaee aftr the First World War, sew edition war ied by Gated Salome fa 121 1 Ted to 2 ‘evi af fats Stits eatycontebton to the rowing sone OF soit. This edition has recently been repited bythe Wrst ‘Phafche Backgsellchet, Darmstadt TS. The face thet bad Sever been ulated tay purl acount forthe ce of appreciation Fis eaters My admiration fr Stein, which ges back ay stent dys, ly sited me fo venue senate foe that wt be had {© oer more than a hundre years ago real of lasting ited Interest sw document of snail spd construe cal hooght ‘loving the 10% contary sad ar 2 mggetv attempt 0 unertand nd comet pips wth te past and preset sree fr equality Tew st hi ops tote Englespecing rd othe hope of saving tom abv To ho Memory of my Teachers a the Univers of Heirs, 8. Atzsann sodInvrodvction LORENZ VON STEIN 1151800 HIS LIFE AND WORK Kosthe MengelbergLIFE AND CAREER, ‘erent vn Sn was bo‘on November th, 115 i he igs of sary near Een, the Duchy of Scie which tthe ne ‘Taryrt of Denar Hs fathery Baron von Water, Cab! af the Dann ny, cme of ole st, he morgane mang lel t= ‘pk break wi as fry ane csp he tse wi Stan After the erly death of his father, young Loess atended thc Miliny Academy a Eserfrde for con yet tring ao Ire cams othe oto of att the Kg Dear ow Tent reveal his ue ancestry and is des to rudy rahe ne cra ltr cee At og of svete, he was tr, wi he ‘Sinunce ofthe Dut Govern tot High Sol [Cima] is Henhrg an In 135 tothe Unie of Mil His cade ng Icio two ents of sty atthe Univer of Jo and erin, He tut rogetred a «ot of lew, ute slong cringe enna adn vay broad tninng tn the mane the Seal scencs [Statuinenachef]. He war artery terete’ Blsphy wet, Oat tine, Hoel and Hees metas dow ‘te be stn fore of thre two. got Heals chp is ‘Enking andthe development oft sciente aod aloopiel cam pi abd termined pesatetly ina number of way iter tn of Hstry during ll eds of hse. He rected Ris doctorate ioe with dsertatin onthe try of fg! prosodres im Dwr (i) te Universo Klin 1540 Me then wnt Fr for Rather enc in juris; td: tas che pred in France gave him hs it fight Into te re ‘Seship betwen sal con td Bw Iv Ser plats oa fall prosedings ts France snc on Prem munca comttie falowed Both quo wee wt oly thon ef scar, he tea cosinuosy reed corest.poltcal cents an endowed ‘rh emperor ori aot ning hissy Pas be wan ‘eer comet oft Augurer Algemene Zetang, ena ten wh he ep ought bie Bic’ sojourn Tal ring is formative years, fam the age of 381 30, ws dace for his nla development wih ead fo eth the Sl ad the od oh ater scary won Hetinthe at move seed hough cons wih es panera Conant Rey, Lis Blane and Cabet, wh we Pere waka anata orci wel a hough ho feel poi cit, He cxprnced Pane a a wotlshop where ‘oy seine mae Hsin am oi nF ve in bate eh te ude of scl ed pole evel then, pet scl fateh he rete spain Ii ay youth The yas a Frac, ray. termined is wnigne post ten ine hay fal ought epesting bh French psn sd Hegaln alin IDE he pled is rst aor wk, Der Staion wad Kom iminomar der heutigan Frick, Em Bota. ur Zetgorcih I ‘To cipecaclr te and wa lowed in 86 by a sero large Int Reed eftion The thd at eal yerion appeeed fates vl inc under the tile Cech dor Soca Beezang i Frankreich on 185 is sf nme Tas, pb I bere Stein ero {Bo sry of te tne and wore of he sepresetates of calm it [nscortt of hier vet a of he scl costo of the wok ite cs the newly comcened snore ion der the {ile “The Concept of Soety aid it Dyeamic Laws paca hs is {eal sody ity he ewe on gto ery of ty ao Be Schl moveen Tir veutaon ar» chr was huh eta After Be turn frm Par be bream Pctdotnt athe Univer of Ki ad wus ‘raat to Auswondicher Pojesor in Toi. Bt sen he, was ‘ugh up Ine pull coroner hi ete county, and he ‘Sulomic carer brane vriouly reste He fad anys ken 4 Toulon favor of Sclenwig Holes idepeaace; in 1600 be had ‘Zgne's moors wi sgt ths pte oncrig the ere {thy mocuc e Duchy of Selowag, sped Be. postion tie ty the Caran Coeletion aint any erect onthe ‘ets of Seong by est ond Ica argu Dring the sort eo indepen of Schism (194150), Stein eee S*Dalgae of the Poison Cora Pary fn 188 he. war ‘eceis menber fhe RepesiveAoiy. Wi, 189 De Sra roel fe le tee Slaw Stel It fem nd wa foe olen aaton was pry fico eee ‘Sitovgn eronay oppo t Dah eke neve war cea ‘Sextet Pra ok ding th ogg Te Prin Gow Sites ater fg Nin 8 mot ly Soa Kin te pp ‘evel w his cleo of Bling t now cade poston Pra bt sho ond Rs fasone to prevent is apeintent tn Wisbrg, ‘hah the Bavaria Govrnent war wiling oer Na a 184 Aer his dma Kc Stine Comer a een ou lit tied es fais nb ein pion ee tart Deutche Vrobrheyt ted ine popular nespepe Destuche Algenine Zong. "These freq appeusd snoneny {pn odes wit hiatal pect {Fie Sligo conor: as well as tope ofmve geneal omoni, soclopa and biorcal itret. Though ween or the fecal pb, they all ary the rk of scholar, and cond be of Sceral interet to mao ewe ty. Aton ten aos nthe sacra of soy Dor Ween des arbetnen Eitonment nd sein beneres Vern 2 Amun Adel (1882), Demalatio hd Areorane (1851. and sete of ares comer te tc ovement in Gemany, France snd Expand pind ttn 194 {nt 16 in Cegrart. Obes, hte Das Comtieteien der Never Ze (185) and Zar Preven Verfsnngnge (185), dak m0, Publ w im Geary, and sl thers with pee rata ut Sos ofthe German Yanking snd monetary Beem Sic’ trad and through tating in the dierent branches of the sil ences, th ese aed inaeation with which he ote a Abit combine a sytenati apron wth the asaya of rat ‘ta secured his sucocn as 8 amas ting these tsnonal dar He was on the pit of Soepngan etoile the Dratche Algemene Zt wh the death ef te pola commit Nowak tthe Univer of Viena crested an pening fr fsa tupoatnen ere He had the pve becking ef hs ied, Per Yen Brock, thm Seeetary of Fee, and tat of the Mtr fr Ca ‘eal and Seine Afi, Baron Leo von Tham, who vated les and promises forte tre ery highly. AC Uso, Stes fener tags pat Prosi ay ave operated fa Ms avers te ‘cmon by vn Than elabonts i at ents song ees Sta pfeene fr the Austin ply [9 p. At) Stein boa Poles of Polit Ezanomy tthe Universty of Wena in 188 He Bek is pont ett hs setremen in 188 For ove thirty yeas be war active a ecb and schlara oe of 8h det rman univer he had Bally fond an ado sei {or habits, which neal compen roles « Koo ren {ese d's sonctins swingin He wa et lure mio atracted le sues sod cred song inet nthe younger generation During eto of rpilyinceagislaton, he tug them 0 0 the dts win @ grocral context Sel gut tse sight of te ewes elstoachip betwen sing acs hd hese tron itor adsl development. Hs approuch ‘on erential sya one ‘Dong th is decades Venn, he tid i hand i. Snoencing the ours pit events and cme dovlopment in Austr. ‘Und fa eos cosine that Asatte ae to ply a leading part Inthe isto of Gormany, an favored casts unio of reser ‘Germatys He wus constant to several mati andthe minister of Finan det him to wie his eet opinion on Die noe Gestalt fey Gold-and Kredicenens in Oestreich (1). He alo participated {in bsnes founded several corporation of which be was chairman or fcsne mer te ard of nnageent when in 187 he wart to eles asa member ofthe Reicha, heInoduced Rims “en Industral or defaed by Sait Sinon” “The high eer in whidh he wash by is cotempraies mani feted tse the many beers confers pon hi he was ative tember of the ImpvalAcademy ofthe Sees in Viena, 2 member (tke aeadonie of Rens of ars, Potrborg aed Mescoe; be Was {Foam an honorary Decors rarer by the Unieraty of Bologns nd igh dcoratine ofthe Tom Rowan and Jepanse Govermens. 168 tho Ausan Ginernment sade in 4 tember of he hoeary ‘usin arstrcy ed nays dened sigesions to dope ase the nme of ie Eater ith the armen tt he nd no Inert telonging to he arocney of tt, but be apparent weloamed ‘cing emabled on the tsi of hi mits, hiatn am sneedtl nyt the sry oft soa Pilon ‘rota ll af Sts wring reflect his igi atrpeation of istry and ena deelpeert and 0 peanested by Is spect com- cept of sate and west, thy wll be comldeed later in deta. We SEM it bie pblcationsaesrding to he tadiona eademie ‘Laseaton, Te al started to wes on # nstemate pretation of {he soil scenor [System dor Santesencfien] already at Kiel bets plan to cover the we eld never materazeds hs ops Bas Temainel ato preeting an overall egccation of the mater, bat "he aaa ie one to states, population aml economies Inthe Bist ‘utune, pled 1852 ant te concept of Soy and the they Ulugeal caver i the sooo vam. publsbed in 1658. Me newer faced whe lat volume, which wns suppored to dea! with pot ce, akhough sates publatins show distinctly hee of oat ‘sncernng the proper lace of cotton and simiietve red et nthe scl ae, Ts in wa dena get cas of a {Gl develope sn sie Earner a ie ol of Secunia and tently growing wel tad Tnowedg wtb» os i purpaton of the ter sand the slat the ae teats tnd Tay sh may’ appar commence, bot te Brat one to font twas Stn In helped i sce te anya of mal developer ha Sete te fin weg ‘roa rom he bron role of sca thr oes {he rang svat and intgaed hana did nt he fa Shel a la cy pb Hecate th {ec ery tad stg eet he err aa ply ‘of the 19th century. a Tie promimtng heme wih Sinha prod prety sce ss Vine spats Sah wth ble face sd ale hs treo Hr contin to be eke se of sing scaly par thc and are th lector angi ee wes He ok Be bot import ap wars «sree ny 0 Pic Sse {a whch bd the ben to ely era sd met Cay. He rested protons of budge and api to ete come So and puble Probl of Sell pinoy id ot ce he ‘mis a ato he at extn faced compre. the sup of ltemiboal ty. Tove nent the care Fottetueuceft ws cre one ote tec Coa ‘el nthe ed cu ony by Se prone ofA Weer iB anking back te cout ef vain shld Akrig the 1h entry, opt [2 pp. to, 8) sort y 1003 nt thee is, tonmm agemest tt the nt vue compl tne nth sence ef pene a Germany se comet wih the mes Loree vn Sti Ada Wager an Aber Sele? ‘en ad he Sen aman ght ne te on af dnt ya whi te hl he ‘Scr He pedted the end of Goce ich subset took place, though much later than ‘he hed satcpated. Ths promi pat of Bieter pubic ented the heey ub wisn (198515761594, a tne ‘pea “Plitcenchaf” of theca haben th oy ‘ki sje conerig domestics According tot pe a ‘into comps rer fate ty cing ie ae ‘inert weep hoe deng with sna! Tie cera ted thar hate woul be of ovig rel ip smc te fe, ee the te wel hve eanSctentife dcline By ecablshng the dtinton Betwoon lv tnd ‘laces he provided ll afer the exci ower of the ate and leak the Sn step towanls an examination of adminctaive nw Which, however, he ut ony asaetion of th hry of publ adn lion (Verallanslle) To sstemataly epi ll mato sj ‘Miniserie acon he plied as tomy of poral, somone te scl Ie into his general frmewerk he incepta td ‘res ein oo population, health, eduetion, matured eure, [nds ad cmmerce a el at on br te poo el social ane, Ifeqoely coping ht withthe avs of France and Great Brain His ‘hoy of peblc administration also present the Bas for hs atermpt to Inteate dhe scence ef heat (Sanne) et epdence (Recheniacnach). "His gia and lasting contrition to this Bld are wdenebe and ‘enphatalyadowledged by al experts upto the present (1,242 ‘G61, 77) In recat atl, Arh Nusbaum enhats Sti me Cobuton the doweine af nternana a, which in is opiion “en thin lanes of considerable sguieancs” (4, p58] Sen's Tn ‘ent iea fiero aniseative law weet ae Tape” 40, p50), foreshadows the emergence of nw ofr tonal ozanetion a yew aademic dips, suliiet ustston for reconsidering Stn eantbuton othe theory af publ ad Tn ation t these major works, dere are many cal yt fasting ‘sys by Skin some ithe Higher vein oa the Pa of women fe Un ‘como othe laos etwors mae and the socal snes tes grat eration ach ar-Der Wacher wn sin Rech (1890), which ‘Matebt [30] characterises at “compreenaive and fle” and De deo Fragen des Gnesi (1881) x comparative Wate land Ove ‘hips Irland, the Continent and America. ‘One exporance in Sts ater i «parley cra aston of he veretity. T's hi tle a aver ofthe Jape Government 0 "he 18s One of i mas prminet stadt as Hib to, «had. {ing pubic Sure during the Medi Fr (18671913). Alter the owe of the Japanese feudal eisueracy had been woke. the eal sts, Jpop needed new sousttin and sdatnative ftom, Am tm coll Stein. Ths wa a ctallenga tsk, to wich he Jevoled ach of his time during the st dcrde of his ie altho the vale ‘purer of ifomaton on Japan were scare and the eo of com onan VOX sre . munition considers, he evetelen exceed in meting the neds Phe ston, strengthening ce sell condense sod ging weeale scene to the path toe fllowe ip comments a ola a ‘Stam showed spprecltion of the tamale, religion sod at hed agit Idris Weert, suggested gael changes {tot grmoting foreign te. and nade ete propestns ay 2 tw coma. Stes appronch, wach showed bi uodestdiog ot Stal ifreces, proved to be most itl in practice The tars ‘Shieh gave oo te top were ater published In open, Joes aniston of the Theony of Public Adminstration app 155 ‘he fet tat Stein was 2 convinced monarchist sengthened Tes con {ia a his guldance The cpr Iperf ening Jane consitam comme very ove to Sens oigial draft. He te fhtned Tend nd svoor of Tt sad other Japanese sateen, 18 rll ar of Japanese students in Viena or the st of sie, and at Fal high ster by dem, ‘Sts contact withthe Far East bor fut alo forthe Earopesn pub lin the form of teres of publi om hello sd aan ‘roblons of Japan with ttt tne, bad ot yet been stctilly old. "A te ne of ie death fo 1850, Loves von Stein was considered w be a controversial Sgure by bi coleagiey,patonly with rege {hs ssi plough dr methodsagy, xh ae a Cour ine ‘Bip itrtne, rae bis mers and is fice. He hal once Seated “T have aimed, i the Bist plc, at devising Gena sem CCuichesSytn") spd tha have tri to develop asa eta ‘cancer and nw, wich cu ial be roded to oe seme Dincple AS ist step, it seemed aecesery to me to devise gatematic cer for the tremendiar mat of tea date wich ‘ety nda face ts pope pce. This proper place sin eal ‘eso much 2 mater af adeqonteergeiation but af ogee Oe tf each ini! fot In ater yur he ded scene a "the com rchenion ofthe Ine uty ofall specie activites aed acs a he Imundetation of the dvne Sst of exitenn* His pone co Sided his telebgcal approach to history wntenable and fequndy | fe cnt occ him and regard hb spt contin. my OF whch ar he mk of cart ena soalyes Seba, [1] Tower, tipped the scales In is vor, he ged that logy a2 & Semesters ve mxrine may be + wf olin all the sien, and a ‘may mpenen! ew ether Sey saw the ge of Sein Be (eit fc that ey jt he Montel to whem Stein {toentyreered, was no aspect, On the ther had, be at wel Gravett Stes aneralty bad ts Ghaarager, he Wes en mat {tere prin) to fos tin tei pla within hu willy ow Celeste, Such an st ay es Ted oa arbitary ston Of mated which ineontcble set Iveta. How ther Sef on thi woe are ir compared os tly ebay Menger the leading Avian eso of the at 18 etary anton ofthe funders othe mug tity Bay, guessed Steins ‘nn of competeny in Be fell of econ doy at the tine the {hey of mari veil wart nfeney,sgging Tor econ inl atenptng to pole the has for economies a exact Sen, Menger fe eS apponc counted hee itatins and ws ‘acer in delaying thi son. Bts spt of ese mgings om {he viewpoint 2 hort conor ad regal ofthe grea ‘chicsn Wat Sts pllnphy ain Bis contoes rtance 10 on ‘Entaon on ges ed to ahitrry interpretations, be ito Sey thot Sts otlon bad wont ed ofa rel, Menger pr fouety be appre the “Socal Movement fn France” a a epock ‘aking sud) ich forthe ft tne had out socal and co nmin a senor uc ote ate of cSucted Gera be Sldred ito be cara sree bk for ll ter Gorman potions Sn ee 30, Ome cater nition of Stein repeatedly pointed ut by hit contemporain to train he ton nthe method of Sen avetgnton. Blachis, In his obituary 00 Stein, sate “He Teer shout what knew sel wat the without over eng Iitelen to heated tis Hrowkge and athe exleatory mmc that ndidalty wa too dtictiv o be antred f deat by methoolopiadretvee [5 p- 5). Sen atarson a 1 teacher and the taton which his stax linaye gratefully afin warty the rent of his efor to come ‘ern vate view ct cute pecan dpe y mang {hk retnsip. Ala tn when speilieaion began o break dwn fhe comprehensive approach, may explain hls poplar ccs a wel Sine snag stich Ie emumioed snong eget sei STEINS VIEW OF THE SOCIAL PROCESS Stein cect in 2 pow, way the sonfoence of vaiy of eed in sniohiorical studenten tthe mide f the 1h centary Hs postion nthe history f mc Boght tom great exten eterna ty the influence of Garman ean, which dominated he fst half the IRS entry: Thre ae many fests which bear the mack of ge thought: but Dee are othr eps in the aah of contemporary sty in which he gos beyond Hoge by setting the onc often ‘etwece social laser Jo dh contr sf he interpetaton ef story His ‘eshndsogeal approach alo alin o that of Corman alison, which ‘arts aut by giving» spot gal of hstny and Geining my lef ‘comps But atc he Bocame stored wth «pater eos Tem, he explored fact ad eves intr mot relates, ths ‘tind of sverigation vat tidy empiri, Sto secie eel ‘Bopha poston provided the nk beter Hegel and Marsa well Er hcteen Hegel nd saiogcal pose "The man substance of Stn social concepts ws cially formated {the Bist seston ofthe present bok under the ile “Tw Cone Say andthe Law of Seis! ytoni” He ater ela ad hb trated them nhs theory of soit (185). He staeguealy el Sem inal Ms Boks and artis, altiongh de emphasis of his interptaton ofthe various factors changed come Seiya a epee azo of sya the soil esiencs had aot yet been established in Cenmany, Chil ety in eget pilosoy i ony historia concept and represents subordinate hate ty the evelopment towards a sate of frend andreas. Stein elected the fal sepration af state and sity te procndod ote stomption at socty was permanent spect of human ie. The orga of ey les Inthe conteaietion here in he dale contacion between sintering ab the ear lites power. Only mo te ter ofthe human eset can mth pet ce hs hfe Deyn the ‘afin bonds of mere pis existence, t onl maar, to dew {lar and to Fall his atin af ring tows pafectn, Soe, lnterdpendon ten of dvd Ie an the von of lor“ We the Spital eder (geisige Orinung) of men in eontedstneion "othe material order of gods, he ecnaey, an the uying (rein sbeich) one of the Hate? The oteane of soty ea be tng tne by We dtrbunee hich cam ater explained ao lita by commie o pole mason "The dferentation of welt sed states etables a lass patter i any ssey. quston of property originates om congue abd Pomer, Si comttymeied by the atral negates of people eving {or sleet Property snk atin thy tw lle that ‘stain the al srr, Hy determine the postion ofthe inva ‘hin okt, irene in oper and edacton cine wih une Ue iferencen Sus comept of clay Dae mun on the i ‘Sutin of popes hs cng on the soars of go, be en Spent the -propety owning ve. he ooprylne Gael tres {ws the Gael approach that hse ate determined By the poston tf pole scat or aber i the productive press, He thor ames Mars approach inthe anal of the clin sae Sin aconaledgs, bower, thal ection and oceaption lo Py len" dering the as postin: neve he conse: oper) a th een Taco inemch ar higher elation, aba {el cult He can only be stands ob, by thee who ewe ‘propa In his soy on France, he regs property asthe deve {ctr in meen soy, whieh peepee the css patter bso Inheriting td elite he cicrtion of Indo acy Berea aly so tly cag for esate, Later, a theory of ety. i hited hi poston by: accentuating the ale f lane ero feveoes athe than prope in th proces of Selection, nt ts js ‘ed inequality of inome apd stator a the rot of spetor om fbutone He changed fom a srvere cre to» lender of expan ‘This does nt Spy, by ay mens, that St, eve in his ater yen, regarded the satus quo ef society as satefatry his Iter wong, bats hither of public admiration, conan many sugsine Eel rejects fr chtger which to ha apeed ot only onan ‘ith the sytem bit rather Indnpenable i order preserves Sten Feequeny ste at proper bane betes ua ad insality arto be found, since the tai preponderance ofthe leveling fle ‘of equaliser and the eploting and ntagonbing ects of ee gerbe atthe ce Eton wn society, rte (I) 18 wd Demat ne (854) Sa i tag” adn Hanh oy Yorn and ag Verano Tots" at oat dre ‘Siva en el squeal cane” om he = ‘Shue Warpath oR ete Ca tonesz von srrN » In his concept ofthe sate, Stiin dtingishes between the Sealand tap real state The Sea tate stant cute Oe la stage Is ee Peroniston erga ofthe gona wil ie wellbeing td eet spon the wellbeing ofall hea, atc urbe te own [crt ony by Fring the deveopoent ofl nde Tetlre, the sate has to prevent any par of soety Gem spoxing sil on the whole of soley. Tha alts predominate purer comity In Pe ‘ing tose cots forthe development of the slf which the ind Vial is uml to erat by male Ht i Staion of he sae Insel am abatvaciog, an tal ia. In realty, thea becomes ‘Sostaly distorted, Doanse goverment pss are aly cece hy fons «higher stata ad ee dt make thee pero stl po Sinan scare. The car stg three trade the dain of fw Site, st sate power Docs misused inthe interes ofthe per tans Since the Wel sate preset the ena inert shh ran should sand above and beyond all specs its groupe and be at. (peer independent Sein therfore camaiders monarchy. the Moe A roa for of sat rssation Ths poston ds wy nil te EE comers point of vim The bade between conservative sd [rogesive fret Sear ot In scety and etn he ane The Ferm t th ate dosnt by cee deemine the nate ft poli there were tepublies which swe soly conservative ad tlghened| ‘nonarhee which eid act Hnify tnacyes with Un rig che? ‘Sti bok with eal septican on “poplar nme" which ‘im isan sion hiding the ope mjapton a steko ety. Modem matin weal bo served et bya soit mente for ing and promoting the itr of the lower clase, ming nal selttimene pone (Soir Konia. ‘Hegel inflosnc co Ses anal of the faction of the ate ie ‘karly dicen, To Hegel, however, thy sate wae the sree thority. anahogsbe independent dona whee ese wnfls el {Fld exclsoely i the or interest of the invidunt HoyoTs ideal of the sate. Tn cotaditntnn to Hoge. however he iaintined tat acon lo slog anaes the actual va i cesar contllel by theming enw He sa both stead cet {the arena in whch india contested for power le therewith lve he bist state of metal quality, Te regu only ‘no fuser step fr Marx to dpe the sonore of the ate sogetber 10s glamor by sly dsr tho rapt he Seal sate (6. PP. 1, "wate a ete 54 506Stes inten of conta wl lew ho mas hin a foramct ef emi tran He onde tng ‘Sree beth ek ot cena co et iano ts. Costes nes the por of errs oes of say they ein be emoued aed ceed meray onthe se {Hig In eer tobe wrk, hy ave eropnd the ‘Soa arose snd se deh rout and nthe ning fee iis poner tnd ppc) eiciaon wan sky. A cmon fever thereof cane of mee cial pny appropiate Srutbn he sdne suction oe sci ordre an Su ely sch iti leg, ait Nr th ty IRV an tse Slop, anges lw ce ly be enn By orn ste ast wo fret eis” Al pt ow Sloe ye ae lato scythe posting ome re try ret aed nye dtr yng pe) {Eine let he aw Teva alate gop ty. sth we content foxy fo mane and cnt ww and Tiered in sera pl tenn far fe ress New tins Stik ware he tof codon othe serve Justin Sieg tit ae evel pat peel of el ta Bien treme is eso wit th fam “Cocarec* ites such, rfc tho dito fist ad power ine {ect wl nso cto bythe cr seo ty {ep Tl) Slopes s dtc dopo ofl cans nn {Siete pop) alee sil rer anh we nih turing ny oe rah of tees th nd (Oke rowing searty of nd def ppsition moana, nd ely {Sb el apps av el of he serum of wai of he ‘Seopa ess esi by Bang “HA of ty Sekiya rey (Bese) Anaher cmp of Ss nc ton to fever sna far the ienretion Moy maybe {ouel Die Becting or Stories be den" Grchen SERPS TE WE PED ely ged te erm Bon Te et etn Sock ae fees Se SSemee d SkSr Wechnd Sttntorecain (78) 9.1L 157) Me ates th the egston Logs, Pythagoras ant Sk Sse oo siderstndae “tnt tang te foe of opera ‘tiene no conrtn ns eaay “Die Stttsenchaftiche Theor der Gnchn sr vite wd Plats” 185) he nes he iri in Ht en hn af tcl eye he ‘ents of ects contin tn heres cana peti he oa ‘Sloe th tre, broly dtm our cna of th ing, Sou oder: vrs sth withthe help of eve oar Sn they maker an eat srt fe Sol of kane “Set demand thatthe ste ke a adi vl ne ele of ese tame te base hs nes nae atti, He con {Gre the adnate fncton th sate af highest imprtance, farcry wih round te clr! of pubis nees pte Teress, Though'n stan of ist, the ences he hae seo the economy aod of ssc Te tak fenton St provid vere conn or the devcopen of the ead tthe etn ha he mle ope th al on his own. Sts ltr ste rom te sof the socal ovement t the caption ofthe vars Bede of pote aniston war acer © Stes of whim nora inference oak ble wader cplion ‘nce one seeps proiesoesrSber comiey Thi inet ‘asain ean sey br dtd by he eg eens ts Mima menue nhs bn the sche overeat a Fame Inte atl a tpn le to sate acon he Bnponeent the conten of er Se analy ef cal poses x carat bythe rpetion ef sate, sie andthe idl. The mag fren see tralia ahs deny fy dese gn Os ups set by eat trae, el cna wat ‘ery india te spe st een is independ Bae nine deproncy betwee saad between ines oe Inher feta met, stant ton ces The tate bower te to prevent the sng of sity em tsi ae sodlting fain. The tngulrerugie town cna sae tnd foi, ll of whch ar hight irvine, pss the never oding proce of te atin of fd, Te stapes the ere Wor By diate elsinr af sation, temporary slot sam be owed iter tnghsoton orf, bt tne fotovith each new sag of dslopment, new contradictions wil ari, snoe They are nest in ay human consent Sin detest tage of Tatra devebpenent, which are creed nd gel the of Ch rope nl mle the hvala of feet cls, They ar tt ‘Sen cay separated dsiog the owt of ay oo elt, Dt ‘Seni in varus sil cones ngapiea! mrs. Step presets {he tee hol stages tn tems ieaktype costes The fous bel cf the patel oder fe laded propery difrencee ind fling covey nego of sighs ablations. Asoo tom theagh somes or manufacture pats and bor are not feconled ly Asn sutagonian prea twee the palais Int teil Case Tn ul ley ett ity (Sint, ‘cupaton the decce factor in determining tte abd privileges, {he rei or is stuctored the bas of solosconomic Tonos ‘reformods the ai ets ave the bly, the gy and the Had ‘hat with arty of sulvsins Ts type of soley = Kequnty Shor tnoug with paral prin, parcally where besa) iis arent Newbee pe Ge ay te tre thelr porten liao legion which rest change. Sei Ee sty cre sic wich bombo to bea sat {oF parstey snd decry” Newites, cannes for slvealat ne scal mba ct an estat sky pare within th ‘ogy The ted ype=cil soe) ssmily sn open ose, ‘Tic nob Hc ad prefer gts speci ocean do “The emergence of mem Epa vce, acoding to Stel, he rmost adver sage of universal ty osoding towards the rai ‘Mim of feed Ge cts Gold c sagt, Chistes Ge Irn eltore (thsi te te Stein es ig boat te Western ‘i tol ove wich oes he ting la of te ‘pute developing inthe ltr stages of Oneal, Creek nd Roman ‘etn In European sic forthe fist tine world History. he ‘Ty of tor ws recogni, werk war spidered » marl ebiation int souee af sent ths provided 9 Erte fo thes of He ie of equ eves the reaizaion of oqalty spd frelon in out soxey i eo aa ae Roca Sanson, (90 Wee oe LALA i ie dete by ibe propery rg, fring inguality of ec ton sm oppatniy. sey red of the arate af ‘fom of soe revels bu on tis contador inl mr ‘Sey only liter year de he vce cident rete pes SCinsien to pie 4 socal ser whch the recto of Cavaity and the recsity of oe soceyihe te contmdichon of ‘SEulen tines hve rated a Competition. Sic elaborate somata eat to ner dhe sty sear pei afer the Fresh Revolt. I the emt fr whch they See devd, they afin spit of the hosomingy-asl nd UptenineTey cwidh or Uonseing othe ps ad Ue preset "is Hater soi with he cpa on scl Spain, epee me {nents forthe ari of hist devopmene Hi lp to Sa Sloe i concept a Wing fers he anfling wor Nis ‘ns foams Hd han te sojtidgrorloation tnd trade him nopet empl wares of cron a oder foie ht Inve init the groper scene weight fa thr wonde he tt suceed i developing» cnet sc psphy. Me wat mach ‘nce sical in powing #coocptal Kameron forthe analyse PS gece htop. Wc ony te soputed tt be never Sa tng pc an for ater bral sy Ss ‘rin conto oa hey coma pening om appl tohis stra anbys ater ton th vere tosses cn ‘spt for an interpret af the istry of mands cotisos proves is tai contrition the devopmct ea Steno ety its bon ony seldom uhonwioged. Only few scalars wat Gt he concept of ty his hry of atl ymca aso fa tars determine he cous of tytn his monster ship beeween ology andthe cass srvcture rated the, begining ‘the new saeco oh Tat be alt fargo oa Reg 2 hn mi Sel ac ey ee er Nea vaca BS io aa tan eR pt ee he St ‘Nal ae Me (es eae Sane, ieee ahaa nay ile oa ce ‘Syn cpag elr n "Carmen metogy ly pe te Sper, eadray be pity eto the fact hat academic acolo tok an sogether ‘Bitrat path than i Sein se Gevellichstntrmacha wich ‘nly 2 sal ston of mone soapy. Steins Gseocaflelve fein an alse of the various soil orders whch ae. Simin bythe interplay of soda clase, th fests ad poor bao on ptr concep of sect which, tbh on an independent ety. pees oly ooo sepa of he mae Sn. Te ate retuned the sper uncon of representing Be poet itr, Swe sne of tty ts onained a sbsecton ot the voce of the stat (Stantedsenschat ‘Sts own ate toward sok 2 new independent scp ws very depen» leer (1888) to Gumplewie Be states em ‘Seto know abt seo, since ha aways ben possible for inet faute wat relly according tothe France Bash on faon of terns and ences thee t nlhieg hit tit could ot be conssaed a sco, one way of at, indling elericty and actor" Gumplnce nd “How dra he founder of fo Selene ‘ot wciy wae tovardsscobigy and hw he wat at = bat 10 casi ‘osology among ser scenes i ndiated a tnt pssige of is Teter in which be expese the hap Yond oat of which ranch of olde ths sology is definable par” (0, p12) “THE HISTORY OF THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN FRANCE 180150 ‘The ein by of this bok pretension of the socio-pltiel strgle in France dang the sty year period fom the great Prec FRovoltion tr the etablment of the, Hepuble a 15.1 ads ws {Brough the vate stages of the fet Reyolatn ths history of ie CCostains of 101, 17S and 1786, the re and fll f Napoleon, he seston, the July Revolstin, the prod of Ue Bouts Monarchy, ‘ed aly the ogg Tor supremacy betwee bourgeoize and he SE ATT re eh stn SLE yin ci Sepia er e pay na okt ater down. The eens ne intel io tos ST chaging power onto of tbe sang eens of feadalan Sh thd eto obs nd th sg nor 10 ‘Cota ll a tpmtv he depen” ste ov he Tntswoven with dis soli Itertatin of French Histo wo that tne fs hy spl spo a ub fie {cn fore whic ed at sow ce giana owes ‘Soom eve of th far ofthe es Rearonfo ene ihe pte cl of equi. “The abolion of fell peg, the secopaon of cl ain soi of patel equated sn othe ely egg SSyiteestioyr bt hr vent ale tough fo the nda ‘Tiling sae feudal ten mit Utes Sod en ‘Shes povery, seotstce sol scanty of me wend tg {he prtng ue of pole wo pd the nr fox nauftering ‘eters Wathst sy psc byte Iw and wits any sent Siti of thar ow, Se wonky eres the mee) ofthe hy ere tne markt sod rely sxe hy spel thie any ich nce wd wont oe tt sald teome, The ome of Tiny tad ‘ed theo nto an spptenly hapless conor ef co somone dependence pl dowel fhe fet that even he mst equation cont sn, tase on han rights an gare rn sd ly To the prt of hee tery want atlcey bss pero Indepenence, the pets deere the rn So ‘compe condor Fatal egaity cn jrvls egal bt foe Soi, batt como qey, Wi ko mee al gets Serydiy te “he mas, wner the imp of the eps in the lpn ‘nduaratsocaty, wee Sterne Yo che sons ceo 1 {ie ea fei and eqaly or l= they Deae tow fre In the pti! sen, 3 Gent sorpltal powen thelr ‘Tall sgl fr pla ngs tuned nto sg ‘cl rorm ad nal cng Pate prety tt koe Tied etn the fay bess the air rg of atc oe ‘role for equals 9 opp, equity of propery ad Inq nication tengo prety rigs bad nese ‘mal he pth of stn ‘Sten cmd ti sew suing between abr ard xp ob stare 20d rade fon the fing oe Bees the ay adthe hind etate'” In soit whieh proche erty a the Digest Heat dived he worker ofthe posit fring sce for Independence It had created anew char patra which toed © pe Dette Inequality by smi i been and vo reestabloh cate Tocty. While Hagel saw liberty acelin te ramen ‘onary atthe El sgn which redo nt be eld, Stan, {atc ate, cal tenant th new ep of dopey {he new arco ihret inner dts. He once sod ‘he qution “How sll thi pote [the conradcon ithe on Aiton a the poltrnt] be sed? We Se nt 20 pesmi 35 to ‘rune tat we can mgt any ation. One peta hs Reet Sled 1 pobin which addres fo hunanty a wl All we cam do SS tostite dhe problem daly ‘The attack on private property by the worker i the lg eet of Issac eins casty ines Tapper the form of enn i erly gatian fproerty snd the sil ‘Zim sncilim which gos beyond he negation ad dle the tre iam of scl enstenee™" Only commana and sre sen 10 be tere the fact that acetyl 0 pete property wil eae 2 fenatton which wil protec he inter of the ropert-owang ass tic eins the extng spite of noqualty and dependence, Th teen i alerted inthe endomvers fhe owning ls t make plage dependent on property owner by ming te a 6 ote dependent on tar paying by Only soit sce) wil Sally ‘oso in eatbising the real of Mery ad quay, the dal of {he French Revlon Te war Staln who gave the soli iewpoat-by at tie eninhy Akeloped by Saint Sinion-of the retbship betwen Sat ad sce 1 cans formu. Te developed the cones of the polar ‘niche considered to be the working clas onus soley, ited By the awareness of heir revolstonay sole He thereby gave specie tenieg to te ern “peoltrat” sad carefully combed frre fn the Rotor of the Ith century. le considera the easing se tami sod did ot Destine to send that the approach of The voli, ith their mph on aco eomonsc athe hn peal ‘conditions a cri ter of word sty, gave at 2 new once [fsolety.“Sokalum and cemmaniry gum the aigniBance they have Bist fal de othe ea of cya the ssgton that socety hae SE Ste ree Cee no Di iie hia aT nets UES any 9 a 1 Hong of on™ Stn fae hat dhe viciny of the prt Sronld abs tho bss ale ofthe Iba, bg te Tie to te itera f labor ane in the icy af dsp, He {oaches ber upon the pablo athe dite of the ltr, Irie became ast aly cventy jot ater, he see the sae fit between bryan he efocenet of petanent mali. Tht evn coments scialen are a danger tothe soled onarhip ofthe Prt soap toatl Her iscscon ae te thot nepprogrte method to fresh avet™ Commis and Smal are iss which can ely be congue bythe mind. Th emis suppres dots seat the present ate of aa, a pelt “ppaiton, wll ny give moral support wo se who oppose, these =m Stovenets witout ever slowing kr source cteeen The ert ‘ta communist retin con aver be mastered by thought cote bt ly by ase sol rear. "Phe wal most ofthe ptr ply an inprtant sl nthe stile for plist power alter the July Revision which terminated ho Stra of th auitive society Seas he reinstition offends, ‘The etlneent of Lous Plippe marked the binning of Inds tock ith ep asthe rig power Constittondin, ith vag ‘hts ested to the higher income group, aeguardd the interes of {be upper bourse "The peridot ISDLISA8 is chanced by & comple inguar stra two the nary theming le aod he growing pel Induence of the pce The romarchy, tated By the pope frei ls 1 anol he atagrm ofthe working clase, attempted | ‘ss ts independence from the House and etblch system Perna! goverament by devious team, daresarding the interests "he class which sponsored The rowing tension between thee 10 power ld to the dna for electoral reform apd thereby ose ‘ng af the repebican movement Repulanin wa orgy the cal goal ofthe iene deninrate wh stood for Hy sn uly, However he more i became evident hat th ck of oe Tater than politcal rights was the essa inpeinent in the wy 1 the relent of hee dels. republican Boca feodominaty the iden of the cil movement sa reflection ofthe stage of "he Loring chs agai monarchy aa representative of the burg 2S “De Sayin Doula” (50) pS md “Bk of den setter ttn ii ae) 4 necIi main practic sim was nivel ag Hone we encounter the finite thatthe working css movement hope get contol te tate by praetor men a ton! wih ate decades ‘Brough the soda democratic wing-beeame 50 power win the ‘eat labor ovement ‘Dring the reign of Lau Philipp, the seugee for elect refs eenne the tenporaty meting aon of lee ingouracos Mies Sa the adherent scl vetoes tthe tendon ere pete ‘heated in the 1808, Ropbicnom ae» poli purty meverent roke dow But hed the screen of pelt events dvi th July Monarly, the Isor class developed sly ut const nto bo Aisa pera vm Ht romaine inthe background othe plc stg wt Bray the rege of Las Ppp was ovation by {he oppostin of the united burgeobin“becase othr macy oe the cpr of soa revelation wl psteat the wing cls of indus tral out fom dertoying poreel goverment whith does ot = ‘pect the pring of popula representation” By 18 esa ust) rong the sate ander ite contol and ou 40 appopite polal (hier in costittional epubanism 1 i Steals contention tt only = monarchy commited t soi reform can survive inde soil Uy execs 1 fonton as 2 Constructive mediator between the opposing cases and hi hope {hat the srvingromrches of aro wil ke ths path In te cach Repuic the state aap independant eat Inge Bas an cing ceprcetative. What ke coeidred popular sovereignty i, in fact the overeenty af society, a whic wo antagonist css entont ‘ach other and ate tad to engage in a Moandleath stra une They discover common iter Stein cosas the repuli of etl ‘stress »poaality andthe nly aterm toa onary of scl 3 form for pect! growth of ders indian, Ik woud be nse. Sar that en the one hand, the propert-owning clase be willing one the jose demands of the working cles, which would enable the laborer to gin capital tro work the ruling cae would ave 10 7 fxn fom such preogatives as probit of labor ssoations ae Stes, he eafecement of factey rqulitions and Iatry er (On the other hand abo would have to ve up ts seu aint the ‘urges and eapitalice, the exning der cf soi and coi ‘onal Soch» development wend tke doce sid there ws not ‘height gronat in evidence Tora change in tie ar se “Te demand of abo rysalie during pid wr sonateration sm demands fr mpcal Minted Prt ae for gt to or 2 cae ae eran ag Se tty eth Si onset ar ed aoe Tia om ph SMa an oe ele abe SLR ot Le SS ls wa el se Se anioriet Snare cet aise ats {fi ane the olen ayo aioe Say he Sel a a nh pi arias i racInber, of «bor orzo, of ssa egy aot sled «it ‘or ies deep and dey wound the etscence of Eoroperh Sty aftr he dol ev of jn 66h We ea pode ‘Siw bee pea the develpeeoto hi question fn the mea Faure He ope tt ot sly Py ot abo the Corman ae trl ie the eres he ih to pata the alias ofthe ate" Nihen the eet becomes vad noble alas, de socal questo, ca he problem of cop aad aber lash wl Selmar be niet tomes heaters wean Shem and nthe poets of party pls Ie wil bets fo ec ton re trea all moral anent ve ‘Suing the maton (Voll) cnibute tot organic ow of ‘tana conitoe The oto srgsldring the evil in qeson is etre’ by the ange trae the fl of an equaiy. The coma the ibarent ne cnegt os uty on tthe ote oa for plc confcs wich olbw te Pench Revolution, ice sce) IE's tnd ote er cops of ren a th iret Socal factions are endowed with dierent doin presi the ‘Solty ot income fr iopebe A oy open sel), vag ‘Snot for everybody acon toe abity and ropa of is ‘Scstiactend wn nv at cht the ele of ay at aly naa ple och sot can row tof the ea ‘hod Inds socitythroogh snl reform The belles tad of the pokstrat tnd nda ecety ad coneging poli ‘rrr oily doe to the opr tation of at Tis nase ‘ull be ciniuated ie worter wou ve «cases acgieepal ‘Sher by sat o copertine bc inet ding co by Sung thio lvl at might samt # ro ving ‘ter spec means whch Sts cane abl sre aborted fn hie wort on public sdminisonton, hey ice pact all He meus ef melon br lw tnd ial epson cling pbc ‘Brecon, pe using and pbb hea Sens svegeion to futer capa acqusion by the worker at st of llviating the snd of ht dopey of soe, ot ‘hated dy. Tote sto hat wall plc hry elo {heat na eof lng erento eaba row te ‘a and to chy gin tndopeoance. Toy. the srg fox 2 “sth of prtetrtan ving Condos bs ted to esc of ‘we pi job Tne rconder Sts conch fram the vantage pot of the petct, comes cer Wat nis ly om the scl movement Franc freaw the development of wefceato-tovards ich inuseialsoctes Sp Burp at to ser ett, also in the Uist Sour fave been seving-pomle and nesesary for = Sour Thre of Wosere cuizaion The fact hat this development tnt bce, sats he expected, though the apron ist of the ring {hs nor by sutboy af the monarchy af sola reform, But une the premre of unionization andthe cast supe whh he cose ingest destructive sho nt pete sng valang Bt STEINS POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF SOCIAL THOUGHT TN GERMANY Ss cotton tothe growth of the sail sciences extend ovr sony ats and has exerted signa ffloence in diferent de Sone To give compratensive atlas of the abundance of mater snc he esoanded and of th wet of dee bat oer nat Ue abject of Os itroductry aay But seems appropiate © ‘lve the influence ofthe prewnt book og toca tonght in Germany the ine of peblcaton and dering the folowing deren 1 wa feta powerful faetr in calling stenina to the sal Fret ich incase dhe cosa of Rstory ao, scaly, cotrbted gett the (goth of intr im welfare poey among German rca siete {These two major areas of Sten Inoenoycoespd tothe two ile at prencnpations of Stein bore and aftr 18S, Both thee ends of ‘Sought had skeadyemergod atthe tne when Sti wrote the book ‘Stn andthe Scie Len Yon Stein Yas Srgunty been clase a forruoser of omar materiakem, he wat theft in Gerian ite who oo ‘Skinod the preponderance of sce fr determining the cose tf story, af anit the idscce Both of eas an of ee face boll power His tlaorship Yo Mare and Engels, reo, of Perea iert "Te Gt edition of Steins bok was puso in 1642 a ie when Mars jut come tars to stay enone andthe racial mone nent. twas obi, and hat crane been documented ht Setook did mot escape Maré attention. Mart ests o “The Class Stngge ia Franc (1840) aod “The 190 Brumair of Lois Buon pte (155) te aed ow the sune comet sd the str Interpret lone of the curse of Pech, te ele of the prolate St ned sed the ist itn of hs opt 18022 tly the cnt thos of the “Commanit Manet” of 188" Yet the ‘question whether Mars wa cil stilted by Sti book, and {0 what Cent Mar thery was ifued by Stes nas as fever tean answered defn, alough thas eeu 4 mater of cn ttovery for many yee. Ina feat publeation (156) Rabert Tucker lured ll acetate by gusting passage of Marx conceaig de tole of the prota i the coming revolton at cling as aight ot of Stes” [. 16). Thee etal a sing ty of thet author aprons the politica vente of the ores nnd he tnterpeaon, One hs to oe fn on, ower, ht Ds Mar ene Stein wee ude he sue nuenes, ot only a expounds of Hegelian Aought but abo astute of French scat theories, ey Doame uinied withthe tame soutes and these gro of people 110, 1) he same commie conden and the sume itloceal at her nF which abound inte des 0d concepts conser Aosta society challenging soll reformers Te as patio of reat tecuon snd peodntity ‘he flr to come to pips with the acute frubloms of Se tine wae clletve one an Ht sme ony Dsl bit se orimportant ty derrmin to whim elt 1 den {ich le case. Ths Masaryk (10) eompiasins the fact that te ise ‘tHe! teria we du fo the teeta cinnteof rane fn ‘ho 164s, dae se maested sl iy the wetigs of many authors, nd onotpously be tated any aoe weer of at tne. He sae: "TTtlee the ino af Stn om Mars wa ne rushed ha Soba spl Store save. Se nerpretaton ir derived fom Se sty of rene soir Mar ele tie wings ts, aough somewhat Tater In ado, Stn wa jost like Marsa egal Wr develop sent eins shop es. Tadeut at Stn has cote the candatim of Mares thoughts beats hs bok -comsering Ue time af is appearance-crtaly excellent butt ems to me Hat Sein Sion end Lit Blane eerie ne Git and Sooper toner {han the tentboklke exposition of Sta” [p38], Georg Adler on the tthe Band, astumed that °Marx must have buen greatly sina by 7 Fae, Had 104.9 tte “Te opi te al on “hai ara eh nh moe mee artabseal pelt cu at Sa Stents book" Marx was aguante wih it elne e tdi the wait ingraf the Frond anton Stin bod found atrial fe is po four sgh tothe maviery socal movement inthe ming at fgett French suas ‘rom Saint-Sinw to List Boe but tome {ite authors ttt al tha cmcely and ley” (p26) Stein was cet gly indeed to San So, ose weg ‘cnt the ears notons hse mation, We Vis, Mow ‘Sele, Ronstenu sd Pens ccaealy tat the Infaene of ote onomi fastor on poial event, St Si, stenting ‘ver the base ripe of hoi development, conve of oct ‘Sis and der intrelatonhip a the prope Toc in hs he Ste tthe intone hy Uh ulng eh to suppres the Tower ‘sessed the antag between te propertedana ho opened ‘tenes (propre and nom proper) es deceve fan any Sogo pola change™ But Sait Simon Sid not ye eng sy stve ni etonomas partaking ofthe yori in svat, ens heavily pon Saint ian ine teary ofl foiaion and cast Staal, tnd in ie attempt to espn the sy lat ane ater Shangri the sock scr, He ala aborted Sait Son's iter eatin of scam as the Bat maaan of “snort "Te orga contribution af Sci ws the soil nerrtatin he proletariat a the labo force arn sce ad as eso ‘Sioa lt sruatng for power in prs of erates. Pract I ethos who explored te Steir Marx relationship ajectively have {elo thi fc Koen [5 pp. 20251 sate: “The pres neni ‘of Stan sis soccogeleharactration of the roles ad” to have made i the cntal otto his analyse” Fredech Mrkle com ‘Ss by Stings “Historia poy of a sili intergstaton othe Droetarat gest Stl” [10 p. 3), and "Loren Stn bon the Sst Stor whe deliented the poe cls frome cl phenomena bya strong emphass on se epi charter, he regis I 12 nent face af tre Rise veep 10. 23) "alder (8, »- 295) comes to the coclnnn tat he concept ofthe prox earth ast erga entation of Stain which had ot yet ea ‘once by Sait Sinn ot Lois Ble tnd Sanovth [19". 1] ft ont dat “Sen was the Sst itera of the forth ext Oe ‘iosopher af coming revoution ad the oly oe why al with See Pen im age eethis sabject witht partly or bas” The opinion of Peter von Stove [39a Hisan Marit ay be of prt interest. He stats “Sea tras burps 2 dite Sloner af ylate propery sod an equal’ ‘Tne sppannt of sammaniz, but as bok was nevertheless. br lant and spacing pertamasce when appeared” (p22) ‘What war new in the Marian intergetaton of the story of capita lnm ws the ery othe iene desrston cpt do te sherent contacts, andthe postive accent stent the couse of fare events Sin onder Be stuton dangers apd the est fhe protartan movant ar dastow fr the fae of set be Tete nthe post of soading the “ae of ab” by appropiate ‘oa reform. Bot hi sodal analyst provided Marx witha ental ‘Sano fr te onstuton of hs own stem of seni sca Dy ‘Spnng tothe plctara the sle of he antagonist i ideal 2. Sty in actedanee with Heelan dates, Mare [14] hel sata {na eter 152 tat twa ote wo had donee the extnce 1 las In rer sett a the cae trogen boos ‘done beh by bourgeois “What wae mew omy pat es {oulow 1) tat he enitece of lane od to date Mista up {Bool evoltnn (Entceungitormpfe) within te sea of production, 5) ta the cs stvgele cesar leas to the dicatohi of the roltart aad 3) hat th lator te transit to te bolon EP Sees and tot lass sodey? Th mas af lt cone Marts orn cotton fom thee oft foeraner ‘Marx was dou indeed to Sti, with whom be beste 8 squatted a dive turing pont of ie. Plnge (13, 8] sam rizr st very ditty “Stein ad aeady formated wat was 0 ots dn nooo ene o Marthe che sugae the poeta End communion ae inorable goal «- Yet st woald be altogether Sona to considr Mare x plgirtn contrat to Stein olsen Wading by hs state palsy, Mx cool well consider mela the reterslerfr who Sten bad prepared he wey Tes easly tesieble at Mar om then ow acre t ne creo ites fsterst The reltoship of ste aad society bore completly re ‘ersed" ‘The aston thatthe tate wasting bat te etrmet "he ruling cls, tht one of eset war ever independent of ice sve geared tard the wel af the ower lates, ot wich ‘Seey dings Hin irom Sten, who neve burned he poston thatthe state-donte its dopendoney on cass damination-coeld aed SBould play the role of mediators saciely. Marx cao to diferent 4nd les ambignous enous ging far beyond Steins deducons st he tre clas stage an poy, Ma Ade 68, p51 pit ut that “the opinion peeve in bog cin of ars which sow Silene Manes se concept othng but x vation of Stl’ pe ‘Spe completely thought” Wheto Sent fre was a er {Food of hol and of eal, Mare ana of Caplan redominaly geared towards is ther of th netabihty of tre [roces; his anal Tntet ie ceteril o srlting pail de ‘opments atc than on deta of the pst sd the reset. Tals ana ofthe event of 184 Sti ve fests ei With says poston he asa le tached pot of view, uly el. {ag that the eaptalsts were superar in power snl tt vit and ons groupe had wa woke alta tof, a he fale of | {Be ple workshope usted. Mary sad Engel the other od took peedomizantly pla! nnd partian poston, bast it Own they, at «eelesr ety woudl grow tnt ofits th "he dlctatorship ofthe proletariat and th derction af the tadionl Dower ofthese Tle eration of Sts work and te pose nfence on the the cre of Maz and Engee fa be abet to requnt Shange, I itely slot an stoned attude concerned wih steing Mars Sigil and is independence fo “boar” bist, in 1 there aposted logy eviews of See tok by Mons Hes (16) be ‘ross fed of Mare daring i formative year, before sogomie mater. ‘ben had become a coment of Marv soil pln. Hes as ‘mn topian soit (0 sl] we proach to history Mar ltr de ounce ns "German oe Two Sota he “Commit Manteo Ties eles Stes pecoespatn wih the ae of te poktartIn| lhe roltoney movenent “whch Ir tepeated ad nauonay be be tes Stein's notion that socials isthe esl of poverty ad desi ton, while Hes conser: tbe the est of eyamathy nd compa So his negative enti of Sts bok deste te fat that Het ws 2 iat and intended otek "the Hegslan ofthe eter, able to sonprehend the hort rth of cman (nage 78), sneer es basod ona dels gual alo o Marsan to Stin™ “That Marx was rough famibar wth Sts bok ele provn by his ance apalnst Kar Grin [2 58) iting rien of Grn wh denounced as paroting Mons Hess and paging Sen for Ser ht nt, eo acini tes a Eelntspersd remarks ve ua est some Indletion of Mans opon a Sent at tne He wet [58 p 40] “From al one ables Tenptd to tae the esos of saci Heatre the acta de. Nelo of French scene” "Stan hime ates sage when I pens of olla factor i industry. However, he shows that be ‘on the ht Uack by adding hat the asoy oft ate tnatly ‘onecod wilh sooemic histor.” Une the replication of thse af een 106 (8) fad rmsd ucertan and a mater of enjctare sd sate interpretation wheter Mars Dad ead Sts be “The nly uth who completely dented the inane of Stein on Mary in ner ears was Prana Mebeing, » Marais and welekaown a ‘horton the lst af the German sola emcrtc pry uy od fn wow of Sten rowing consrvta and anagonisn apo pay cs in ltr dacades, Medeing takes ised poston rearing Stns hoe attacked Stove and le Soars (13) favorable seamen of Stn by stating at "he hist samc of Stas Ihe flint ti infece bourgot caver" 3% p48, “Sten sear compl, when he seed his ca ind, he wale sont ave. ‘ve tendencies or glories monarchy fr thon wo had sed French socal atts own source, Stunt book met acting new” {Sin p50), Meleig sever aeepted the fact that Marx showed a de tl Kaneda Stan het Cr, but only etl tat ‘espn at Marc had vee Sti, bu tht le cert Knew about rend socalin and communism long bolo the appearance of Sta’ Tok. There wot word of truth in the whet of abo of Son allen on Mar” [15, p15]. However, a anther ont he ‘dm tht Stin“ancrveed li soo-esnoaie bats of French soa ‘my and communion and the cle sougaie between the borgir and the preletriat Te wars sour and ati apple ut ita ape of {8 tor of towed al the sam 104). “The mst nteratng quesion of what Mare, Ens ae Sein thought abou each ater oan oy be decid fom ccasenal many efor Marc catia never shnowledged ving rowed sy sino rom Sin. The comments inh Ante Crin, thong ot unfavorable (be fat that he wanted to isrte Grins plage -indest that Mace leked down spon Sti at having tery peteted ehh Sale Simons eo led not conde him an original hk. ‘There one ater reference to Stein i his comespenvoce wits Engels (241 in teter of near 8, 186, rlering to Dubin reiew of Dos Kapital, Mace weer: “The fumiest hinge hat be (Dileing) ets me tothe with Sti Dai I ws dat! approach while Stain'te up he estes lio in chanty tides cot Dy Hegelian categorie,” Hagel’ remurie we ely polenical when be ‘sks of he wed misay (mate leigh) of Stes book, oats {Sat "among the profes aod uses In Gena there wee Some clever sprites who tana fori eens ito wired Hepes the Me. Sc 18) Sti opinion on Mars resis mater of conjure, we now for certain only that e was fae with is sry writing. Th send ‘diton of Der Sontomes und Rommanione in Eine, whch ap peed in 1817, contains ompecenave biblogapy nga by Sounties: under the sein “Tapers which go beyond the French ‘movement Sten ee “Karl Marx Mute de lr phlovphe, Repose 1 pilenopie de wire de M,Prouthon 187. A comprensive cas ‘sno the later wack hy Poon into sections” 588) He aan tnetons perineal which Mier cantbted sch asthe Det Iranzonsche Takrbicher andthe Bhchnce,Jerbicher and as thatthe fit etn of 1845 asp sacl, the ssn of 1, radial communist (p. 5H). Thre are sve eons, weve, at Whi asesnent of Engel stil stuns, Refoning to Dc Lage det tetenden Klauen in England, Ie sates “This together competent {cents has fo eet © have draw pai teton tothe cee of the onpanized prelate, dhe Englsh working cla (p- 587) tn it tle om De Sita Been nd dr Seema i England (199), Sein dacuses ng’ book a length stating that Te gradi ‘onset it basl onthe Uae Dat he Base part of soy takes ups mar pat, it socity er a ole when the ind Is ofr snd een ia whiter sir the sd may bing boat This nteprettion approaches the sidcalos if for instar, he bourgeois eld repose forthe fact thatthe dit Irth are ee willing to send hr tsa ve on potatoes no to ft dra ‘on Sanday. We are defintely opposed to such an analyst of seal ‘enditons,Whatve my be tof tis resentation becomes ina Slo and inefecive through the faba i coniaine which ae ae ‘iusto thw who ae fata withthe fact "Towe, however, who ‘mot know dhe conden, are nothing bet pamghisters who sh op troble in soley witout og able oe wanting to oggert 4 ite Improvement. Nevriler owing 0 Hagel tht we hve tore Of the extremes to dich the recs of ple dst San Bo (p30) ‘Some years Inter, in ie article “Der Sous én Dentchland”(189, Sen deste comiderble wt tue communi in Germany. He separtesseiie Meratae,uner tic he mets he own wor and thw of Mai enon tdStve, ‘Bom propaganda puicton He doesnot estion Marzo the Co tronst Marto, bt deal with Weithng Gran, Tex, as well at Engel’ book apa, of wich be tats “The wentine had » considerable ratios in Gontany” He penented pte ofthe despet misery a the tet pat of ity factory tow in Bland full of undeniable Facts abt this wretched spore of induction, wt with wart std logan without sy quertan ton bet favetve writen a er ‘voy ant nda society, a prtsan book two ete” (p. 88), "Ta ll goer to how that Stein was fara wit soc a ot sunt terstare tnd ht he weighed thet importance he overall Petre. The fic tate never mentaned Mary again way ave bea EEG we confit im which he fund mel tat healer wings Dredgure Marts appoach, of wich be dsopprovd, In hs ein of Engle tod ic his eres cw be soc neeet fa Goren, Fanon snd England, (18461852), hi ser. ppostan 10 the enuing ase Suga to cement and to Ue pony tat labor might take the Change of scl coaas it itso hab, aleady fall discern Sle He never explored Marsm er the elegy and poll prose fhe sriour ait partir, although thr woud ave been te ogi Segal to hrs of Franc i the Ibe, Prhape a rr to cap {he mest of disecting ner development, he even refined foe Publhingsnaher eon of is bork on France afer th secon ean ‘11S ha sold tH lst editon of the Hondbuc der Veroatge Tei (1888) contains survey on the international ete on sci 408 the labor problem (pp. 7782, 2088). At the nd ofthe capt "Chater and css mventet” fe mentions Robert Meyer with ter ace to hs Bmanaiationshompy ds ren Stndes a Ihe Bt stor Who las coceed and labored the den ofan independent es nd $s movement Ho alo rcommes Meyer sour of nersatio 00 ow Lasalle sd Marr have provided the teoretal foundation, pray with relerene tothe quan of bane capitals hw the Stugale agit fuance capital ruled in a gevealpiocple of Be region of property sted to break with the Lasallane”(p. 8). “Sein way bave flat the soit overt, drawing i tng foo the vets anton agai Bourges socket, moved in he ‘tts Feedom, Cansequony be cove agnore Masts ed Ptr Inelecully he withdeow fam he apne of eld as ae prised nly i adocating it wo modest reeds, rater thn flying the foc at wk in moder anit, he engine of which Ihe had toate no meee, ‘tin and the Sic Reformers ‘While the traces which Sen eon the development of om ma teal roma ebscured ue flack of informational the ratan Sette of the tocaaty hr nduene on were payin Genny ‘leary lscerable. The psblaton of Sts book on cal td ‘sommunsm th France made an enormous inprensoa in Carman. lt apron he cr of Far hos a th loa Ped sr open tothe sbteranean chasse whch lng ago bad been. lowed out bath the srace of ciety. What te sepine of Lis Phalppe ad done in practic, was tom ala accomplish in ery the bourse Deca sar of fl” 138 p54) ‘Sis anal of the coming cass struggle bad tng infence on the dation which patel economy tok inthe fling deca, “This dapin, at that tie nH ifancy im Cermany, centered rourd (ho analysis of the cumpative maha and on the dasnttave aspect ‘at predation, witinat ay conc aout is nga impacto hata well The Mavchester school had based ite arguments on thea ‘Siapon Hat fee and ial nda coxneted a the abr reset ind that he competion” was the snd way to slot the te tht it promoted the welling of al by aforcing ain eBert and Imusinam prodction Bat slowly bate evident tat crew though erty preva the mie id ot sm to provide fie competion lect ofthe oaulty of th inital rater ofthe compton wd ‘made it imposible Fee competion, n theory the best mod of ging {far enn of socnss to evertody scoring ths bit hed ct rete in eapliton and puopersn ofthe larger arto the Srrkers Moh! (2, pp. 40,501 had shady aed fs warming veer In; “ity to sity yeas ave sled to proce milens of ory workers and to crrpt therm athe cone ures pid nny be sl Sit to have them eofot in closed bate formas (Rerclsrnen Schlathnfen) the ober coments seity™ “Every vot ised gaint thse deeply immoral aad extemely dangerous conquest of the economy of competion shuld be rooived ata bsg’ Casal ‘hematin Se lo Nes any, 155, “NN Avotvey, when Ado Wagner, asthe Ieading fg of sll “Katedra ar advocate tts change he dtbtn of Snare By ax heal tae refer, Sti, towards the a of 8 He, tok igre “apt soc manures" He man srguent war at progressive a= the wos endanger nt only ctl formato, which be considered to ‘te preeuara the espana othe rodactve apa, ba od Independence 8 wel, because the power of taxation weld ths be mi ‘ian the srg between Ue lan iatnd of beng conned te oper ins fe repdcn” of gien condos. All War do. tote te compecbotve and mas eteeing ales (6) 3 eral alse of Sts comtnton, He showed ht Sts agent Io in {nt bitotcmtadcton wih is carr nteretton eal ad Seal deepen by amping hoger stesso ih scl Sd commoniom, Adit Wapper suet: at cll sty al slowly {e repcad "by «new ped whi one might ell the Sol petod {ea p67) which “unr he leadership of a ronaschy of sot fox 16, p 110) and wih the preservation of pate property exteme Afr faulty il bo eininates by ple measures” He thar tao an advocato of pley which Sta one conser a he js (Ged and cogent cnclsion frown anal. Stes Changing Prmaction Sens eas and concepts have to be ealatd with ference othe fret stages of he ife.Since be tokatvasous prinde-aiverging [ostcnsinexpning events and pedicing th core of te fate, 2 'ver bound to borne «controversial gts ang contemporain Tray sho scout for the growing anagem of Mare and Engel fed other malt in the poemicesgunt Slen over Ue dacs. Fel Gilet (LL p. 24] comments opon the fast ut "scholars have only 16 avery limited degre been sare of what they oe to Sein” bm pointing ot dat Sts pton wars tly mary elation Yo Ion soigy: nw apd conan, bat Hat he ao stood om the bere between salam sd pose But even fh seems em plilestion bests it des not ake ito consideration is ater develop ent when be tied ta act as mat between bo, secrding #0 ‘iss [8p 5S)" theory of oety of 1858 an tet 0 Iuily the. epic concept of Wester Europe wth the SSeastic (ne of She Geran sol sents However, beds not rally Secu.” CSEPEE rig Seite tac dr nn Nieslke distinguishes thee major pees ia Sts tellers de elopment During ie sect yen, at St, he wat dr the in Tense of Hoge and Petts, with a ent towards veh aes 2p parent at that tine, Steins second phe, according to, Mache, ft fom ISH to I6S1 under fhe sence of Preach toh Bit Titers now foeund on cety ted of lw, and shang fom Ideaiieplesoply to aq iovetgation of the colt of Me. By "Battie, commie inte are fou the wing, er of soy tnd of istry. Up to thie pot, whan Ie wa be sly thie, as growth seems to hve been content "The beak which tak pce in thecal tic and rena in 4 ta ‘omard conservatism dave by rani i ch harder 0 explain td therfore mosty mater of oafactare. Nissho lost the ‘Bang in an extn aay of is aks writen im the Bs, wt Sat however, expuning the matter Hert Mates [31] beets tt ‘ho roots of Stns comeryatio can alendy be detected inthe “Social Movement be interes Stes cam of communi atthe ver ‘ey fom the aaa! diecton and follwing theses t posve ‘oaoay [p35] In which the ence of contradiction ost sce fed “ec atagnnneaze jut sane for establing saa a ‘omy [p33 Stein hintl confer to fve contested tanger. as consequence” by sraming at he sacl oder erly alton economic conten, nevertelesn, be alse ies a waming “hat ong the practi! buss of ater fe whe sping to eaplre the superior essence of scot “The iaconsivenas of Sts sca phleophy emanates fom it empl to ting economic ratsaan sed delish it oe yen (2p. T89), 1 hus ts origin is interpretation of the role of the ste ‘with & contradtry i ol The state cannot be bo a isunent| the ring case andthe tnparial authority coeerond about the stelle of all Dee to tis base inconatency, Stn reqs coat ‘Bet imal, moves in cles nd fess ft to ome to opts ‘fret concasions 3t diferent periods of he ie we compare tbe main thse of his book on France with Iter wt seranessepding the bor problem, the change a Sta’ potion seem quite dato The soil reform which he Proposed to eel ‘oehl revlon bad abe acelin oer to aecmpish what he ‘Scred the futile expectations of the poeta, le eva 8 ‘ely in whch the ptr seletion atl prmeton was eahavedycoat coull ot pony rasp his fat, bres nce the ee (Saky fame of elec. T oder dren aren ths Tuy eet war neces To auyaescty nts Bete contest {Sit composite Of diferent gross whose power and iret vary Sts genral appeoach to th mi ecm ir anton that sate, ‘ockty andthe sconony are jt diferent aspects ofthe mane en, fel his spe thee Of conflicting lst ater Sn epee Se ‘Sam appeared to be uch more tac ant coving, He clad that “rons far ha iboritd hei et he oper ‘in-o the whole and has meer stayed foe ts positon to conser (he india which makes up the whole He formated the tsk 1 response ize nan to fd form oscil whi ‘ate property is precerved andy des not pert an isarmonatble Bsc for the fall development ofthe psa “The postin which Stein tnt inci for sol rela within the sramowos of dtl cpa war ceri not exchavely Mir ov yee, at sd coty, the tp ofthe sol sient, a wal 3 othe gus of pbb hfe it Garmny, sod comresprdod tothe goo Aisatacton withthe scl consequences fea sndstialzaton. Tk ‘ea Stes mer, however, to have Boe the ow appre in the i Sipe considerable pet by providing 2 foundaon in is general "hry of pace. Indus a expan, whch ad been cepted tid inept ns bing the Boul and sper antwes fo proving 3 ‘slguate ving forthe pro cme oder setiny now they were ‘creasingly seen and erated ap stage of development carrying the Said the own dorupton, Wernngs again the eegigence with ‘epa to human vale sulting fom wanted ieee in the pura (busines gain torent sod became enealied na vty ‘ah reform movement "The opposition aint ltrs fie andthe al fr eensttve sp port of the laboring clas sprang up In lerent cree and was at Froid to any spre doctrine It came fron dileert sca oupe fad wasted up with diferent loli soda canmvative sd fe Talal of wich, oddly eooagh, showed traces of Sts rasan {sala abst ofthe ole of abr n moder sucely and he ma tows he proposed for farther acon have an usta sity to Steais amyl argument; to demir for iver afrage a3 oo sttitinal rt ol the fst eae, the med to grove capital for I Dorrit order fo establish th Indapendencs, sd the ea that dhe sate was the proper nso cary on the demands ofthe bring, hsv ths hat leady bee formalated by Stein altho Laval ‘ra pola ade he warting clas, nade a altogether dierent the argent {13,7 18, 1171. Leading gues of the check {oth catholic sed protstat-raized thir los concer abot the werkt pli: their pretation gov far Deon al for castle ‘Sista tb yor: shows ansety abou the genera ate of sce ‘o which Stein ad elled atontion Bushop vor Ketel the det Cae Jest to appranch the peobem of pauperis a rs ofthe Ibo ‘Shs pestan, gos far a8 toprol "The sttement ‘pope 3 ‘bef eentine ade by de wth x grat heal «ttle rath (135, 1p 1], What he deans snot dnt, but lor esncaton to wht | Strong. Vieor Aine Huber, representing the Protea view, foe Wtmuar ne of howe ar polite pamphter at advocate of opens ‘Steins poston ba alo bees se to balitr the consavative lew of the shurdh The cahoke peril Oetemetche: Monatsh far Centcjiehenahat umd Valkrachf, lua hy CV. ops ‘tor, clery revels dhe uence ly aati “Statitlmar and sorts Konig’ Vogl [120] rer oS epeatoly and quater tim in Be argument forthe mtb of elghtened mora in ter to cope wih the mise of Hort in commerce bourses. ‘Sey. Sar (13) contr that "the docne of the monaco ‘octal mform a conceived hy Gost and Stina tak root in spe al deine ofthe sock The most meaning sd appropriate se of Sti contribution, how «ver, war made by fhe economist Caan universes ho, Mira in ‘lak, ye cae o the conclusion that state ttervention sod bur rgeizntons were necenary to prevent the degra of yan walle fa indaealsoity [HIN] ‘Sten left hc mark co Recher” 13), Kole and Hieeand and thle approach to econmes ropes fag the Histvia Sd, Cart Dist (70) theoey of sey Ie Alveceeshor of Stes Schmoler[52} appraised en at length ad “aired him one ofthe rt mertio Geman scl scents” (e114) he als elution of vere ct tht Sten ean autor ‘Sora story rade exept sls ad frm whoa one can teal ad ligarse without sles aboot ignoring hie name or ring Mm own” (115) ‘Daring the yar which Ind gone by sine the fist appearance of Lorenz von Sci talyit of tadern indy is poston had Sully became amnion property a lealig grop of ena Howclo uctons and mean in which aed prileges de to popay were smh alandooe, Ie seme amps to hve ex ced such changes dsng be ey prod of European India Exptl. To have asked fr thom iene Stas hae etelan of ‘The chante in his point of ve aller 1850 became more and nore geval in as Inter yar an led o growing conservation, he std {Est spinal rather tha rater forester the course fi tery. Solty, instead oe aly a releton af scene ran ships snow sen as a inate again in which every sock grup aris proper Tune He sife empha er the call er ea tothe pacunty of Inegshty, which he now exe a ars a ‘ute ferences etwean inal a tr of dilerones ined ‘tion. The esng cats gtr Dest Becomes te proper fame ‘wok of selection, sd nds! sey the mot apts socal err te provide nooeaary opprtnter foal ado for the flint ftir destiny. Furthermore, th plight of the proletariat ad the aor ‘moverct, which he once desoibed with cmpasson aod sympathy. ‘wd with growing ric a “obra and “Somagony” = rocest (etl degeneration, ener nuiape seen 3 coatnt seat of {he vitor of the dependent mass one he tat, He eve serine tis own concept ofthe proletariat by the qualfiation tat 2 considerable ‘inst amg the nan proprtd cls i able to neque expt ae that ners therefore ra counter fo hemo The dneton Tate the cs spovement and the ar prablem, ich “the fst all lth entry id not yet kon" now enabled him to approach tse two peoboms-th identity of which he had St sao spurte ‘by condemning the cls movment on th ov hand anh on the oe by sggeting salto tothe bor probiom by way of adminiatve icy. ood wil ef he ruling lass th athanty of an engined mon: Erk apdchnslan arty were how sonddeed to be the eset Faso forthe slaioa of ho soca question within the Eramework of industrial society. Te sigies 2 steange metamorphosis foil ap “Two features characterize to change of potion by Stn afer 1850. He abandoned the ten and conopt of “eotraiton inthe expels the tem which might lad Yon nw sige of tal development, and Irfesd to appease bors own ert to whe is problem thoogh (1) 3. Di Yen deel ionization and the organization f the soda demonic party. Hie ‘tego agains all rafsations of these stole al he oe SSrpeing Benue nich of what happened between 185 and 180 be Ind cal pediced ater, Ht sos conceal at he wos tot have razed that without the frvar and peso th cast Inovement sacl Ign wend eves have been enacted ‘To expuin the try of Sten fe an Rt intllsa developent sppartunin fs ateabl an ha ao Dae dove by he fe that the tots atthe beng of i change se apparent beers an ae Independent ofthe afer of hie Vieneve apparent [9] Hse tht (Caf Sct (3) ner closet to «genuine explanation by teeg the fl farm tod conservation tthe shocking tat trate [Bslence of th vet of 148 which destroyed the lige betes he oct movement and the bourgeatie. “The nd ofthe Haropan ev Ktonary movement of ate and sity meant fr Bin als the ea | {he bean piv ge by whch he had ered te cal movement in France bore 18" (51, p, 644, Wha followed as {proces of sceorsmodaton and adjustment By the mile of Whe 10 ‘aty Indl sosety had aster fl athe retening fret Shc had ed to shomowe in 686 were tnd cota al ver ope Stn iterpeted th he tage of nw elie tenn ‘he soil ordr aad state organization which might endure rove the ‘ling cast Hood p tt sligatins. Forres Lived te ves of ‘he upper bourgene, he Sper conc were mw ide dr the Aourshing of nds abd conmere, and could be eal igor Sela ‘iver touched spon thee problems spi. He nove tained hit teal vere; not only had Ie wept hanged, but ‘ko is temper std os inlet tent Ongeally « erin he Ite vowed ocean academician “The Hiory ofthe Social Mocement in France, the tlle rvs cf his carly Years Par, remains hi masterpiose and deserve, a ‘wok of great engl, «ting plac inthe Htory of sca thought, ‘oot 1964Locenz von Stein; The History of the Socal ‘Movement in Fronce, 1789 - 1850 Part One The Concept of Society and the Social History of the French Revolution Until 1830PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE ‘THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY AND ITS DYNAMIC LAWS Introduction “The peat geerton has Begun to be cru nomena which ad former semaine unrecorded in even He a wel science. Sequenca of «force permeating the Me of rations aed of india that they are by meses iterated, sd that una owed ae tide one of those discoverer whic sagen that Behind the brown AreldS is onde there sem tobe il greater powers sod Seen wich were, origi, viewed with septic an 2 tain sw, et Tee which there ened witorm nme an sl ‘Our tau ie dstngiche trove the discovery of mach fede fore al ass. We Inve made surpassed proses: fn every Bld of Knowles Knowledge about human he has sl Find new Sl Sod, the ements of sey ad the dyn of voxel “Sccty one of the most dient comps in plea cory, mot only hecho this concept a0 eter hat hard to ive «spec ‘mean, but expecially Beans one hig et sci wth he tern a moce or ln presse mening ‘Thir menting as comply teary, since there Bad hardly aren an eocson which wold have tied ot wire of te mbstance of thie soon, Whoever speaks of = ence of esety=at one tal of poll sence or econo ence FP aot ony blige to deine nt tem, but as to opp the mast of ‘ave conception aboot and the tener! eb that ayloay might Tight and howl alien to se whatever he leer tty 5 ut ra jst univers ost a cesar a he sat, the 4 ort be pene to asomluh forthe former whit ir cited necrsnry for any ore toro stale of the later: 2 cones Eowladge about tr emnce anda clareton ofthe ner sotadietions ‘tsps bt a independent sed sng fr of han ie, he st e's vantage pot frm which nay be under so that thevarey of apeuances may be graped. Th vantage pot & given Inte soca iy ‘THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY The Community of Men ends Unity ‘The frets contradiction fn human fas i hat between the i val sad he pote flilbet. Ia every fail te 1 10 lnm sing for compete contol ofthe eters cumstances of ‘ance, sod for mast posenson of Knowledge and of steal fee Buta te sae tne every foal eam inflely sted ring, is eg, he Enlace, even hr tne, barely say fr the Procurement ofthe basic mctos He cannot even enjoy the lest [Me shee fe hart aes do all the wok tat i eared to {ie them fers tre apes towards the bet and the mot ‘auto but wnt be alone can comer stainable daring hs ov ited i Is the mas of Bi pow evs, the 0 ssh hing at an absktecontration, andthe stove setenes do ne contin doe Butte sltion cant be fond inthe spre ofthe nicl ie: The it of india strength and {ndiwidal Ie re tamsenie inthe snnstedmulodo.of People, stich poses entounded sent and alisied tine for Ue aehawe Tet of human pon The ines in the smber of pop the Best Teauient for he fallin of human arprtns. "Tas nade i iel nthing ut the ample aggepton of Indivdaale Since evry Peron & indpiadene the mere sumer of todas i cay a Fbnte mutilation o the contradiction between lamer earings and yal seth, heeds sepettion of indidoal poverty this tulips to being the ida lout to hi flr, acter tment mst be aldo. "The muplicty bas to be mao weal to the Invideal Th sation for th led fede Hy. mata ‘ttedepeniene, the omy of et The cmmmuniy, which exists for the she of the sndiial pr. sonaly;hich encompass Oke ponte ~can only be woe Stod interme ofthe iad personality Th somumny can hardy ie'st giro ature than gesowalty. On the cmeay, Io oder to ido ad fll tak, fhe community mat Hol be «Wing fae. Pemonal Me is ditinguihed fom inprsonal and satura ie by being softened eae within elf he mathe eg to et te gels and antics The age which caso the ae it by salldetrminton fs volten. The acempced sulf-determicton fe action Every personal he uly by vies of fs wil-power ‘Whiter Inks wil without sell dtersiation it Ur ata De thing Only as a esl of action does Ee appear to bea seldeterined lui: things cannot sc If the community is Independent of the ‘xine of any toe invdiland the comment, oseet he ‘Sema ati of prsonaliy, must ave an Sedependent wil ‘which enable to veg tl ean independ aly td ofl 4 ssn goal Sech community, wih independently ‘what we ell the site The sate the pernieton ofthe con: Ty of tenia terns of ll an acon “Any objec contd by pero wil ae twofold ie 1 serve sa aeye the unity ofthe wey ye i alin ets soon fo 0 Inws. Is sburdiante tothe wil of porion, Whenovs thi ll lets, the objet tends to reset itr tependet pies Nom, wha that let Ht ir saberdinate ty tho sath Bt Rowe es flan te owe mation? Cleary soe the ate epetent the et sonal community fen, this obj nthing bt he idee ie fall indies They ae subjected Yo the wil ofthe sat never 4 becomes sanft, Bu the stat cannot de thi edt He tlogetic, which, therfore coatinuc te Seely and ogres soso ings tr own ‘this poit the concept of the oman of men tobe evi 11 00 longer Intl with the conep ofthe tate. The independ Mf ofall tudvsdealsthe ator and bjt of the ate’ wi, wernt ether completely comprehended or explain by th ence [the sates What then, i the contet of ths soon semen of the ‘many, abd what ate the rake sd ler of he depen We? The Orgmion of Heonomle Lie ‘The Mio of exch india, bak on the contradiction Between Me nor tne evngr and the linia f the enteral woi e Dermstestsvggle Wil thir world Labor ith relate and Durpsefl acy ofthe peron strafing with te materia work {nd resping forthe stitton of is none, Gone are the Ya ff lbor capable of sattying sur noeds and serving oor pleasures Te this sens, te af ll nisl conto cet go Here the lntationof the person shows moet dearly. Nobo sable pe doce all he necsary and deszed oot by hs own Wor "= Onlyieee oct eos mine dees arte Sacer fee Sani rie kn Pooueenaveamreors some gare buras Gree i to cae ears Enea Suman sepear sere Sek namie Saree miheiee cosh eo Raney TE ea entero ies eee ina eee See eS re ce teen Sane enso ESeano cme ns ecetiet toned ioe areca seems Somes oe ‘The Order ofthe Human Community 1 iene of th mst resale facts that natal objects whieh tn pit to is servic have aorta mnch isons om ie be from them = Hin very mich doe the ttl cutek on He vy Arpeting on iferoces i ccopaton! The farmer, the city dl, the nomad, the laborer the superszr the Scolar, th atstiow very (2fently do hey sw the wr Hw very muck do they ifr i nscal Srenth in Inowiodg, and in the work which is done by eich {them And stl-the indidal betuvioe of each af tev dy mt ‘peng fem bis indvduelty but ether fom ts peciaty of the {ond the preduton of which hs he decals re «lage ol prmbing area of estan It 9 So re that in emer ‘he spec funton of pez ia he oom stem sates sed ‘onions his patel peeve ‘i, the exten fo which man one property at condoning fic on the development of hit pera Crater lth aes fosthl a higher date of development te te ht powerful pe. ovale wil rays oft thi ete bt truley te diernce fn posios podes a ierence in ida! dvebpmeat “Tae ospaioal roe of the indulges hin 10 jut Me india toh wack The nak bin mine sale fr ie spec Fencion at als fess suite for say ther He iy therfore, Bond to his spect tasks i lic, or evan imple, to. change to ‘oer tne, even thi aay tak higher an be move ewan “The Indivioal seems 2 be spl few to deed ogaly wwe way he wats to take, but the daca kag hn om the ath (m which he has started He so longer the ter of is cater ‘ho eter becomes he master Acending to heh, Unio ning ‘ubjogstes the fndvidoat sod Astemine he saing power, in nates his abu fendom: ter the five ladda esepy ‘Be pore detoroed by Hs work “Accoring to the lw of the ccnomy, the various ceeoptone axe ongnie parts of 2 whole. Though ix crspation the india fates inevocably io he econonse oder t spec pin; he canto eave sat will Thar the ogarzton of scrum Ble beter te ‘der of aman commun. a ve sn vey i pendent om he souiton Sood for bis penanal development» Labor prewpposter. tent Every posatn he bor power, bat te tne te ited. "Those who awn the mater alo sone the esos opp tunis forall hese wh di mot ave Property. The teri they ae {oie their Ibe power-are dependent on Matera whch he Property of somebady ee atv whi they cat a witb the Sontet ofthe owner, Therefore. al Whore wn own nothing but the lthor power are dependet onthe why eum pope The ne of th cnn ing om ha te of he cana forever snd nalrsiy ag the er of the dependence ‘thas who do mat own pon thse wha de Thee are the te lagelass whic neces eve Inthe commonly, No hte move Seto tht ha Boo ale f lina Dr exten The Cone of Sot in a arity of forms. We dint thee rope apgets fo a sie’ Gas eed per moneyed operand et opty of fied capital, Each & hee Gs sti nt {eee rn a pty ak he fm ol nd oe, the ight te on hase es varus coin, af howe Owe ‘ rtconabe whi ye et moneyed property can taketh fom Sapa” ch mae ep ot woo ace eal cen oral hee pass fave Di cos demir i he vale ef money, the ranking ofthe pesesns ay wel a of Se ours Geum bythe out fv sick the ene We Th ht open mn he ns He ie, ont determines fhe rank onder ofthe owners Tht infarc, here are rn diferea ypes of wok ol wok hao rer et tan ry, he Perf th ee {nll cording to te peculares ‘The concept of work contains tho cine the meal oa the psa att of man. Depeniog Sh which of thse two laments prevails, we ising betwen 00 ‘atcha er, the former Bong super and more ean She: Renn; management abr av independent tk ordain ee of al Kinde Ts 2 ran order develops win the ess which depends co wok The tunel ofthe clases ao the varios 0s win the lames are Ina commit Ba, produ evechanng como. “msn Factor tae rtp te ret o ‘Ske pe af wk tose type of wt. Work deters he Wie oie ener athe same way tnt the Se and annet of rom determine ee af th property omer. Tero, he ‘Sis of nto Ue cmpoperied cm pee hi {property acne cle top wah Som, The Serr oar po mate develo no 3 Saad of seitr sm te peri the ater is imi! ‘racers non bound fo the dependent wrter, doe 4 Bi ead Pom an orginal cout nastomap there eee evden asc retetipy now femas, ew fact thee of the muy. and ewer emerge. thera of anid pect, {Ds reluouhip foie and extemal What of master and saat the sytem of damsics and manor dependents rltonship which Iecate of the mature of the property, cin tly eva on dd ste ane in damate I. The tntne elitionship which develops ‘ut of tml dependence and sence one of ly and doting, this lends «noble quality to the dapentans, Ia the factary tere I thing of thi Kind, Heese hex, Ingvar af the pana lord Iles the servant the generals orgnzation of ts, which tam Sends invidu stares contol the wore, "The stunt fs ‘feet gan in basins Ie, where the enplined geronimo of ‘stant wath lial authorsy than a servant Tse dic fora ‘fsoci ogatzatioe sec the general ripe of dependence ofthe “The description aed analy of hae fame of dopendence pe wp # lage eld of sy which al the ihr the seth sreadly beso objet t investiga and al the moeeportan the deeper traces {sto pera Ife ar thw more sresiably alee mba tly re ‘the Inman pesoalty. There wl bea ne when this ter ok social reality will be consol worthy af tho gestet scholarly lo “This tine i approaching bass the reenter of perscoality ithe highest gal of tans ie a this werk this onder Is stable and yond akira change becanse # rows ‘tof the elanent of property and work tesching far beyond the Indl cam one then asa tat Wo india feat fart ate 10 datos hs own postion tn ts Oder im ancora with deste Sh i indivi ate? The answer is mo. Closely interwoven with the onder of sce i ssoter power whose source tt now hae been alos exloiely ‘onthe inthe spore of ethics sn iw. Ths power isthe fay ‘he famly raiser the chien. tnd sce the poston othe faye Akemi by the bubaod poston te children get the education hich 6 made pose and, ex 8 were. natrlly determine bythe Drston ofthe bat of the analy. ‘The family deteioes the pation of the invidael in the om ‘munity. 1 quite mata ht tery able to coney to chien ly he kindof expsatins wich itd itll The tonitin of te aty ‘thas extends Tar beyond the We of heads contols. the foto of his decenantsAhough sme resk toug thse He ont the postion si fate of fay ae nen ule chive forthe fans of is decent. Wit fw execptions the cise of farmers ‘come farmers ag the cheno abrersbncome labore indeed, "hy ven work i the sane td Wei fates Oly ceptionod the ky move rm one lt sts However, the except rest a sre thas sxe cane 2 flo he eee trates oder of en ado tins ugh te fly bs th permanent dr trent gems The omy en whe ay SE el screed tow the ponaliy of eat cee in at Sal rosa st aay se ely tl Sane nig fe; tie crime uy, contol by oe tir ‘Shan ffir ty Uo nein of Ibo, ‘rion tog mas sds, booed to Oe fal. human te. A tent rigate ne comep of xy” None of ‘en foperatiy an afr explanation of hasan, breve one {Fees th hs nel lhe of Ti ely teuph the covet of vce ta he coneps Ad eae conic at Ubon of hating omy ao ata ‘Seaomy, ofthe faniy' ad of Ine gen ther highs common pe ‘Sete aby eve do hy sti the Rg pin of he my i Eto inde andthe flies Bs Sain “THE PRINCIPLES OF THE STATE AND OF SOCIETY The Conspt of the Life of the Commanity er Ivins ong i, we mi ew Tek tthe me genre ety of which sey only» part “Tue pater ote ides! wee ur pit 9 epee, Tey cx he eo ot nil vs by Ml, The coats, teen represent bth the neceiy and the esenee omen sommenly, wich, fem hn wr sec depen of the inde “hrs reaton for the Hadid, containing sed exompusiog the ina the commit Holling peony. Cautions 1 te eommamty kara Me of town, ampere ie ls Sk india fo wih grt tod Sse per. vey ft Ninf not only rarounded aod Kented by the smnuiy, Dt sb ‘weet sway by f when the gato etaine when he Ce STiiy riba. Nobody no ter bw power or er. bs Tn tle treat completly vfation of smn Mey in ac ‘Smunty Me ie ight transl for olvidar FE reat and general power, is aly present a any pint esse Brcsose # presets the condition forthe tatent fat any ie is motion which a any gen ute Broght soot though the tnovement and oustenevemat ofthe peso snd the oon enone The former ert subie the lite, which in tarncontny. esto detach ule Tho alschte vciy’ of the pero the. compete ‘estrcton of the moe pesonal In he pers, he one Renter ‘of lie fr ths abso domination ef the purely personal, which Se Coniruiciny 9 the concept of otal man repeats the exten of the Tansetdnt, the Dey The vcty othe tara ens dete But Me is movenene etwoun opposing ples Theor fe a strug, jst a hohe, nc eh fe ofthe mind fr the sae Teaton able to expr al aly in term of conti. ‘The whole i the human conn, Whe i the personal tad the no esol ‘The peso slideermiing element ints the stat, the person crgnist of the general wil. The nepal which docs mt eve 1S onpanlan ands ovenent fr the gener wil and which there fore establiher a general and tale erder the basis ofthe oars components of Me, ir nothing vse bt sasey. Sate al solety ae ‘ssentlly vot ony two dierent fons of nan existence, But thy Se the two difret Ue component of eey har ciy Since ie repremnts x constant sul a the eral self termi {ng lersent wih tho no prsonal tthe aaa ements, the eof the human comunity ir permet toggle between the sate and soskiy If ths core, « peel and undirarted harmony between Ste and society t cndison In which wily fe completely merged with the tte tar anatase asthe Divine, An sole pence be tween both ts preladed by the very een of ie And tr lap tera that dhe compet dalton ofthe pesoal inthe unperoral, the extinction af the dea of the tte within the oder of sey, eas he death of the comity The wld drs Few deaths There are mo ‘eft nations, bot there are dead mate. Tey ae the omer which 0 Tonger have 8st, te tave wher the power of the sate fc tly concentrated nth hands af sosty The character of nation's Iie emerges nthe constant sale hetwea iate sd society = The pastas wel asthe preset nothing ee bat ths arog ie meat wll a the dant fotre wil be sting ele but the comet ‘ugale been the dea of the wat and that of the soil der Bt (6 tot slit fo say Uh the atte represents the Psatlomest and scythe ma persia element of he aman comment Hoth ne oqualy alive, beth nim at seething defiite, dbs therefore ‘sch of tem have 8 pindple of Gr own which ir oped to the Shee The Pcp of he Sate “The ae the common will he parol vty of al tal Sc all instal ost towards the famton af the ‘acs peal ir sage of doveapenen determines the sage of ‘development of the atte Hl, Th conan le obvious the more Ineligzat the ctzenr who lve im «sate the moe ig te the atte, de more eathy try ary the weer Oe sate, the foe ngoous the tens the toe goons the eat. I, however, ‘he sum taal of the etizen? inlet physical al material poses sone dones thn the sate wil repr. Therefore the following Light Iportant statement ‘can be rade, mae tht the dere of ‘covnaihent ofall viduals determiner the Sevlopmedal sage tesite Ino tain own highest goals, the st, thrngh spree power mat fre the progres wealth vigor and tligene Fall fr itzene The sat can only further tl by farther the interests ff eons «The bse pip of the sate = oatsied fe ‘he achievement of ths eke "Th snte ara Independent personality i above all xn orgtis ‘The wil of the state, Hho Ht of any peso, tus no a dei Tough delteraton, to execute se wll he sae poss meant ‘outcion which compel obdiense «The active paristion of the ‘ison in shaping the wil of he ste ras, re than anybing es the ined above he aronHotatns lar ef act oe fal th of the ind’ seg and digoty depen upon 1 TEU ato wants 9 achive the highet devlopnen: of all nial io oondane wth is st sl hago arrest ofall he orgle {aviation fr ctzon in the alfueof the state “This optieaton of fv partpation in he vga Me of the stan, partly in he formation tod determin of the perl wil ofthe stat, called the comton ofthe nate The ht of Ue Taal to pate tthe airs of th ster ir ce Aber ‘The pemcple which gover: the state. therefor pesspposes fot the relation of this Pile it of all « comtaton which adresses Tal ear ciate tl guraees Wty tothe ial This nly oe part of ist ence ‘Tho actity of the sate, cared ot by st nga sd cnsiting ‘he external fe of the tat, Helle the snes of the tte ‘Any state, no mltr at which tage of development, has sp aie tetlon = emt aim to promote by letnate moans the Bight Alevelopmene ofall cizen The sate amination exe at pores mortal fo ifthe leo all ite ey enlsve comer Tel be les fleet tothe ett that the umber ad need of tone ‘tho re weghted by the tae rs wl be tae pvc th mone 2 prover alto ofr every the poly hit sonal deel ‘pment This th ether part ofthe rail othe sats it is correct tat ti prio of the sate with two contents consittion sod adeinistition, nt ashiely adopted bat iret inthe narure ofthe tat, te, «cond sine ga om for fellows ‘hat the state mt ative forthe relation the pine The sate bfeen tts comrary 16 ts gal. aparently thot intention, and fen ‘thot Enowing Te Inde state weve eae, Det ecrs when coattoa and adminration ent witout regard Individual welling Le, when the state eats ely for own sak, ‘bjlate stat sce to the Kd of death quer and tore ety the more they direard ther wk At omg at Ue Dies foal of he ate ie manifest in any contains! or insane {there thee Is Ife thd ope for te provement Iti pore Having ditppeed aigether fw the sustain, the parvo the state coins ocx onl i the adeno. storys tnany examples of ths socalled ealighted destin. But ine en Sitution apd adoinstraton ae neces inoonnected, the il ‘ier emerge from the sdinistation m free seattation fo the German state. or We adminisation vil lio cee to east The Sa ‘tho slate alive whenever we cat bane lathe human coment ‘he sniodtvig” of al, in contiaton tal adminsttion, Delng ‘inte towards hoa And aga, wherever the comm, a ‘wnt or in par, ekg for bl i ars acento the se noms uconscioly tat th cient to sol wil case he sate tw render help to thne who are io neds For the tate te adversely sifcsed by Ue unsnsed sooe often ae, ny bap gen ‘ham wal benef the ste sel, ‘Tis may erlan + phenorcion characte ofthe origin of the sande Puropen ster. Among fhe great varity of state fms, mo ky le the port masieraton af the independent pete sae hasten ot ofthe ned e he sapped group of vero people, 5 ha gine power everywhere by tral support of the people andic has boon most sable wherever it has al ts power ia asoudane With the ove don of the state eI oopariod i dover See is pst hs vested on this principe, nd tar wl dow lo, ‘On the ass of thi pencil, we may deep compete, hee mona iden of the state Tis oot ant fo dvi the al of = Pfect constitution end the design for a tly good adnan. Bat why then dace any ate vary seco in raining ae Sel? What tht maker » ate ue power for Hae oppo cade what ture when i should progres? Clay I this happen, st cast be cand by te sate Ifthe sate operated ex a ncordance wiht, ould ot pony tt apt There someting swthin the sate operating went, Thr eething sooty. Dot {oukty adhere to 8 dierent pipe of exance than the at? It 22 ht is pipe? The Principle of Society Yor cots, many great men have ted to formate the pine of th sate, ut maby ought of he poly Ba are ihe ao ‘iets principle of soy. Ad yet doe “he ceaanim of soit, too, ke tate the sat, grows oot of the seed of the India! personality to serves the inva’ full fd hanseeious pera. developmentHoweve, while th tte Integrates fore porpss inlay foto = personal nt wey subordinates vidal to eer india «Terre, in Soy ‘he rlaonhip of indus the base of ‘all devon ‘Since single person can accomplish very let atin his gol, hn has 10 use otber persons for hig awn purpose. "The more oes thy sod etry oa he wl ofa In, the so wey, poet tnd happy tht india There i therfore «general ura Tendon) to attempt to sabjct ches fo one's serve. The Sopentone ich this service preps, the sojagiton ef ob. penal fe to another ona, i based om the pnenon ofthe mao by which one fson ean force another into sbordnation Aon of meas hich vss independence ef ther, bess, herfore, the nee {ed uasridable He tsk of each india iy toa an acetal rnd abitary oecurence, forthe highest sel of Indi ‘alte by these mene td the relat depenence of thers In this fasion, soqisiton, pssst and dependcne, which tam 1 commnty int» soy, in thelr ral ian. "They are 20 Jogger mere fs Dut elements of personal development society i ot inerely am order of persons, bt fe an dor which so pest the vations stages of soit deveopmest among men. Thas & becomes pent why sot andthe rncatin af sot i ncestry td ‘thy the indies! uotngly seeks to aekeve higher poston Ino ‘Sey. The apparent external pit determine the degree of bu ileal perfection “The flor by wich the mean of enr's own independence and howe ofthe dopendenee fathers are notated, diets he eo ‘corbin ll siete Tt the mowing fro im soil. It, | ‘uae, of nite varity for erent people wader diereot contin it ie cell ental tn al sae becnseeverpebre Serves to prose, forthe eave, the means for psn peretion {rough the dapendens fhe The awareness of ths whic euler fl outward act, whlch abv present and alee in every i Aida determin his soci postion, i called feet Ineest ‘which the eet of al aman teraction ab therefore all oc ‘oie the pine of sce, esendene bse the ditsbation of wes determines the sow crete orm as soy nee sos dynamo pop Tho Intrsts of se on whom, becawse of thir propery, others are pendent ae dietly epee vo te ters of the dependent This fiat chs of soley wants to enlarge ae stengthon tho sytem of opeoence the oes wat to sb it Thi i he gener character tf say soy ite sect Tetuns ace determined bythe covdtns| Shick regulate the databuton of property and the. rlatoship of Shependeney. If the property rea ext the interest th owner st lease the popaty itt ad wiv, while the momar Wan to para how and ange for hansll I property isin the for ff Ea, the inter tthe owner sins at propeating the bse tnvotment oso od thcewth the whole retusa expt, wile te tment mans frodom fom the, Gotion of capital ‘arming his wager If propery ie indus the owner wes the pot to'go only to the mangement we the laborer sve a gang a prot shar bond his mere wage If all hr hinds of rope ae Preset one pe oppose tod eer, the landowner dbs ot wat {o'be dependent upon te pital owner and vie ern hese rae of the relation Dre capt apd eatrepeenaur Wii the same las, the interest of lp property is averse to the small propery Ines, beemse the former aways wat force the Inter Ino depen dency’ The more Sotimitely the ype of property and, acqion ppomaate cach tter the more dered sbi Helved ooo the ‘aut ites, and he ove dif becomes to debe thomole em Ts eat of ets, be inbjeced to a ar eompreerive and ystems Hf the Primary sj maior of te soso soy Ts eth mach nag Bass ofthe sence designe to sen Inte me fer, a areas ofthe eae“ ofthe ate (Stetson) Wo have sated ht th prince ofthe sate cit of vating al Invdal 0 cxnplte fede and to tt alates deep tet Fut we have shown tt he principe ef Sey on 5 of the sabjopaon of tome ddl by ter the pesecton of ‘ome trout th dopeodeoce of ether. What foes? ‘eciedly dis uat the pipe of tm tate nde conden tpt re of sty te ei fn eee {toast two oppaste ples reeling each er a tng sek sch oe, ae pes sy Iam ii te at these ‘ro oles sete and scty-deermine the Biff the bans om ‘ity rctely ecrse they are oped to each othe 1 flows hat ‘oc fe ean oly be uodaston3 by comprdnding theatre ad the sueagth of thee two ehments Boh ens ave td nthe ele of the tadvdual hereto. hey deterice ach tier and loot logs, ter ation, ou comtatry, are ye reputed, by « common higher pocghs This re betwen tan Produces 8 ovnent related by deta inle ewe, Slice the const between sate sist dctmies the Me of the human community, hse eth gona ws the eof te Jetoan comunity. Ty wil Stein ti ftie thy hve aed the pst. They represent there of sce win the fea stl if they te he cea mst scr hich no ORIGIN AND CONCEFT OF SOCIAT. DEPENDENCE The Intl Source of Dependence We speak here ofthe pure conept of the site inthe sense In'vhich fa realization of the seal Hea ‘The ideal concapt of the ase encompases the male of Sed oat personalities, witout making any dstncton tween them ‘Whi the conceptalfumwork of the steal indvioae are equa snd fee But the tty of membre of «sate fr won ths pie cf Mt 6 valid ae the vary stne persons who consti ft fre of the crmmuniy. The davelpmont of thie come and the Ursiton of the actu soley, show ht fhe meio f= ale fn meter be cnteivd of a blog egal rare they age Ha ck The exstoee of a ung ands dependent clase the most goer] a Unable fot in ay sey Sno evry sat contin sity he ontadiction between tate and society is ever present Beery state fet this contradiction. Every tate lfc bye and hast som net The state is enfored ih the question ofthe fterdependeat Feltnsip between ftelf andthe semen of sce Since weal, power and fertne of the sate depend a the wll wing of Hs cies the positon of the rung class conidera inde panda io complete Barmony with the ea of the sat. The Sate neces withes that th cl shen moe protect sd freee I ember sce rough them the seal eecomentl cor Utsonsfor the development of the Indedual are Provided. Bat he Ducton of the deperdent css dfintly condi the Hoa of the late for excl the sane reson The fall development of the at E smpale Wf towands of poop wil neve ba able to develop th Indah nat, therefore, has o elie the extn the dependent clay the etence of at cae, ot the erstence of soci ar such, eomadictay to the al imped Ia the smc ot "The stato as 9 ving entity consis of Is task as the wil and the seengh © work toward 4 clinton of the eataiton. Im Ps ‘Spe theron tobe pursed i simple. We Have soe tat relation ‘tho principe ofthe states scoped by the constion ad By ‘he amination. To alleviate the dopendoncy of the lower ase the state wl In the fist pace, grant by, the ecatton ho uty ofa zane under the pb Iw. "Thi wil eco the Ssoreme pence ofthe law, in the spore of amination te Be Concer wil be tore the satus ofthe ower nee However, sine the exitence of the sical order depends on the preseraton of dependeney, ay step inthe sin fe contrary the ecb Soc ord, ia partir tthe soca poston of the fling ltt "The ste moves into a icon oppose fo that of the Fling clas sich & nfl eects the contain betwen the pan Sle the tate ad tho pint of soit. For the rlng case tin to se its power pion aod the many enoymente resting fon fi (he endcavers af the ste saseed Th ling ela, Beng he OTewealthy cas, vem ha provi the mtr means to improve the Jot of the lower clus, they citaling fe Own advantages "The ruling ches, there, by every aatze the ue every of the ‘al state, which threaten existence ‘The comequence of the pres conit cag Be ely stated i one sentences ‘Since the higher die of sacey woul to change te Stat, oo elmiate the sate aoetero set power, ane AE poasble at taking exclove contol of govrmmestt power. This 3 ‘he fst orl wo reli between sate a sot ow the Rang Class Gein Coil ofthe Sate 1 feu that en the interest of he rling case of sty to take passion of tho state, the qoatn arises whtbar the state Tins the mean to defend al againet the power of this clas, and ‘im which manor sate power i seo by he upper as o begin with, the states. marly atonal cont its existence Ss nly abstract 1 de no pus once form taze mth (hat ald represen it exlaely Tote inva only apeaee rica 1 ave a sate. To boame rea, the site cede Ue ode 1 depends‘ he iia to devel te ogaes. These is, weer ae all embers of oct and te nelly wc etarmines their inde positon Since the se Ine to tansler ‘econ-maling and eseeative per t the ideal, socal Be Seexsiably iteneoven withthe hfe of the sate. ‘The indus, by tcipting in the ie of the state, poet the acl clams, pe and ‘Spins the contain ad he adit, Teor, he te fencept of the state never fly ever, bees the spit and the se tf operation ofthe oc ate Urey permeated by sca le Ion Theat i wable to esis apart ro aay ana eae the elements which determine th scl ardor, beeaan ts represented by persons wo osm, independently ofthe tate, diferent ostons in the lass structure of Soe” The ste lass all edepesent power 1 ‘tin opposition tothe rating els, do wo the variable fasion of fate an society, Although in theory the sate is the governing power, In reality subordinate soley the gener tement cers the freqnlypracatned demand ha the ssa slone ent t eal the confit an emodel socety is thrfoe pote. The sugele between ibery and dependence oxen soy, ad cay Hse the ue fouinbead af erty and dependence “The taling claw captor the tte by organising end senming & ominant postion i the conetttion an the anton «the Sil the sate to be subj to tly, the conto a to be {et op in such a fashion Wat the depen las ds ot partite {ne formulation f state ply, on euch wy that fh wishes of he ‘oper cle prevad «1 Tie canbe nesompled by ebbing Pr oquister or prtiipton whch ony the oppor das able ol early soni the sealed property qualBstine Allerton het fore sar ot and end up with property qualieatins, the mse 0 the sore the comttuton is socillyconitoned Te may bo a specie indo pope may ba geiealy pve propery my be ape level of education wih ie made 4 erequte for pari: tianin sate seises The diferentation of prope costes he ‘sunt deence sng varios conmutons Ma specie Kind ra specic mown a property dines the ren from he depen ft cas then only tne wh own this type or amount of property wal teenie to politcal partition, To lsrate ds pia, we may ‘eatin the feudal system, where only pveged pe of andowhe| ‘hip ented the acters to representation ‘The second sphere of sate fe she sdiistton, which compres snore Un he Sontin = Adninstative Funes are performed by peomanent organs of he sate they at in the nam ho stats, command the whole power and autbonty of the sate forall the coer. Within droumseribed Kit hey poses complete Ieede| td the ene right of the state to dacide upon the appicaton of the feel ral to spec care. Therore, Weir power great ia ft Sra vbole simiiatie power & Ge grevtat power fn te human ‘nanny: Thae sate ergat ae designated bythe tr of pubic (Bcc the aig lace wants to contol slate adnan, Da ‘o.emiol publi oes, In gener, this i accomplabed by making the conferring of ofce Acpeadeat cn personal qulifestons which ool the members of te ‘ling ces posses and on wich he ling cases decide However, the Fuling clas seom slop att. The rl fr boing oles gow out of {he Interest of theca a 8 whl, bat st Oe sn tne he ater is (he fndvdoal interest ofeach momber af Wate, Once els ae Is Secured, the indian era predmiatn, and the ing of ees SSsabjet to ditney personal conta rach ar sup, ath in fexce ar comtctions In this manner the ruling cass bts conta of ‘he organ of sate adeiistraton “The smnitaton therewith loses che power to rpreset the taeencepin of the sate independent of he nfloeoe of the ssa rd By eeving the logan hh i nde he cota of te ruling cls, the sate administton, dmiatel by sembee of this sume clas aed Sounded by its eats, wis gery and spodcally titer (Gt Ths comploes the explanation of our oral assertion Unt the nto power aft sate inal i parte and tlaonhis dos ot fll {o sosty io gone oe to the oto as such, butt the Fung lass ‘The Actual Delopmont of Sacial Dolton, Clas, Sock Pree, Eat ond Coe Since both the constitution ae adinstraon of the state aze conte by the ruling cs, legato ad law enerceoeot ae ed oot othe treo the ing clan whch eoagh fe dostnating ‘ac poston sobre ie epost of plea power Thi eas {Sati te onetton snd scion, eae aay te aba ‘pled to preseve ad promot hee soca swdions on whic ros {8 domntng potion the rang has andthe deenene the Akpendeat clas The depecace of pe sas om sooter rete fn property, and all property sured Asquision of prope, ma ‘mosh ari is open to member of the dependent cls will enor the stay of he rlng cas ad cnt vee dhe ate To dar {o'naiatn the sates quo ofthe scaled, toe who do 24 08 roparty have tobe exel fom airing Tis nxomped by {hea wich os op the principle of faaenaity and inisty funded rope, oF by Wenting tho lead tnertance of lan to Imenbers of the rig cls‘, the propert-olng a ay Tomes domino although domiuion te = eyo fom: pri. ‘rte entailed tate (Filomar) a oe ich tn Towever, oe ind of propery can all be acqased, eg the scamlatin of capi lesa in all Kinds of eerie, Al taker [5 dretod towards the acguston of capa The sale grevecive smeare 1 0 reset squiton ant egal exe the mers of {he dependent cash pact of he cra pl crporaons the Inder of fanchss, of monopole, te However, ee teprise revi, ther sfegars develop. Iris wellknown economic prince fiat capital canbe gained fom work bly rough pot Te pat ‘which extaloeners nod in order to perptite ht rl Over nb, nd Wins sro pot at nbor wats Yo nie i order o bre Alm the bres betwen abo an oxrhip. This the pot at ‘ich sate amination regulates eoomse Mle none to preserve he elting socal ode by tate atoriy 1 jos the Mb fo he ‘ont of the employer, sc dcr te attempts ofthe bore fh sare fe pot hy wing te nro ll ‘el inthe piling af abo which as powered important © ‘pon again abrasive of Ease cpr, “Theo face the Bt 10 rv the rst othe dasa on of the mare powefl acl cas vet sats Wo cn ees them inte once of cal ght (Costes Rech) Crowe Sut ofthe mates the sets of sty snl igh (oscil ‘tio priv) provide able stn of satan ad peat Stl obit The say of socal gt wich py sch on Spe tnt rol thee ofall pople, has or yt fou lace fn sates ite fet to nerd the’ arate of tty, al gh al vemly eased the proper ace Since oa pevleger devel aT ofthe con which olin areas over tat nition the ext hse pee tegen san ina of the amvot of power wich hat cs ols To ttre petal thera iad he more Ponce pigs the moe rip they wl be acd since thy rth os which tet the domtant pasion ofthe ruling la The mga da dst sty he mare abort te ig wl be Fo scl St of eal rigs the men ofthe per sige Cas psc er Ah ite, Tes etre an inpwtot cor of stmt taee {hss poten of riviera ry ‘Ale the atooomy an domination ofthe ling dst ae secu 2 se concept of he fay a tn ig of hefty ves, Famer trnfr the pl poston to thr decent al ses bt {the fat which rfl memes t acne The masse ome ton of the upper cas a dering ht om ts fc y ng theta lndopendent of the mata eeomstancs, and stl on ‘he bass of family and bh, to hs clans. Ths wha pene og Before it toes aw But nly trong the aw dost bt ase ‘yo acide Thus the prinaple devopr Oat beth septs the clases and hatte nd opr oly erie te bs ‘rin the cer th leno by the atthe Cas hanes {oan eae Toh the ar the ete brows cola pegs lsodvantags n ta peso, without regard to ober sal coniiony fecal on the fata hth. Soi ght sod pigs nts herbs and eget ete (Snare), wind se ae Tite boedare to the ster af the tnviaa The state Row Interns self hetwecn the ideal and hs att to ahveigher soil postion. The order of society, guaranteed by ett ight ‘ome Bd he rl ofthe wpe eat i abeoely oc kn i ‘eling Hs fnetion of ras the Tower css, bs streeded "Even ough the uo of tho higher cases ss Scary est tuhad, a change the ston and cmeequet pene oth ‘ets av sl Concvole tho ale oft oper cls tobe nv ‘erable, thas to batted to fact bpd uaa eo Here fies «conception by mean of which the demain th ge ler ‘aches tr summit Th sate he highs sutesation of persoaly, the supreme power, abslately dependent of the nda neces” Seleecating ted» ampli force, develops the guy of the said Sd tho nll. Soe accpt the nen fe super and sabes lf of Since the rng sar Wee eel withthe st, 000 shams the ies of ble, iby, and divine author for tll ta fori privges. The pot of the rling las sich thet 30 Stack on ees eta ap aftck onthe conatation and admin tron of the stat It aac fe play atenced postion te reverenoe whch defo the sae asec, The pci sal fore he Sno Becomes Seti sith the Wen of he sate el pd sine he form of the sat represents the soil poston of the ses the espa tem fel aa cme to be feted athe isine onder of man ‘iar a way, the domination of the cs comer ota ere state ht i Domes sacred piege snd ay emt dxroy the Social diflerencer within sat Becomes ee gaint ho diy. At {his point he esate ystam aed om oa pho eit th ola Aiferences dated i the mane of the dary und divine ls become ‘sere, andthe urate clases be ates Care, bth nt {ton of este i goal sig the nal and absolute vir of sat Over the state The cae sae ental Keteaten ot ony of Ste poset and state ws, but abo of the en of the state ith the ‘Sats nate of sce. Such oly canbe deserted a the able Tt snot by chance at x damon cls develop stile pivileges, that the chs this privleged oomes an estat, and that the este leads to become sat, bene thir davelpmen ake inthe m= ture of lass relatos. Ths «germ law of Soca development Wethin the sate gene praca! rere fone aber oper tien under the spi coplitons of any ope society «= Beeatse It ‘ocopases the Whe of stey never ett el suddenly a 8 Single generation Jus atthe ie of mare non entre 1 proend| ‘oom oo sate southern ight anon, 30 the Me of sey over twade i irecable gal In ganda, ule pace a tm ‘ands of sal. etn repeated tent, oats, epetons dev mchut abetye wilh unsabable smideaey. The ide win i vine guidance has ordered ondtons nich a wey tat oly few ofthe peat movements wih make wp itory afc he Sphere of She individ Ange ithe socal order ener 9 den tat i acomplied in oe yoncraton, Te preperation pct beck tober fecrtions, and fe competion rqute now germane. Thetford dal experince nly small par of he processing pce ‘Ao fr ths ery soto the tough, he wil aod the ston he ad Vidua ae powers aint this manent How nelle compared 10 this iw appears the power of thze who want t telat thee of hee ter by shar itllectelendenrrs or of Urea who want Sop or ide by the power ofa But what cx be done, it Tar Kno, et tc ete deal events Ar in every ‘rial sence, 20 here ala ft of great nga Yo pose he ‘arcu manifestation ofthat aw of man dopendeace. Aw Bid of ‘mostgtion opens ap bee forthe scone of sake which node the Misery of soy: The Brat piscipe whch determines th hater Isthofolwing here teeny Sn as systems create soil ahs nd pevioges, tat thse right tnd privge eter the development estates which eventually arden Soto caves. may Happen a all the four elements, soil ight and peeeger, states ate fully or only partially developed, exist simaaneotty within «sca rer, 8m cntemporary Earopean soy.» Thee are till mere Slane, sch ar owners and nen-wmes, an there 8 roa ih Sch 0 gl its prerogatives and pei right of lind owe Shere ae eae, ba on the dtnton between the anstcray a "he commoner, there ar tnes ofthe sate ryt ta te pt ofthe Cathole Church All these parts of mokty ebve towards the Samo gal but each stmt ony to reach the level cnely above 3 ‘how who merely own property wan specie socal righ toe wh have sme of tam want mor, wht sablize en, znd to me Un roe potable If thy are sted ith what they have hey ton {o secur the sane for tet chen, aod they want to disglay tit tafe pation by some ind of dstincto, so that a estate comes nto ining, Those who ae members of anne ape tie the his tthe estate vera above the wl ft legiating sate to ea tor diferences ar an eteroal hw of ature the tus ae of sy focal de sod ar the divine ral of ms fi, ont they 0deat toa cate. Those who bao ceacod caste ike positon want, ‘the mesial Cale Chrch,t snbndiate he state foe hrc, the now Catal Church, thy not th complete sepia of ‘Such ad sate near to etblah acl ender bend alee [Powers and cement of state and society. Al dese developments are {Bling place im Earope today therore the Mo of Enmpean soy today 0 infty are, 2 etal Bactatng The oma ‘fea alence al come hs nich Ue fo ear te dene ad ale. In pte fir nde vary, the eso the pope ‘ome on the basa he law that wo have exis, te erent af every slo dvs tower sal depend fc doen ager a dete shone ‘The Concept of Socal Dipendence ‘Until now st ar ot eae to each forthe sesons of hit ‘epantence, Bec the ace of sity Hell ba ot ye been ‘erage. the sate isthe supreme munition of the iden of personaly, ‘an f thes wg to eno val ftom, (thse fa thering the highest pomble evelopment of th val) then he state by ts very nates fee. Frodom, which the Bight level {ead sltdetraiation alo the et principe of the sate the ‘Sat by deiton cannot he dopenent. The conept of Ue eal ate ‘recede depence = In rai, however, an sen erent Scatian develops, bese ast the mts “hoy” an tempt {Se the states pomer for ir wm purposes ‘The dyn pimple of Society and of I ool dis ft, wbich sea peng OF iproving one's estaba stl peion very sero soca postin Is besed onthe depend of ters, Tate always epee ell by esalshing, securng and ering he extent 0 wih other become depenlent an sel Whore dopendent has tose eth 1s werk ad to handover wat he cans fo whomever be server, De Dopdoncy depier the dopenent person of personal independance tind Freedom: Ths Toncosog prinsple of sey, by rondring one cst fee and sndependen, subugates theater. The ring lt defn he fate by taking posestion of by developing petlege, ests and ‘ass, and by tang the constton nd administration of sate for I own ende Through this procs, the ste develops tits which com teats own higher So, The sat pes aed otc scupaton fon cis by another, wil ts to nati equ the opps. The Sate thus Become the serv of «power which basal pont ee the state's own om. The sate th sancti by awe wat scoring tothe vigil ide of the st, shold ced the rd fone pat tf soit over atte, he rule finer ne he vit prea ier ofthe development ofthe fice poses. Av sequence, he titel becomes dependent "Tis now i the concept of dependency. Dependency develops if he sate fred to serve asprin iret. Legal dependey pe tails the tate change a Specie pivlege whic, widow tate ator Eto, fa mere sol fat and objnt to fre tack ata an vee thie right Polite dopengy develope when eae ln of sity has {ho eactusve power win Oe state Te now car where this Akependence its tnd lw it ome into beng I has rot in the tom of social dependency. Tas eriginaly natural dependence develope Into Unretii aSoon asthe state cept sas «atonal pins ble All cnfsion shout Independence and dependence Seite. Se with the tat, bt with soty and elton to tho sate. A lea onerption of tue Independence sad deperiene and of dhe et 0 ‘Seat the te, bugis to eve withthe aseptaoe of the pin le tne the actalcentnon Sa comme Ue sos rer iin the orgasm of the state 1 eo, then to at Unf fa neces and seit Aoatre i the omar of bn. Soety sed on ad he const feton i sed om soley -- Imray there rn coston without tome sloments snd some degre of dependence which coined by the sate Ths 8 the toe meaning of Rouse’ statemeat Ut the egabe& only fr the Gade The del rope i imps the ‘ration gvntesing stole feo car mever be cain rea if, betas tala based om sock nfm, sey i based fn dependences the sage the rainy cls forte esi com trl ofthe state. The iso then omy ost of contin ut movement nd preload or bration. "The dominance ofthe ling ls ot conrad wih the iit ef personal development "= "The poston the power al eyent Sec ental te gai of all me. By roving for it ad by heli Tis ow, th nda obvi ace armoay wil is own Me ask tc withthe base hw of fas nate terete, oral ste fed in making the port fi ambien andthe defence of pos ‘ovine the jr endenoro his a ie. Th i the clement of ee ‘To in the tof dependensy Ts wart Yel tis dey, mento al fr those who sufer teagh i Una tore a oat to reproach the powers 20dthe peleged for beng calls, to Isteret the fequey extreme Afi east they ply to defend he stats na property, by ‘rs ofthe gen bol edo, ea erime pst mast, de ce of wis ie nobie and If, + declarton of war upon ead. But ow i pou to scat baal af am aal-srchy who bat ‘ceeded inralsng it fr inst The uppers defede for {lf the asorplahnents wich are vehi gual bat which only the ow hve alain = As logs hee soperior postin reat ff pron masta coseqaence f esol abo, alsa harmony ‘ith Iumaa fulilgst and human right. The sobmason and the Aependence of the lower clases tr dealt In the development of amity --- bot itr not «cotadicon to the svperor pst ofthe [regu ‘The contadii dovlpe nly when the upper cls et {i per tere the lover fom the sequsiton of pases thugh ‘wth indidals might beable ofan the wppr els as eens Only {he imps of such retione and legal rings fal Kinds et fie to that discord Inthe community. "The mee existence of sss In sowie i net fc, Stein by the ltt of he a ‘idl andthe character of propery ti fact contradicts the den of ena uliost but # an be rzted oh bor The tr and Ueolte contrition to the ides of personal fallinet tse when the latomisip between the anes hosomer lly Exod i the frm cf special piges, sat and cst, by the ste which conve by he ruling cla nd when the work the sing nda ennat sang thin alasontip beeize 1 has boon made lve by the te Ti ie whore te dependence hens TE thi rely dove hep ifthe ruling css able 0 up thes rem power of tho sate probit dhe pward maby of tower ‘SES by tal restos, how it nevethlrs possible that here exit ‘ovement toward esd? ‘THE PRINCIPLE: AND THEE DEVELOPMENT The Font of Departure Most people fel. thatthe tat, accordance with te ice ofthe sae eth yeprsctative of independence abd ta cone fusion, preciely bene i dependant on sey the expeson of tiberty, They sly demand ha the sate ab sich guns indent ‘hee eaely by it own power and warts fy the cone, ‘This expectation ithe rel ofa grave eer hich pesumes tht the Site src rable to rst thy npc sod the demande of sce ‘We have ake described the tuo veatonship beowen sate td socket. Ie pov etn the the tat eves i aity ince ft hero eens spr fom soley Each of ts ens Sell seach of is sera, belongs by bath atin ee the sacl ppartunis open te him toa dante sti of soit «The wl oP the sate is perma by people whose Snes are anchored outdo the state, Le. isos. The setts of the sat ae ded Dy the ne persons so fave perc intert ip sig the sate or the Troe of thelr eu, he sr dent have oe Sine oan which st ‘an ell exavely ie own = The tte ie powers Ween the ‘mination of rcety, ence subjected to i i oven lee capable of ‘preserving the principle of bert over tht of soa dependence, This Barto be stated portal forthe bent of «wal knows pasty lich Sl perseres the ope that the vicar of feeedom could be Tine ap scored sly though a sonstitin reecting the pe {ew ofthe sate. Thi ot chee Bt he be ha he oat as ‘he power to overcame modal dopendence by an ac fil. The pI ‘nich old thi opnon ithe deeanratc party Te gh te Tatcty comet tterpctation ofthe Men of the ste, # wrong fe complete mserprttion of the nate a0 the power of scty However, this pry il chang a soon ast proves the wks of {he iden ofthe tat fo tlaton 4 tho ede of aly» fia state inno! elp alts and sae can aot be roe scoring to ‘nips, the possty of tue progress Ins to rest In 2 force which fruncend th ands mre power thn bod “There can be no doubt tha ths higher cleat comprises both phe nomen hey are both conceptually imps th mature of the er Sonahty =. The pnt of the tue gal ofthe penalty ssl in ullpiy’ which bose anid inthe stale and ordered In sockty eis pole to lok tthe rate ap sey in variety of ways, but they Can be envisioned oly at cdion 0 india development [Ar lar hey serve tiga hey fll the ewe purpose of Oe fistence otherwise they ze In eontradtion to the higher pups erase ake ny, at were, ete. Tn est, nly Oi Hier {Exc which cn spel Sento serve again hte proper pops. The ‘only and finest, therfore, the factor which nore pow: {fal than state spd socety-render them both servile 10 sceIndependence: We Iave sow reached the second major probe of dhe {Boy ofthe maven of soley and snes tat fhe popes a iy a arse agaist tbe perpeation of ce depend ‘The following wil he more comprehensible if we Sst dics the ‘hve princes ofthe vement toward ity. Sie seal dep foe duet the vey mate ofthe soil oe, tinge th scl ‘rie is mare poweral tha the satya foo tat the mera towards inept at to begin sp has Yona couse ao inthe fn of pe hfe ht in he area ofthe aca deri the rt Friniplof the istry af sacl dependence within sey, Sor fine the Sol rer Jctermines and gover the or of tho ty Fotis tata change of the enmttaton oad of al scl ight at to fake place once the socal ender bast tno! by the eat the indvids i the dioaton of scaring ere socal independence “This can happenin wo vy eter thug oform thao ree Iason, ea as poi features and each ike tsps course “Thd, since the state, according to he Hea of the state, repre Uc Disciple of Freon, the change aways bei withthe owing te {tof the more ial element of society tr the Hes ofthe state abd ‘na developmen of naw theo ofthe sate. For the ane reason, the ‘anges scomplited only after hese ore ber semeat of sey tape sncendd in prducing a new cman “Thaw are the tree prindple im tama of whch the movement towards tery sales agaist the tend tonnes sox dependence ‘The follwing chapters wil give a detaled analyse of each of thse ‘The Basso Al Movements Toward Soil Independence “The invtable ft that the ruling cls takes posensen of the ate 4s the bass of all nc dependence. Obviowy. ths scl Joma tion were sohing but force esternal tothe penalty, could sccomplith very litle against the psc power of pend in ‘al sl le aan te own Inner contradiction. The pemanence fd domination in varey of forme, st tecurence ale as been broken temporary, ad tit aseptanse by the mane af he people ‘peat att rot mee am eter force but ner sted ‘Tae ty nate the sate ontution a dtd by ial rd ad th sca overeat, canoe pos bo uderod a ong ‘the dependent cla doce not have re comage to acknedge Uh Inherent uth of th dominnon athe ling class ds na ave the Scent to reco the extent of is domton "To develop i pant debrate yp deco’ nd to veto wal tbe ste neq the bs het tote, and the stenget eronaiies forts service Tae exctcnce of al ate ston ded To mach grater extent upon the psn wh i appt to xy oat decane than pon the deco ad lcs ac sch Able re have Seayr remedied adequate cadens ad Tocompetent tn ten Spoted god ones Tho ste alas td chose epee Shes and lis fom thn rks of the sally sapere Mes benhip in ths cls hs Became the pee fr a parton of ts meobers in ste ste Th ft oll dos not ene the dependence of th sate. The lower clas wold ever oman that the super members ofthe higher sea ate invested wih aBaty {nub ula; and, een i dl cola, woud ein Powers Setot Os fc. ‘Many people blo tthe rte of the aves one the have-nots Twsed on te mater pee of he former Te famed atthe Azpendence of the tet wold exe at ton a ie former low Bett ppomer-ab the soda rder mould den enclesely on the eterna Postion of we win prof by Tis terpetatn i aogeber ae ‘The matealsupererty f dy prpery-ers smi the are bt nly the enseuence tthe per inset nowncp Ife oe the fst place which enw he dv wth sper ts eer prcetin and persona elle that places te mene of the propery-owning clas above te tna ho lave wo feoper ty. Sted, property makes the nnsownes sical to the oy sha ay them vate, ol oot prospects for nesing income, aad se rally moti he mer of tht members of thea Since baths shesoens ate comeoences of property rations, is cat that roy fry snot so mach dependent om power as tt power i he ours fener nih oe a ely soliton Sat Bo partcpation in afais‘f ate is unsenbly dependent on he ature and the strut of wea falls tt ay change tn the sled ny aan of the idence othe aed impasble uns i i bse on aeqution of eopety whch aloof th oe foundation ot eed . ‘Sac he abtact concept o the personality resppcs such idee, ie natura to deine frm thi concept he ema at ay form of socal Sependeaee-- However all ease Mery aden iy which restating bw is cocep ave proven eo teean nny Tey of lan ae ny inroads ee corp =k 00 te tnt sl melons canoe changed by extol toner sloor te most that the att power can song (8 Forfa ange nthe menberhp of ene or the ee clas. Ii car cetable at the pyc power ofthe ower i manetely fret ean to se all property by shee fre. Bat # i enponee {er the lower ct clisinate te oman nd depen which ‘ne inerkay Sel property nil» gemine cyan the hiberte Akepenent clas t vocal indepeodcoce an pliteal bt ake dle hus to Be preceded bythe seqastn of that property Ais oe proves the nesary Condon fer ths se As bag av ths ‘sro happened ny ert chge th eigen ote aw contin othe He of personaly ier» clo pata Seopa ott, Net ew Kewl sk be ge ae Estee the depen haw hes shealy ented te poco ingen for oll The ony math, hele, of scsompling hs ange pty tn pennant io ces open for the lower cas Spe fore Thor aateot-ar single nd iota a hae ken very requ reectd. I has Been more commen Yo help te tower cat by ging Pokal rights wethnt searing ts wal nde eodene To do to, however, st My the imple and he Sabie «|| Ano fact hasten mot een epned acne ‘ond have reveal the fly othe proche oper clases {hes know ao by elton, the by natn, hat nen ‘oestrone tangible od tng pro dae ft sbsract thors who wat to Be lier t al pope ont once er ths pegs erfore, cme oct wih mate Snlghteoed members of he rng clase The iter ae areal om fella ales tard agin Ira moves 8h toe roi fr the fre Toe asc ft nat gees Aietlygutng freedom tothe mass, who donot poses the Po teaser uy devel nto an sera neint yn gael ‘This aude I ale moderation aod pence, ina pial cote {ts Genial heal coronas ad spel ‘Snatos fiery ince de octal eric the prsondion of freedom, en snce Aevclient toward peal asty preps cesh eal evel ‘pnt th to history of soy, el ao Hert) ed he ats enendally he hry of the baton ac he grorth of I tho products of sacty among the wer as. Thi an area of es ton nt ye touch by heal rear ‘The Preconditions for the Development of Socal Indepoence codon thes detemination ofthe peroaaltyin the stellt seslm a well arin that of jw maria wrk It pote the dia ‘lminton over the spare ofall sr wel 4 nate gods ‘We all he poseion of tlle guts education (Bang). Jt ss the splntal detains the materia educates fe the Sint sbsote resupposion of the rue ofa soil claw Therefore, the ist con thn fr the elevation af th deplete ite acqoton of ‘tion. On the oer hand, a gerne eatin represents the Sst pre ‘eion forthe panting of sal idapendens wo the subjects, To these gone and icontestable statements ther t00 moc ce to ide attention hasbeen paid. Ox the one had was lewd that cation could solve the whole problem af sce dependcnse; om the ‘ter hand, the ine relationship between eeation and the ending ‘of Gh pins of soit ted ts growing wealth wae not miley Undertod. Bry edocatnn, a he psn of aelletalgod, sf knowledge and epailis, to bginwith of mportance pry to the indidal Bat the inal at hit ploc inthe eae | fader of soley. Ths ont pied fromthe et in that Sstcmine and donates the invcoaL.Acing an eden at tn itera proceso» certain exten independent of he sil re Toellocal gos ae waned every may neque tem wie thereby rung hefner the ret of edotion, hee exe the penis of inprining te staditon of tne Gependent acs wil ft fivng 1e to eontradetins fo the tial order, whi, tert ‘ons not ret The spread of etn meena constieter © beganing of the development of dem. When the Tower lst sver for edveation, theft seme ofthe mevement toward fern it alendly present Wevever is sring for eduction bocomes ar: late he fist sage of thn stg of the dependent nga he ing ‘das as beady begun, Whore sate er soley promote the eduction ‘ef the population af Tage, tis Safe to assert a state aed set ‘haher or ot lbetyprevs-envinge bey athe fal gel. The Fremotion of edition, thrfoe, the eavnbe characteratic of Fre pene ‘The asin feo equal bility for acquiring an eduction celts the does of fan equaty. Popular eduction Inevitably reaches &pnt where, rlecting on the parson’ aly 0 Be edd rt ter the toe equity aan a te icp een which the ‘movement of th wer dans ares The pnp of an ely, {cies often 20 prac es xa pase in the dol {St ppulr eduction oppo tothe sacl oder By etabcing ‘he pipe oficial equality forall addon a dact eon kaon aes the etal rd of xy, wich ei deri ‘ie, dependence, and threo aso equity Toe moment wc {ho pensple of uaity sppert tthe her ome al which the in of bent eeores at am sts t the soil de. Ji” becomes the dopun of the dopant shines sivng for Hoey What yp of soil dere afected eleva, but the estan! the principle mas the bepnnng af the movement twa er ti. ts asion Ue dependont cae aoqies socom ware ‘ormitrl possesion. The fon ot tansy, Peon fa repets elf continuo. But, slo, ae power ovr he Brive ade of society and stl awe tht ove nate ‘olin about change inthe esterase Bat ud 10 3 Suge fa the tne grade “Extemal metaalposeons are the prodts ofr mail and labor. Labor the mechanial ati of the slo inthe prove of spp knowledge and aility. Labor, thcefore, ill be beter tnd more vale, the pester the lowwiedge ae the apts ‘the india re Tes, tr, ate the ante of eduction Th, ‘icaon Is not merely the pomeasion of Exod bat also id Deble forthe alton of terial pote To contol nate by the borer of resin i the goa! of mem the Fact of pela ebcston, ‘herfre, i facta the acquion of materi onde The igh the level of edaation of the whole papsaton or of pat ofthe pop eth ee det wi he pti he erase or nnn the vgs forthe sequen a aerial pots, Any ton ‘vine poplice itwel edacted wil svay ab of cet ply | Sreasshle dive toward mateval wellbeing, The the ot at ‘which, as wee, he Iii eaters the tral wok.» With Dot this tang of the mind towaede auton, al cece sais Powerless andi anything which i omesideddnes ne arn hn find An edsaton without pact appcaton dae mot aves proper Purpor". Where, howevs,edicrtion permeate produce esc gi inn atl tar ir fttlecal alae the tia sage of ‘e movement toward ibertion begin: We wl call the material Hse ‘Wherever edsation Ind to = rowing intrst in the acquston of gunds two puss of sata Sevlopment are opem_ Ove of those Fate tat the total sont resoenssvadble fx Ips ‘ough to give everbody is stae im accordnace wih i psn {ticles devebpmest, while he scone lsitatone od. cond tons owl, tthe sme ine allow for fir sme of sequin to be mde by the inva. The eter pony ht the tt Sooat of routes i sendy ditribeted, aod thatthe coon, Slthogh aowing for sod vem favoring sdcston, render the ace Stion of poseasons or a sara of wequstion beyond the level of ete {tence imporsble Socal development" mast Sneitably ave Stone of the fo ps. What ar the consequences ofthat ‘tucson for sry and Yin state? Or what tho couse of the ovement of bry inthe en of atria ods, a oppaed tothe movement of depeedencc? Here. we touch upon he contempercy {ome altho we de with very general nape Bost and Orin ofthe Faia Stvement 1 it te that edvation leads to the deze of acquiring come sponding materi gondy and iC the Inter impaired by socal ye ‘ger, ow ther dees te lower clase gain poseasine By wt oi ‘Sucaton depite tie hands? By way of owning pope, pele want to sty thie wale recs fr the contol of ther tar eitonment a for enjoyment tl tie dorations Labor te the mane of nesomplhing Uae Kt bat teen sal tht wack Itself provide satisfaction, Dut tat 5 only ve Hi semble prone and their enjmante-are nt dependent ‘onthe ert of king. labor shih ir conitoned by cal ned oguor more lt than i iver satiacon, Human bolgs natura veto sately hie neds © witout having to work, the str tion of nods withoot work we may simply eal uneomed income, Sach fe tocome i Uereores universal gal of Iman een. = The ivi own property =e able foray tet om neds sod deer by the aber af oes witout faving werk themseves Theres (ho rang clas asthe oppoteity of aiyng ths ata deste fr fn unemed income. Tate f sero ths income by insti Seca thts. The scene independence of the ruling estate Fests oh 1s Tegal posecton of propery ‘Tha the establishment of social rights makes wok supertvos for ‘tore who wen pope. Ax a tara consaguen, The ring stncf set son ops working and forces the propa estate to abor {iri the contrat betwen the aver and he havent tvs fae ‘uterpistive character: the upper eas mo Tonge merely he ‘proper and privileged cl but fhe clas which dos mot work, Feeeving Ht incre fon the wk of there. Property i therefore no Tinger se off om see lack of property, ba. opty and abo lecome opposer In anette ay hi teprecet the te career cies order Since propery aan value ony though aber, it becomes ps ‘ie forth third esate to get f the vale of tbe pressions of {he prope estate: The mre advanced the education of the dad tate the qucker wil th process be te more the rl stun bas ‘wthdeswen fom work, he move perasve hr change wil be. Since Oh fling satum has nothing to oppose to living and acqstive bor ‘bt fetes and ited material property, does mo have any sans SUNG dispose for sragsing aucesily squint the cantina ‘Sowing fort of th working puption to estaba sl 3 he master SF coon vl. The marin popatn, ig ie edacaon 10 rotote soit wating tr ction grow with oereasing wal Faces ait at hich fr the majrty ft members, he telctl ‘oi material conditions have boo els which are comet so ‘Gu Bory, Tg pea wh as git poy, a {am of capt From now om ete ne eset difeene belwoen ‘the working state and herding eas However, the difernce contin t citi publ Iw, soi rights and costal law. The working and dependent cls, xc from puble. power, cannot enfrce any change im legal poston hich woul reset the acta chang of ft condos. Th existing Tegal ender to longer estab ts appropri t the socal der apd 16 the debation of wt is destroyed though tht growth of propery, and a deci contaicton exer, The egal fewer ‘of Sole, and ih tthe eonsttuton ofthe sity cone 10 exe Song adiionl ines, aldough ase longer carepond tothe {aly of the soll order -- "Tit eotact between the vals he Imorely Te soily becuse the port of deperte of the soc movement toward Mery. ~The od lw and he od comtton| ‘reheated from the tet when the nba e dependent las dese in proce propyl. The tine 1 pe er fava Concept of Poi Reform “The naturel and renal elation of this contraction is pled inform Paiteat rela cece whenever et govern, eer Selnd by intel e extemal press, ys to Ue demas af ie iro dependent char and ingore the receary chroge i te Stuctual changer sty Unie pre i to ing shou changer In pb sod comstiatnal ewe which abla gel eat for ae tihn have already guid socal oqulty. These reforms maybe ito hooey vanous ways ab in various depen; but hey abraye ave (oe caied cot by the constitedutharies i order foetal = revsution Even a complete change in contains las cared tut by the cashed gan, eat revolt bu a eer Tee {0 sc of free dckon bythe aman coma, a et wbich rts {he rl of the pa oer enteral ccamstace, a at ef soho ‘ion of preg a Species to the superior Le of the whole. Sine te proms in all peer of erste en hs organic tty, oly ‘elon proidesurampered development and avoids umocesty ste os by ay ene Seton af Sey ‘Even before mations come to undertand throngh selene an perience the sndaataes oft revolution connec tnt rae (om frm tempting roan Wherever sca eoaitons have bee ‘Sanged by the dvtanice of wrk std sequson, the teed nd ‘dena foes crrpondingpoltcl reform will emerge The emery face of thee denne ays deerver the ros careful atenin, | {oy always rfc » cantaicton which har devoned beewec the ‘tao the ald ere of things, abd pin to ane fr a cae oferod by the higher nature of things Bleed bo the sourey wich follows Is coune- If # diroprds the uemitalable sympton aod et "0 ‘rs tho ol ode of Sale and soit with unbenting gots or {ste thre wil ke plac, stead oft peso! sod althy pro fs, the olnce of revolution: and always uncertain woe {bene wll otweigh the damage done [Concept an Law of the PalialRecoaton heen of the sate as wel as the interest of ties, neces tec a refer, how pl ht efor no thong Hao the stato in accordance wih the Basie changes fn sie?We tv shown shave that nll farms ofthe sate the clas which rer ity comer to ote he ste The acl nee ng to chung the te evigaater thin the cl which i agate te the re of the power Tt ame atthe elimination of ie re a tell ar ofthe corenponding pve. Ths in act, deans Ue ving clisr that salle own owe t divest Sl of th ‘vey power that dori sci tow tres to tone of Spponents Thon, cam be ely cero tht members ‘hl chs ar tbr epee to hes ders, wich wold ‘elermine theron elevated poston. "The upper cst dcr not do wat the ower lai ing fr: tc ‘ot perm he enactment f+ Irae creping othe neve ‘atom of the ditibuton of grado te com roped {hese deomnds, and” consequently conditions faving revelation eve “Awd gal sysesncofane two elements: i ie te proce wil of th ste, and it rent of rcumranoss. Evoy tse hoe Contains oth ements, Whever Iw cians ly eof thse tlement, thas become conteaitry to iowa mate thera, a ‘es mt ry tenga bath element ores per ‘Uae 'the soca condor fst esr, te ung lorraine sid rights nly fomaly sc conto the wl ofthe state, while tho stance of thee rg, tthe Inner comity oft mination with the sci dation of mater got hat Boo desaye "The {ermerly dependent cl on the other han, hs econ eu Yo he ruling cis with regard to the sogiston of gods, ut the slenent ef oma vay, the regione vig by the wil of th eat, ss lacking Te fs car that thee conditions are contrary to the ide of justice ‘Once thee conditions have developed, ii ital tht above two inpefce mnafertstions of rights wil sre to achieve ser om Sstency. The upper hss demads Tegal contol over the prssions| Gf the lower cls, the ler cass demande legal recog of Fights by the state Thess mutually excaive demaade lea! to cole Since they yellee the condos of the two mojo classes of see tho suegae ava» stage Boerne te; i the rele the erga opposition of he dependent andthe rb cht in ay ‘emma, The sje of hs ste of newest the cape [Fhe coition infor ofthe hithat dependent ct She sal Fight. dctermine social power sod the dition of propery, the ‘esl oF dis strggle e # mare sigs Int of highs the Alependent cl. if the rng clas itoros ft dependent cae is ictrious, the tina! scl ngs ave arogated Ly aya com Satna change "This ste tween the two major sca cases the rcolaton the preeguste forthe scqultion of propery Boh bor by seni ofthe depen! ls al the rate he ea Este, abjectve a expeponding new orton Acton a0 the poertid cae in cy ops working ad onl ‘hase wh do ot owe progety engage improve work the mater besinings for « uasormation of the state emerge to te ett i inact seependence grows trough ean; aH the owe ing and no Tger acqutve clase does sot yield to fhe derma the adeancing over cls, the es, terial, Dass for @ resol I coublied ‘Since the revlon waots to exabth « new frm of goverment, investigations and-epinies conceming. te mow cotton ely precede it" Shwe the penile ef social reform i the idea of ‘yay, al ich tharos alot & now cost Ive conenen {eid of equa, Wherever constitutional herr aed dats fe tonstations based on the Ken of slit erg pple edicton as reached a stage of su-avareness and the aeond, the stele ‘ss ofthe eolton has eo esta. "The revotion therfore 4 cry, te sar even, aso ts the dependent cass has ale ln material and intl sca Dretegsies for se equity with the ruling eats andthe later ‘else to acknowl this eet Dy shnging the contol lw th extending soa gh Any revltion in which the depondet| this comer forward with thee demand withoat being expe fared ately ae wall iollactaly Se contraicoy to the pi [Spe of jose, and wil be uncer he (eh The result of ov fale rovelton fs 4 more Severe sibjoson| he dependent ae Since the rvlatonry movement ret onthe socal Foundation of ropey te demand om state aod sovity ea never 0 beg ‘reponding acta! exdr of property. Every revshtonary moet ‘ais an clement ef profound conendictn. It demand aly bt based pon the ungualy dstcbted propery ofthe member of the depend case. Ie principle, ii ener about eal ht foe all meer of the dependent cat fact however ti oly ‘cerned veh the sce of the vvation forthe Beef those sho ve aady scr these scat pomensone, No rewltonrymovement can ponubly avoid ths eotaction. Since a revelatory ‘movanatt sanaot do withest cated men, and ster the doce ‘cyaity merely the exprssan of Bh saree of hs itll ‘posseson ft to begin hy ating al rope who appv fe nips withont comtderaton athe sal qulifeston or par tepation in he Bnet of the sovlory movement. Every revo tom, therefore, shes ue of ast of nt to whch tne wants to be ot ca be Beal Bry reolto, a0 son a8 ended ‘ices il ad antago aang the maser which have cased atthe retlton, This fet expla why. afer a revatio So on Temporary sae the ste of the ity sme tren Is te ease in presetday Bao Tie the re ofthe equa ros ifsc whic inva eae in ay reveaten. Sse mctiond (ft dependent clase who Go no own pope paiate tho eolition ae not ale fr equal status but do rae the li fees many things wil be dein the te of Ppl which ca othe Joctted. he revaation, therefore, ap nok ily he be ‘ining of = new order af woiy, tal the hegoning af 7 sotrediton witha ths ener Tia bocomes iene i Uelnewe conaeation ater the vtec seston, ‘Mos people tune tht new revolutionary contains ate een sully derived fren phloeacl three inherent im the theosticaly rv ea contains which ts the gees feel ‘ey Bat the ft lok tthe cous of al rvoanary movements reveals immediatly that an atl veolton har never accep the reviuly diated thorcteal cmtation bat has wage produced {independent constinton. Contemporary developments tat Was ‘phenomenon inthe most sting manner Tecan be explained by the fae that the eid teving ere the revatio ot the es of aunty, but te wnevery distebuted socal wealth an Wat ot phil ‘phil tharos but sot laos take the veoh, i very fmpartant to ear th principle In ind, fone wants teen Teftion sober. According to ie ature, she acquired prope of the dependent css provides the te andthe power for reogtzaton tf the legal bas of the sat ad of soley, Therefore, the new em {tton andr to become the toe ha law ined of rersing ‘ly an abstnct portale, must ineitely beled on oper ale Eaton fr tho palpation i government. Th pincple af soll mover necsirdy imps that property whieh has td ove pert he dependent clam powertl sal brome the daminat factor he Society by determining the diference between the ring andthe depend cat cas. Sino the sell onder determines the state contain, s fecsary Tolows as Ue principle of all reoltionay consttaens {Bat the peopety wich is soguzed becomes the uaiaton for at ‘Spang icone Ife exchsing those who do not we 2. tien" ‘The scqubston of property ad dhe incense ofthe awareness oft prergntver n he socal and pala! order i the fr sage Io Ue developmen ofthe da freedom pola rorm or plc ‘voit rhe sso singe tro. 1 tovenent toward freedom ‘rela withthe selon? Or doe Ua contrition Inet In Sip politcal evolution inate that there 4 thd stage toward ‘whieh te devopmeat ofthe dial selfzealizaton tena? Tod.» tht lends ts tothe contemplation of the. Stemporry sone an oa ew frre THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT The Foundation, the Concept and the Principle ofthe Social Mosement “Every palit sevolton does aay withthe rae of proprty denvod ‘som bigh soil poiton te ncaried tne and roplces it by Property aaiped tough labor wich then becomes th ew bss for the as order, Property cquled trough Tabor can be peesere in rion tothe sequin of ther, oly by ene own contin labor = Thetfore,acyired propery, remain neces aegis tive Tei compen of to. partrreasarcer which have carta alse and sti, and the owners abor power Rexorecr wise are ‘Sy Shite 7 Sonale area a pda yi ean ioe os ey neo sie titi Meer gra ed fr er sr pb an sc vatbjt to aoglive ahr ae called capa i becomes proactive ‘hough the bor ofS evoer += Newt scfive capital ws Ed the purely posal apa for aoqulion Ls: boe power, wh is inherent im every penon Te dhe pee of acquit dot tot gecesi prodoce propery, bat i eonimansly sve fori In order to gain propery. labrpower mst be apie to resources. {itor goer test Dero be inked to quite itl a erde scqte property by the proactive process of capital ia opera “Acgistive capital cn the othr and, tamocrcng he soda) Inbor power of the on, dependent on the abr poser of Use who {5 ot ow any api Usain» ad rg aon ‘Seveogebetvin cop td Ibe which ress en heir oun wed Tn this way, the difermcas between the two major eer #0 all socks, the owners and the nowowners,afe sable. after any polite! seven "The ca of owner isthe one whith owe he Scqustive capita the css of nomowners Is the oe. which as nbor ati dopa woot owning capt - ‘This ste of eas precedes any soil movement, Soninats te whole entenporay ‘Scene yes the tras ll eth eoatdition and tn th ast Says the great quenion of bu tne ‘A fist, the ste of af cempletly Bamenious, compstibe swith the conept af the personaly. Acgistive capital represents the ‘atta dormer of an nse hy perso work, abor witout ‘ipa conmteter the eapasty fr and the challenge of ft tain ‘ment Capital erable for sogustion, there, the freedom of ‘tjustion implies the mcogation ofthe fdas feedom Yo work hs way up tothe scqutton of property. Tes tv that bor a8 wach 5 dapendent on apa bectse lor ede capa ut Wis es trve thet capital sto. pends bor Because ix neqstve, The socal der which develope on he bass, tbrfore, appers tbe ‘ene natura and ove en Tgh mul ew, he dependence Daten clases Deemer muti and thou he post af expal lesion which gated In pring the growth poet of cach Indvidal te acknowledged “This type of sei erpnization ako renee the poist where produces scl dependence as docs anyother soil eee The acts) cquson of capital the poscson of table peroal god, the fol of uequistne actin, Hence the exclosn fran the acqbsitive Frese craic the ea of ery I, efor, becomes vent In theca oder ave on acqistion that labor witout capeal Is ‘clade frm capa seq, we have osc the stage a which seco dependons and sacl castration sa develp thi sol “The hunt of ceil etemine he soci poston among opin esse acqustve cpa inedataly sop the dame characteristics personaly and ears exp contin Aaquine “ifr from pare owner, which easly lft The gow sf capa ut as Hogi ress fom labo, Deas te sur “aloe and pice ofthe proc exceeding cost allied Wo opal = of. Wager ae the min cot fact, thatthe higher the wage he [alr the pa a the rowth of the ata. Cpa wns competing for growth tend harp wages a lw oe poe Ie que unas able blame the acqatve capital for ti fore tre to ae {a this and in no ot way ‘The nee of the bres detenine the Hit of wages, bot ay supus nde by the cooperation of capital and abr taser fo ‘ipeal If the ares would seceve i the captalst woud go vata this ay hg harmony between capital nd bors ire, Sn the contaditin hetwcen the wo main css i he ausene Secety mere ‘Tie coctricton Is « dafnte character, Gain isthe Steet of capil and the Sel goa of the wear who i yet wba apt “The interest of capi threore in onic ih th purpose of ber. ‘Ths othe contradnton whlch dapls the orginal Irony. ‘Sco lbor without capital is ascedy Sopendent on capital apa she to diate the contin: under which labor Sr hire. These seodions ae ot scitarys asthe blind ponents oft il Order ‘rune; beens the nee of capita ets thoy ave t at Seas In sucha way at seqotion ef capital by the worker i Precude. To pursuing is ow lnteret copa becomes the powe ‘hich enforces the peranentiaty of Ue laborer to own capital Whasoever ano capital ir able to segue ft "Therewth te poper-owning cls and the cles wiboat property develop nto == fwming nd aomowaing sate property andthe ack ef propery treme: fed for generations and he soil order becomes ng tn ioe “The social poston ofeach india snow deftte and unchange alo Te redetsm contradiction tothe concep of labor by aspen the use of labor for acquisition and the gaining of property. Tis ‘onto he cmcey othe Ie perma kn tat vetrine (he invidunt fulllnent of is spon. And it conta 6 {he Ken of Mey tn thats Fetters the development of human comni. and in that lunges society which in pile it omitted to seal feodam ito po in which dependence preva not only exces the mavownes fm the auton of expat 2 cho renders shar witoat pital dependent on productive xp tnd ooops one This dapeenn, rendered pene, 183 dependence of he wring cha the popety-owning cas 1 pln wht the diference is between «society bed on see tion an soir Based on propery which preceded ft and led {othe pol sevion Dering the former ag, the propa owning las did ct wok, ar mange posable for those excded from 3 to sogie proper). But now the rang lst woes ad It prety the bor ofthe propery omsng cas which, ar campesten maker i [mostbl fort mn-ovnes aie propery. "Furthermore, car tt he gradual escape rom soll dependence \s much sng tan caer tage tha as ater nage of development Beane inthe ear sage ly material wealth a abo ae opposed to each cer, wll inthe Iter, the epponets ce working pte Tabor witht cata. Neer, the Hen of wal Independence aio ‘vee fron the ater. "Phere ne are of wealth where ether prt norris ext 1 tho eel of “tellers! good Esco, oven Cough dial to obtains yet ptctaly eal forthe won one. Jost sedation Ina tho Dining of the stale for soil indapendon agit the society Dui om property, plays the same role agaist socal Aepennoe in the aqaitive sect. Thre are great many pose ‘whole emslvr be deceed wah regard othe remendous mente of itll goods in any sity, beease Happens 8 though only ‘nar wells unt Novrtiley, ee onde have aways fried, Bred snd elened the sad of nin Uber; for theyre bee a swell a pogenty of liber. Ar lng a 2 mate posse ntelctal| foods, it cannot remain a bowlage as long ay education erences ‘estas on ity camo! renain pera at oag asx society eres for the easton fal wants toe Ibert ‘eh ops neo he wig iron, 4 pint wl be reached at which the ea of equality emerges, Scene! the mmc wen th tcl oferty ‘cams oppared to he foundation of the wl order» The grow’ sf ecaon among the Inbaing cls: which i une accamalt bropety Males th contest cvs without big able to Salve i Equality of eduction lads to demands for eqalty of ecqustive empties, without providing the means by which day could be ed Ta thi fashion... soley offers oq opportunities for acquiring an cation but mo fr noting goods, which mean, to eft hit fetes the dan tthe dene for acl edepeconce but does mt tbe poste to full he demand Thi profoundly contaictory Sendina, one whi i ng longer thertcal ut an objective ‘Sind of Eeropan ciety, and of ruil snpotanee fr the fare [A othr probit are by comparison of socontary portance. There ‘no doubt ttn he Jeading counties of Bare pli refers Palit reoton have come to an en. Socal ees ve aber thir Place; ther merous pat and She serous dbl they ase Surps Phos of any her moveren These er, wich re now ate seed tobe marly remote chow ony a few yeas ago; now they presen challenge to all rege, and any attest eleate thes to tet Toemertsigioace ares van Communi, Seca and the Ids of Soil Democracy “The procie moment st which the Hen of pesoal equality serge, isthe moment at which the depeodent cst becomes conscous ofthe triton Inherent in the aequve sey Ar stm ae he Finca of equality i confronted with the sos smqonity Bed 03 {ution dhe fogutve minds bop to sere for ogi solo ‘Th itlloual eflre proces the factual struggle, Inconspicunay tetova ts wy, were, oder the surface of he sot de. The ‘more abl the sce, th fer wll he open, under the eter ‘resare,cing tothe out of the thinking Tar advance ofthe ea leant har is own highly Jmportant etry, and ether te ea fof equlity aor development in bstory& scl Th mln pase tre carly disci: conattonl Horie proval atthe begining ‘te pole rvelation; then, wis the eiergence ofthe socal tow ‘et soll theo ae veo. Ahh wh theres ae the wok ‘individu hey are bared onthe common demand Yo promot te ‘Pavol develpmnt of each indvdaal by esting epportintie Sor {he acquisition of material gods. Al eae, suggestion and US ‘ons taaching upon ths prebiem ae part of the socal movement. The ross of thought of the dependent heaves mane Dense {tire pest phases which however, are cll interlted ‘The Be ad mort tral notions boot the diferenes Bowen the Inver an he havens in tors ofthe pine ef equal are theoes which spy gad zrpety ab soc ath reason forall so ‘pendence’ Sins welts (to, oly» pt of he commun wl ‘erble toon i but soce pasusions ae the abst cvlton of eqs the ome wll seer and aays hep the tore Aependent I depos St be sblbd tr bai private propery, ha be deinyed. Tere shoo nt be ay. personal property sa ‘Fhe int spction or theft sca content of the deaf equally {the negation af pena pope ot mn eed pect, and prodution rogues raw material ‘thse ro mtr, In oder otf olng tax nid! bet renin avalible o al ave to become tho property of the ctise mmunty- Is ede to produce the nese sappy of gods rom the commonly owned materia bre har to be sealable. Such Ibo, if done forthe adda. would snmeditly produce Dew pope Tr sya th, anda ty avd the reappearance of dependence, abr isto be pelo, ot forthe dda, bt exh forthe suniy- Sodetyrsrivesthe foal produce, and mcety dhutes i coring (0th Pein of absolote egal. In this way eaualiy Inne Se spe of abr apd materia "hese bai es are the slid or from wich «varity of eyes cf comma He may be bl al Wased on he spe ptr of te Slalsment of preate property sod he nsttton of ceive nee ‘hip. All stem and ids which acknowledge se priser ae tiled como "Thuere, isan nll vation Se fst and al vay cade system af the cel ea of equally, ad represent te et aplication to dhe sci oxdor snd fondo, ‘which ie prate oper, whether in the form of mee pssssons of spate ever, al for of cous, aie rom the fet that cant ‘berelized contain conrditon wth it own principle, which spear {il the more power the more Gsly it examined Under come tonian, jos ar undor anyother soe onde, the coment mst Work ‘Seough inden sad Werefre the dsibston at conta of labor ‘ot to be eared ut by indies, Ifthe tdvidal worker ere tented to chose his fb, then anybody nding is work wend soca Deca dependent span hsn-the very enisson which conmmasm tees pals, Onl the common thetfore can Geman ad det Iubor. Bt since thir community is repented by dons tng sod cuteing thority nite me hese india Beco the aes fbr, and all workers~at the whole conmumity-becomes Alpert on them. Ts commana would eee ao ely Povey, Sehich might sll be acpi forthe sake of hry, bt ako sel Shiver. his & in we eauralcion tothe es af ogi. Com ‘unin ‘3 amoble to sabe thi contadatn, bec ea tht ‘Semana weal of news replace cl dependence by = ae snd ess beable dependence "Te sw of equal tam from co unio in are t aw a idee path ‘Wat temas? Communi 0 sastion tease snder com mantin, wade manfettion of inal sal-dterintn, Supposed to reflect redo and inven deslpeets Dns it stetalcharacviie and & mo longer ‘een The soit sock fwasod to be fee enate work ws wale to pede mate Independence. The fetes of commun ae the rime, wih the ference that, stad of india! capil, elective cpt wills 4 despuie conual over labor. The ony te ston exvioned om Sed in a Teversl ofthe selatonship, capa ough be otro iy bor Sich sn ode of han isc be conse in variety of ways ‘sislshing Tabor sot over capital fa the way. (pect bor toi pst aor) ud mahng ior te ing pins o soley ‘maybe eile setlist Satan the second int for a ec ‘ystem based onthe socal en of equality Socialism In al vations "infty superior to carmmantn, Ie base Ibe, and. rey {nda ti furan of alte wealth sod fll iverien tion. Soils doesnot diet male he abract equi of Teh, ny more thao it eaies to smite a perso’ indataliy Stale des not dxi seaman does fo sbleh diferetons song invita and therewith Saity and the order of the ele iC'time toll scaty" on the principle of labor Independent of Property. However, sccm alin conus contain It in At the cont of labr ever expt Capital i diferent fom tere ‘ropery imsch ar represents an aecumolted sep of former Ini. The product of labor i supposed tobe conta by labor, Ist labor tobe subordinated to peat abo lowever, peta wa [Sealy valuable Decne ale te reat fa cominsons proses of work, and 20 work wil be very vale unk ie based oa ‘cumulated mass of work. Therefore, the nature of aqui conta ‘its th pile of ails. Mee poses cou be sardine to acquis labor boca they were ile and dc eit fom ‘otis however, capital wil vet this subjugation beatae ft el ‘he product of work” Sacto, Werefre foend to a mbshermtines, ll of which am more or less at the abolition of private oper. Tis fete of scale, whi ssn to communis, "ot cary ips Ws base fu gat thi pin thatthe wb chs ef propo owoers turn agaist an tat boxes sbjct to attack, mt enby by this pomerlchaef socty, but by fs oo imple a wll Soc in ll aoe fos terete, mot the as stage of te socal movement. Saito ss well ar communi area emence only the esteratioad tatands of one cls inthe acqusitve socty. This sles tek ‘exmpared tthe cb wate to be strong enough to sve forthe relation of ts hopes nguint thezestance ofthe ruling cas, et jam oes sith the power wich, according to very mate hay the tak of asthe tat of the Tower las This power 6 tho sate The Hes of Sail Democracy ‘here io doubt tat the state at concept well asin ray, safes trough the depennce ofthe lower he merely working ce The leper ths csp the grower the sine of the dependcat cement, the pore the whole community, he les powesl thr sat, ad he smoce cary dacs I Become to dt the pee tough the growing Stags of thee to elements of sey Ti nthe net ft te therfore to asst the poner cls ad the lower sie of mere srrhars turn tthe state to sock pport fr the eaaation of Is ‘dew of scl equity as soon = they realize the imprsctly f ‘womans and Soils theories The laboring cay i i need apf. Capital ‘mot be given aay by the lod capt witat destoving thle sca and senor poniton Only the ete ‘wns no property ut fori whatever Mt hen and whatever it 8 ble to segue belogs to the people Labor, therefore, Sst ans fowards the atte ar capital owner and es to frm’ a colon Tetween state capa and the bor power of the working ase The State shall Bec an eneprensur and ive the pat to the wether ‘We call this propestn the dea of an erganiition of wrk all js whine he ae at 2 pent ate rt to the Inbrer so that e uy acre apa, aro part of thie ei fquie apt, ae prt of th 1 darter powsiity sugges uel. Mdina indspendence i he cuits com only be gained by intvidal soya the ‘ay sation I ve expat the Indus. One ato ease (he ability to wrk and to endow the begining proces of xoqiton uth the capital which eseposed to mateiaize only taough acti ion This would mean extern of cet tothe capa serene rent in the earning potential of the ial Tre state hae Yo ‘ablah instutonr so that ery individual ean receive cei Se ‘teri 0 be wld by labor accent working ability “his the Hea ofthe ogi of sr whic super the aaa he expat of labor. The sono the eration of ro ho slows forthe exitence af re than jst one system. By Being the realm of ecnsomie development 10 the adil gearntec the highest degce af radon he great sincance ofthis den ext te eased by flair propo. over fo extend rei, the state His to beable to pone of 20 Hat the state contd by the alin dae 9 soci The ema thet one af tese seas alin ps thar the alee we thar euhory to sip themes of thar power a tafe eto the tub The obvious crotrdtton wich ths emale fees the members 1 the nomorning aps to conve of 4 cnstton which would tmp them to i the sate for he improvement af thei oan ‘hog the aust af eal «Thy fave co (0 reaie he Sneitabe nosey for sate coatiton based om she ule of the remowning css "This democratic rnd originates in republicni, The republican depose mover! conceives ofthe ideal ae bea idpendest ff ie property est # pusy concptalized penowaly Sine all Teople are basicaly roe apd eal so eid Yo Ow raht of sl {Ecerminaton, it fllnes tht a fee conaiston sald pre an ‘ql share to alls determinog the wil ofthe state o the Tesation “The movement of pole democracy doer not zo further = but ‘in rod othe fr ofthe pbc wl ins wth the oe Tnovement, A natal and teable allace of tse two mes “eveloerThe republican or ener cent cones Ie ain ‘alka provide lor formula for contation and to dee th legal framewerk of democratic goverment whe th sal Movement te cencerned with the adminiaton and adminitatve tins, Le. Oe ‘onal te ofthe reams avaible to democratic goverment. Thi x the theoretical conept and the mesningcantent ofthe phenomeaon of cn dmocray which contest lat stage of The Poe ‘elect! movernat of social ss “Thur the principe of socal damocrscy eacomptces univer sf foage in the! constr vein td te sition of the cel de pevdnce of the working lat ithe rel of administration. In 8sod denny the contin isthe desocrtc ad he ante tin the soc lamer The mtr andnecasry development of the {aorement tomas her) Teds to hs alae othe it sag So the movement of tho lower eas hing aris soil dependence "The form which the soil vem ay take Ths cage may ‘citer that of soa efor o hat of sola etn Dependence of ator upon cpl a cotradition the He of ecedom and therere samo lat Either the dea of It has 19 be dstoyed inthe mind he whing las, the aa smchow has Wate fr veatzaton, on power i the wor tong rough ‘esa from doug 50 The ever fertile sr th en of bat ‘Provided by te oppor of waging knowledge, um edocation, ‘Wherever ther ae eleted people socal ieas are peat hetover ‘socal fier grow, dey il sdvance towards the prince of araly snd wherever the worn cas boomer swat of hs pcp ‘Sno venally be elevated tothe helt of the en of sol Aacryoo mater by what devious nape This den ieee = Yheory ora sodden fc a Sevably eerges witha the soci ‘cet a Son a endo arerody an preparations accomplice. W's Bindnet not soe thi nosy, ei oly to oppore dey For It the expresion spd the aware of the Iner contradiction Tetnoes the iden of fredam adh ode ofthe acqutive sok Sail Revsation ‘The contradiction betweu the exiting sal orer andthe Iigher concept of Uberty Bowe lear in the mind of th wer cat "he bliin the rightness of Fcodom su i the posit of ‘eaiaton bewmesstonge he los the rling cle care ato freedom tnd the more defintely the Tower has Believes hit the tah = bring denied only fr seas of sllintret ~The peace of ail sunlit, then epi to take dene shape hie pat ce and Tings tthe ows of te mores into a aren oc "Whesever hs anppen en event of supreme tmpartece has then ‘lace Unt thon the ower ss of sot es ben el tote oly tho force ef the eco, yam eternal factor, by motes na et ‘unt but rater an emorphows ass the worker lve ender sina toch editions snd have sma mc oncon, bt thy do mot yet {om a ebmmuaty ware of fe own will The nowy deeloped com ‘minty based ona cnsmon understanding of thr conten sd weeds Ueasforne el into an idependeet power, coco aed porpaey pote to the priset ade of saci, As such, tat clas elle by Tow, but appre tame the okt, ‘The profotarint sks the lng ls, the mae of equity, for something which the cl nithr deser to olfer nor poably can ‘er tanks the sate To do what comtay o the vey const of {he rate and ts Inst ton doves tha amet ope to in Jstsfection fom ter the ate ot scty In recogiing hat the fling ln, on which the prorat aly depot, ao contol the tte the polars thes he view thatthe acarve reason or the stat refs support te caine he dare vo avd nef bit the mil and eral intrest of howe who onl the sate ‘Ths, the bel emerge that the proletarans re calle upon, and are abl to elp thelr by aoqiring the poe the sate Coseqven Ty the conser thanshe ntl seize governmental power in ore {© seative the soil Hen However, It 6 very ical for hi to happen i realty: The proletariat actualy the weaker part n scl To begin with, 2 it oe correct ty thi the pelea outabers he poper-ownng flay 8 even hs core t maintain tht 6 monger oF more fouragious or more determined than te open It can, however, penn nda caer ta he prokanat sizer power theogh ‘acdence of events, When this happen, alway a reaut of 25 lance withthe democratic purty tnd te sevlaton ty which the [woltarat andthe denowrate panty sbjet the sate to the conta ‘alo socal rovolton By gaining conte of the sate forthe prolate oor without capita politcal power scerur In the bande of sige socal clas ‘eli i contrary to the ihicent ature of the ste Tel se he state forthe spc ileres of te soil potion By vate of {0 power, wl thn subjugate al other latest se endeavors, wil eprive the vans of the ght of selfletermiatn a0 for {Bis reson wil deny them pola righ. Though he exch of neta of the community om what ought tobe the cine il stead sty ete fob fee, ask of ity ot les of ely {labor controle capil han capt cotsle Wb. The tory of the proftrat the cory of aplal dependence, wheats wa ‘apposed to be the vty af ren ‘The lower class, as the ruling neat under sud cones, does ot have the preregustes of tre atorty hse meer the satel fs on which auton reste, ori spevor in Enowledge fo the ropesty-oning eas» The polar lack the re fner fsttion or sting con of the ste... Therefore it mast-alnot om Intense eraneous supp ud ts poe "sat exter prop i the ste cmftation. fe pcg of all soci demure contttoas Is the eoton of repreartatives il sats by niveralaufage «Many people ele that the Proktalat he greter monica power Im Sty 0 ht eral Stage would pot fhe soil panty or the pea st the head ak Ie state Rat we sonny ain Unt sete the exe Only It he socal dence movement rear 1 allncr with the move ‘ent for pote! eration cam a tajity beatae A son the scat donee party sande by fel by fa weaker. Never Uae wl aston universal sutiog,. Becase hows tat 1 stronger withthe get yore than wut Heese, ners Sufiage alone can miter ps ite per tor Kop i hve, 1 this Is posable, thee is only oe other ay pen for he rola, army sheer fore ef theretoeineiable with he inegene of tn ful ofthe pelea, dspam develop, 2 depot fa spac and tebe kid. Like all domination, hr despots i Sirol aga whstever Uneatne he rue "The plete mat ‘se ts porter to desroy nat ely the opposing last alo th sal fection ofthis cls. Here stugee art whic we cll eroriam, 4 blody ant eesti eds struggle Terrorism 5 the mos ref ‘eocnceon in history, got only beease fe aed gods are ssrced ‘vith eld fry, but lu Boca terrorism endewor fo econ by tas murder hat i nese nyse Teron the sant ‘nraditon inthe cone of 5 snealreviltion When th surat ‘Woche, the te ie evered, ad the connersvement bai, or, inorder to sour mint pesto, the pleat mast at leat ve the power to do 26. Batt doer at Bae the per Tecan ly cule temporary Jower in maps, intligense snd peal egy wil be swept away bythe Brera tack ofthe ose Glan, and te Beppe ary witoot th ate thing Body reve ‘ho victory ofthe propertvowntng ls tale Bt, sine alo 5 gained by fro, free eventual eyes tn depedestpton hove te two caver of soley. Ths infependent pion by which Tore a such rl, inthe name of aay soci de alle ttn ship. The realy succes revolution, therfore, ses least Sct {eho «The dcutarstip decars sult be te dependent state "a wets tl wih the sgh. the tack and de dguty of the tate "Tip the end ofthe soil revlton, From oto the aro of ‘the sca rage thre recmerger the lea ef the Hate, dla! rm the power of the varios soci elas, funda on Suef and ain by el And ta the tong tat the hie of the tnsunity conet of thst aod covert Betwert seciety andthe state ween ‘Sperdnoe ad eer, bases realty Socal Reform 1st tue that prépersy and acuition af nla and mtr pode ota he ealoatin ofthe en of pescalt, oitons fouht to be conceable ander which despite al imperfections, ths ‘Beal of scl er at lent sproanately atid. Tis ial ot eat wah the reliraton ofthe Sea of ogeality Equally of I people xj a oconcerle yt sel h tho past a well {fn he fate Even tho people ate equa in general ths genes Shanty repent ony ame anpet of every human Beng, Bet a He ‘me ime mone; i alo =~ am fda No mater bow we eine ofthe orga ef indy, diferctstion always rma 2| fact Therefore, the purely postal aston of the equal tn conta it oly sy, tas the very concept of equal. 1 neler the nagani nr te animal word produces exalt ‘eto soo ort subordinate nits th whole word, om the planetary stent fori shows dierent, how could it be oneal thatthe highest order of e=peronay-constiats the ‘Seslteoppete? Aad the cons of Me dered rom the concop Of rarity and organi, how then eu one conceive of Iiving wer Sf personales deprived thet of ll fe and teeing which Is ‘Arenson of development se ndiidalty? "Te realisation ofthe en of personal flies, cough, dos vot stpend on the mere simiaton Of pore, any moe tha it dee the concept of equity. We may consider t= wenerallyaceptd fet tecy tat poverty and the preketart hough lowly Inert, are totally dire ener» Poverty tae when the ay to wok 5 Ist ren nko rable to sat the mater, common human needs, ‘The proletariat, weer, emegne when labor Se amble to prod ‘apa sthogh the worker sues fork, The poor ean and ougt be betped by ging them ssancy, the prltarane by fering hen ‘oportentes to negate propery, There many be poverty a nation seta prltrat aswel te the way aroun the major ance ‘fa social movement at te probe of poverty ‘The soil problem whi och foes i tote i the em of the live whic deternine the relationship betwen capt andor ted dhs tho govern spc, the constaion, and the develapmest ofcach ndvdaal penalty. We have shown that the cotadction In'th stunton of te peetarin comnts in hs dependence om the oper owner bear he owns ony bor atl eal Te the ‘Erpenden, ten, th comequence of the laws af sequin, whi ‘tt be chniated by ronal orm? tv tthe ve een of ‘hese roses, es complete abt tthe am dt og fore of the soil protons of our tne az well of stir? one cides the atre of espa aodi, seers wadetedly teve Bat the dsm of sly nto pope owning and sbaing ‘dns, and the dependence of the Iter un the forme ie it entrada to the concept of sonalty of eral ccd, at {eng a cpl rin dhe Fut o bor. In hs ese epi ownip erly higher stage af development of personal ie As log at {he inherent autre of apt ant lor rensanchngd hr ai fereiton and depundence ae sevtabe. Te weld be s complete ‘miitarprettion of the stare of soa fe to Grider the boon tf the dilevstiston se the in of socal veonn "= The weah Iuhind rts the dovlopeental ptt of abort tanto tl {sto capa = Inde, the bolilon of Ut ifeestision nt AIT te aim of the pelts The polar wants tobe able fo “eyo capa Hee isthe cote of Ue problem. By conquering bata Sf suiting & os serie, mam Become re Hi ood eto ity to emit he outer wel bys own tte rains his personal and contnously rested sf ternination Tm the Sequstive sce apa ste yma ad the ely of tr enn on: Fesonal Independence inthis scely rest the ably of even ‘he meanest worker to teu cata, “This provides an opputnty fr cveybndy to break though the leadional pater of mca ase sl ofthe eng depesece AS lon as this opportanty exits i te frm of le so extending to the worker, mo conten i apparent, and the soi order able, po matter bow eat are the depemience and the dierent Ietwoen the tre cles, “The esene ofthe sel qustion and of soil rform i our pest sockeye hereon cle dated. The gece le ther ft {UT pousble nthe equiv scat, to provide abr with dhe nacsary Snpartungis and comempnding introns for the aequetion propery” commensurate with the songlist and stad of Keio ie soil reform moveent const ofthe wrk, te avi, tho soggesion, the attempt the laws and the tutions which to rate these opportunities forthe waking clase We tae sen that all soil movements are nessa contol by Interests Esc t accompli owe Flo, such ely has {0 be nr own ita Let wt ot dnaive Gules scl aor stool and ould never be aecmplised if wee ao in the inet Frey. Np doubt hi is the ca The hamony of tera lis hiliog mankind wou be completly desvoyed sf the opine which ves eto the soa order wold destoy sol Independence with ti ‘rr teres tut beth odode als etal Hey “To prove tls beyond the cope ofthis took. Bat ts wo leat vere the prlcp of ry tvs stl ref lI the eee of The properb-owning nr that tam highest sd cerly nde Soret orne tank for scl reforms fering withthe great ‘ierion fH Soci power and with the fll supporto the state |A FINAL CONSIDERATION: GERMANY AND, FRANCE Te hasbeen our tsk to compare the concept of sokty withthe ‘concept ofthe sats, (0 rogad he sal nde nd te ssl ement fas the rnin determinants af plea fe and to irpret the conta Tote the Sear of perros Independon and dependence at tht ‘ery sen of sci fe and ool chang We have answered only {he ist ofthe se querton which pee themscves Wha sty tu what ifthe nate of dymmice and tr contadione? The Sesoed queso, nt ler porta the long I the onaniation oF sony vot on the principle Socted te development i eteived by the Inve which have ere een outned, what tn the soil eondion, the scl dang, and the socal question af Europe the various European courtier Tae ralses the thir question: What So the means for eoping withthe stage bstwecn the tw eases ‘tasty, ad what tie socal atare of Earp? ‘Upto now, Germany ast yet made gia Sst to the socal snes, The expeenced acholar hes to ai with enbarae iment hat sor scant ovement to date Ie ben ly ‘ery wes reflection of French thought If we want to achieve grt thing ging beyond the acsomplsenis of or wghbr we at ‘ow try eo pect to the very cove of ham order = Wie te French remain lavhied én queon of socal thre, cubet 10 the ‘nger nd weakna of a merely sijectve interpretation, we Soaevclp & scence of scat, an obectve sans of soe elements su phaeesee To order todo in we have to ook fra ating ott which aes st dbove the Frecch Would ot ths pot of opr enege precy From te scl movements Panes which, erty the lay yess ‘porto ur hve amped various pints od teen ago oP acclcpmen to gasp tee specie obi sith whch we hve ‘earns ong ined the ete eur pol of epartare at the ‘eat which roc caly is o tht cl hay. at ey ence, {he nae andthe spreme Me of tcp revel thane Ts tat fu tral unerble aws, sce pesoly and propery eI teal ements all of tre fhe nla tense well othe Satie in thi movement the Han by Ine growth ven hance al lave Wel peditable laws, how end be poi hat Ee Ligh fo of erly Ue, anoty of, fret Forms in change and ot progr, ae sbje ow? AL 2 tis wben mor pope sar of far her wich would prove 4 soliton to il sntagpem, The vested to deveop the teary he conn an the ate of human sty Whether what fas been developed bere ay basis for scitie owed i ony Tscy cote, of wheter bo ret bc: tie ath embeded in thereat of man ie anon be ded ster solving th ss major problem, nara reset ofthe {tory andthe pet stoctare of European octy = Os vest ‘on hold ae sey ete polite roy to lg hor, but Soe ‘lo view bot rm the age he sent Uh sof oi Sve pment. We hive conned eurcivert the mo rest Norcal Teri a ore han ove rrpct hs pedomialy the a of oc ovement. Fr this paid we hve chet comets or art none anton, tbe Feach, a he reprsette of ths roveneat ‘Germany, seemingly ser «vs, caught out atenon fist But CGennany ta prc cae ths respec as many aes, Comany ts divided tt difereot states, but the Germans are tertile one ‘People. With all her wil power aa her eats he ves for Doll union sa prerequste of freedom Bt the as been Sable to an ty so far The aaa! mvement anes the ‘resent sacl mower a secondary, and has eda gorda off ‘eng knp in check. The soll mowennt harp derpe ‘arly slgjdgey th peal on ents moved sway fon fe ATA ‘ok he bes fresh ve been dont four law of the moveest toward elom & cares, pala bang has to precede socal change Therefore 6 etn adi stale that i Germany the sca vere stan wil be pd Into the Background arson ae the Corman people se api then Ht anand wil fst of all sve the parely pita! problem of Cea ‘uation, ica thi the mtr snd eoy Posen forte ‘elvig ofthe socal qetion. The nxt eaten fa Cerna therfore wil be a plticl on a wil determine he plc fon ef Geran FHowevey, ists fea the soa movers wl low thi pti revatio; 0 only nen Crmny Das tse plicated il he ‘question of soci feed arze --- Bosse of the nterngling of to hiorcal phaser in oor tin Un tnenet i Casany eet ‘ery well be seo a an lutaton ofthe concepts sbover tate hoy ‘in be used in eining the socal movenet i Germany. Ie Fane Aho station ute alien France i above al, the county where the general movements of Buope tend to uke spe form, gic and decidedly 0. I al public mates the ints of Potope is fecasd on thi county a con, For I Is feapuzed tht she ic chorn trode the ting [ovods forthe val and toh fll ose pines which dominate Puls Me Tho hatry of Frend sce, more than any othr, at fen fll of sour consequences snd isnt: Her contrary cond. thn revels» pesar and far fan able pctre Hevea sll fo capare the enon of the educated and rivlged ‘hte, for {he ters ofthe hitaran and forthe sarc of the sha they svine to eave the rests fr th soa struggles in entempora | Te has froqently boon ated thatthe French history of the lt decades hat Boe copied by Germany alma sep by ep. The Garman have been eepached fr thir andthe reproach har bean wed a weapon. Tis imei. What has happened ie rence as ot dhs tothe sped eadowrents ofthe rena pep. French history fr 179 to the preset ota great ded of the county, ting ‘bur the purest maeatin f the laws unbampered by other iene ‘which rae he movements of pole sad och Le Tie development ving thee decade, the single peat evets ss well at the most Important leglative acts have eon cerry pecans. "The revolts of 179 and 890 were unavoidable tao tenable Oat focal ideas emerged t war ineviae, toy ha naa demeceny Imade st Sr speaance with th elation of B48, twas mt eer ‘Sry forall his to appn exactly i the yours tid spn, nor wat ‘ ecmsiry for #16 happen ander the apecSe Sewanee tSTate vet as sch were ees. The ity of Fac he Bt Intent cmguce th ino vey. Th eres Wineinn f ecuhes sony he se ea hag ay Sear aon fra cs of En od Cerne “crete hnuat ranch dang wih sty wil ft rt ‘mwas Freee and sits = Exyting thet as ben ald tod tapi dung the lt baerniy wih reece ete eat “Stor ft fate ny be foun hse seme for ITs uc dat Pc fps he se ma ef he hoy of seca. hs hry Toe tee qe mtr pans he Bet Base stetcng fom IB to the ay stn, est ry Falta rh, te try fe sgt bat gly Seen Sst over he ely ovo snd lng ds The tnt pase wl Sh te ong of he working aS idee el Ihe nc oe ofthe Pn, i eppeion he emia has x cpa til sh atthe wl he nd boc encon chaeg no he Sof y ay aly the ted paw howe the wg aed the wary of el democracy and its present condition a ‘THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION UNTIL 1830 {THF ELEMENTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION ‘The Condon an Inner Contadicion of ‘French Sone Defoe the elation Daring te 16th centry, a movement whic wok nt les han 2 osand year to rach te ll ln came to ce. TAS was the ernation Of fel soy, whch war esentally We sae forall f ‘Enope stat fn spakingsbrat Prange we ate speiting abot ie ‘ober Buropean cots wal ‘he ad empire of Charanagoe ad disoterated asx neva of the cer roaring fe that th met couageous id pow aro steve Saves with nded property conveying to them the, sovereign Tih othe tat over noha words, thatthe athonty of he ste tse rie private prope, The rights swe snurted by the lan, by tere righ ty raed te fame of te emt lomtas the burghers andthe, psett-all ie the aame of the state Thee Cdveloped lig edeteroned by bith conaered Sol ‘lstely eed upon to parispate in the admiistatve fancion (te tate Ths sol car within society wae Be aincry When the Kigdem of Panse andthe principals in Genny son, fh ha fst fae a hard sgle with ths atoeray. After the mtocats had ben defeated, they openly ligand tosses with {he toe: At mero «lage part of the hnd-in Fence move Gn Tit of the whol trtory-erperenced im wartar, a, sill in ‘able ai wal, rian chivas in manoers, they Wore r= ‘ved with opon arms by the reguing princes, The prev emis fw became the ls sod the glory ofthe tone Im order to gover thr dopendont poole shout ate Steference, they allowed ha tive to be rl hy the abt prince, abate les on tele om “naa, dhyosene alte srvots a Oh out "The aeucacy wae ned bythe ly, wich was almost as omerfel The cer had wndergie a peciae dveopmet. Ongaly,from the IO to the 1h csi, twat erate fom all pate of the population: the sf a el the bao fund in the earch the ‘aly of le human being, which the Catan religion bad Bel ‘ut sa sul before the Lard The highest poston. could bo reached bythe most humble and these Might pation vere amt ual fa wer aad splendor tothe pene thrones The eng hear, (fred an opportanty to members f the lower lames to achieve 2 Powerful and brant fre by tr wn eres a Oa tne, only Frtsonal abilty determin promotion among the egy ae the ‘eral ‘atrlatin wet the per and lowe clase thi on Chota fo the great power which the Church hed over the whole epic, But when the cg slowly pnd extensive Inde propery ard became» powefl induene the aatorcy expected tg the beter pt of Sth younger sone jn the shar and, ae = rele of Toefl conections, they sete isons the higher potion Snot exchaively for te arisrate The proper sock of the circ teat et to the lowor tank, the pets and sober dee, wie the has and the bones were reaped by thoe who dil the leat for {he hy misono the Chch. Areal tthe 6th ed 17 ees, the two main clement win the Catal Chars began Yo sept tho Sasacratic branch, ropreented by prelates and ely signed with the molt fom which exe, and the demscatiebrnnch He ‘ret siding withthe popelaton a lage owe they elogeTh Was ab these of asin th 8th eatay Anybody who was meithr oblomas nor clergyman bonged tothe ‘hid state 1 eocampaced very dived ments of he popelato, TW fadided the wealthiest merchant the bigest nnouacarers nd fntrepenouy, the welled pests the shel, wes sod aa, 1 wel as the smallest shopkeepers, the fed man the work, the {ere llesfor tho members of thi tate eter oe mo preety cle thee property, mater how large, wat tach am tg tht any Toga privgar They were exe rom all higher poston Inthe sat, from becoming ices in thy amy or sae admin, ‘lid from th whole sual stratum of Ue upper esse. Only otal Sutseviene tothe role ofthe ter provide for the unig bond of {Bir rate wove, hoy fred the re many of the ttl pple ton, whics became dominant ae commeres aod tas develeped ng ‘he 18 cegtury, ax eduction spresd tid wealth accmulte thl hinds. Wile the obit France rl mad he cry elnged in at to the euling ls adm pr the ruled as, the wi a tng polation war one he cass which pend amor no ht, ‘Sicha the stuaton im Frenh ocety drag the 18 centry td ser wel knw hatin oe countries sta condone roa ‘The moby ad bacore an independent estate Boog he reps Tred on property The poses of he actocracy were aust clusvly Inde property Ths propery at ot geod by work ot in most eases by oes of army an had been tans he rset geneatnn through inhertance. Ie war 2 trond pope {he orga acl of which could ot even be proved in thousand ‘cane Th fact aloe tae distil dire rom sy oer rope. Suill more inprtnt war another factor The ned propery tthe nobility wasnt maintain by the labor ofthe fais emg 4 The big a walla the smal leads cnsered net het fig ocala ht own Ia Intend of galsing bance fer tom ‘eles swell for soit trough competent sell management, they comidered i thie ight and ty to lve on the serve fe Sees wilent working mses. In addon to ee property, which Bnd mot been aequzed by labor they ala had amore hich dd ‘result rom abr: They ved 0 the labor of thes ‘Shee the propert-awning obit di we work, had to scare esos ad the uneredicoene derived rom thy piveger ‘Thee were two main types of priveges: Fist. that de tana Indo property of th oly eld ot be segue by lr of by ‘elk gaied hugh abr, had tp reminder the ental o the stern. Second that ths property could be taxed oly within ase Tints i ede aot to alec seal the uaceoed ince of #8 oe Both pevags wee i contraiton tothe mare of things =~ Since Iuhor could never gain property. work war dane pow end sinc the Ssoearand scone war to ho derived from labor the Roveauer of he obit decreased constantly while thir waste ving come. TS ‘ete in linge indebtedness of ented landed. property, and thas Ito new scl cotedicton: the vale ofthe led wae trai into the note redone who, however, were not allowed fo ae the possesion: AIT hse conradctions were aati by Taw, am ‘bce ofthat they fet appeared as peger a ltr nso "French sey was founded en the cotaditon that the historia Dropersy bose owe did ot werk ruled unrest over Ir on {hur propery and ht thi rule ae preserved mt ty theatre of ‘ings tot only Dy pelege Thus tho Flats Detwoon the ellity and the thd tate was conesdlctery nt ary aatre “The Iabrer wes ot the only one who kg o he hid estate.Capita nd deeope seiseoly with indy athe By podet snd pore of nda. Capital conaats of the acount {rk of values ovr and above the coe of production. Under the {Gren conte atl el not devel i country; pew {a the eter Capital i enilly dierent fom tional propery ‘Asa pct of bor, it aogled al wich aval to ayo 1 ray dee to anane who as eourage 2c ad god Ink ‘Aca ral capa ls the mnfrtatn of pal sty sees ‘rer to an apropite sca oon Te lo cai te rit {o'be dapoed of ely by ower This he nature of apt “The tol pope of the acbity te the dee opposite. The lity excladed the soyied propery, cpt completely from par tpt In povement tnd apne to a subordinate sll poton. [At the ste Ge, tnes were alot excaely Impsed opor capital freer, win a 4 rns cared the hesny burden ple expenses ‘wht Srna beet fom fe fn th fron, the ability came Ite slap eppestin tothe acon pert element ofthe third estate "sim ade toward the tgs abd pection of the artocracy perl among «tid group of ts esate Tt Ineaed the schol, the artis all he igly dated whose Mle, fcome aed signe reed oo er ntl poseson The nly, elding he Highest ‘aon wiht working, Seped the asenre. Vasey aware thatthe fice moverent fhe sind might iy ass for > rape mgt Alspendcncy in ancy. the ony” peated the Tropagaton of ‘dear wheroer posse. Whore fr the ponitan to foe sronger| than under cote weve even foe thought fs not tlre? Wt ‘woul fre thought Bave propagted ff had been permitted (0 do (hat under there condion, od what ded i propaare doqate the ‘xing esvsns? ‘Tht no peecopatve is gern fastibod i Ihmpers the acivement of the eral gal of the free eran. {te development towne the rent of i nity The Pelton ofthe State i France before the Reoluion ‘Unde such condition, was natural hat the gloomy feng of genera Avert spend more and more Shy rere bul p aginst the ‘rovaling der ant rach fr emis Bogan, WH the proving feaion the resonable ad the thou tard Et othe etoety ‘wich Bar the fonction tad the power to Sntevnne fo ich ease af (Seer to the sae. "We bre sow tat unr the exiting codons of French soc ‘he wealth ofthe nation had to remain sow level. The nance of the state gave an scutte pct of he fact. Wh expends re, revenues dcined quit ot of proportion, Distres long sine prevaing Inthe ctager ofthe labore Enocked =the doc of ste nde ration. Nobody could dey that th admnsation moved Yowats {2 tyes The Suances deen aware of th for Tong te Bally the government fo eld deny 0 Tone tis undoubedly we that the degre of the sates welfare, wealth sod satearanhip ts deitely determined by the extnt of tie wel ting und wealth, and by the vgn, ofthe majo of the poplation ‘Te tate i therfore, by vias of interest at well as of epoca called pon to help the popeltion With all Be power wt eons “The poplation at rg sens this, 50 hat at it always ales { drmnds wo the state, which as specie resp. 1 he form ff th tate auch tht hinders the romotion of wells the sate ns See fom of goveramout in ode sve sal The form nshing but the exating pubic Iw The nite mat, by ss mpreme wer, do nay’ withthe exting Iw nd develop nw one whieh te using scnty dems Hf he ne lw emergent wl promote the patipton of the sew elmeats in sly wil destoy the old city by fst atacking the peivieges ofthe ruling clas If the state feta fom doings, ft ct comay to wn teres. Tees ts power, which ie deiged forthe well boing fal fr the preservation SF the welling of the feat the expense ofa thereby dopvee sch by a alles ws of 8 power of the means of Is exitence ths happens the tate becomes te enemy ofthe marty ofthe pop {bower parte, Bo sides wth the people sengtens te Taisen wich may nest permenety the genera welfare ad the fin comico of Hs cluzns that the state the guarantor of toe ‘ogres, Tis chee i inevitable: The tate Ins to Groowe etwonn 8 ‘Srstotonl reform andthe coresponding order of society onthe eae Tad and lavelvanest i the soil sug ea the wer, tho st sootes fo take pert postion i wil ether be defeated ori (Stblsh depot ale Sich a stuation prevailed fa France when Louis XVI ascended he throne The fnces wee completely ruined, amd the dei cen from year to year the revenues declined, andthe expenses ge. The fate Was powerless as result of @ Ink of fond; i dot od fay without ging up ir dempatiom. The dre of Uh Somos Ws ERs ace pinay remit ot mismanagement atough fee wat ismanagement, did aoe peove to be th source of misftune bat father the rel of he general conden of sail ball en pregsd wonopalis. To a dear hiking mind there was wo doubt that tere ‘ies no talaton wthot the etalanee of 3 new sytem of abc ahead pres France, the ctr of Western Burope, felt a well at any other cunt the ple of th ys wa ieaot tat the papain Ie 'the young King st his scendency. Be expected fom in oti Tes than to begin devel «ne potion of th monarchy in rance The condone were sch thst thre wat tise tobe lt ‘See the eganing of the IB cntry, France had a uber of ceslot men who pote ox the inaapeble necety of change nie XVI fad Bonet and itunus advsers when be became King ‘Tung becane ester af once, which was the bey positon inthe tte, sod be ssceeded witha to Jest camcing ore thao 100 Inilion fans in des and aipted tae. The county sighed with eb Bot al this didnot toch the sot of the misery was aly a Improvement In miisatin, notin socal condone Tonge base {hs very well and he teed ir atention toward the Inter He ob Ime Yo the King «ancl projec, the basis of which was fe corm {iad,absiion of ld, a Small the dstion ofthe Tad ts 00 "The King snured bot the Cnr reed. The od ances were refeced. Coy who then brcame secretary of Gans, ‘Tanto to tve the Roscte by rey which longer exited, Nal rics It for Boosey act ater wo accompany is King to the falls. The mbilty had won a dee vty. I was Be year ve sce Tugs resignation, France knew tht these wes wo ope of changing the existing order by way of Irgsaton. The thd estate desea by the ate fed toward he ew fas, What ede Stes pstematzedexpresion of ts cocons an demands found ‘Fin the doce wih he soil condictons had aren rouced ‘The Origin ofthe Leas of Liberty and Equalty ‘Thre was only one wy of sing thee contains. Progress aio be jst by epg tational ight it new ees. The ‘hone base fo the new right could provide the moral fstiation| 1 the stroggl gue the od ones. ort able are entered Ce te fel the ploy flowy which ‘war in search for pcp abot right dependent ofall itor condo. In this ay, {he ks of the coming new order wee cofaned wth those of the teultorl order atthe argument et fort to jst the sighs of the ner over to dale the a wee eed as scence, tacable tothe uma rote of human know. he faci, psy of lw became eolatonry power in the lterpetaton of the law ane of 2 ite sections, fered the daw of he mw entry "The pilonphy of Iw developed he 10 cory, dering SeReformation twas taser oto a sence ving dhe Thy Yea ‘War by Hogo Gotu. Fim thereon tino t Seep in acer anc with aknowledged tae A the in of origin, Dal Chars St sw bad ewe repel). The new word eed 2 eo aw The foundation of hod en af lw was testo commande of Go, th now er ad o search fra new pl funtion, and snc ok tn Tnge be dsr ofthat fined in oop occ Sioce al In i ted nthe inital mete for bi ky oa hilly a spite ofall devon, war bound to py steno fe gun the india Ade fe any eve al tu tat Inu eroppat up i ig piloophy, thr ae tenet, are tat the Ideal he source ofall ews ad rights, remained wt Knee “The importance ofthe Hen can be sumed up fn 4 few words. The ‘Absa nny man wat neces ontnon all en The concept et prsnaity id otal for teat. The philosophy af aw, thee ove, even came to diferent onl, could not choose 2 posto Aleptre athe han th one hort equity of en Toki, often quoted and sldom unestond, Stead the dic tion of this interrettion at early athe TT century. Since is sppearance, the Ide of tus atric tern the lof = ‘hls of law Natural equalty ar a aring point was generally Scop, bt ot Holes conlasns concerning the war alas AI Trough Dom the palsy of lw recede mame of atl Taw” Fer ene cet, the phtosophers conaned to be concerned with this problem trea The Tat, very inpertant and mach too nepacted Feprescratie of tine of tboght wa Crisan Wolo ebb ‘imam impenve sate, tad though whom came to lose According of al pople ae natu natal inte iss fiery and eget fala the right to make use of everyting whieh is mecessary to man bens, the ght of lilt andthe ght fo rtp preva" fo. Nat e¢ Gent (178) Praca. to Pare Libertas Sind acqaing|. Inthe tat of store “all prople ate equa”, bose carding tthe nstar” (which eet! wth the sane of Per sonay) Saw parson has mote rigs than any tr”, nobody has "mee ‘hiiations thin any tor maby Bae any prrogatve ovr any ote Widen. Part 1 Ch. T $f 89,82, Of 105, 100] Well as [ibiem: § 180) "If people had remained in te ign te, ee ‘equality of all would hve ted Dut fer sep out ffs ‘ral conn, thy have Become wane ae rogaederihte aswell 5 obligations becanse groperty and the sate were stituted” "These I aia eg re pe Higa turmachen oiatroned Sayers bine bees st es SSS See Ge ees intciease ioatetaueteted Soe ree Seavceie faoe ts dreams Sete puke keine Su a a ce ecg ah ken canary St fete chan re tna Sanat sates eens eect ated ny ae ia aca st na ree eer suiPciane a ignores oe Sg Sac, Maes ange are fis crbigh intnoaeat amt oS eos Sy ero aea eer Ha aortas oa Temenos SSS aac meta SSealigraaamtargiatnn cameacetal, “had oly peaceful pas. At wo toe were hey more peace ful ited to St alle mpare upon men by nature and ect soci! conditions in tonsad ways” Couey ea acl be fie atbacv, rural upper as pried, apd the Posy Was Ine be exand with the highest wrtoe: When ous XE tthe svce of Valve st Nese, erated the vfs on the mang, = Storm of appa bee out. Mon were aking for conten of the Samer ater of mn i he eternal wel sett x spy sere oathing beta wean ait the volta ary he pe {lash Hovere, this que oppostion agaist an artocratescety Wat a cough crate ser te of aw. Ont ofthe prvaing en rents eer and sai prince hd te developed. The new pio ‘only in France wet th tah ‘The Pinel of Baty and the New Ideas of Poll Liberty When the new pilophy tamed tows the ges qvion on wih the fture of Banc depended, one thing became gute ser IC ae ini of scl order wast be found had ob eicovered in man bude of scl, in rnn proper. Man a such the tl fa, or ‘tor words the cance oft, bcame the ass fhe wish. Ie flowed fom this pring of sacl tee tat one tra a ‘onl (0 sy oer natural man noceny bale statement pen Which Forte reqiemeats ofthe ew sciey were ob fount th 3, ‘he eversesing principe of natural ep in the French movement oft etre from ths wee ple t that of socal realy. “Thre po we tying to devebe the distinct meaning of ths ide fr the peopl wh were wig fovea to die for he publ com ‘sions Ist rte ats vague aon, continued as negation of "he eng onder, peovidnd the has forthe seg sent the en form of commit ie, eventually ocading tte nition, a, shorch sce and propaty wah movement ble to determine ‘sow gon On this are» considerable Ierture-powesal new o the crcumstinces-developed in France, It destroyed the Beet Sn "ight fbi 5 the Bsr of soll station, sc war msn ‘vas sential ngative as the begining af «mow epoch esa. Vol Tate was the Foremat serena ofthis mover Voltas not ave pita eonictos, bt ead the igh inte epi ene oc eon He prepared the way for fecon of tot by d- teoing th scathing sarcasm the Bebe in traton yall aren Inman fe To be convinced beyond doubt Became tira the was terble weapon agin soil ederwhare main sport rested onthe eviction ofthe people Dat tho states qo of socely was Go ire ‘Without Volaie, the repreeatatnes of tendon Uowahe Would ot ave lost gute 0h tr s-onfdeaco-the source of rsa thie resistance easins dangeron hough; ad wiht in tho unter fevertion mould fave perks pine to ate Ue tccsny on {ecco fo dhe stale for-new iss. Volite as ot primarily i terested in ol, neverle, he ied to forme srt bs cm ‘Stata principe ‘More agian ata man of aiece was Hebei, He war te pyeholsit of the ide of equity. In fe mat important work, De Fao, he shows that allinen we eualy endowed wih reason and ht only tocity maker perple snoqilRouteas stands nest to in| tnd above hsm There alot mo svt inthe wise Franch revo. ton in whic we donot dco ats wich be bad inpremed on he Fronds mind. Tis tate “On the Orig sod hw Foondatons of Te cuality among Men" fad appezed ar easly ax 154, The Academy of Dijon had fered «prize for an say on the objets “Wht ithe gin of Inequality ang men, sedi if auterind by the ne of nature” Rosens traces the origin of inequality to propery and sates th Sealy not fe hamony wth th ew of mature He di moe eclve ‘he pie the nace the paper was pstape even patra = Sequence of hs face ostensfme enothi bat the spa: tn ofthe philosophical pin ofthe status tral to eduction. Equalty of acetic wil make all peopl ee and equal. Toop rooted atthe in man yor necssary nesta ord, but athe nthe Iai ofthe condenser which bh Hv. Tis was a weighty nelasion».. om thos on the Bought persisted Oa naga mat tm inherent nososity as taht by German pulang, but tat nly ‘ternal poser Impaws i upon men. I seed inetewent roe to find but how ths power Hed came into ng Te was evo that te sae tras the power which vpbeld inquly—in condstinction to Oe Inherent sqelty of all man benge-and thatthe state constitution prevented the sate fom falling ts foption of preparing the gous! fora return to equal. In this wa ‘een pare theary and practical fe were etal ‘We liave now reached the ot where the paige ofthe posophy of tae, after beg tery Sbjct of pilosopie eploraen for 8 hole entry, tre toward realty. The pushy of law had ex pounded the ed fnew sae forthe emerging tow soy he qehon was what thie now sate war suppored to be Ihe, Tio dren ven preva. “Tht lino thought may be ald the prac or Hise, With ut deaying the yl of Drea] ising Ste «mala, eal Stich estan ie practice" I tana towards England, where Teed Yoon of gonemnnt cited whic Seanad to cerespond (9 fs ight bop, ins am adit forthe Beich contain de> Selegede We sl slr unto the mesa of hs vw “Tie schol of thaght was working. for a recontlaton between eat and fate mca conditions. Ic wanted teurporte the nets of the oud etter ato the newly and nosey ane Fore stat It aproved ef he artacacy but ony om the ass of 8 ‘tefl ft wanted to pre th monarchy, ad asuned this could ‘ye doe oly by reeving the ty ab te preger wkd Yo Aeseoy desotion bt nly by nding rata the esting ower Of the sate Dose saw the Bast of espotam not the poll [rine of sblute menzchy fy divine grace, but i the cohen on of eacenive power inthe ands af one person. 1 waned to pata fd the suppression of the people nat hy redaction of this pwr, ata srto clament For thi pape develop he ‘eps ofl, legilative alexi pwr = Bt He nk Sodavtand tht the dro deat were something cer dan 8 mete form of th highest power of th sate Tdi ot come up 1 te Tighe ide of te Gc, i rected the opinions of the older feneraton aed ded with tt generation. 1 wold lve shaped the Foture of France ifthe change Had occerred witout a relation, bat {war powers in he ovotonay evelopment havea on pti of fie aity based ot ee per ih, besa war [emptng to build the poll contiuton on the Wellundersoed ‘ia of the eat nity. "The main representative of this school of thought war Monten. Mis main wok Expt dev Loleie well aown. It th. pli ‘nce of Avisote ppl oa noarchy and to a ett Sten Montesquia merely bowed wha he old cnstton might have bie, ‘ot what the new one wn tobe, He bad wy and pert Followers So tat hie des only disappeared withthe monarchy sl Indeed, ithe sate were wing ele ut the monarchy, and the ‘monary cull ony ave been protected by the eobity and By Ba Ioger thee coll have own no eer emai for Soci. Aether ‘Seregt of ple nuhory bad to be developed to fay edo ‘within the ste This iden was represented by the wcond schol ot hough Is basis was nt hist ato but the concept of fae ‘nan Ite principle wa the scl contact “The idea thatthe vate had een esubliks and organized os he Ins of eoneat was Sst expanded by Hobie fom him came {0 Conmany via Patent and wa asp by all plop ofthe ok and Ih contr, Or ofthe carci of iene ory vs the aspen that the people {uthory by contact an at thr stat commoqeaty woud be fe ovale nt form Bats pe for« power which brs onan ndependet wil 1 be aoe? Ths pombe the den ofthe contac ier completly wrong or has to ead to aierent ‘erlsion State power esblat by poplar wll and contact mo sholute athe ts the wil of dhe pope Ha that ts soveregn. Te ‘wl ofthe people rennin sovereign, tnd the sate ower act nly nt ime and on ite ball Tw state therfore ental wth he role Beco of th no toni ound oa spi oro ey Fatier, any nation remain feo to esh 4 new cotton at ay omen and twit ke mandate emir hs appropriate “This versio af heen ofthe socal contrct wns the oe acepted Hy Fench act. Popular sovereignty was go an abstract tan during tat period. 1 meant roti le than the autorston of the sate to avogat the ‘lege ofthe nly ano th ry "Th ight of razon wn "ein tral ih By contrat fo ar syperr sight he sda ‘stem appeared fo be one of shown aan Based othe Ts af 1 stronger and upc by fre. Who could Sd aut with the people ‘who us thir own power to opps the ight ofthe mighty? Ts the tet fonn of the sate sae lege, andthe revolution Became Sid, Tes well nun tht J.J Rouneas was the mai representative of his ‘theory. The “cont sas” he codes of poplar soverelen ‘Aco to hr theay ight wae mo Inger em the side of the tome, ‘which could airy call upon the const ofthe people ether wa alse between he ty ether, the people wee the ely tve see tf allmihte "The consequence of is proposition accomted fr all ‘tthe revatio, they sere deed Sat ofall apait the severe ff the King the protector of the obi and ples Ifthe Hing ‘vol ot oer, were the people then lige tp bey him? NO.» Ss Towssee: "I's Wagand overtake me, am I sblged to hand ave my ‘urs Caran tf thove who bathe poe ae veo, the esl the male of force ut aot of right The sbjoon of the ealsovereign une Me repeesentaves 6 4 mist, aot an obatin "Tove are Rowse peel pope They were appied by Skis, whose panpble Questar que ie les Blt wis pub The 1789 and wen thragh seers it ce the bss of the Revolution Sever for the Bint the exceed who. conting t Rouse, was the sverign repent he "general Wil” pb the third cists “Whats She hid cate? ry Ting Wis dons he nation which the thd esate represent really set? Here egos the spi ak of Skye. Pt i oat the om Ble abolte of ll elegs exemptions, stati diernces—nt only ff the tx ples ofthe sestocy soon iter the ett have "hos em dole, 1 aime at the representation of allo people in ne body Sey apple the Seas of Rowse to the pelo of Pops he Bare of Rssnn, Const, the reveton had ad 4 i step forvard At the same tine, the news of the rblan North Amen asivd in France Lafayette returned acos the Ale cca, ‘wie of the victory of popular sovecgnt” over the legitimate per. The Indepemletsatr poxpered, and a sre, the plo Sophers were able to coast the example of old rtowao Had with tat of North Ann, The ethan was est But 6d mo ‘incense North America. Father tfc on the hoe that the Siery ofthe pope ver he slr of power wold als eon So France Thus tbe wong piston which the ruling omer ad kon tow icity trod themida the Prem ole sei he power ff the sna, Diller atthe tv acolo thought ere, they both ged onthe necesty of cinglng the exiting condi, Tee (rile at tbe reve could not Limi Ral to cao oly he Insta ofthe sate Part One, Chapter One “The Frese Revorurion THE RULE OF THE THIRD ESTATE ‘The Notables of 12857 ond 1788 We have deol the ne cleat within the French population, the il ssa ese tell toe cat if. Ussil 17, this ‘hone al that quaserodimentary extence whi isle nly tle ‘Sotiny and apparent une onthe bas of» general focng than onthe ths of atin ndepodnt fete Although the sate acknowledged ts ‘hates the teeta ado poston pba he monarchy Sterner detached nor Toeabted enough to vale is Imperance "The third ete ‘ould eoene 2 pla power oly ae 2 spar rgasiation with specie functions within the mate sdeniaton, The ‘ir of such an ernztion was naval, but the quertion of aw {hi oa could he rected had remained wosaed “The spl tndt mara slton would ve Dm foe the tate 9 fave taken over this tsk at he ight te. But oe of the Poblie torts wa wig ar sours eng o gant the sight for such ‘n ecpniation snd the psa represntation Yo the Uae eat A Aer fsing spread ver France, The leading men of the cout ‘ottely predicted the approach of temble elution, the imeenson {ead that Trance was n't tate of femendons, spre flee ‘ntradition Even the Court ha «foreboding of# tts prod te'come: on the srt, however, eveything appeared to be uit ‘The thoy af soit srw that we soil order,sreding tot hungeable natu teins the contin of the sate. Whetevr = few tial order develope under there of a0 ld cmon aon (adicton nema arses beeen soit and state Tis somtaiction 1 part of socal ie, yeading to the he cc of every india, ‘cts cvery sey all pesos antsy ayy spreads tothe ‘onsition aod admins, which Becomes etanged from the Doves te ths cntadicton which mane el nthe og. otAscot of anon expectation of new ad powefol eset This bay premises meray the abolte newt for atmoions btonshiphotwoen cotton ad sty andthe crtaty Unt this enya an wanker law bat torent lf any Pic The amon ir broken whenever ew las of oy added he sta ed ont; nd te wines therefor neater according to the of polite change-the tke of = new soda as abd te dorado ‘har inthe power ofthe state. Such was the tao a Pance Suing the Ts al of the 188: century the sae was te apa dering the Isis the trae autre of soekty were now to the same etent swore th varioue fon of thet, Ro intentions ould hive ‘Wold many er then a sow. But goad intensely were LiSigs Those who rai the rte ld not wast to share der power with the oe dase. Besides, here was fre nobody who demand Sah shartag appeared sf one ned ent rere open ont the tid entender oredr per. somed at 18th ser at of refs wat slit Howeve, the leon gre Meanwhile, the Suniel ates, the smmedate sore pont of the sitstion grew proresively moe sage war the etege of the moby otto be sujet to tees. The whole power af tho arto ‘acy rete on the prerpative, Torts ma erga onceread ‘withthe naonal economy, was now spped by Necker t te pubic nates Ie wap publ acknowledged that the Sal der bd to le Iroken to geesrve the ate Ht the aidooey sl posed shte power, abd Nec, Ike Tura war dais Yet the Stress war nt releved hey. Nol only wore te reves of We state ‘uted, bt so wit credit >> Even the Rings ssc etary fad to adit ha hr fhe sat the ples the ity were Ins. Money fay accimplied what the lly teas of hse, the waentadmoatane of sates, aod the gest suring a te ‘prone had fasta da Th wat the et ocean whee sno ete Itnmunse power frond hese t iit he tw scl ere “Tae ain pl ofthe Memots de M. Calne a Rou writen 175, ‘ms the sogzn thet the land ae ought t be extended to al ed operty and atthe thie ette be vaoved of the mest oppressive pots the ale (hod a), the taxon satan he compulsory secs Win such measures thee was way’ tt ofthe efits. To be able to fmagurate thse Tavs the King set atk to eoawene the “The Notable were cially understood tobe the representa of the people Tir origin ance the high print of har smpartance wea in the 14h cnt, when they bese know unr the mane of “Fits Cénéraus” Since nn, they had sme tore ad oe tol tho hands ofthe King, The Notable, predominantly composed of "he sabulity sod the clergy, were but an avsony boned witha 25) legstive power ofc king, who cotnaed tobe able, had ‘he power to manage nd ue the a he sa Be “Wioraoe hse largely nog the two seemer ofthe Nobles. {ei te at Trot semble changed thing, but nevethales they atc of get importance shold ve fg tn portant lest Te Note rps he old fel city; therefore they seomed ceptable tot tai and the clergy The tate gave the Nobles the choi of volar seing Dr pslogs for the Benet of the tts Haske them to ese moses yl of Ue peg {dof ur o econ a equals tbe new mente of society. Iwas one {1th slenm soments when an port el tase let fevstion bys lua saree at head sacoty rejected the ofr {The Notables f 1267 and 178 exenied the atement—which alot ses the vali of Taythat a scety which conta che sate ‘ely absrdns a scl eeder witout compulion and ats sual ‘ik revo In preference to eting he lower sla, the expense ‘of the hitherto prvged abe the plac to which fe ented. Ts options spice athe enlye of the mare ofall obtons roved tobe tu daring those fo year io France Bele alg onthe tte Cénirenu the state made anther temp ‘wba the aporval fe Nota In 178, the Notables were ale “pon twice tho opine concerning the best method of cooking The states Genera Tews th at tempt to sve am opportune hold soci of giving » fondly hand Yo the emerging new ove ser, reprvettve of the Hess of the third stat, war called spun ence mare Necker belongs tothe shoal of Montes he cout Concave of sate wihoot sae He requested the deubling of the ‘ots ofthe third tat in order 16 act up lower ease a ala ‘he upper hua of the two ped eats The Note voted ve to one paint this oubling of the wes of the hid eae This sored deoyng the new eae am adequte ponitn within the fovernment. The Notables were diaahed. The sate ws dosotd by Pho ty Xd aac the fact at only» representaon based fm the pines ofthe new sey cul save Wt meter Fes oe sympathy ha on able to tsnogih le need i Te fred he Sate it ite natural und ely propriate postion of patting Hol at{he head ef th development towuns «new sxity. The sheet history Of the Rotales-ften ove inspite of inpotae has book summarized by the lever sttemest of + stean, at tld by Seger “What did the Notes doin 1877 They dclenied thee Peles st ‘he throne, What i thy do in 168? They defen thes int he nation” [Chapter 1 The Rear General and the Constituent National Awewby On ener 11788 te King hea elton acting to ih Coniderion of the ope te mony of es Nees do pic pinion repre othe poe go Seiad {este in otha may ta the tte es verte We ‘Site mute te le he er ese “he it Gnas wen on Uy th HTS Th day marks ‘new egch inary mayo erly ws sch ‘which was supposed to rule France : ‘The repeats ef tet at nd evs who witout aging othe tw pepe papel fe enspes ‘Sholrhip an! Grace Noe aly ha up ll woe fod {optier sch a abr of exent mins al Poros ope ‘ed the mot vai pat of he pai, fon ef hes pong bet ‘ho fowl nul Nave nen wing nse th Hes to thet comin They were curr ft fa Dat eee the conmty depend on thn Everyhedywho had taken the {erm tiene sto Wea apt arog thes aes ‘a8 without questo on the de of the reps a the id he erecatties of the two ter ees were underanday tething bt the sojence of he Nobis th al Bs peu thee Stores and tr pen lene of every pres Osi Oe thwor cary was Favoahy ined tower he rd cate ha then, wee te Rate Census whch wre ty camper? Indo thy wee a soapy phenacaoenve cote ea, {he they're the to big cs ey etd he ihn afte space rom ys cre cotati each ‘hes; semble ahr wo dese er the desc a he sate Si revatio f th ll lege th sf Be Sa ‘ih he abinan of ths eee “The tk ofthe EltsCenioe was to legate the soca of the sree od sail sigh othe to liponsa ute ak ‘even estate a a om wale comps Th ak r ey asmplnat tat ay thes aes ny ai + Wg lise power ofthe state wor ray in the fade of soe Scion fad mccnbed oe meetates Oe pe se Ses ind bean ken se somenston of Oe Be Be ae eames wd tne, Newry on eon “Siu apa te rd seo ar the te fee te cn re a etl mea mre th rae ota te reresetnves wer utr tose of thee ta GENERA nets ting tn fre one iin ete este tu th tres ets Sel ly {SR tn heey he wi oh ey ‘Ta pl wht he tert be ted yea i ‘estate, would have been thereby decided. ‘The other estetes opposed the motion. The quarrel sted five ong weeks, The count of votes by ses tcadnr te Famer nl woul ne snout ing Sr al hea ey by anes Ce ng SEED ML tte eneloop ey net Sit ne Psy the preg eae halt Be son? Such on hteetaon won ‘War thn pment fc inlet aft tas ocho By Sete nua er hn wee oy ada ‘Serene sven ine ih eta fe SOMATA tte tec pd ty ofa Se afte Ete Gents deste te principle of Fouls society. A Sitar pic bame seh wet id's lnm wn change Ty no oa reat Steesictad bat se al ose wre ede Sa a et ike ant emmy af ea thelr twee Ut the ptt ot con ‘yt acy ete te eae or oe so yc on te met of eye hy em ‘Kino te Reta Aen vita inte mre thing tod to Bape MaDe 2 tt a ool wy no 8 Segoe Oe hing seit te doe Tin gent sistas ett tok dew da are Ua hee al ond ne om » lee ELC ELS ht te mt nog Natal Acai, or sng td tte Cnet, bed bo tl oP SEEN pve ly il wh he stent dome att Ein ty” dc the Aer tbe aIndvsble nt st wp the prope tht no tation was leg unless Spyroved by than sd Sued declrtio fthe King and he mito {© ostly and explain thee mepe "Por power Assy post in # few day to the summit of the Royton, tha destoyed the sna opositen within bounds td dermtted te eat ad wity othe atin. Te aw of rss ‘ts victors ovr the hore It wae more han a9 wit the fom A completely new ate ad fo emerge ih the new sock etabitied by the Ase ‘he bre lateral of tine wich we are comidering bare Bas been wry nerd aol often sero eas often been eosiered Pt parlarertary stage nly But he very fac hata reolton fo Towed oer thas ns mich ore tn at. That the Pench Revo etn was asx olen ha lead bee nated by the pre fg analyse Tis Set wy ofthe thd eat, oft, mpi lend {he whole tensfrmaton of sce The fll import ofthese steps wh ‘come clear only when 2 toy of soci i ete With the etabloont ofthe Nationa Asenbly, ony the pine ot equality in publ lw Bal boom ascpted. The thd este, the ston, nly sme afc iat pe tht ad slowly tbe ‘Sroquoed So fr, th Natal Asebly ad ony cance the frtlogs ofthe eats What wer the esental characteris of the Eied the ents The pegs ofthe mbilty att the ceray had ‘velop fom csstancesinerent inde property dhe ¥aroas pegs were stag bts applica of the ome of feudalism fecording Yo which lied property alated wh the sovereign Tig of te sate By lining the spec epenntason of the two Prolog tate the Asembly actualy dealt oly wit he consequence that rove oot ofthe principle ofthe tortor demain. Tha Sncloded the dodvidalty andthe ent of landed opty whieh aazed he frost difeences inthe diributton of land i incaded further the ‘Sosa he variety of eer burda psd the set ely ‘efecto the dependence of the people upon he array. It further Inde such ateregn sight a nt of lee aod 9 ation I ‘hort, it war the very core af the feudal soil oot AS fg as this Principle remained untouched, prlmerary role of the td estate eat yxy Ine The Asembly knew al ht very wall By ting itelfay Nal Asenbly had wot yet solved the ob contrition, Shad only replaced by «one ane. Tho representatives of the hid ‘tte romlne subservient tthe ior sete The rd esate eld the power win the sae, but the fist and recon eater eld he power in seit. Agathe state contain andthe soa eder com odtied each eer ‘Thi contradiction cull aly’ be saved by = ‘isting the bal of th feudal oder, taney ou property. Ost knees the new power of the Hed tate now tara towers i oe di, bur ako © rete, tase Ths he hoy of Oe yeas That flowed “Menno, the peyple ae, The fall, deluded goverment aid sot uodcrttnd what bad tuted to dori hd cmeaked the Bite Genius to tosh the ain piogs of the tro sper estates, nd {© sccmplah hs had given to the thd estate the pret chance tf commanting the maerdy vate 1 Sd. weer, contre he leit te ofthis pour as #rovaletion agate Fr the est tine the tree nate ef = memcyy ved om polity Beene apparent The King declared tol favor of the aristocracy ap ese lay per 0 ltrfee with De new developments. The Xing clsnd the ‘evmly, gathered oops aund Par and attempted fo qual the ‘movement im blood. People were sind by rage, Heol noe Ot ‘The Bustle wie simed The eh state showed that (0 longer ad even malty power The people were vero i the ste 5 ‘he dd estate had ow f the Asse This sue was ofthe not inportance i one respect dzew the mane ato the dispute ‘Sout principle sid ied the nteletl confit withthe wilence of pnon From thn on the Atsebly ned the maton wee oe bos ‘The mnoguon sep ofthe Assembly strengthened ths bond. ‘The Declaration ofthe Rights of en, the Pitt Principe of the ‘Naw Sacety, ond the New Order of Property Righar ‘The now sciety demanded a completely new Iga foundation Inner to prot h he Avebly ad fo ate tr precper The wiry ofthe people i Pare ar not an crdiny revo tos the Bw Heartbeat Of the ew fe. Nest to the etablatment of the Nu aie he ene peal et athe ening a ‘verybody fk that something extraoedinnry Ded bappened Thee ‘eames omen when no ingle person dared fal oki te sll pow ‘fl mover. This ment ws the famous wiht of Angst th No Aisne had yet been taken against dhe preva dferences of tank by the mew Ascebly, hich was based om the stl eriryense ‘oncot of "ihe maton" The youthful cure of sme membre of the prvdoged aster antcated the new hw. The young Coun of Noalssggsed the rederption ofa feud pets andthe bitionof peroal serves. He bled the til. Al the privilagd mabed ko ‘he erbune, everybody agit sre, within few hows the Ing pelege, the te, te ght af jen, ies fr sal ‘ax exemptions, ingualiy of tats pension prvges to tem sod Vilas the guia were abled" "The tl wcryrtalized ides tejnlty and uty of the ato Bad forthe fst tine acqued 8 ral meaning During this it the Asenbly ad the eaperens, ax people who have Tong Boon searching for tt, of soddely cng thenclee ‘footed with she gana hi search Cough a0 tpt, Witt Terter aguring abot the conmequses of esate = te ‘Aserbly opted all tes pines, Tete wos univers cng {tresounded all over Estes Minton sutnaroed the decison ing common dechation fer srt debate wa acct on Aga Shh by he Ase I ashe wt Daan he Rg The Dechaton, submited to the King and accept by hin, was the Ins and the besning af the Costation of 17 Te contest be summarized ia tne in pot: Fit, abolilied te pelages birch and stated tat sll people i sey oe a wth gard wer, sequin, option ad property declared erty, secur 1 property and the night fo rei oppresion as incl righ Nae The Sond ad mite mpatant principle adopted by the Assembly ‘tablished eqealty within sate I state in Ate 6° es have the right to copeate persozlly or seh ie repent {her inthe proces of leptin All iter, Knowing that they re ‘ua, can equally shave the exjynets a all ini, ple stats Ste pb fics acceding to her silty and hot any ahar di Aino thn thee woo and th tae” “Thirdly. the principle f the soverety of the pape was set foth “To sour the avery of the general wl te est was st fee ‘nd the eight o arsomble ant ptison was fornia. Acendiog ths princi, the general wil foe by the ecerve parspatin of sll ens, ad the awe tos bases the expres the exon wll to which everybody submits, “This the exon of he Delraton of the Rigs of Man, i gical conection with the tend of story ea ely be wero Te mak nwt the tradtna snes, or Ie sply t earce taken by = fepabtive bodys rather rpresets the Sint acknowledge of the rcp which soured in ube Iw entsve wes fo Hw lees T fiom which the third ete id emerged ant thowgh which ad ome pneu The penile which mae the Delton the fund toate nw soy waste develypoent af the fee snl ps Sly dene bythe foul pegs of pst The Deere fi selected he een of the demand the ts eth, no Ely tate of se ow ses. Fran ow on, the toverent of ta pole fowude ame order of sci had so fonda, andi as not been alandoned since ‘The teas of Hnery od ality a ange being pied fo ata conditions. Ut thoy thee es Dad Boon fomevel merely ae poiteal maxims. Now Mt bone dear that they ‘wee spines Fram them om, the revoaton, by sein wp he Declan the Right of Mn ath fist scl pis of the maton Stowe tue chat interme of = sol eoganinstion of he oa plo, Yer the Delran ic nevertheless wholly neptve. Ke doesnt eta th aything IH dos not contin sri bt tease desbucon ‘ol femal ght A bev society canot he fered bya her natn (he Decaation ws erly the egining af the ew soci od. Hete ime hive to ee oa seis of dere ofthe Natinal Asay which The te been pmpery eased became of Ignorance gtd the ‘sncept of sothy Tete doors are the actual fountain of the ‘ew scl err they have eetied to bein elle! sae the beeing fhe Revolaten. Tey are the tr crmerstons ef the tasformaton, ‘hich would ver hae led witout them ‘The Deltaton of the Right of Man ha Indeed averted tb ogualy of men an nical pile, Bat what wi that ad made re ‘partr of France ro miserable, so dependent, and so unctal D com frst the per le? Tt warm the Iw he Iw a only 2 cow SScnce of someting che, nameyy the distin of nd Ax Hog ‘tworthinds of i emaioed a priession of the artcracy a2 Ton 1 clon were dependent on the landed, equal ws © pncle Slew, But ot Tae "The night of Anguet Ah did ot bring aboot change Sn the Ja cendiogr of the peuant cls it enlyprodasned.pinapes. What Stttred ws the sppeation ofthese rnp» Fis tbre was a Tenge clr of completely dependent seis» Lous XVI had berated ‘hom on his dain by the Bt of 179, bt the power feudal nds hd ot flowed uit There were sl ins of ers a octy where scdom este the pepe of equity ican empty ple. The scaly meine etre hat al hese rng tae om power fed conttng Iterty were to be aboited without compensationThis declaratian marked a re an impeeive progres. Ie meant ‘nny that the whole cls of se could tow treat fely onder the now law sed could puree thr equation of property by Iba fo tran as comune thatthe tw order of gs aed st fervent sspportrs Only th Ie explain the een of the lowest slaies for principles, the bene arms of whch ty pebably perience we they ft bard about them Equally portant at Aor seer of rlaothige Ito all etme eal aes ‘hich were abnishel bythe Anembly In removing these, the Ascambly acted on the sumption thal ty were const, ad interpreted them by th dees of Avot 11, 178) ar nea ase sens subject to relepeon Flay th pcp of redone ‘ent was abole, snd al ets wire dered to be tebe (Dec TS, 100) By thse dros the Asemly a he bs fr the dere iment af peasy nd am agcltral economy in Praace Witt them the popoltion would no have supered thereat no bm hs burden Their nfoence bis been tremens tey dried frm the twinile wich, fom thn om trmiond the fature of the bole Sonam. They opened the walt wellnng and indpendence Rr ‘he fare by raking ie fee, pemanaly a ala fail However, those deeer were only stp tomar dependence for ‘he sl Tanda As from th Wee ita tres spe fhe oh of August thie ements of heaton As Tonga these Tema, squaty was on phase, because the fice persis smote to ie by cmparson andthe ester presented 1 ouree for new dependence ta new eivieges The Asenbhy ws well aware ofthis. It sed the oa method which would waadingly Astoy this forces nay on el basin the mare of egal ‘The permaneoce ofthese scien hed tees Secured by the fact tat they were tanenited livia tothe det soma the faraly's On Apel th, 170, a dears wae pase by which all hei inthe sme reltonsp of consanguinity were to ee oa pte of the propery: Every deth fast, eee, rdf the Svhion ‘this powsasbns ins any parts thre ere Pr The large nd Inklings mee onwosdbly seth dln: by sorsinvuy coming sale, the sine ofthe big landowner weve brought wth each Beet Stion a tap case tothe smal mer nthe Faso, rcerve land Snrihip was educod, wie he sal ln, who was wow fee ‘vss eae to expand his poms Fen nw have ad a ote pow ‘fal set onthe social development in Franc, the decoe bad become the bis of equality fn an apical economy Ie ako mon over the whole gp of younger descendants ofthe oper lies forte seers Rela case oe em hep fr sae oe dooney th ace “Beeb eid ob dove, A pent mor of ise wee ju rato tl of fn cre Sod wt eal fore SET pttal cpt omtsted toward the slaon o e frbion Tn oro eds the goes dl, pe Sons Fe cal the ae had tre pve amecgrcee, Pes kee Me eet munbe fnew nessa sag, whch no al ‘Soot tht nell ng td deo of the cm ‘Seite oes bd al se pepe, wb bce omer ne ae 2 i Reve, wee Sly, dpa onthe vy othe ee oom’ pcp Ts they echt mun erect of wieta Pilate apiatrelser of cy, at exh ep Kotor te semper pron sud eae poston ss SRitutd tour be saison ofthe Revoktin "Te sve ae ot ipwtact doses by which the abit cence fh Desoto Man eae rast om Rese ioe rally of stl eso he ctage oe ot the andy of ator tthe lati of the now [wer towards esl They were the rea fot of the Revsotion teh mae tps or Freeport to wt neal ream Si he tact om wits Ony by Oe vs weve te Su Teather sey of Peta tony tw the ton AF the Conston cae 90 invite nee. At the ey oe ent ely dro te comme ote ts of Aug SA rca teas ft fn tat he mew sede of the ste td to be paca so» fm wellpoctoh soc foundaon The Declton Sng the ste neal bay comp oct sd fas fre hay sncty which So opie 2 geuutee Fas dosnt te cnt: Por the te Hay Serf ashes como by the sol rer ‘The Thind Esato the so Rlomente ofthe New Soca is Conrctons The Introduation of Property Qualico “The French Revlon bad stated when Qhe third cate doce lel to hethe whale tin” according to atone of Seyi Wat fre the thd ents? What wf ht made ino «wie whole? ‘Slay, arte merchant choplerers, farmers, meskes, oven Bond tims vagaboads belonged t they di wo sae common way ‘if but ony the psy negative oppotion agi he two pleddues. This what eld all te members togeber Jn one it It Snderstandabe atthe quoin of wether there were diferentes itn the hr estate was mot raed, 0 long ae aly determined wld ould Tea to vcey ve the ped The ality song men ts was the egal rung fom the acne of ight he equality bong supose the feo apd ty was the ftom fon he Dok of pee Yh third rt vt ted 0 the mtr oe had Tee vitor in iepect, "Now it ha become the only tats. Bat «singe erate ceases toe an ste, repens scty hac. After the arociny wat Stopes, ster the cry had boom tate fnctonaice soll pegs had teen abot the ed ett hed veplaed feudal ost thee as rater sey let owover, «single eat i ot only sw, but acest homo seneous. Avan eat const ofa malted, o peshaps «som indicate saving equ igs. Sots, never, ore tan ‘mote comma tt sc der fe varous merece a gt of dass, irs and eter An estat caot be soit am fs ales he lc fw. lr pens oer win ‘sel the clemet for the emergence of» nese. The appearance ofthe third ete not so sch the begonng of ke veo bat father the fst ep towards a altogether new tlre sed ‘vee aad preset inthis vl ee ‘Such was the pecton of te thd xine after quik vty. It Ind so far ated ‘only is negative fro; had come ne ‘omstution but act yet sew scl order Now it war challenged to ‘velop nen soit. How cold that be dane? new eonsiton co be rated by one stoke, hese samt ofthe wl ofthe people To crate» new soy beyond a delete deo, boost fi the craton of the sca feof the peopl. Ase eaten! (of a soil order by the thd ete war nmbikable Tt het grow ‘Soup and organily Thee what makes that tn 3 sign In oder to sald the for ofthe aw stety had to saver the laments sich the third ete ceauned “The dhtd esate proces on th astumpton at everybody as the right to parla equly in pubs decsoer Bet fis unpoibe for tenbody t re simultane. Psp hve lo chee representatives ‘The choice shoal fall nthe most she nd nt Inert. But wo are they® Obviously thar who ave th mar fo the best esto Sn fr the st powesulsyppt of other Al those who diye of ‘ese esas wil by the autre of Uhr potion, be cil po fo regret the site by these who lack thse seam. What ate tho ‘ia Bt i ah pi ay a “Eun Knowidgs and education, To toque thes, weve, cea “alts have fo be presopyne Wht ve aor? There dxbt {ieee te cn watt wh hoa ry iver soplie 8 higher cleat sates and praca nee Feopery Which singer cat within the commanty of cea toe SHS aie he te at a hy sb ed ar sp Is poversy whch ne sockty of tual gh ester diferences a trator he ommunty ino @ cay Atioagh she nd ete {pyar to be guie untamed about te scl order, th contrat th a ate wey wae bd deve he sn Sovod. I agin tbe conrat between the propery cones a rovers. Butte reltonhip ass wen Geen curcter Frm tat o the ps he ey wall oper a te i ‘orca eontioned and pied land ower hich cool mat ‘wr acqeied by work. The concept Othe new set tse on bor, tl he new soy makes soluied propery te bse of ore. he fed sciy shally eed cea. The cial sey Inaker equity the rating peri: the Hard eae, whe demanding ‘Ssly 8 opprtnty, septs te night fo he sequin OF propery SoG reultng freon election and pret ot Pie ‘f dilretaton Tue the new conntton was om concerned ith thee dfeencs and their commqoenos, However, i ue that Sore determines the constttion here has to be at Feast oe pt ‘thre soll ety ie eeted inthe contin in he car of the Froch contin sch 2 pot wat pve by propery ail Sasoce “The ioetion of property quliestins-no mater wheter lrge ox sal simple o diereiated-maris the ieventon of the Scgenitve soy in consttutonal develoeicsn. One rocky bab on property. property quilts are af ncesy exe. "The etn whther is practi or missing hat 2 vari of ke Guest wether soc base oo proper est most ‘hsiable Stangely cooughy diving te et month a the Porch ewiuten, event cored this hind of nterpetaton AS ey as September Sth 1753, Thouet sulted the Combats pt 8 the wong sem The Commision wa see that bad to emmee the srture of the new socy wih the wot emandh or tality Ww a aware 0 he fat ta ths col nt pony bedone It stated: “tot acer toe a conto in od 12 bes mene of he Assmbly snd nol estoy pmol equally hd tah a arstcacy f the wea neverthle fhe coat Digi a system of propery guiietons ‘violnt debate aon road the problem, dlaerating tha hse wr ke very ener ofthe sage between the rin of eat ad {he pence af cl sity The It de ofthe Asem stated tak boot a ew sary, Ue right would ave Me to 26d downer ‘Rp av» prrapte ef elighty fr fle Nevrhletoren thoogh witha sim morte sgesons of the Comision were scented, Far the fist tine sae won a vitry ver principles. The ‘Semen tacks against the Anny Indetod-aleay atte pol “ihe pecan evap. “Accringt0 the cmcept of pero, every who was of age tnd rset the country ought be 2 files The Catton, however tats: Ancien i one who ae made adie con tran he euvlet Yo de vale of ce werking days eve who works fora wage in hosbold (-erctou d paper) i exlnod from active chert, The concept ofa fll ten nts consuton {8 thos dependent upon eteron wich is note age-an atte tf ead nda. Cropetaly excl fron ll piston i pe Secon i he who doesnot own anything. may the worker he camot teat the aecsry requis reardes of hs perl qualions {lis iatligene, which might Severve highest honor, Tete ito ‘ality of all nda, but en of those wn ove a ertin amex of propery Ths erable an tmurnnuntble diferene betwen two Tins of mane of the state, cera and abject the dirnce a ‘tte replaced by the dilerence in wealth, fom thon et hee ext shew dependent cas» Th fist pea of the French Revlon, ‘he constatonl period cade att pit Te had filed tak, bot ‘had ot completed the evolston We have sna that the ital the Foal sect etabliied the ini of equity a he bce ofa progres, We hve sen fore tare that equaley daring the downil f feta breme the o> fr the Base ws of the Declaration ofthe Righs of Man. We have teen, fly, that the Cotton of 171 costeredequly of all ‘itor a finda anh wi ofthe nation at sven at he {id the Coston spp is pancple of equlty? At the same tat ‘whan al dilrencer were supposedly caioated, whorl meets ad lawes of socey were bowght ito a cbse rationhip, wheo all ‘baer sanctioned by law an cates were destroyed, Uh mist : a ‘hic Herne popolace the sonstaian erect the base of property “erp in acer 10 atain ier How wart ponte tat the con tradition tetreon the pine ed ts option ena’ enced? ‘What yas the astifeatin for spurting active ad pasive iets, {ioe the dlr (Atle 1) had stated. ane se Born and eral ful in thar righ’? How was i pase to exe the ge mass (Gmosonoeslrr te nition od et stein Atle 6a thw was an exprenion of the “gona wl? War the any jstienton fr excading rom the soecelgn ton thong who kd ne py det tater bet who, onthe other and, contd by exc tes ad were Moo ue eigaton to brat an? Or ow was st pec 0 oly the contsdtnn whereby Pat T Arte Isto "ha there mo othe ‘Blisenee betvecn citar tan tht of iat, of character ad of {ace while on the ctr band the diferente of ewersip ere Sultan the very sae documento aes for the ight fate Shen ‘Aconadtion was hddes he of which upto the, nobody bad oes sve it i Gt cotradicon whch as when ap a0 bead ‘Ruing te ollowing dsaden "This contradiction between the iden of the fee and equal penanaty and the dleretnted dstebution of fade was dened determine the social deveopoent of the whole Iie ceoty-'To guage the importance of hi cotradicson ae is inlaene o the srl event n France te necesary to ale specie carter, The contacto which exits tween the ditbtion of propety se the fro pasar iy no mabe a temporary one tan able ‘Sst duct the bounds ambatoes ad the external Hato Cal morta, The contradiction dot originate Urengh Uh ews of the new sail, buts emerged for Om fst imo daring this per ‘The great rks of the 1h centy had log recog the de owover, to waestand the evolutonary movements oe hae 10 ‘cep in mind that the condition atthe begining wa hither gett ror appresive. te pity wat mitted by the tn Hhat pepe ‘Crest of iabor and et and that everbeay eaeble of eagle ‘The opprenivences of the contest develops only rough the le ‘eumsition of capital andthe competion between owner CSmpetiion which tends to lower wmger and increase seston seccay fr any ener, Thrcby the soqesion of property, ven oder favorable eacemstanca, comes passe only ia the couse af ‘With refsence to the wc onions in Franc, flies Ut thestage between capital end Iahur was an inevitable consequence of he pcp of ually He den appearance, However, waa nt 0 smh teu ofthe ner development of soy Tt ofthe pene Of eranous cman Iisa general sehaoedged fact Oat the ‘aning couse af the Peach Revlon wa brah tout by the Saget of eign powers Only from the vantage pt of soda Iisry pose to prove Ue fll uth andthe scan of his ‘itrnect We him tet th tans from the constitioal tthe {nei sage ofthe ently evoltonary period In spite af al the sled ‘nein ofthe Tore, was made pose only throug wggesion from ou, We shal coer ion nn tek tre the develop. ‘net ofthe conrad "TRANSITION TO THE DEMOCRATIC. COMMUNISTIC FEALOD ‘The Gredal Separation ofthe To Clases. The ‘nt the Cbs Thi Fist Clash tional Gard ‘The eat refer ofthis pao started outwith the eonvton that ‘he concept and rights of eizeship could provide basi for an oder ‘sate nds scty ofthe fee andthe ea. Batter ie Friscile thre cog the new soc orer ase 90 peopery. The Saspred not only io sousty bat ao inthe Costin At the Bearing ofthe Revolton when the clos wlty of the wae ied ‘ete had gained victory over pviege, reference was me ecsiely "the nitions the ined was te en” Nobody took tee Aiezenes, No even the conee® the people” (peuple), eve less Cat of the "onrgeoi” wae Being used. The genes epiain prved {at state power was nth hand ofthe whole mation. “The ple beamner sare af the eience of ses in act, m0 ster how sharp the ditions of cat re, only when one sla 3 ‘nol af the ste = Property quaieetion ty make people aware chur diferenre Bo the rlersip of» last becomes noscable ‘when sudden vents cyte elements of the dierent cass ito Independent intatons Ths ie what happened i France. ‘Alter tbe fall ofthe Bate. after the destin ofthe od state exer a the satin of tational ators hen the movatehy ltd the Cour wore lee witht rel power became deat tats Impossible to renin wiinut my elit aioe. But on what sould J be bused? It shoul be very cligheing for alae who ae $e uniling se the ve meaning the wotian of popes soneret ipo conte sul and oct ths parla development there len What spr sry se tha te wholo poole Beld wile power ower he ati Such wae ‘rely the ee That” ld, and ld abate. 1 fed a ‘Tuco mae of een. try shes at whenever tveegty of he prope redaimed asthe highet pins, immeserale confusion fm mate and soy {etme Such a coufen inestcx a omer cotadton, The concept fey expan timer cotraditon. The concept of “te pool” Spies to sant ony i rao to th tide weil, conta epee “The people proper nothing doe ta socal oder led by ail cement whch deteminerlitnahipn of supe ae sub ‘rm, dependence and diferenes ones. Soverciny of the topleacanly compass ie comet ofthe soverinty ef sok ‘Shc any society ents aor opposing fees which are had secon, the acptance of Pope sovereign ples the Saver ‘Souy of ie sec element witha soy Each es tbe {he oh ech nied with see, ligne Wel gat the othe ‘The invinals preopostion of he case of sovereanyityo Personal wil-theebydsappeac the sural of mlaonistc socal Fizments lege by the vee ton of pur sven takes pce, ‘With the breakdown of th ol feudal state, ro Wahl string Instone emerged The National Goard andthe Clas. he storing tthe Baste appeared to be the bepning of pester wb fn auipaton f re serine deliv, se. atingsbed izes tet in Fein bed te city it sty wits an stased on Srpunzaton cnssting of al cs able to esr arm They were ‘Sppiod with unforn and mtn, chs Ver own lear, nd be theme of Cade NotonoleTafayei cae ts Grpnand. Nobody bad nae’pecparatons for such pla, toby ad Sued an Sppa tis Gece days 40010 men wee mobiied Whom id ‘hey sere? What was thn importance of his pew pet power stich roidenly appear in Pars ke a completely natural phenom atu eeuing great seston sod sprad Roa! thre over all of iin the cous of» eevaton, th sit opposes the demands ofthe st eeents of scky the danger ests that they il be mopped {ropa eral per roasted by he ary. The ay cnetbly suppor an a sty at large, can only appt the te. 1 xn soley wants to be sae spsnt th power the tat aso peoide an ergnuationcomerpndig the sy ci cy ths ergniston ithe Natal Cound Th tenon or I apenas Isalraye fear f state powers Ths was the enen forthe eae ‘net of Oe French Guard H was the weapon by wich the new ictovous hed estat courter-alaced the power of the menarche Gefen te standing ary. Hee, ther wa soon) "ment repscotd io Une Naira Goard Af the fal the Bose, the military power of he monacty was alte broken ce tate et aber nied nt thd ste eet te vty. the ted exe desitgetd nto opposing ons Neal, ony eval, bt in valty owners ret over somone Toe ow Con ‘tin was nthe hands of the aig claeThirstte ao ray Teaeeded om. The National Guard, composed of sete eitzen, fered 1s sevens and, by uplding the Cotation, Became the milary omer ofthe ming ls fs “he National Azembly had eaclode the whsle clas of non-owner, the postive cn, rm prison fo sveregn actn, Fall eens were mest ral tac; partial, the worker ould ot ow ‘Property In poling th the Nana Cond une th rl of the esate the active etna In defenng onde deeded the pola per ofthe owners ovr the onrowner. Since the law split tho “matin ito to socal casey, the Satna Gua atte te tule af on part of the mation over the ater, the omer oer the mo ‘vies Tt thrtore—oithot even Ing of wanting i deermined the couse of events on thy dete ane te Frances Wrepreented {he aragonite mass whch wee ‘clade from power Thus Kt developed fren» semi pace and tem ny fc tcl oe at he cient ol eo “The opposing forces developed» representative orgazaton in the form of cbs. Tha rtare a th stination the cab determined | bythe noas which rented them No comin can tly evened Bo veh wel awa fat tino an be made ny way af dscunions i recom of speech ganrnteds The die sted were looking fr contacts and concent hi what the ele frovided. Cas develp whenever he conto he addiston| ‘font meet the demande of prt of the ato i thet fneton te Formolate the hows which reach beyond the eng eer i i Deieve that thse thought can he ried. Thevefre, cab are stmecesiry ifthe goer il tsetally preva ty whither ay soon as ths accompli and they soemerge this 1 not the ‘While the National Asembly care on avis, misery in Pass spew, Thee nas am work an to ead. People, hough fe, slr (emis, Whowe fu wes 40 Du the sosegn ration not even rome the mens tossed famine? Oley dee was someting reg Inthe planned sotto, which da ot crr=pood wo the demands hie pple: Whence th ase se hay ok fra enn They ‘Srewiling to stat olan and easly Lec ol of demagoe ‘The habe seo hse 0 mets: thse who sere not sated Write the Coston cat of ite Iner comadicton ecame the Tears ofthe masses who fre because they had no property. The ‘abs pomined Ip hy became the pains ofthe property ‘och war the site of acs in 1790. The main trends are cel ‘itinguhable, = Te the isan of the ew ell sce into two {laser which repented the comtaditon legalised by the now cam {Suton Te ches of owes ta of oer mes ao Standing ide by So clu dstingsichae sd ot poset. Throgh the Nationa) {Gud ad he chi hey bve bec sare of hr especie positon “De concept the ction” sready appears to be Ned into te, the ceneage Inezested fram day hy. And we sk: What was the meaning of ppl sive now? That i to say, who held sate tower Proper hich iby detiioninvishe? ‘The mary Became ‘weaker from day to day be eal splayed Dy the cab di not awe Spy abe at, sheady by 170, the ace Baween the two part of tect forthe sone of tate power ad Beg ‘Shoaly aftr the Asembly had moved to Par, the starving people tad sain baker, Te Auer war exvemelyfnignet and ented {entero with he svenget measures, A Taw apa revolt, he Best out lw” wot gist.» Ales at th pot the deeper sign iano of the whole question feet leat, Roberpere said: “The Commse"-at tt inept ele by epectedetensrequests bread fel san wn or? To sp the pee” Fa the ie, {hs now widely eccepted term wat tal awuy nelly dierent {rom the concep of “bata concept which had wot been questioned tit that point Here was the cone of the cof. The cer fle angered by the unknnen powers the Amonbly, guided by 2 vague Stsoy tse om the ery same day thew aint ovo, the salad Natal Laws “the marc donot diyse yon rogues the we {cree wil open fee” “Tis aw bo grat impotence, fromm now on, the class of bowsign ty rat wth pg i er 09 Sock wr a sich tne a ven lse ise to ee sch ew The Seng ete ames tr tbe edad SSC Iy el nce Tnoy at ttc ee Tk ae il cr eal aan teres ee oth mata Bape eee ‘Ws ln hy cone fy eck ander sch itm the Seca unl eos py SOGth aie ts Tac nes ee a ont Stepney ie hy, Se abc Se acceptance of the Constitution, ae SLES he ese th ig had el waa ew sect ut st of by ten pe eee tem ar ye Sg te Coon Ta tthe ha eK hte oe neh bess othr nb Sawed y ong he ge et cba mn af ar King eo bg sett an sel ony Sy he i a ee Ga ‘et eam ed kn ween iy? Tp ee tem! pin tc ay es yar ‘eg i ae ta fy 1h Any oe he ne ch cree inn tng stat hha sae £2 The nh i el strates ne in She nly dase neue eae ese eda folly at mwa peng ea he Ft ont i eon gt er ei wee el ern a nly pet ee fc wih cai en Cab fe Eel aka Fey Ds ed Beate se wh eat Seda ign moe On Jy 1h ge es oe inch oC ar ne ge pe ee net hanty ee nope Nas eed tele nt hoe mae wich i ay ea ld he The mal a ro {sone owing folowed Tea Laat ood ho meno ae dein man Set ed ewe ee Spon iced snd yc he cay fk Star dowd mo ap tc Ind, great things had spore. The 0 clases af sc, ong intext, had vy Dea opps each athe The Blood the icin: brought the soft fo i at mas declared nebo) Bad any hve tat this wa ny the tact of tobe seugee Had puble er ata es tate No The Ane ha akan notice Ghat the mazet stove tke ove he tte By dering he Nard Ge tin ol ended pe tty ved {ote upper ca of soy" The Anenbl had land decree, tases ha dare to pon aha bons dwn Obviously the sey wanted complete cnclonofhe mes fom poll owe, ‘Mhowgh Gs power as saprsed to be fn on oper sort non complete ejay The cotton bea la, ths erent rowed for fet tine the nova cormococs of the bazy coment popular sowsegny.Appuenys thetaw had een defended In teal however, he cnt ested thatthe seal tugs which ‘ecestlydeloe on the ta of pat sovereignty Dad leady Saved an thatthe sow scl order wa heated ‘ver snc that ine the Awcly fad ge recone an tele cnemy: sth contadcion bxoween the acted peices Sri thir comejonan mais inte ate othe people agus te Nava! Cesré. Et the Cosstton fad be abandoned or te power of the people hat be irken. The Asembly wat well Sears of ths Ate at season, after « rolnged svete ‘rid oes seca and petit cr contacts with ter act tts iia onthe se dey, the decree pertaining fo the Sal bganaton of th Natonl Card was stoned ‘Reverthla, oth cso okt were to at son once a but oly tga esd of son agaist eh ter. ‘The Donal of he Menercy Monarchy in the Tewoe Burgean word ono of the mat remarlable and atthe soe Une the most pel sphenoenon of istry, is aint iconceable at itor rescue has accepted the iit a money mpl a face Under the sane erste i has shown grater sakty Un al the other polit Inston. 1 hae fred and maintnioed states, 1 has Survived Inany changes of conta, wherever an atmpt was made to soy 1 setumed wth lino ementl force, Te bs been attacked abd Invlted it has beee Eght with intelectual espns Kings Have Been ‘cet and In sme ens bingy thas have conebuted ore to {hee own denn than all tbe enema yet ronal havelye reapyeate. Sach an ntttion ave a inpetst tion Ishich mite comsdred in an soot he fate of mart, ‘The ut clad “th tts” wach seeped fo mae dns seeing ly dnb nt, itor we ‘nse fem the pat of lw of Tasty of tee oa pale. Een the doctinn of the sci nrc nterget the cnet on which the sn est and thas he sate Sania ecw. ot te at 4 ity without autor or witht ste comet ju at [s impossible to envage «condition where pol sovereignty peal ‘The sate isan independent, aoe evrything lve, fh ronal fe, As an ent composed of pop teste he vary ‘czas and laments one of ther epee completly th ete | more thn Jost the rdatnahip song islet gone thern ‘i Gre encad h 3 inet Cnept ofthe state matte ae eal if ie ropeeveted txchvely as 2 peony and if tk inlpdent of aro sl ‘eats and nga Hoy hav tmp to sae ti pats role ind variety of ways Fit by the cate yt of the Orient whee the es of the state is incorporated inne spec cate thn by the Republi ofentquity,whee the ies ofthe sate wa ly dsobved fo the exten that was tented withthe laments and cyan of ‘Sata; oly nthe Gert wor des te sonachy appear a puch ay thet the pron of he og represent he petty ofthe ‘Sc the sate embrace lth various clement ofthe population, ts srogth and wellave depend on the soength and wea of all thee eens, These elements are Mental with soe. In tc, i ‘italy divided ito classes, th tendeney preva for scat an ower inorder to farther interest tthe enn ofthe thers: Oaly the sate has no spc interests The sate ba ep itl la en the socal srggle If the ste takes sides coeds ibe Hf Iateipetes inthe sropae it stone il ‘With th onset of the Freoch Rete i wis eler hat the hid ‘eto revolted again the priviged. The monarchy, ing onto the ‘it notion handed down trou cesta, cone a he sovegaty 2 the ass ofthe exten ofthe safe’ Since the prnloged tes ‘defended he mocarchy sided wit the eloped gual the yop [As the stra letwoea the sol elements bre out the aah mite the rae mistake of aligning itself aint iberty. But erty ‘wat vcs, and tho tte war wanton, Two new socal dase ea oy fr cao Monady fe change a ht “The case of opt owners ill in it inane, was spate by the sce Cotton, and wes ayare of he fae hat he aes he Mfc mee in position ter, ted the tomar which Sl epreented the stat, wth the demand protec eis ‘changeit ht tect the monarchy, We discover href the fist tne the natu colton tween monarchy ad the bourgale tric the besa cotta, Th ls of somone ays [Rab weer than the carder Ht seve that afer pigs ove bn sola tne rl af ery nme ie Tho nan-oes now tat ths wil be sre of progeetay Interests. The only bape the Tower case that cement of th state oder which has no nest lope the ing Th eps the enero connection between (he lower odes snl he ‘Since both partes wee dope on the monarchy had a uous pers Daring bel ped th marty sl toad betwen he Fro pow clase of sey Not 0 mach by the measures took iby i moe etter, mmarchy prevented the Soa soni by sll Teng ste poner, nade the direct contol of one lass over the Cher opens: was the lt though weak, prtoning wl or, fed, the monarchy ofthe Coston of 178 was no luge str monarchy. ‘The ead then tot thatthe ig was merely a Feprsetatve ofthe pert comider Him san tadependent auboety {Sond fave contac the concept of pul sovereignty On te ee hand, one dnt dre to regard ntpnence sopeher Treas of Ue awareness that popular sovereignty, as Montesien Ba ‘ealy stated, tema fo taser pana deep ito depot te asses A the begin a he revolution the republic party seat very weak bt thas who snantd to preserve the monarchy Were I. Sid ctnmadetny poston, The mney of the Conettion i = eat of ths contadton wa eter monarchy nr merely exer fans fo he former itr note fr fhe ater fe arto mc. Wut indoo, war Se meaning of Tie IE Article 4 "The government it tnnarhy” i there war noting lt to he King ut the simple sd ely nied exsaton a the wl f the people which was considered tobe sera? ‘An onrnate nesta develope bere which has Segoe centribted to revolutionary erptons: The monary retusa to be ‘merely repreitaive ofthe prple Tt wanted to rests tte [Dover independently of the tamiste of the prope. Nether of the ements inthe new nity wa iin suppor sea, soc ea coepted the monarchy ony inorder to pale hit sal opponents1 the Rng wanted to ean is ld pstion, he had tally isl with the foreign enemy and put hieself in opposition to th whole socety ‘onssing of hs people. This meant oak eying, tec came ‘he to treason tl declaration of wa get the eo It destoyed the bas of the Cemttution of UL andthe pesliy of defending {he insittion af he ome 1¢ peeved hated int nes of the ple cao the King ad esti hie wit the aster. ‘ls pono aninasty fn the boergenis, bese Ut ney ele fights thas became endangered. In this way th nnatchy aloe Iydesioed the new legal er, fori wanted the ld fal acts {rie fom the asa of the new costtonal soit. The monseehy 848 ow gave One any very wel aks How wa pole tobe ‘civ on ths ue? Others have eto enplain ts big mite ter of vial far. Something mach reir as see cld ‘expetieny was related in this bold wear te King ‘The French Revlon had, beyond all hopes, sored the sen of « ‘ew soil ere all ovr Europe. The enh wich weaned the itr of ths theght wear gat. Or eaves fat ey ten, Stated he elements of ew socty sod tat the sgl as Diigo and absolut was approaching. A twofold cue Bowed fom Franc nto the counties of he West ne of ne deste pes, the other of eng wih ime of he pat Where they came ey deere wacom by each county ino fashion. Soddeey Hecate ar that, betes he pltcl balance of pwr, hee was a soon er Ips even more powerful bond a stove slaty nthe whole preset Me ofthe pepe the homouencty of al European nity The dferont slats gan to scope te siartyof the stop the companion sip in victory and dein progres and tation: The concen ofthe ‘ements boearme the concern af the rvleged clases nal of Earp the cause ofthe third ete that ofall sapped ppl The develop ‘met of Earopean history ad Sally edt the dcavey of ate hich exited the eonmanty of all peope-the sal eoaditons Before the Constituent Asenbly ha Enh it wit, the privileged ster of all Eropevin England, Comany, Il, Sweden, Spain sited for defense and attack agaist the tid ett, But the thd Stato, om the ctor hand ale jan hands ll ver Eaoge. The whole Western World wat now divided nto two came; an atogeber new phsse of history was abut t begin ere dadee, and not in ar, icra change ia sate bound aries, can the present be dingo fn the pst Though the ‘enllormity of Earopean society an the awareness of esd, the meaning ofthe rooson ta state costo depend on he sc {EE ta ce econo, Saute intl owes he ture of sy ay sty was bard Te the factor whch deter poston prestige, ad fein ihn th newly devebping balance power aye "The pvieged esate heed by he vcry of Ue ces ate tu Tro sim ru nt Etopan coves Thy comieed ‘or inujensbl stm the festnay te, Dae they ented Une pieged poston vith the ronarchy. in complet sgremet, thy ple ae ere Fel th iy aod era orto the Wes oa Frans Tiras ot 2 wa aah the tat BP Praen even lua wer agai the Ring Tsar the Bt Earoperh Star of the orgs feudal mcty gaat the emerging con itr opponents, unable 1 fancton by own ‘power The “nun srpion ws seaty pons ep. Whose ws he cay? Bascal chi Caio war sot very die on the ater op of 1Bl=ye. wile the oem had besa supper the woe sation, the later could saree gain nomial aecepanee sven with thea of temoriam Thre sed fob a aumennte {ey What was ues? ‘gel bad abendy sated that the French Revelation was tought tensorned to action The th ofthe lterpetaton sles to Stuaon with wich we are connie sow. Not he French Revlon, ‘nt the Costin of 170d tf thou Ths was Seng bats wales We hike shown low soy ad the contin, acoding to the ery tat, ae matly terpenes frm of te eae as ‘be bs on the Sol order" stat of scl aye tem, ey Eero by th frm of he, wl bay rns EG feesly and fore the ste to adjust the consitaton aceon Ip Sie Temas prose done bye power ef fnew tanh tiene th SEER RON tact nebo Conton 0183 ws sete TES apn lle rah tw oe, ee essai Pogue er eased conto gee Tee So achat pan es cess ern, Te te tig ee wih Str hy bi en Se Sey tse on te sso St set a ak SRE acta aay ya ey side tea dont sly tot cy To cite my SOLA Ta Sheer tes publ dat ay ry ne Chey te wr oc of ety tre 15 I a et ped ne wad ere ca ro nent he oe feat OECD ALSUTIS rel eqn dae te evn Sct, pines, mnuole and gs wre soled: oer soda wus to fe ate scoring to his own resis, Hert tr aod leg ately ees ey thy a eae sees ane flr tenn home eae ‘sso an ya an ect ten il cna inden tg ch ees ea ate sme tn ny ee et ye ead ronal gs ye omelet Sean copoly eye hc setens of thaw oman he aay oes ‘Shs ed preset etn sl ot el terete Say war cmp sf ona To te st at gn wate tops ha ma een en ata Sane tetra abla ore ae. Tee isc ie san opi ey serie ea Soe en hs exiting not was mg a rion De sande spi: This atl» sein betwee cys ‘Sty ota wb we mal no ‘Soin uns That ws pe wo a tel Spee ss ts veal ofthe cotton wih he exiting od Lge lee atte scope y sory wes pert iP eloot have ran rested by avery sme soit. Who tad Sonal tht Cason?Fer th ft ting we mest Dre an clnent of all deat tds "ting cnn, a chet hh hgh paring ae 8d beeen met ‘deelyearmy” Debate prey he ‘ult fey Moe he impel epoch eid ota cancion aw tn te concep pron Sem cman ttt teat woo he ‘voept Its acto hed om pani, Amon al pons com ‘tions toe whch springs oma en sume the ely of eps Th sae, erfre, beooes ean nd sly ‘batmee nothing bat the noessint multe of peop Such a or ston ia abstraction of the rey of mand oad fre ace fi decooe to tom of 2 Sate Gusttton, the Frac se ‘seoopitly call tan Helogy. Whererer i le wiht qualiee Se lc sta tin erp tts Te ‘nee sth nd whe thi gest hr adhese's he coe coc dries te ne fn ‘pring ss Pare ocr therfore abl to ae rel of ght wad omy nthe af hgh 7 ‘Toisas the state of af rane ale the downfall of tho Gc There ws to pec pb rt nek conden stein a fr, ad denna he mace to hat tine wat the power af sac pipe ‘het accomplish od abo shat snore do se Ferri “Tone ns pra ofthe Peach Reto bess th pel of terri which as bee traced and eco ack So desde othe {sr he made, he foe of Cn dn Al ond Jntretation sd rater epanaton sccmed t fa Sock oly scent may he comprehen caty which sealed whee the vis ale oer he deited, wire vein eed Cit ad des revatio for has of pence o hs tndaty seed the sere comton tht tit was don inthe ae of ah tod Ince have srely ben eed And ye tern si ot the cesar coneqonce oft san fy which Sate Pave ee losely inthe andr emer extant, Tenino est pl exes of mad Hott, wae le mal rel the ‘ction, compare ci dang stent Hie Te explana "ts on te facing ras Weta shown da he at frm of poli dency pemposs cqueisy-an equality which did ot ext, 1 te Ut te strate fete determines the somite the constton of TD the sity war dooce Thre arto tbr poss. The sae ower based on thet consi bad oben esd dah toggle Jan lay, Hey vac of lege tad to be anne, Tis ae Tre fant of trom he wt sate poner agaist any erences Invosey which ugh adi iret win the sate tn order to wndentand the poston of trl in pre deoxy com hus to fave the seth to Age ont lea the ina e cc a tee ferlesnsequenrs. twas one of the most emt tment im the course of Rtn wien dh cel of tous ego (rer te choke ie ofthe people aod the Hibod of Goud of 1 ‘asa id not sr any hanes Spay ‘A domal prod flied. The de repesentaves the Montagne Surat Danton ad Fobspcre-began to sae wat they had dome ‘rth tat Contin. he pin of salty, ceaand i the tte, {hw tumod townd cy, Gee wa sate ough the fro {Bette ny llone af spies beams «cre. The mee ac of sing dfn tobe ingised by edaston prety ‘med the dang, in ft, meas danger ao conc “tion nas the purely denocraic te ede. That asthe bast ‘ritchie mn stood The pipe efrcod man ibueity ow thee three mem ace in his sation so mors tan jot Mi teria inportance, Tht, Danton, that powefl Nivea of the ‘melee, ted they a iy, aly be wae ‘hoy ta He vl them pry her apa he oo ep, ‘Siac the eng, Bt war ab ntsc by he ‘honment of ics 7 le wanted everybody to sare ini but id fot aot to Frege mailing He did not understa. the need for ‘Gony of werk nr fr equality of esate Indulge nth erty sf comple eats When the party of vue around Raber ‘ere tok oer, he boks With Raberpere and fl He di no have The conrge to seep he fc that rt the et ouce of thr iy, Ther alex arta of pu het Aer Dang Aeswoyed every oie aritacracy, he plnged ito ts one. He el iecuse he tod become nase tall hse who dl ot want eit ind of stony ite, Nevers, he was © powora and an ut ual tart Al one who wanted fo peeve difeentiated ety iy acknowledging gens super sty. aned xaos personality aa pu trope te But wnfrtoely& sunt of peopl badtached thane hin whe oko pom the Relation as 2 mere ‘wate ad stply wanted to indulge under be protection Th st, Seen of aysing tt aspted to be sper the xy we ‘hw wih is ae Another tel ae eating character wae Marat. He roeseted the persniction of eaten ageist anything siperin,Lamtine hes haracteat hin best by tata “Eau was is aes suse sper meant martyrdom Mast recente al tee vio sported the elution brent cy waned desy excellence ft sash the ae of mein Th part ofthe ligt "nei at no mater how mit meg the eal fev, 5 pos on psoas ol aa has ll ets With the ate ie ‘fy, Maat Est pled on the gen ail dienes hl ‘oxi the tue enemy of pe eaters He forthe fst tine ‘ole to dierenes Ia rope athe tm enemy oferty at he ‘ston; Bat as theghts didnot reach any fare tha tothe ‘eee ahation ofthe properted clas y thease, He wasted to ect the wealthy, he wanted Br hos to deste he id fo want anybody to gain sat hy vist of is property. Dang the Coutituet Assembly, his wewspaper Amt dv peuple, hed ben the vce fms antago agent upper sacs the we fed for the fs ne the statement tat “Wie poor vctoy to defeat ably fn fier 10 succumb to am astacacy Of tmcy Unt the faves fern ght to embl,andthat The por" whom aie cseship Ins hee denied because they are to por, wil me an dt povety by confiscating abundance” He further devops the We of ‘silty he dnocnces all suprior people and for the St ne ae ‘gains the worker wth the doa that tty before the la 1 nt fon, bt that “eget of rights lads fo equal 6 ej ad ay here ‘the thought of equality fn Rs fllient twas be whe ‘Pushed the rest of the Conds he war not sts with th om ‘uation of rang invidcats: he astod "wth would note ‘ea beet for the iapocent mine to extended af torn frei of bers” everytny ws deen to bea aor wns be Tange othe general populace. Nobody hae eer populace blo snd murder as Mara dd tho Art Pouple: Marat Ie ey, se alncber mc, td eee extant ie see He never ot the ahs of commun, to te negation f proper sven lng ponte cone for sy. Has Ms msn lisse the ler clases to pte en a ado dd ad he lived longer, ke wosld oubteay hive ad to fh with Robeperte foes survival After is deat, the fal of the Mller ho ope: sent ure wiilsn, Wy the bands of the defenders of vite, wat ‘tote Soom afer he death of Duton and esos nd He {er ned eth genus wo tad hep heads above the revel {ary mines (ert), the eho, ch homo ees en doomed (Ap TB, ao sow Rabepere rd ll y Smet “To most peopl, Rosle malig tthe Bodhi mada sw, scr Roving endo ey some tt dest ee {avot te mst byte oer Tre be Sn igh heme, TAU hard, cmt nt bing sao sy aa, sarounded by ‘enchimen not fb ably reg with fea, ing al Fees Using al Cope, He note eestor or state ality Semi; a ny a i av ih abe fan purdow the aponenté be hast no legacy, nd, as eet Tao mete i, et ated, ery, heed ‘Sn He bn cam ll wb kt hentia De tory ‘of Fane But the die desler oon as one considers these ofa! deeopment a Franc: "imu Rotapere oo forthe ft te ted © ctablih rel equa ty by hs scons ant by the we fete power. Fo he Bt tne, hs ‘pecan oe conadsed ore port tan he fer of he Sate Whe up aw oct had determine the rte ofthe tate oom ow on the sie ns spe le sce. Robi’ ie Se dat sum he ie pti ti oe re obese cos eo nt poly have hohe oe ea ship betwen state nd sity the sie ters fay ar able io. sts concept mtr of a eal than ta ooco, te discover ser af te pute spit of Rosen nthe concen of Wis upencl af demo Leto oy to ductal 1, event cle tren Even the mo sat coc feats to be based om 8 ‘Srvespondng phemrsenom tn scety. The question of when peel are Spore to be ego had tobe anewere I posse bined ‘Stour of the stele of mn aa Rand fealty, bt ay ‘Stoops Jomt rose ey eno Int pe oc an Mea ty ymnatal entre If Tad fo sping fom determined oop Towra bd comet aod how into te istry of Fate Te sar rom the Supe. The Era Bing ext posiby be cevngr has tected nang ewently ev Man by mature god “Tie onenal drunsances alos seston of Cod, cannot posibly ‘ks man nv good by tre, eed and bap. What Sores Tian man hoc Tone ants to tli happies fr mankind according to hi deSoU letra ise Sooke Sus aon Son eed ia oe aie ae rohan aes te aces ae Taree aoc sie ev Say oer She Sees BEGETS sure tn esi ‘qualty war pursed to the exteme ae eee : ee art so iis aad ante ge een SA Sse See eS Soviovantan suacmbarmatrme ante {Gece pie maces vies Sram ithar ere Celine tantra mace ie Titan Pt a eyo Aeveloped as a ere art of he state, «wate guardian of de ‘Sine The cby were spose (0 guarante hat the state mover be ‘Sine seperated fom th me ofthe lower cer and Could newer ‘Sted poroe ap independent goa throug them the stat bd to be Sn ahsttely oben servant of “The peopl in the new mening SF the mond Bot this oly steed he Gemosratic form of the sate ‘Thats al the sate wnt ase forthe. only “he people” ate goo, Toyland tf, everyting as toe brought down to the evel of ho poole” Ea Is no Inger equality before the Taw, bat the treatin ofall socal dilrences ‘The detracion of everthing 96 Tein ance he condition othe rule of “pare democracy and tat fast be doe forthe sake of the highest pinile of the eo [tte bumaneess whic can aly It fond i he “people "Thee re the my Seas en which dhe ae of Rohesplere based ‘hay give him te canage to cary ot his terorisn, his eomvicens ‘gels the genuine Hasse a the Tower class povided the bond ‘hich ted ht so cacy fo thie pa of society Tn this wns, abe pore she fat te drowsy even hough the comments go yee Fim noboay moog the desocae hey reached hin. For bis is: Be ded oot sop with toe ue of the people, ho desved, a the same Bes the destruction ofa dase of tckey who bad set thesis spurt fro dhe poole However, for the renncition of all goods and enjyments which society aes tothe inom thre had to beat last one subst This bingy veto fhe post where the higher tical element of hs {ope ol dancer stove an slnest whic secon for ore of ‘EBowers thant bard gia constncy and tears, 1 Unt tne to the lowest las of the pope Enaly soa the waiaon of {th aid humanene, Go's highest commandment man would have {fad tn ti Tlleat ef ht divine apes the reward for what I had to sure, The awenener of enceting the wll of the Deity by renunciation of enero gods providd snot but greater Bap Dinos Tis ete sone of he power cone of replant” Stik present he postive content of he ew doeracy. The demo Toy of ths period was well aware of the fact that the Ts stonghok! Par postive equality wae specoly the vate this was the somet powee by whi democracy dering thls posed attracted the nabest ages, Hen Napleon wart adier af Rabespere for «short pet {cl the feo of the fare ws ransplanted nt the ine ie Sf wan, nthe Renting at of the mind, ito the Kimiatios pened ‘By ones om wl. “We wat ak Raberpee sn a report of FerrySth 179, “tn onder of things" ought to ave sll “of soxky— “in which al the Tow snd ei emotions ste encained and all the ged and gamers ones ase encouraged by the hve, whore the Foticrd “esr he welling ef any Ilva and. everyone ‘bys prosperity, where dstootons only ise tf equity Hol ‘Werwan to veplace egtisn hy ioral, bor by inte protoe| by prt, sos by dt, the yay of Sacion by th ie ge eprinTe Reln,wh i ) pee Sed Comentn,jcd we minty communist Fee ttve earutng tamer to Ge pester pow The ein Saint ad evils ocason fo Bebe oa Scape. Menara ar repo on then tad “ir souemurtos tn doa Wi if fudge. lower, fr smock Bewsret ha eed of Be own hug ae Tat We net fr tay ore ye thee am Stabe tat th Be ty ace onthe guction at hat whi Boome ‘Soya at yet tn sed the ine Oe een The wae ous aut pine on the ee Nadu have ben a dw wee tne mrt ay amir fat wud Boor dsb Heise fs Socent of «cmc ssten tobe pot 80 Bic wer the Bal come of be procs of aly “Te fot qt raed betwen he denna an he eras (Gry did or yet al Tmaclver “commanitr) conceed the Consti of 179. The egalitarian spre its value bt ely a «| ‘oad to equity, They saw mia mk "in th ante of the (ecratin ofits which Uy ding te a pope tance ‘all frightening sope” The “Comié dee Eqn” sated Ee oem Proline of at ConsttastionAcconding to th pice, Inequality i de cme of the eto and sesame of es “The sure cf this ineuty re propery night No balmesure f of any help agatt this base en cton popresive att te tak ‘cet Only the community of goods and of work canbe the tae ‘al of mk, sod nly so a eon wll guarantee 4 pefot En Some ofthe denote pent have ben won over oth ie, tse mst ave se ss ppetion since ume ets tn Sement bec the ro goa shay spel by age {© te fatwige two prem ft te Catton of 78 nt ‘Scepabl and soon that sally wos be meted for se ‘isan ga fr sc one ald ae” The replies need {hse pei ot hey wee cel nthe ely ae show by tie ces of the eaten, who tow tpn fo Sp mite ‘ttm of te ceo "he pn okey ois ot of te sano 48 oper 2 oe drone a rode "Owmeip of com ‘woes is indivi, t blogs to the people” At the se ine the [Bc the commen gn hs be up Teo he an fy wceps the penaple tight 9 trey on hy He ‘aie thpcts nck agro pation for seo. It srrkand lap re come tbe ape pale dat th din to wt tbo ge ett he nal. Work wl be ‘pte by Ine cht re to cong ie gv aes “oul guarantee at “or neve eet ge “at verde enraged fo bye y Geen hi ot by ‘hase and by the approval ue open The See ae ced ‘gn compete toward ae gt nal cies ar ald pono Sey pm dpi ee om ee he tad compa gut maton ogi ete cred ‘reply soul! te Gel to evaytng Cav tk 6 apt Fyodace wiper abandons heb of al wealth eet Fike oi Te pata saint derma the tt pee of {eh att are theses ef the lan Te wey af sr iver equa tsi te mi fs cgay ao ersnge ‘ret othe seston, ech of sich egw y Ew to clr type of work accortng 0 tho spree pine of emily ‘On the er and thre afar of equal ears bce “undoce, the very sane wih hese senpesed to povie ‘Allow tho cen sal Ye wll of thy sal al lwe ad des spy {ie alm. Why have erent elo of ates oder! ure? ‘Wy bave a Wel tale dos for ove sl» tay one for another? “yes een for he bappines of al nial that the zon nee cxprener the sgh degree of even apparent spent” Here ‘Somme trad st inthe partials af ching vegltions Boon mth ths comple eoceatof Tvellng all dernes thre wa tne sero danger fr soit ogalty, same the diference in meta Sy which ude itl inf arte 2ed sence, Here ak dial Inengurs were roped ee tve dn sme arts are nspemable for {he happiness of society” but shall oe tthe human sind com So the vas aren of imgintva witout Hendes and witout stat Ser the pretest of tenement and Sepronemeat? Shall one tlre Udit word fii way, neque, guards and wrong concept happiness Ini’ ite ce?” Caran nat Says Boor Slr comeites had vraiment camseated ht rk fat and ats tnd to beef sch hind th thy cou! bea communist to eve Inn "Convinced that othng i ene pratt 2am han Ye ‘conspicuous they wane to ay wih very pete ‘Stile petent for withdeawing frm commen cgay tod for [moving diferent bapines to the tdodua han the on of soit. {They weve eterno sb baste dass vg fm the teetg nd were convinced tata 90m a bce cos tat Spoil compensnton word be vale the ania for lenge thetic st for wring be would abate Tn this wey the all power- {al somntesimpeed ie cont la upon tence And let the > ‘herbie natre of things would essere dreaded Inequality in the ‘dren, education of cours, ws under M0 onde permitted tobe Jeti private hand Only the ate war to ave the eight to elt the chien "The more domestic edacton tere was the greater would tal power become” All shen wl te placed i a age sttion, End ere withon opard to nla qulieatom, all wl yoive ‘ope ted abecatly nel edacation, Bt bat wl aspen tr the {ndertroctibe difeence would appest spew; for instance In the pres? Here wa a mow danger which the Commits bad to acknowledge. To Trovent the clara living spit fom onesing land aking of {he fro hampring it restos fad to be imposed, The Wea of ‘Shc redone leo the talent ofthe most ghd eeedete cnecegmereninrgar See easiest Eaters cya cans ‘than by what the idea of equality threatens to realize? = See pram ar tensamens ‘ich "ay these eatliy: Tete charter ef commana ES eocie Sra ator sae See aan ee ar SELIG. Rogol aciiniak ccs Snipa rman reece Saat e Eon ea wiomamaracnent sian nee Breeders at net Erker nergerteat dr aan Perit tener ent EiNGus becca we TE ny png tg tabi of gos in owes soit, the Sesto capita ath tnd inetay, ever tere sigalyexed mo property Cm tmoném, avin clint te intr contoted sith the «ston bow wo. prorve eialy ini tem ef dstbuton, even my hs cabled ere reo pose wns of dg Soest ne ora the as of drt, sat the amon ttniy week cries esha fob awed, (Laer we wl 6 ‘Sat tis the prince af datibton favored by'soalim,) ven Butea ackaoiegs the fst tut bor factor of difercation ZR datuton ef onde based on bo acon egal, Te recely the kid of diference whith ad been init y the aba: inet opera hich herlore blot be rests th Imre, Wat us eor to do Tt won be pear to aot the ster ‘Ttsmane und ig the dion of nds to public atonty, The Sig a teste to dstte pds sa spe characters ‘meine dings em sxe Fay, of com, Tru’ depends upon wether or tot the eas of fred. unity canbe sfondi sot where de dition of gad ‘hod consequenty alg the cei dstriboson of labors cars ‘ar'by tlc autory. Tt mediately men evident atthe Srroite,onmely an wooed spt of tose in power, ie her cmon Ts oes ot yt dom commas ofa ‘ase ar fer ay eoemansi rose) ee nosy to ve poe Ey the mapa fhe Stim of oe A priate exchenge ‘luong eben ofthe commit omens ae to be abled: [yoo hve to be davered to 4 public wuchose in order 10 parte the nia fom Hos produ of is Tabor and each nd ‘ea sheaf the goods Pode mst beatae easel fom These warchouie by publ ttboneatn, These ate the nzesry' Ie ‘ejiser ofcommuniie een dr, The forth rulhecr- ‘lower in oder to ncsess te amount goods be debe, SSosenence ofthe demand for alluene. may be omplasaed “rite, depending oe what typeof emma desta, one of wealth or oe of poverty ‘Obvioly,th dstrbtion of ods whch hs jut en dese scl tthe fm of isintin oly, hee qui pean {he pinspe scondig to which Oh tribution i o be cad et ‘The"aner avenly toncaved. by. Bab I that everybody Sal eve ncn hres The Gc ow tne snd ‘on bviosly mot hele tot dia, wl ave fo he made Dy ‘be muh in carpe of Stn, Ths autor wl Have therer over eventing ht pss can J fo en wl th he ‘hos of ronan the cnc fp wil dept owe finns fo he eral ard viele hs of cron lt The ena which at res x a ea {eel algal cordance wih whi he dabtor a woes {Eatothesups of the woe ora wil be made insane pi Gil of the wine sommes we dar Weer a nt Ahn depend of the ramen he Sebo ede fo cml det fhe later oer the foe sed ese to 2 Srp esi psn eam ite oy Heat sx ogeter info Je omen Cai ob te esto iedom “ 7 Tet wt concer amc sporach,asrding to whi the ne fll indo ae equa tt the tog story tna ot ‘only egal saes sh dine of the pe of sary Ac Sion then tran, Excn avn th wants we sen desley tye ta man ean sl swede sd thes ae Het He who ress ine Sn be camer mat spe be spr to ene who es moe nesta he ao ty ‘tea tlh sec egal hese ysl ety ‘ells boy song, wag fo begin wih, Equal dst, Ahern vw ofthe ders eds sd ney 0 Inet nd yet ony as men he ling einige Ene he Dt rata este yen ca at ier fen nw eq ‘a tr apy He pins re. ‘The ey repeat of pore commenian i ye 0 vine Sex cman They cmd et mon sci by ‘acon pera propery They tok. however, oe fr ‘Evin Ue tn pave sna et me ropct of gre hia prc, Ta the te, we Be ‘ove the vit othe retin hentai rc se though ely ia frmal seme thae no meen made se fo Sliton of fpr of abr othe contingent Inher seedy, we we the pnp of the ttcton of wae ea loth ber forse ode aly, we we he de pote i tony hed oe ete ware ‘A the te time, his tem petit eo piso wrk in the etre the wile stony ate i rad fr a oi. {st pytee Lacing ny omg fsa andy imerans—n Impertane upon wich the whol cl ie of the fllonng tte peo ested—caly coryni cold ot have gained» deepest Tio he sgicace of ior grblons.Lvisvely thal pt is Sage t's poem which pind greet fportance inthe Fire is enlkely that the Republane ppvted the princile of atte aah, Fathemors, she spent for a cmt sity ‘rus by no meas complete, But rman. spt of ts nvr weak ‘oie um npurtat Hora doce of scl comin of hate Toate of te empha on camgee cman af god, we dot Ed'a ace af eer atonal werknpe or mtialzed Insts, Bubeafs communism i ely a apraran commis, Is free ‘ident that-wile he quntion of the dition of goods ested {Got Gott the proble af abo ret sort, and hin spt of the {Ecru Babee Ope of emmmuni derived Str ain spr en the lowes popes sof soy The neglect of hs problem was ea pints brome tare ws yet poeta, propery speaking Though there sxe sonogh nom merswith diate demands wt Oe Cisubaton of prot betweee labor sad capital, The great dierenee crac this carly form of sommnion and elt eanfestatons fn oe of principle bt of dierence in the socal ore ts vient hat what ll try toy dd not eit that ine, and Wereore was ot cased by Babel (ype of commu. estat of rte “atonal worshops” the economy of eatly Communi war coms wth was and agate Babe dete one of Spartan vite he Ha grown sp inthe period of Ire ale india cterprie, be probly would have develped & {Efren theay of labor, However, the sting fact hati Babeuts “how thea of equity ached extreme inthe demaed fo the Too of private poet Th Bs grate ws therey competed. ‘The aneatest ener of ogealiy ad Yen ete nd forthe Sst tine the eranntoan pope of ll forme f commnism—dibution of [ped ecoding tects yy public authoty-had been orale, EErerpective af wise Babs wart ace rt fly as trough Tim tat the bse deaf the whole Revelation as cofronted with ited task Tn atte of the appre sope of the copay, its strength and chant succes were vy Hed Ht ato easy to datet the or Spintors and ee plane, sod ene needed only to Know them in der {ogc thom out of te way, One sgl sue atak of public power elced.end the comma of heist Revlon dsgpened for more than a generation om Ue hstory of French soyThe Fl ofthe Altence When the Committe of the New Revolton blind that bad worked sot te prints ststctry, nd when the alance with te Montgnardsor “pune Somocrt”-srmed t be slays, ‘nt gol art pin the suppont ofthe mae forthe retin It Uherere bens cesar 10 pest rae princi to te pub. ‘Thi rete diss which were hey to rae date among te lend Syn Maré wrote 2 "Manono of Eli” ich the erent wanted fo sb to the Democratic Comte for are. ‘sea oa rhe marc, Ta mane wi mig 1 da ot contin anything beyond tat There was mo mention oh lita condo, oft onstation, of goverment government Was {Sodom at sich even the Contiuton af 170 war sees. by impion a Ying inet the apn mT imanifeto was unaccoptsle to the Democrats, thy knew dst ld {>t pony gan pbk supp tat the pre Hepes ould Deveplled bye Babeat whe sonidered his miso to wate der tac and conn element and whose nine ws say well {othe peopl dated a tow mafeto intended to tis ba fasion. “his “tals of the docerine of Babul” was scielydecsedd fully sep 1 repeitd hereunder widely sad st the tine and ecm i preset the poit of agroanet beeen the Democrat nd Commit 1) Aaa of he date by Babe Arie 1 ate aspen everybody an eal clan the expat fll pose ‘Arle 2: he pate of sity to defend tse ity, ‘ten thet by he ang 2nd wet ete saan enh cel a Ani 3 Exe oy eed ya fo ork tbody cana ibs wont soomsting ene TAY cm ‘Arle & Wak and eo sae Ante & Suppenioe tao eon i verve ad akg in “erty wile chs iinet hens wien egg soy Ane Ny hase apport he rece of ok a ney wiht soo re ‘Anite Ine hy tte ld be cher Yor ih Anil 8: Westy people ho ae unlit forsake abundance 50 vor of he avo eens ofthe peopl Auto Nobody ie ond, by necting al reqiste mesa, fo ‘epuive anthro of edcton saps fr his apis "There cuit to bes common edict, “Anite 10: "The pase the Reva ee sbolon of Smog re the extn of geeral Bape. ‘Anil 11h Heel titel, bce he ch Sve al ods a ale ale ed the por wo Ie elle, I ‘Bey and lay no prt in plies Anil 1 Th Gain of 198 the toe eof France because he ope hive accepted it soley: becuse the Convention ad 90 Ra to change bcs Im err foo 0, has massacred the role waned the mtn tobe eal ot, becase The" Comeia hat pesested and murdered the putes ho ‘Scien it loyally, breause fear of tbe people an the infwace of Emigrants play's daive olen the det sd allege ratbaton SF the Constaton of 15, eich didnt get onetoarth of the Sort thatthe Cuttin of 785d eens the Conaaton LHT709 has pbeld the abenable righ ef man: to have a woe 1h de eit prwey, teers is ed hts, to ase, Sonnand what he conadars appropriate, fo be inored and 0% © Starve gts which the euntarrevitnary act of the gover oot of 1705 bs publ and throghly vite ‘Avil very tien obliged by tho Cnstiatien of 199 to eestab- Tih aod deen th el ad the Raps ofthe people Avie 14 AI uteri base on he Coston of T7965 ileal and Article 15: Al thoe whe have vat the Constintion of 798 are ily of th crite of ending he ape ‘Ths manifesto, dst In are a Ap, 179, end by the peo cverywhere wh get cay an ear, created «soation; opponents ‘Dogan to fenr« fv amet ou ont aie and oper on the other Revcloped anc. 7 Eveyboly fnew a the Directory tn srt Sesion ad ge sch farther han wae publely admited Hreryboy Ek that hus own ey of ie and the bens of fis socal and pial fitence were threatened: but nobody knew baw to ward ofl the Shpmmching tnd growing danger = The Une of tecrrsm was sil ‘So receat to be darngai. The Dicey tak oto of the station fied mustered al avaiable forse ‘The whale clty was pated. The ‘Steins cutout wrk Inset. Baba hi at se pce heme inteninewengcrmmnn asa Sree ee ein Forgan omelet oe Sey st ask Soci St dant ate Se oes Soe el te yk ie nan ta ed eeibmasin cate" heraaioae Fegan rte ce Rees lamin a Shes a cea s omer ate ee eee Fepeteeppee retro Sag men tatapmteatadaee Bits ghee fbn SSuarrsopi mans co nant Os Srl sm ms ty coe eae aes SEN caters aes sora roe oven meee SoS ai cnctah maaentecat oie mae a ancient es frac oti ras Soo Wi eal arn Sere Soe ee Teaneee ie Leb ea Ti nm mn an Shr oeneereh ememetee Sal ‘THE TRANSITION TO THE NEW PRINCIFLES OF SOCIETY French Society ater the Helen of Torr and the ‘Conon of 1705. (sr soe of communion bas to « cenain extent svn het of the sequence of event "The conspincy of Babouf war oppo 10 the Derry adh Cantata of Ba ge eins ese abeve all. the mate eneeguence of the principe whi Rn ind deatatel th Revlon, we have discus om incon with the pera of tram t wich R een loge We [ive soe tht do genie spp to the peu cable tren ftaying revo ascend 0 tpt tx ch by ner cardio but by te ach soe poesel fac hat French ‘ayant ac yet pov ft sol or och dine, Chana In’ cuatttscan be made ins day changes in ocety rons ‘uration The bevy ese snes of France ha ot yt aed fou te spare ofthe pea which ha bon ested fn 9; the dots hd nt eee nial fe, Tis devkpment 5 arto he hor of teflon pre. “eno torn tack fo sale of French scythe end of the sig offeror ‘The ls of he Const Asonbly ad elise the pine of complete egal eaaity th sept 1 soguton ond property Te iat bron an sept ct ih fe of fe people om econo it rincpl they bad been ling to endre even trons. For ont msn al pms wee sigoed se hy sde at eqs, The tro ‘eneton asta sino wel x al preges of prom fd reed al dilerenon The filo the party of ober ad ot ete these pine ia the lest he Oh Theor bad bee ‘Snctd apt he tue fiers bt ot mai e prince etl Andpetwre sve at at some reat cng take a, tetng th whole Meo the French pope The set storm & {slowed by cm: Soiy the lew an Hn adminstotion gt erganod cerain stabi, far won eles he revenues: € few Costionon adopt a ek pried osama per {kes over the goverment The reenter, bury pase se 0 eed int the ine pst. Thingy tat to move again ae by hem ‘Shvenjust as before the Reolton: hey gin tatty on he Baste ofthe Tew rinipe, which so ar had ot bem able to schive anything ‘Shute rule or cretsonble Tir aim ota rsa of ck of Treng: Fans Shs foign pcr veh the same ery, ad the vrei st osu at Moe had boom ding the Hehe lon Sich tsar rege an emanation. "The eplanatien yi fo the fac dominating he whole peso. mame, shat th ld cry of France had eo cnt ded, Dut a mw he ota yt tke Pace No period fm Ho tony of hton an demotbate beter the ssoite mceity of sia oe forthe fe f the mations andthe tates than than which ssl ere & hens Ti aways the cae ater ga and acca selon ea sai eld ext wiht an oered ss ef socey, tit ‘lion woud became permanent” However, tts pt these ‘hesoncoen alway reappear At soon at an old oa ord 1 Aetoyed, people make every ert ty te fonda fr 4 be oe W's a0 fndupenable» conden for Munn exten tte tbl Ings: ate people leat the Goma of he sate he ack ‘Badin arr vite hes tabi foi. They So tative awe tht sey althoogh tthe sce pee St for he de othe tate nded the ste poset oe tte Sonattton, During he pride thee ofthe at so lott fave eewed, tease al cts are copied ite se Indvtel ie; therfore, earnest pie ie reval medion ‘sandy ki ofadmnitton Heated echt oe knows thatthe yet taaed ardor of tk bs tbe fly eben sed Gre dest fo ete fr 1B poe uch 8 ‘avo the evaltionay sae ore at vulnerable to fen aes [ithe ped pases without dsb the new socety le on nought take care of i own fate he dang ram ot nr ference dssppeats od the only ance of deo ten fests it 1s wn compost parte ‘Such condone preva afer the fall of Rober, The yeas fom 1795 to 1798 wl sys tomuin woerplainod pero othe istry of| Fance unless one see thon ita of the are and dynamics society, There was, at this ine, great poverty in Frnt inthe it | {he country where the hapeies of he poopie ad teen etal the principle ofthe comin and ofthe amination, fain a Asp tretenod the citer aod the countryside, Comfrt badd sppmre, and hee was any weah wart vibe Tsien were Init ws; the worker had mating tat ene eb newer Those wo woe beter aff donee tht they were teatoned more bythe esa af the property tan by hess he enn Ws here to way af even ss righ of tor? There mash only one: 10 ve the People, by means of soi changes, wht they had id sino gle by gover uth Thin Gsrbee the ‘oosoquences who expaning the atten, Th cana wa the ak of "row soil der Only wall-talised society stale for state power, sever the pple tr uch But France ths tne wa ade fly he people he ttl of population which was ot soll strut "This i why the pti i of such ineet a sega the prolcn of the tre relationship toes tot aad state The mutudl dependence fof those (vo fooms of aman Me ar vected sn new ight ough ‘he etait of the Dactry Tt had ut been fonned under the ‘most dismal evcumsapen when, albu enor wiloat meant Snmediatly me sovereign No more sees Inthe eet labs ne aoe by the maces no eres competition fo the ihe pox tins bo applies for pbb faver akody wha dared to fake seen uit there condone The we tenble insect of Babe, ‘whl aed TT 00 followers, was dpsed of by few policemen witht esht. The caoe sf unparalled power wae followed by the ‘haos of powerless, the corpee ofthe volition lay shed Ot ‘onthe sol ef shntered France The power of the Directory i at rest ‘nthe euusism of the people, aor onthe perl aie ronexcitons, & rested sly on inoqonsbity. Thi ie the ttc of say tte power which reer ver ds soy. orpooy aoe eomsquence of avs its not a presente of Ue ileal sto, repombity i as ofan anes that 190 hes oft scty stg forthe anol f the tat; rsponsbiiy 1s ‘heen by whi one of these case dee sit allow gnerant) per fo yld to the othe clase The pet of rerpotty came aly Frc atthe tin, the csr ant yt ered, ho th esate: tad lsappenrd she ck ef 9 anced ocame the basi of the epontity of he alee ‘What were the mn fetus ofthe new Constiatn? 1 smo mes) to go iat del hue, Kwa sna fo he Conia of Tol but witout proviso for» Ring ad wih wo lative char tere It yrovided fora separation of ate power the Deetry was {Been the eeetve and the sepeseatatve chumbers the legltive fer. The fst chamber wt he “Cone ofthe Aged” whose newbers tere tobe oer forty yar ol red or widowed: it was sven the Zyl to acop or et the decane fhe rand carbo, the "Coun (Gh the Fine Hadad’ Caterhip wre ante to all ho Wete 31 Sars of age, were ste In France fora last oe Yea, ho were ‘egicrd ts Iuving evn froin Patoe and who pid el ts ‘ber personal or on landed propery. The Dstoy seems be fn sogether nw neato, at of se what hen ebind ‘he poucir Ext which Use dicts dT i he need fora tong shorty which can opp the Ines aporopcnte for the mew fositj. Under the Dito, Hoty wis hardly fostered. The people aad thw serge carey it the area of te soa stagae they knew tut eon et sb conept ies rom Freedom Jn specie ntl contet “The Coston of 1795 bas often been compare tthe one of 78 ‘he quertion suggests Hl of why tho ater west reinoded and the tmvarey venga: Hvar nt sil to anewer thi ution coy {le later date. Monarchy Earope way til tho tru representative f| oo sce ofthe forme popitr and he old Test. Kings tres ejected bacunepvilgte and eas wer eed. The Republic [F170 diferedxently fom the epele of 179. Jt was mt ike th late, te dnoaray, aa ie Conton clay sist that teas et intended to be ty td oly fo dd, wth the on rd, Mw slams which might become dangerous 1 the emer oanty Yased on the new pines of sibotion of propery Tt the ‘Sonrchy had been able t abandon ie ld pins, rer malt have ben poi Bt sch etch wows i al of Eon, Sith he frcer of fda Hore, eeeor, wt wat waned wat & ‘Repu. Tas the mang oti some by Mig “Ts pal st Simca werd Reeth want 2 mwobsanny grins, = todrtergine wiOO conerrewouonny tedster” What at Sent wee gb pee Thay wo fro itaburs m s Tad excel the mas om power “ "Thi ea he cose of ren ny opt 115. same sicty hh wane the Ropu of 186 Todd: Nap d iret he new Hing In 178 ol hve een eset be ‘lay to mate hig 8S he mw scoped sion veo, ‘thou the power of te Ling was Gre tins a gest a blo Sock’ dnt changs, bot monary Jo a Europea tos ad ‘Lip tanga The roy of Nopolon i ured nt oy, ‘Sova nh ets oi aes een Situ cet, ese in the ope of plo roe {ths chmgrs ingsrd upon conte adhe bron Al hee ‘Sage tos pace tin cw grnrton = he seal ign of ‘pun in Eaopem hry ested at in the heya del Sates tn the hiory of Boop sce. He es the a he ‘pred he sect of th new Pench sty over spe; = sa iene postnasooadoeseweybny an both te th ad Tt Seti saw bs le wok fal ts ro, hgh ch of what be ad Crested we at ownitons gn pedomiance oe ll ‘lope deeper hs dette site try o Gl cet and ‘onan ve fad,Part One, Chapter Two ‘Tie Exe ‘THE FOUNDATION OF THE ACQUISITIVE SOCIETY Let uz review the development of sxity fromm the vantage pak whee It clay begin to sotate dace What ie aparet fa? ‘The calla of the od fonda oe, ts conte blteration, sod cenneqenty the ores forthe east of ew sel ede Up to ths point the prinaple of ths new sacl order had been ‘eublshed This pinople seared comply in avract demo. ‘nto commonitie Frm, war pred only ne merely negtoe Form st the demand for equity elore the Tew. We see ftermore {at on the bast of this people, the clement of he new socal fxde—the new sate of dh dtibtion of goods on the bas of ‘ew lnws and asiats andthe new astm of fee tade-sart the Selves Bat me do ne yt ase the rte of soc evolving, No Aleit cance forthe individual, 0 cer formation of eases teers, no tite new forme of nasty He we ae yet da termble. They are, however, indupensable. What wil is rs 27 be lke, sing a he mos reer orm of social order a the bas ‘ofthe nowitive pepe of equality efor the lw and th ne ten ‘of dtibuton of ands now eohieg in ance and sreing Over sh of Pups? ‘An analy of the Epes origin and i isory, wll answer this question ORIGIN OF THE EMPIRE The Lav Elements of Feudal Socety on the Eneternce of Moniyed Power. 1 With the eatblshment of the Dirctory and the Constaticn of 15, things ued dwn sn France, People retreated Sato pete fe and began 10 busy themseier with their property, the real Dass ofall sual velopment. “The Revlon proseded mace Fay fo cosohdat ss gainer after fit having crested = maton a sect it now predated «naton, of abeer ated MgO ‘The peonle who had taken poteson of the nowy etd erates Doya to wate we of tem Wale engaged in ecmare activites, they ef all plea decone tthe ules of thr sat Tey. login tse indent toward docions which hd got sen Web of se dite economic advantgo. Tho faluenee of the masa on the sate Ind accomplbed eat Bad been many pone. Wive wet the {he sate had been the coter af all neti, personal well beng ‘ow Decne th focal point fora india ston. “Many histories hive srouly reproached the Pench people for ba {ng lowed ths shor Intereal Between the Revolt, he grad fe cons, and the Finpte, wi te rat viericUsed to the foleeatin of history oa the bass of poli action nly thy ‘vere able to expan the Inertia al the dake we the Deter) ‘lop! by asm the compote deny ofall the mobo and pert {pele which had mado France great Even Mgnt, the ost re found inereeter of the Revolution, claims “After the Dieter Jad ben eatablshed, nobody below in anything ayn, every thing seemed 0 be Kast the vee of te bourne nd fhe rte ‘ofthe prope This were bar ben slot gcraly accepted And yet hs state of afaie wat aliopethernatral and neosay. Man has only ved abilities e ean only liv fr one purpose, Ths ‘ve. pupose wow Decne te soqeision of mater! qonds afer 1 td Tad oon noted i tow had toby tidy thi by i ‘ery mtr, had fo be dove by individ, eat by the goverment ‘The cnly damad made yon the sate wns ot titre In th conic aay of tho ididu otherwise, sate pomer relly St po comsequnee, Hocus ould mt ait the individ ine Inout and home, Band yond, shop a fcery. sich wa the cate it wns necentdy rolted in the ndifereoce. of the pose ‘oward the cotton sod. the administration ‘The’ wnsarpaset Aven of the people i former years to the fight for new Public uw ad bo at ature az wast ference now. Pu Ke bse and pat elerprise became the centr of acy, This wns bviwsly «propitious tne forthe surivors ofthe fonds society Wo wage s lt dads hate for the metrtion of ad ‘ler: Only ight yeas dpsed singe 1789. The were stl ha rods and owsands of poopie wheae extene depend! pn theld syst, who ther wanted sor ere able to aust theses (o Oh new arder af thing wa bad never derstood this new eer fee accept fe high sity. The stm to Gm war not ome of Spec piles bot an se of thir whole soda exstenee. They Tin Tarn’ sng rot years that fe gly dangeour fo bave recourse to vince They had rj in seni the reg of er foe and a aftermath apo of the Tenders of te Republi ‘Then 18 pow, ia thar orth thoy bolved that ly the led tes of the Revolution represented the per o tho now Kea. After those ddl had ews eliatd, they agin tat they would bev able to gain cone of the apparently abandoned batepound, by way of the lest Canttaion For the complete ence of the people fm pbc aes made thom Dive thet they 0 loge Mad {o teal with the people but only with» wak ant stupid gover ‘The remnants of the old sadly began 2 tematic constitutional stragle for the wnupaton of the power of Ge sate Te he on ‘tang Fete the te and later Ted to the coup atte the Ith Frucidr This development ial the moe optant Beene Ie lasuats the close relaonp of fedal elects ith he newly Aeveoping oape of scty which in ater years pary coperted ary Tough with each ter, ‘Sico the Best apparince of the agus, there hs developed 1 eet confson all coomamie rls ‘which ia the come of evel yeas cul lrgesesl unsiployinet The asignte ‘wero remittances for fue cath amide avait by the sale of the (Stster, which guatnied thir yloe, The vale went ap and down ‘pening om the expected returns af there water Daing toe eure 1785 "and. 1704 th cwimates or the exposed Teta dropped | ‘lost nothing. beeaaee the disaltion of soy, and parte the threats to. property, discouraged eweyody fro aque DOP fy. Neveticlm the sate needed money. Since the sate 1d no value wiszover, the sate Dato oer mane 0 otal money” 1¢ had to buy cain oie, ia echange eer for land ot onde. Durog thse yeas, coor il in exten had bee With raw ftom celtion Many people oardod them. AL thse who Passed cah in cane had Boome wealthier ding the Revlon ‘thot by effet on he prt simply Bocas cak money ad {nied epncednly tn macht vale Sine the gverament med {hat cash money at ay pre, it had to buyback in exchange for someting which Was itely mare value ot hed lower market exchange valve than cath 3 pld the money owners with he tet ‘and oe wth age mun of state bonds, Tn the wy te mee pposesion of cing suddealy trsed into pet wealth witinat he Ttvestent of Ibe. The pansion: of the ate were tans the money owners Natoaly such si in wealth were accompanied by 2 new Kind cf spsaatin Al thawte whem mmey. fod pontslone ment ‘veiling pled the market Tgpeminoir arpiing Ine ‘Untelevable value were ofr for ie car nce it let ‘as twelve mon in state boo were exchange fr 90600 fet In cath Many poblle vrvants parted Hn so spoustins. "Al (he departments od expect he war depurtnent ere taken ove ty a in of hers of whom Bares was the ptr, they made 8 ‘ery ofthe ders o the Dieloy anf hws of the Coe {hey supported each ater and Ind brome the sole power af he eputie® (Lavalier T 1.) “The new fortunes dae back to this pe fad. Af a sudden ope sw a swarm of parveases eter om th ‘ud, children of sock jing ad morality, tached Uw cas waeseaoed ry and of the mos coumereoltonsry Spi All the merce of the existed epube were rendered impotent ty tha dirty ha” (Repent of Joubre de Viera to the Cone ‘te Ging Cent}. The noven riches of wry tego tHe {nth hissy a ties past and mockery ofthe poncple of equal At which had bee he sto the Revlon. The rage for plese reappeared, acompanied by rage for weal, Old estoms of Ue fl regime’ came nto fashion agun i the mit of he Republe of Equal Saye Mgnt “Eveyone thew hime frantically ao. th puts of plowure: fall, Banquet decker, compan cass tere mre fahionable thn ever for. It sae the Teton of th Teabers of the old reine” It war the counterpart of the Republc Virtue daring tera, ito lit dp scar. ‘The lncomistency ‘wih pris for hoch the whole ety had fought was to sc Ing; fr the fist tine, the power of oxy, which Ite was Sequel risa for the power of property im gencal, appeared on the sone tf French hora the same tne, a to hated developed agai the power of money hated which found ts Bot express | Babes sommunim The stint of the common people es a Bod Indltor, Deonse 8s mony power ts the Set and Lal aly of feudal acon which ater coco with ad win A Se wealthy people new very well that the Repsblean pin ciple ston in tral oppoion to thar piton based on muacyedpers, al the moreso since thr aonay was acquted at public {xpese hey how frthcre hat they woud nver be alt tay thir psessanspeneeuly as fng a he princes of yay fof the virtue of devon and fgtyprevallod. They could fee safe only her sequlty war the tne people of te social fend. For ths reason, the huge csi fds grown out of he Tesolaton sade Lier owners determined opponents of the Tewh tion and alles of the ronsiing reeves of Ue old feudal seas “These two partis of the new scely devised a plan fr fatare eth. According to he Contin of 17, ne cectons were doe far emesthird of the Cooned. The reaction began its wee rovipos t undemined the weak asthorty of tho Dtcoor, st fed partly the South, an slot sooceed tn reiting Oe omachy. = Pehegrn, the ea of the whole compen. was flected President by the Cowal of the Fie Hundied. Diet tl Indiet ates on the Dietary gw more punerous Five those frnigrants were back ip Pry, the station ha dated ch fn extent tht beng called & "Repuian” a vespected nd fered term abroad, bene sn isu and» cause for proscription at home ‘The victory of rection seemed sme secred. What stood la ‘eppostion A weak and ded. Dietory, the practically dsohed Sint an fmporeished population. In fave of the rection ws 8 ‘trang party alliance and en the Iw nce the repeals ‘were inthe righty inthe Counc of the Hoe Hundred And yet a age daving decison of the Dirty could lave desoyed come Plaely aod dott. Actaly, wes ot constitutional power 12 Which dhe party of reaction amped, wanted the destucion of the Constion and «return the eld aw. The ening Iw, bow fever, was a rection ofthe sew sosety based on the Pinal ‘Salty and the rolerbton of lan aud eter propery An ack fn te Comtittion meant am tack on te we sot, whose com ‘on intrest war oppowod tothe tention ‘The reaeton could not sept any assistnce fro the population at lrg eas as well Interests were opposed to I oly chance wat the ast of sboe rower, sangey enough dicted We Ino elev at een (hi was ot poste fo ‘The Peston of The New Army ‘A new factor made Wilf (In the Mle of sae th nee factor was the Repblcan army, TE ts that the very matire \ cf the ary presppone diene tothe ing power, bt the power fat eourte of tealenery cents had changed the The Freaeh Repu te had boon stacked from all aes bl aloe abe vc fs Vitry was assured partly though caclest aden, par Through the enthusiasm for the Republic ‘The amy idntiod Hel sth tho Seals of di Repu: 6 fame apd se fate wer the Fle andthe fatre of the Republe The fal ofthe Repu would urope: The abandonment of the Crostutien wold have ant he isolation of the republican army and the abuse of republican vi the frou hated of the omarcical anaes bad nly endeared he IRepule o the Freoch sole In addon the gry of the rep Han vores bad Been gained with at scifom the emensow ‘pertinent exertions ened ioe ae of power tod of rie {ay bnew Gat te dsoaton of the Daetory would mean sts on ‘Sarton, How could the army whch had won victor ovr Aus tra and un be expected to submit to a faeton ofthe Coocl ‘rion. in aaiton all the people were oppoved? The army falta ‘opted the repbiean prnepe of equiy, a fet of eat impor tice dising tet pent Belore the Revlon, the gull between Sommon splier tod the fic fad heen enormous The rank ‘cer in the sy hal boon reserved for members af the pled ‘tts, the slitomip between fer apd zee was sed ener ‘on fonal lew Dering foul the focal Tor od ts up ‘en ray corp fn te vel is eat. Tt west own tp Sd the miliary Teader stood Jost a high above the sller as te {eal od above the essa This hed ben changed later aly t > ‘ent at the ocr wa intl) by goverment stony but be ‘tied to be a member ofthe arstocaey aie from Ow wer (pdr nar practealy impossible, ven on the Be of reat galanty Sod malty prowess All this had been completly changed aa result of the Revelation The solders had not eon alte by order of the hing. oF ar Tandeds, mst of the had answered fe call of the fathead vol wntry. The rank and ln seeclre cmt to 2 large exten of the sperior elements of Soety. Th sity iachipe bad been replica by x ttton hich es mey ve The oli longer came fom the nobly oy ey came fo the rank and fe, nt everybody as enitd to romoton, A cmpaniosp devoped between offers an salle which war enowed aad stag ‘ed by the scbity of cp eth comnon efor, sb conon Aepvatins AF the tne when. Naplaan sured dato Tay, Ge ray sar witout slleotlothing, fal and pay, ep! with Iahing but conblence ion apie impose vise he Ds ‘on af an fer wes far fom lng stactve, Whit # medat te Stoller ica hy # doom gute by Boar (idem dcr XX p. 73) the mst reening tasoge states “Esco i the igh rake the entre leer cape comits of former sides who Ave only thr wager on ich ty Tn. Fora major thir smmoste {0 shoot eight sour in cath per day. This obliges the majority of (dizer to eat inthe side” mee apd conesqenty to become ‘ery inate with Men This egehty of esstuton of the eam om sles and the ‘cers beings about 2 muta fendi, an ‘htchment and muta! confidence which dfer! widey rm the re Fvaldionry tdatontip between fice and cen” Such were Oe ‘tons ander which the yoong amy of thr Tepuble had wen fe sities And” what did the seactinary forces” demand? The eatblicmeat of the olf law would have meant the zetarn of te ‘8 order ofthe sry, It wad tony Ive undermined or even SSatoyed he le nerve of the Young army, tal dese comma of il the comrades, but atthe sou tine. desoyed the potions ‘sind by te republican midlets andthe pe of the cm ten sci for advanoment tisugh giod fortune and courage, The Feacionary foreseen net ory the Detroit oly see, no ny the new owners, they abo Urestened the vary Me of the oly power which thn exsted—the army. I the army di ot wat ‘ostoy foe, war fred to wpBol the Repube even agit the Directory, the state ath to whic st owed allepance I lmat Inancetable that the royale eacon never cated 8 We tory, only complete gmorance of the army made hs belie pos ie The poston the srmy was fo take daring the spproahing fevolt west dfne and imovocable. Tt war ther supty to beeve {hat the armywith He great general he already, wor fares Bonaparte and afte the dokive vist it had won forthe Repub Ic-would ave ren wiling to raoance this Republic The Daosory ld oust ocean the aay the anny, supported by the new fecity, would have bet able fo matin the Republic alone agus [BT entggate. "Toe appeal of the Dissory to the my wae mang Ta the glzton of the sny’s original spproal f the new erdar of scety great Buropean Taare ny shea fi Most histor, ptiulely Ther n dhe nth vole of hi tory a the Revoltion hve ieterpeted he sbaequrat eet ttn the Dictony andthe epublesn pty had thon Brushes “ie the arm of the malty” pwen” cut of fear of the counter evoke tion. This opinion is generally accepted. But Ht omesidel, The Directory othe new soit dd ot have any chee bt cll pom the army for the defense of the Repub, the army was the nara land oecssry defender of the Repel, which tant Toi he ey of Pace in foreign selatone and equity win the sey He ‘fending thew achievements of the Repu Bad aly to defend the rest oalsm was the exponent of the epponiin {0 thse pin ls: therelre, he army war the ses opment rec Th frat the te tltonhip ofthe new army tof new scity vd the ‘ew Const ‘Whe the fst news of restonary inchs reached th em, 4 une owt pail, in the Tan ary, aos int oy ‘ism. Soldier, lice, and the Generel Sti itoed apa toe ‘Dsccary, ot any more at lect servants but ar independent prt of sole. “Tem, ryaie” he sire ted, here te fa oe Step from the Adige tothe Soin” Your injustices ave boon Sted fd yon will God your punslment atthe points of our bayooee Ie [Sit indignation” stated the Geol Sahat we lave teed the inigies of roasm thetening ery. We have tate oth Inthe mame of Wnze who’ ed for the nation, to fat inplctly eat money and the royale Sch are our feliny they those of putts” The epaon. the wil, the oath of thy sy came to redone over the wil ofthe como power The Decry Iced by the ay, watcha he gosgen ofthe eation wnt, tation finally ato be take ‘The Coup Etat ofthe 15 Fraction ofthe Yor V. (Sepiember th 207) According othe Cotton of 185, the two cons were the only [uae of that own action, Tho royalists ad = deter majority in fot Lally a Ssregard of the malty was impontle: When Tene pte took Veni he captured the peers af te Count Pnalges, Shch ‘econ the scarey. He eat them to the. Diecury od ised s coup dat. The Dirty sskad fr ager he seat ‘ogre, troop were gathered ard Pa. = wel twa smen aod forty canons stood in fact of the Tang whee ah Conor were asmbled at midnight of the 1800 Fractioe, Thethese repblan member af the Dicey ba elle the sepblcan Blnoriies to the Odom, Upon thar order the Woops took over all Esprit psn, dabved the Astebly and entered the Cy wie tenly whos eae shot” The mort condetned ie te tae ofthe Dirty, Carotid Barend ityhcr dope {6 depertatin the ws agent crate mere eacvatel, al able sen and pret were ee by the test of death even the owners nd edie of ot les hs fone fouanls were deported en mass, fod sighs were suspended for all tse wh formerly ade ‘members ofthe anstoracy, The very ovr the Ist peat cmspiacy rs dacied ina few hours; the people approve, and the fte ofthe FRepoe wae spain tered. That war the coup dat of the 18h Fotidr. On dhe srfce the event had few eonsuencs, forthe Anvelopment of the epbie and of the new sodety # was of Be ‘penetrance “The order and content of any new consttatiosl fw js determined by one of tee fst bythe change within sey, by a new pi ple which recs ae changes, by the equerent of plea radon. ‘Thee tno doubt which of thee thro faces determined {he Constason ef 175, which had buen sete by the 18h Frc Shey, weit it eon and wellbalneed Inline, was alas fe opision stone cold Sty all social needs By a prudent uboton of omens aod carly gunned stat. The Conti tion of 170 is mately hi ailfeed th major pts fom it to Dpredocesors, The Cimstition of TOL had beat the tout of the orale betwen the two sci ders and of the vctery of the new feccy. The Contioton of 1700 was the cretion of «grand ‘ough consid, principle; the Constiton of 175, however, wat sel the prodac of pital exptieny. Seldom bas » man under Stood and fed his timo and his prope better than Sirs a never tele the isatancer wore ferable for a sable contin, thor, this Cootttion fers sing ization of the pepo ‘Son whether x constitution crested nthe st of pls wale 3 al ‘We ae living at» tine when politcal hear cores an even grater weight Can for i founding state constitons. =.» Theron i [Stmportan to prove by ths fet example tat consttation which i ‘Sone only hort terme able to sare. Bren i devised srthsuprte teligene, twill ecesarly be verti ed hanged By those powers which acral determine cama, uel, ie hanes of soit» » Even if such thotetcl consttions may be ‘efred fora wa tbe et persone wil low them avy TBO ry ea goe with hn wind, Only the costittion based onthe scl err ible to wittand nce conse Does not the sca f th Bets Contain n contact the epesers of Geary suc to prove he ot "The Conaiton of 1705 certainly was a masterpiece of expedemy. Everything tod mot bsutiflly al pines seemed to be adr tor ane could ive lied elle unde susan oder of the ate But if we sak wnt had of a vil order sodoted, which socal tlements were repeat by the to i pla organs, the to {Coumcls andthe Duecory, we do wt fad an sewer. It wa character Ite tat the Corton did mt represent anything, whl rela hing Consequently, oon party id he nga rated By the Con- ‘tation and atmpte by sity egal ad sna mane me thing tat was contrary to the development of socks, nel, te esttion of the ld ond, ts way celton, hich ally ‘Seopa agant sm ein cnttuton, was out aba bythe Co station, aed the Cnsaton eas destroyed Th question aes 1 shat Kind of consitton was poles hat tne Indeed st Mion a al was as yet pore The may sound I a dang sateen, Tut trae: Whe wa ho ed of ssc wih he coatution as ‘supposed ree? There war mo sah dr Jt thre weve st htt css, no provision forte Ibert of aca sayfa, {fox speil interest pop within theme ofthe new Prince of freedom and sui He eonettution expres ony the geal pt ‘GP ofthe Rewotin but ot any ofthe sol laments. And whatever [valid wth regard to te French Raton alo selevee or any sinarrvohtion Wherever a doctrine contin hs to read, ter adoqete condition ett for 2 gemite conuton ot what ‘ul be done under the prevailing cecamstancs? What were the ede (le tine which eal sport ers purely olson oc 4 the one of TTS, nor one based ently on princi as the one of 18, nor purely doce contin, se Ua of EP Napoleon Daring the precoding yas the hed tate had atid new popety| rights, parca the nah of lanod propery. This hepa it the legislation of I780 and 1791 and ad hen secre though the eign of tenor. The von oper gan to pt une tthe ey acted rope. But fhe wle of propricars ws st ew to them, Thonsands landowners nd sete on portions ofthe sabvded large ete, thoy ststed to erect bung, ty lvoe, toil the sl thered pean Io rongnie the management ofthe farms ‘hts gulls ba een delved, he freee Bose mars ui shop owners. The old guild masters bad to replace ir Int igs by mw et Trade, berated fom monopolistic conte loka difret deeopnent. tnt the vero clement by which the Dietiny had replaced terre continent expan. Tore was 90 ‘im fr poli activites The Contoa ad opened th bow reads te ee propery we powese odo more. The eve for moodary equi the place ofthe dive for poles! hangs The gow foment oi ft ol, povided doe inter with the Yast ‘st eonone intrest, exe by proecting and fren them. IP ‘owe o all the Comttutons wa sb oer slat soy, a he ‘xpronce of 17ST ha shown any nw could be manipultd ia oer {olatac ond dttoy Be base prop, whee then seal sc be found? Wish for of sate eld» provi estralsauty and at fherame tine excell ements ofthe old ede? “Threw obvi only one anower. If the Catton, by very ste, had to tolerate the etstions of restonary lemons and tere fore © pesmi the peacefl development of the new properties 10 te Westend, thon diva scaty coat ony be rotted by the shsence of tay cotton or by ent soto powers of te ate seo things wore esersry forthe ater erative: eng a ed 1 sine which led seco to the pins and eo which the tow dsibton of wealth wa bse Thar objets cold no Tone ‘ide nthe epresntatives of he people but had tobe ives in ome bm be a dey msl ith ein ode to forest ay oa the poplar movers and of the enlicting per, meperting Fert roc atone Napoleon was sich man, Famey follower of Rotel, the vcor mer Auten, the mort gio name in the Repub, be wat nied for his extaordimaryadminatratve talents, is aversion to the dstarance of sate order, is concn oer foreign ply he wat the en ming pint mot oubject to any caro. Napoleon. was Tosown to upble the pimspir of the Renltion, but yt waned he Revolution at ch terioated, He had sted the Convention othe 1h Vendée, ho had eu ryalian whe in Ty, he provided scanty ro foreign ene td frm dames trot! Tn hin oe ‘Soil Hd what was snort needed atthe tine a power deere a fe power of the sat, witout tendenis towards foun, ‘Napoleon was the man of Fran, ye he wus ie: was ao tho san of cmtemporary French society This aspat of Napoleon ole as been neglected sho, st sta the begming of hs eer, ‘as th at import ove. 1 was ese dared 1 rplace De Peoples wil bys wm and wt despite Ut he betre he ‘ter of te new teeitonary sete he ler the mane ot {he new sey. Socal history mst reve dg aot Napaon. He bas bes stigmatic in Fane ss wl a deaf France avs despot He et ten coaemned, ad bis cotty tn er depeche ae been ase ci cig is power to supped i has eon sat» tvs tines oer thts azn ane roy overs conn. Uarely rocoveted fom the mounds ofthe Revolution, dertyed ie owe. I has een sted that hang wn te thre ty sling the Contin he might have se Kweli tnegurting 2 ew “Ane yet Napoleon was not bor a aatr he bere one though the power of rcrwtanom I etre t teh ow he inset attempted nds the actors at ove sn sls pws Sometimes he acoed England of wot log hn ane, sams The was anary with Astin, seiner rma sominced hat fen snd happiness ofthe people sul Be ctbliied by Us or thet felt had been pose fr coe ant enatre the elemesary ver of oc forces Napoleon woul ave te ato dso Det Hs Fite isttes the fore ef the element wove atey oa nin subj “The abolition ofthe Comtton ater the 1th Frtidor and the resting absolute power ofthe site were oot the rm of Naples Fritch ambien, nor af the icons of is armies wor even of the rowing French atonal which hus be olered S020 Feoente ion the necnarycomegoense ofthe unerdevdoped ate of sey, ich nec prttion a oul Bod sch protects ely fen on $e forces, Netter cae sor hreter made Napoeoh» Stn the hecis of society fred fim to teenme one Tr aitety ado te fara pltican Ide Sesto for pst ke ‘abeyrad, ofr a ccmplint character Ike Moen. It med ama who had the rare to pot hint im place of 3 costa, "= Widoat spe Napoleon would not have td the spp ll be pene or wold heave tered hs connty aswell ere dl Soke gave hi abe “The ris of Napalm and the sbsequent istry of France uatate ley "tat the Gesgote rule of one man ir condoned By scl hanes, at any fer typeof costo, Tie priseSime by th fact that whenever Inve of sol change sem to hve vay ene mat acta ale hs acne th ethan by he Se person Tistlore, a phenamenos ke Napoleon s by no meas unique ia Isto The power of circumstances fe song at se coma rode simfar pesonben ‘There ae mame itatonpe which have lit or woting i conan with that of he French Emperor hse ave Aeris which reset p on te pa ofthe mn al 28 de 1 ster adnate oF miltary expediony. They spear afer = Ine period, sno they serve 2 ingle ease. Bot the which pow orgacaly ct of the Me ofa nao are ator ieent They fe becaer they corespond to deine sation of sty. Te "ype af dcp grows aut of pred elton of tle, (he beganing fa new sacl ord uly cer with he Bing of dcatrship, We might all a socal caters. The mow seing Sin example of rch a lctatonhip that of Crome. There "doubt that any county ude sma condetane wil bring ‘oth lotr an ioetuble conquers of he lw fsa Seven tant Even the gett historical fires te subet to hee lowe [tory “Froedon”has tle meaning fn th ontert, Napoleon was the very crmemtone of the new sect. Hie carer server aan iloseston of the condition under which saa growth fam oly be acompltel bye complee tunes of al pltel ner to one indvval Butt ot sllctent that rach a tatr take com tel over the tate The prevaling soil conditions are of spe he porto an, tr, dtemine te tuk af the dint Ar the stg beeen classes or estate Bar come oan cad the struggle berews partir develope A party ating Hl from ‘ther social gongs pray by the fat that has pede goa which Me deses to atta: the natre ofthese pls depen upon prorat, ‘ences, of itersts represented the putes The party rare [ofthe fact that Hegel an bata ony by onl over he ay Sod therefore it atpt to gin thie cote. Pare appear tbe tot powerfal whenever the now sate ot yet comaltated, Ths thay cus ater a socal veto has ben sterol cared ot ‘Tins in France after 1795, socal changes wee overstadowed by the emergence of plea partie The vin of the 18h Ft had Iboan viel’ over one pty It war the beginning of inter party strogles Stte author, inorder toe sable, mart play om ‘rerprasnt anh comprehuive power This the very nature of Co ‘ate Only then soe Siferenser between the sate and the Bp ‘become apparent and ely then the sate se agi the atch oF the purer Th swat etnies the corer fay sal ce tenis “A socal dcttonip wu Sn the tate in distin. "To, one with the varios partes, tt eng to tenga te tate ch 1 way that all power ir concert in thy han ofthe date Only ‘hn be acre agate party attach, Dittrtip by is very mae tt scorch wt sot bas attemped to doin vat, mre he ‘Stublihiment of & wellordered adminitston and of 2 cotton Teghinizing the re ofthe dttr verte whole population, Tei ‘he stural develope of any cl deter The neds of sockety ‘inthe oherwae taesleble phoneme thatthe people, wb had Fut ten extrordnny els to establish self goverment, suddenly trasfred ete hts enaninously and without resistance tothe mt Sovereign. Thr alo explain wy otal dcop, even ome adorned With etet mitay lary. wll eee role fr any ist Togo ie Snker the dicate bar oustandig sdtaine tacts, "Tere mother way of coping with pasty pls In ly emer ite fropt bythe etabshest of an able ad wer dtm The Insory of Napoloo stingy proves the pent. He conquer Europe with is armiee, but Feence subred o ata late han to he mary per "Att the 180 Focdor the development of Preach dots ie 1s quite dstinet and eal ebrrvable We dtinguich two spores | Akslopment. On th tasrent of» sonst by which soc Akeprives Hell af poll power, and by whch the dato of Naploon, swly a organically. nd wilt recourse twee ‘tiles fl” and spreads over thn we scety a well ae the Incas of popula epesenation “The ober ithe sphere fad istration, im which the wile organisation of the stato with all Imstationy, Boones cntlized inthe hands ofthe ditt = The iets of Napa stl the exabshment of the Epo have had nthe fametion of Baring ay fhe foreign emi rm ntetrence ‘ih thie new eer The Transion from the Gonsetion to the Actual Organisation ofthe Slot The 18 Bramaire Anas VIL (November 10th, 1790. The Contin of 1709 ond the Sentus Conte Orgenigur of 18 ‘The 18th Fructider bad inde crated the reactionary pty. How- ‘ver, by viiting the Constitution for the sae of ke tw prin the cotdene of the people a well of th repeeenatvs He‘Coston bd been deteoyed, It ha bun demstzted tht he any snd mo linger the people sb thir apposed epost, was the tie ‘xponet of the new developments. The ary. cotrnted. Ue Dielry hth teri of suring te power of Whe stat o of ‘ringers by press of the pti: To tak oer supene power resuppred aa enarous nlmitiatatie change i oder replace the onl strength sid the conta power of th pope by the ‘onal wil of the riers. Members af the Detar Yok over ths Dower Bt soon t bac evident tht thy ad me sdaxsalve Abiiy sor mor dependence, They left eerythingsochanged. The ‘13 x ely rence, ‘Consuqucy the idforence ofthe people toward the Castrion snd the mprsettves grow. Some alventy eld the open tht poplar rpresceation was the sure of al orton. The antago gue reaction furl gait contain which mai tote Talat the react, The indilerence of te people tga with "he infestienes of the admiration fered the sonst Of the ‘ld pares: the Royalists upped again to the Vener hee were Ineuetions inthe South he armiceofthe Repub oly supped ant poorly guided, were beaten evrywhare. Cantons wee beng oe ral fr day today: The poping free o he Revs tion bad became exited, unless ao altogether tow and rng le ‘mont sposured on the asne, rane wate ‘Meuhile Napoleon tad gone to Eaypt with cho coro of tho amy od bad completed ie abou tt rather wiles exmaien oe Sots ofthe Ni, wich had made hi famous. He Karaed bout the Stnton in France fom the newspapers wie 4 Bess ail gat hina he doidd to roti wo Frinen He war not qui sure what da bt he ft tha he shld cn irre to Parse foun ‘complete chaos. He immediately sew that the. pips of sl ‘mination ha lt tl fore and sppeal and thatthe Cnattion foul no longer be the anewer Tis tr that Napoloon we boen fale # i not tive that his ht for power suppressed Het France, While in Pats, tho sit of the complete dupont 190 Councie~the Coc the Eve Hundred aad the Counc of Eee =the abvolte Incompetence of the Dirty, the complains of the oop the below of the administration, the decline ofthe suo {theta the opposition ofall aa les pie popular rors talon ll fovnged han tat tbe contain ofthe reeltonry ‘conn wes ieposble He had to overthrow the Cantitation Sn rd to mve France Ths conviction len to sper the Covel of he Five Hundred with his gremaiers on the 1th Brumaie (Nov. 1, 1198), When the Counc, His Ist ey popular seprnetative by rested hn sriceay, he awed them seth the prfonly itave temeat"I'do ot want any more futons” With hesitant two over half of France Laval ster comety: “Thee waa The sighted onan’ aint the’ ata of the 8th Brae Everybody ft tat Napoleon wos! expres the epi sen ol fates Tt was ae for Feanse whan few daye flr hr ior, Napoleo snomuncs the principle of ie adminutation, sry at there could be wo more Joins, mo waderaes, mo royalists bet ony French” ‘The Contin of 15 was swopt away by the 15h Brumae 1 was tho In a the oie of Cartan prope. With Whe mew Cav han of December Ith, 178, swf comeived hy Boma 2 ompltely new ea of poblic la began, The constitutional ste wat fw replaced” bythe adisttve tte. Acton ate ‘tables the tui of the wil of the inv ad the gener ‘nil: he adnate tte camer he indian is wil erly ca prt and an organ of the pana sate. The cotton sate Sons signs to the contain organs the tak of purtrpating In ‘he determination of thir will Tn 4 mre administrative se, 08 the thor hand, the tsk of the ate erga rected to thei specie ‘lnmsne «contests the atte of the iia, wel rot all conetutonal oupe, toward the state is slays determined by the india totcdver In eanradtinon In the ade trate sate, the will of thes, indopendeot ofthe adi, bos {ho power to contra the bebavior and fhe aces of the varus trans While native In conten tate mover fom te ower Tost-the vaviety of tdvidstto the upper. -- the reves Ue In sn ndninisratve sate. Fly developed, the fer represent the free oration of he wil ofthe pron tte, the Iter ily he ogc scan of wl, “The Contstion of 178, in which the principle of the nminietve state was vitally developed ito stem of great ineet Ho the [sary of conations but only af minor imporanc i he preset con text After the neces of = ene man ral hed or erated by the ‘eating soe condiong, the form in which Ie emerged. developed ‘ot sndcpendenty. The Contin of 1799 war tho fest sep Oe CConstion of 1802 the second, toward the admintative ate he ‘rd and lst step, th complete mination of al poplar partepton, ‘var no longer embodied flow but was a mee fact. The Consation7 {19 dies exatilly fom the thse peceing ems in that det set contain s preamble wieh a Declaration ot Rights of Maw ‘This was a sympuom of progrss bees st inte hat ast of hse sgh appeored to be secure wlbout specie legal acknowledgement nthe ober Hat war ig of tetrenon cae the Cont Won fad Trt ae of tr dyramnc elements The Comat establishes ‘he Sate Consereatour atthe main pan of poplar epesertatin Tt ‘ns hve menbers wo ae spate bythe leave Boy, he Tb ‘it abd the Fist Con (Art 16) The Seat, however, apps the ‘memes f the elite ody as well ofthe Tiana (Ar 3) ‘Pending eatin te Sst bite to seid by the “ibaa of 10 tember, hseve, laws can be approved eny by he leglative dy (200 mene) The Toate en penal to epesent tho clement of change," - but only the Canals hove the power to ‘ste irgelaton, ‘There ws one clament in te Constiation which endangered is xisence, and th war the Trina, The Tease was abet oppose {ho wishes ofthe Consol 0 energetaly ht the legate body could ‘ofc the roponls ofthe ext. Uden sich conde the eee ‘Se ould eter give do tothe semblance of popular repeetaton oF Wolke the Cenettstion. Th was the pnt where the inner enti: ont of the pasudcoaittien becane appuret. To gan abohe fare it we nrery to take ae farther sp to defly change fom the consttonl state int the sdinsrative sate "This rep was taken by Napoleon trough the examen of the “SinaurConmite organique de le Contato” the Ios Temi (Angut th, 102), according Wo which the Conse were appetite fee Me However, er min inportano ee caewhere.Nopleon ad slready" understood hit the element of tewdoe in the Trust, femiacet of the old Canttation, was the let oure of oppoion Spat his absolute power. Poweralcacunstane Ind tmdo Tithe {armerfllower of Rabopiere, an rzeleting foe all independence ‘te his om From Dated gaint Factions which ad inpd hi Yo ‘ery tthe coup to the Sth Brae hd Sly developed 1 hated offre actus, evn of fe sec. «He was the bod Iment of tho ced fra song wate power be came at thi dente fr ‘ower was his own persona ehracteritic when et reflced «| ted of slcey. "Time he turn sorflly again Be Trae Denished by Sonate ‘endor ll spate ofthe epponaon, nd replace them by hs ftlowers (1501); The treme of «constton rope ‘were abot and ts provision, the form of which had ben reserved {in the Contato f 17, pertained t fncions compatible withthe Soceal carsctrses of a0 sdentie ste Al fo we ced ot by the Séutar Conae npeige The Senta Conse, whith war ot called comin bet a sexta law, served he atin forme hk hy wn pte Seth read tore are It Str hatte he Sac ‘Bice, fey ad nso he Sate wast fon tian fhe Fist Cro tte Sete Sood notions any tes tht tbe Tebenate wast be seduced 9 pers sl ly ra ‘oly ore tthe sbi of dacs wel depts ‘ould eoly dal wth such hes 4 were submited tthe Wye fvermnent Ti arth and al ato at pol ere on nd oon replaced by sate ngaiation Font thi oma ot ther was lng any dt partition of the people ates, the repre iny cane am atte roa, oe sovergty o he gore was scared atthe tame tin 1 pipe wa revived to whch Ite tention ves pid at the tne, bet wh avers brn peat ha 1b 8 wh tesa or he ctu the doprtnety which wre {© be ose rm group ef 6 pasos who pad the het a ‘The ngultion if impr, bene hee fr tera me rope "ighs aan ode Weteeppecene In pbc law. Alo at tnt hers was the fc they weve sees ented the met Jv: and weir hs fd edly en pst ote ste cms tim they aed hance ere the sista Fate with tet ep to aa the pre oly sins, at tne ‘ofsgnieane The contibeton athe proper lane were ill made in he sonoma than inthe yt aphere ‘With the eablshent of he Senta Cone eran gin tu Pec pbc lew cn tos bt Naples et he sts peor begs wo athe pase of development. Bat there srs «fie wih ee dee ey cha» ey td toe new sate power the sppcton ofthe now Pio It abe Ie = ‘The Orgiic Laws. The Code Ciel and ts Soil Implication “These las fl lt tre group. The fst group nade al he laws felting to admit action“ cetalanganiaton Napoleon subdivided the county into Département ender the bad of Prefect, Arondisommts under Soupefects, nd Mune wer Malet cad of thre ofc had fll respoahlty forthe ectionsf oxdrs Go Pais in bie dirt ln eder tosccre the exsition ff thse odes, toca in charge Da fo be hep diet subasion to he hha lie. This es accmpliied party by he fact thatthe ‘Mil war subjected to cama party by he ck hat ews wel pl Sn party bythe omnipresence ofthe goverment wich supersede ‘ottion of ie onda, On the other hand he bad aloe vind power in hs own date a far atthe eecton of the govertentl rd war concraed. This Inw tad is cntimows pct ar fea the sutbory of the Frond government all parte of the ‘ur. By providing powerful stents to cary ot ts wil, the ovement doubled the singh of the coustry ad te peo by jd centration Tie th nganiatin high har made Free ‘eats the highest form of conoid tate power spread vee ‘sino county ‘Alter the tw adnination was estiblshed, steps wee taken to rearinge the jutciny, There ls come the acted af the atone ‘metoned groupe Each Arodisoment cba 4 cl cor ‘ch Departmen «cing cont al toe 29 cout of spel Seer extabshed In thi fabian the pops courte were rplaed by Sate cours. The cntelation of Fran which ha Sstingusted at ‘Gourry among oder Europe contri, was cre ost under the frsfnce of Napeeon. One haste reopiz the peel mind of i {an wo wanted to bulls tte drt onl party pies The Urllias example st by Napoleon la ated Esapran developments Aszney: Te se who saved the grt problem of erraleaon "ance was noverstonger than ner thse Iw. What was the Sait by which Napoleon made the man zubmisive sod strong at (he sane tne? “The need for tho unhanpered development ofthe adnan for tho growth ea datincie socal ner ws the tac premppritn fr the growth of sbsdute and eran xtorcy Until mow. the sae In-alost all of Europe, had sill nda dovlopment. «= The evo noted » sate, but they equally need unrest feeder Foe indvdaal growth The qurton var weetber the two ere com ato with ich othe, The sation of ths problem isthe eee ‘tthe greatnens of Naplcon and of Hance daring his Mine. ‘The thd grup of organic Is lnclude the whole dieton of French ls I is alogter rong. to consider the Napoleonic codes part ofthe process of centration. Thy re jut the poste of 2 centralizing force: all these ods, patel the code eel ect 8 Sable wal of hl law protecting hein adi sda por skioa. This conde is oot 20 much an event in Sega istry sin he istoy of sty. ‘Gl iw 4 syst Based on a dite and aorta pli “The principle ofall cl Iw the right ofthe fade Senay. The development os toe perenalty can onl take place Imsodety., I sect ar dering th foul eps dierent taro acest penans, thi hast Be a deent law foreach uch diferent eatery of pesons. The primp of feud cl ow wes vot norms contained as many dierent systems a he vere Fert sal clases The povly offal cll ws at mac the sight of the peta as the right of property eld by pasos Feudal soit, withthe re eat of ly, by snd ied eae Tad thee dierent pindpls of i Iw! here was on fr the cdegy, one forthe sot, and ome forthe members of the ‘hed sate, ‘The mulpicty of cil aw fad boon broken by the Content Azenbi Equality bnfre the Iw inl the aceptne f the ving that desis, witho opr oe tl on ld te the base of the cil law syst. This the sean ote tet “Sua beore the law": However the consequence of thie priate Id at yet been dawn al rst, The ld low wa a bt thee yt oes Ost of at complete Inwle sn pete af prevailed ‘The face tat ude weve ted by the poopleaazravaid the ston, The judge ween Tne shose fom th experts af Iw, since the Iw they wer vere a wat fa contradiction the principle of he new lew Jodge were chosen fo te rak and Se ofthe pple. Thre fuges, however corte ‘sth the vague pine ofthe new low made tee hen sry Alsons depending tn which cas af secety wee some st ny Drclr moment This arbitrariness serlosly canna the te Sbcty Ie made the sew proprietors Sependent pen the judgment of (he experienced ad the scanty of ther ew property dependent po sees and chance The base ef odsal veloped at vealed, beens property its were aot sore gall "This was dhe pnt winse importance Napoleon smelt rene sized. Tight after th 18h Druraite he ited reine wok fr (ho code ce erga one of the major mamnmen of he etary man The coe ei deserves pce of rier pet. ce in the histor of French sok. I acopested itn tem a ‘Stable Iw the pine of equals rr ndash ge ‘oe dependent a soci dillvnce, The facts af the now someJet apd legal equality became tandormed ino 2 sytem of laws bit at allots fosed sed gunraoed jay anos We people, {wes he eomalidetin ef the acl reson in the spol Boe From tie plat af view the coieation aie» now signee "he compari ofthe Gad wth hd eda aw rot aly = eampariaon Tate two dierent ferme ofl, but females campaon of wo ‘ila sings of sx development. Th dee gat between the ‘dtl the new law i wnbedgeabe, Maas bah rprenat two ch aly oppaste orders af socty which ave ap cea ot but ‘shed aeesaiy cancel each oer ont» We fn Crmany Dave barcular reno to aout forthe condos of euch legato For thst yours we bave orn lating to argent st hw aby ‘imbiy of our county to deep sock cointon 1 an ot Tis dspete whic camct lead to any rom Bosse aur approach ® thi rol Ie wtong, The indaponse preequte for colieation fe the sceoptanes ofa fee ad icv! perseaiy iberted fom Tegal ator aifeentatins. Tis what i aking fn Gena. “The Tack of ifr German legislation isnot a comanqunce of the Evy of the development ofl law, The whol problem of ‘olietion in Germany purty soil problem ad wil emalnrech cording to theatre of privat lw France bas its code of law ot a rot of beter ining of er lagers bat as wu of an ‘clnowledgemont of abate equality f dividuals and goods before "he lw Tere feo. doubt hat code of iw i. Gormany wil be ‘veloped only afer the abi dfrencer i sat, but {2 sen undoubtedly tre that a Comian co of law wil mover Be Soveloped slong Fats difeencee preva a Gentian sy "The Code Ci the tof x sero of ees cso of fw. Ont sma dor on specie regains af the Cae Peal, the Cade dare tion Criminal ad the Code de Procedure Cale‘ each 6 bo tized but wit all het fas, they eve fled higher mison. Bach im te sper Bas clvated the prin of legal quay ofall Individuals im a systema onder, Tho systeatizaton of Fen le tho tak set by the Conttoest Astenbly, was tershy acsmptshed, “This legilston bas bom aco and prosved se 2 pest oan, show ily and excellnee beyond questioning. dug Ue Follow: Ing decades, teoaee st embodied the poncipe af legal ql fa clr sacs. Only ough step bod Fance rowed fromthe eval prod, he eed ofthe detain of the bw, 10 8 ow sae with espe td eons ep Frama “The legal epaty of prone in thelr tual rationchips wa thar fusrntcd. There romaine more mer of equals iportaee, {he appleaion of dhe Ines ad he ule of he eos. The cout fa orga of the tte. cont action the wl of tho ste comes In intact with the nghs ofthe india! Ths where te quaton ‘cdo whether the iil i really fe: only th respet of the Sate for tho independent india prvies fl recon ofthat ‘epeadence The decon a this qucton i sfogarded mail by ee [ncilo~th ircnovabhiy ofthe jos IF tho fudge are uj die ‘na thos who lal de power ofthe sate ae consdered obo super {othe judge wh exces the ew Jt a he I panes Independence of he pes fom abivay eons of note person, the ltanovabity of the Judges protects te indideal agai aban Acs by goverment This prin, which md the edition of ‘pene inortnce, was acrpted by Napoleon what qeaieations [Altiough the Cova f 179 declare tha th edges are sppoitd by the Fit Cans Ar aatr thatthe Comal does wot hive the ower to dims them ‘The Inst polnt ofthe codctin deals with the independence of th adace "To mim up: ar we look atthe sow adminsrtve state, « tofold Aeslopment is ise, On the one ha, an ogseton 20d ces teliton ofthe sn har ton lace lace mibout precedes! In| Tiny,» se beoune the source of temendour arent. Am alte prefect organization of the independent penomlity of Ue state ad fen scowl On the oer hand conrpt was deveoped fii equal foe thew and grtected by cts Which re ste by the tte i al ator exept with rpard to poll sty Sido ty side independent and separated. are arayed De two main compomt part of the late, te general wil and the {eda person Each has rowan ie el righ ad ora "The separation ef cktenhip fem ent power binge abot the con Cenuntion i he goverment, of all he mabe stengsof the maton ‘wich by thr nature Belong to the commny a whole, and focuses the itr of the indo onthe persozal spre of He. Napoleon Ind eparated at an wcty 1 allow each of ham to dev ay, ‘erate the In of sca ymca driven the ate power oot of the spore of society so ine a neve sal order might develop amped by pola! demande. This condition could not prval for ting: The erasttiton of the stele eseaally te eebecion of the soa ade As sea the new society bad secured seeder by De ‘Stent bor, ft wat Inoitable that Hf sould make deeds on the ate the tine ‘or tho collie of Napoleons system bad to coneAer oeder deca exalted in France, Napoleons European tory Began: The Empire mark the cng ofthe Pench sail fv tn and the Ign of the sia traoration of ope ‘Te EMPIRE, opto’ Contains ‘As we review the stide of France toward the ret of Europe uring th Bs revolts dea bears eka fat «develop ‘nent wa taking place France wich marin bei opprion to the funatons on which Europe pubic Ie stil resto Al of Earope swag a hat time anette sty and yi lw wat sped by te foci. Achill scety based on he prin of ust before he law ass nnown in Esrope- At tm athe tw od of tings Ind een consolidated to a cert extent i» France, there hepa hat sees of ware ich the ane ofthe exeaal isry o th Pid ‘Newer before had the mature of Europ at an erga ent been 40 such in eidonce as cng tht dade. All hose wats were bn ci a strugle of the Europ erganian aps this ue ber of at np; stn tine daring he prod id any sae tke wp arm sine against coulis ofthe ealing Baropean states. I would tbe wrong ater thee cals mee alin lanes ty be Formed at wil The csitions,boweve, were inevitable responses, ering frm theatre of tows at the whole ogy Rent the Incompatible laments of ane of parte Thee states fought fr thar common foundation, wbich was thetened by Frac They sme that ator thi wn wasn soll order or France had to per “The fst peal of this stgge terminated ithe pesrice cf Napoleon! The French wvement had wit the enc of the maining ld organi the new France had ecrne recognized power. Is pose tht Napoleon did at ry Yo eclve Rane whe hosted that he sincerely wanted peace for France ant for atop alter the tety of Amiens, which marks he end cf the Bt pid. and {hat he hoped to lead sew France pesefly along Th rns bad ‘hosen Ie Gr so true that England id not ve her Napleon or France st pon undouaedy s mtoalsotapoice go back many entries contnnouly rekindled thew tendencies Butte te Teneo far tho nes outbreak of the Karopean war lay Beyond all poi smnchinnor. The peace treaty of Aiea ric’ el Bare fu cil France, n part which wis ely difcent fem the Sho an_ absolute contraicion-ar the foundation ef. Europa brace This the season wey pennanens and peace wee npn. The organ of Europe wae tm, the mceery end tcl operon of sll Eopeaa sats became Imposter The rl problem hind ot boon nivel. The trogte had to Bg aI took on adders charcter Panty, which flo far bon oo Akeni ow hep to nefee ave inthe ali of ae ‘Ths was the send period of the tansormation of Europe by Frage. If Europe Me wa tral an pani efi, ws norte foe Naploon-wbhar ba wana ior moto plang inte» Earp wr cleo i te ete The name whic, in word oy, ‘nas the pint at which the wos Europsan engi dete by Fane, detache il ran the ol ple and social stem fo bull ‘ow one on dhe baie of censtation), public atte Iw Werte going fo talk stot Tropa history ey tthe extent Ua Ys power fnepay between the to stgging Somes feted the stcety of ance “The events that took pace after the pce of Ariens ad been broken sant the pew wnt Ia startad can be ananged into oro major ele fron. "The victereof Napoleon appre tobe vires of it tie ‘ot in fact they were the voit of Prewch society over Eareeas| society, A society However, cannot be sbjaged He & ste. Th re ‘cory ve the ld wcey scone inte sentin oft mo oc Napoleon was wll aware of the fact athe had acomplia ile ‘Brosh the mit comet of the eal ates, be bao perp ete than th French poole ate fought for ne ype of ey aie ‘uoter Oni if te od soci onde onde rake would as France be ‘tows the ste ofthe amr was ony the oer mansion of ‘Camich more wit srgale ‘Tran allogther wow war stare. The ‘ects of thi war on Prope onde of French soiy tong to the Hist tga of events. These phoma ace summed up by ist ‘waphy under the tile of “Nupateone Contatone” ~~ tee com Stns have been very diferenty eshte heir el tance ‘an ealy be paged in th catnip the iteretional sittin | ta pid “The antgosion between Fran att rope ee basal mit meray ‘on the sage for per bit on soil contacts It ‘was ede That Pate, wih her vetoriour armies, could be our Wasi htpoweral opps ool fr the moment and not forever. She could care her Poston only by tvmring the eyo thon ‘dored pple The te aller uf France woul be thine coentiee Swish had accgted the sol racpes of the new Prance How could tht be secompled? Ts toe ht some elements of the I order were power and alle’ ide by. sda withthe foul Oder in thee, Hat in wer toe “could. mt wit fr 8 Slow and pene development: Naplen aceded, in the tine of Fone, dednte dedaration hat thw stator would adopt the Preach social sytem ‘How cn vad dation of th kind by give Without the coment of the iadedual pins? = Franc, Siting btn fendal Europe, either ado Force the comuered powers 6 frac constitutions im conformity to French nwo ste she ad $0 Ao herel ie the newly congue erie ‘This is the te importance of the Napalenle costintons. fom Spain to the Rasen foe ‘They spell the viory of the new Bare Pn sacioolial order, and they dally ot an od to the bolton {8 Pranc. Tho eave ir cyele fron 1BUVISL4 thas seguied an (ign and graces crsce. Napeloon was fused assur {ng that his Boren poston depended om thse constitutions aor than on ie armies, he was thor futile ning to Bis bth fax new Kings whowe cnet were to provide the estat] Ink botwom the ew France sod the ret ef Europe, He war ht fn comidering Prosa, Anson avd Tosa st unconquered, beesze they continued 1 upold the old Iw. He exeemed the’ ious ‘when he adres the Spaiade in Madi “I have sole: the Thumb of the taguiten to which the spi of the century and ope ae opps: Thave spree the feudal laws the sels, ‘wealth and romeniy of the few did more dag to your ae {oro thar the fr of the poor (snr cule). Just a there e only ane God thre shoud also he oly ape ftce ins county A the var fs pesleger ve been wep and were conrary t the gh of ‘Se mation: T have abated them’ Your chien will Be ine dour bemefaco:” "This tcerpretion plas, beter than the Taner weakness of the contitoas temselvn, tie ntted which thy ‘owed tad ther sen abolition eer th fll of Nspiece ‘The struggle of Napoleon with Fnope establishes his fasting po tion nthe hier of European society. Daring thse wars which threw all he ld aster ity clusion, vob them and detroyed them fain, th fate af the states proper i only of secondary ingot tance 1 'The Napoleonic constatins te the great beunday make which Hiory ha rected at thi eee they ae the ft mani festton of a asc socal change which is dtorniing tbe istry of the world a the IDth century. «Thc mien independent Of their polis expaiency tie lancet independent ttt ‘Bort drain The fact that they il ext toe were sete ‘ald ad hangot th soil Me ef Europe, and had’ proven tht the Tas sod movement of macy were tedster, mat only the sme ‘ion of joan sonny, bt fal Europe However, sich m powerfl impact of one country on a whole ox ior bad to have rong tepecasons in France ae well By bee Interference with the ioteral sai of othe state, Uhr wat, turn, guined 9 afoence pen th social ewiton in Fro, Mot ‘tes might nat ave scceped the Frendh saa etm ert for {Be fact that "Napoleon had supported evan important ad poser fal socal groups af the conquered cunt and thereby balk ee from the Revelation back to the pt ‘Thoe are the Slements whe Tater partipated in the tral Tor eration. Toh he ‘Naples trun anc tard sey snd esate » bond tees techy aod bas erighal iid ste ogaieaton. The Imporil Order of French Society. ‘The Nob of De Enpive andthe Ente. When France wanted to impose 4 nlform soil order pon rope, war son widest tat eve new, contin cl scompish (ais tak eniy partly. In Tey, in Spin, In Conon, fm Sweden, even in Poll there were certain iaatutons, pt tua the primp and the obi, which resisted an adj tment to the focal development iq France Napeleen had por tani to experience Uae power of than two semantspartetiy Ahring his wars aist Atsrla, bat so Tay aed fa" Germany. ‘Those lenis withstood the impact of thn, Thy were epy rostd ithe imap of he pope. It was pov to them ont without desteing te” pple thamselvey they held the power in ther hens, tiny were the mere inecncble eaenies of the Fresh role; they symbolsed the tremendous nf eter the nity of France and the et of Eno, I the war agit France few ot of thse diferncee with soch ements} power the danger [hited thatthe war and the tation of France would iver ed ‘Sach were the thoughts which Nipleon etertsied, animated by ambitions whi perce with each victory, when atthe eof 1903 tied large colin was formed insta, He conseself pow capo to accomplish amything In France, bat not pow Stl ench-orsty to binge all of aropa. Urleshe wae ‘hl os the bef to mate sncess to the Barone tao ‘Neploon sever sanyo of & groiter and. mune compeeensive ian thane ote wish paced fy uo. the peal toe. By ‘vaaing the soperal fniten Pras he hoped to be able 1 emate Faroe tothe French Revlon He wanted to shat Louie XVI fo stomp in yn may, combine the. ‘dle of monuchy with tame the me sty and tht Te prea commun grin fr the new soll deveopments In is pot {on the lon of monary, id acon going back bnyond re ‘Gril bison tp the Testnke tbe, war fo be rocmeed Wah {he idea af Tngal oquty of cot origi, Tang replacing” te ‘soya fama Prace by «new cn, he believed that he Would ‘oe able to buld'a brags Between France aad the tonal Ero on pelpuer To him his coronation as Emperor lors the ‘tees ofthe war ata at of European importance: apd yet Ue ‘consequence of tit tp aly agirvated. the pation of Trench Seaiay. Fee the new spoil power bn om elctons by the panne ful not deny the rit of the people Tor a new election. This inpror was tt Hie Nojeety by the Grice of Gol” who could take “The reach Laer Sell aware And here de to te tempting lary of the 14 a ‘odo heaven gat all prt he comes an enor ‘whist endangired ib Sone wore Waa We victories ofthe Eucpea 1 the Frond Epi. cold nit ‘ossbly gain equal fotng with he tdasnal marci what could Napeeon stl do? He Tut win wre to hi aide tnwe clement of sok from which Ys monarchy Id ereraed His empte doo etablihed through ‘he paricpaton an by the cone of the peopl» = Tata of Biming to" brane’ the equal of other Baropean penalties be Soul ve satan, eeengihened asd orinied te spect sol ‘ces wich pried hin. He had to Yee rly contains Inonsrch sod sve fora tension of Ecope by hie eagle father thin by coms. Intend, Napoleon assumed that he could find perminency for his dyaia) by sailing Ce ok Buropean ‘monarcion He retllod the aoaty France heey dete {ng tho unique soc congration of Frendh cet. Already on May 10, 1802, Napoleon tad etbsbed agua ve mont oppostion, partcaly tie ofthe Teun, he Lapin of Honor “Powe thi ittuton he wanted to ast French soc, Shih war barton equality, tthe highly sailed soir of Fvope but fe samsiped in pte of ll ers prely tary how. rite his soromation and fer having ead Aarti Rossa ‘and Praia n two ore wompsable Yates, he coceved the ea Sf -rongaicing the tation” "The alaat-the oy orga repre: Seating the reltionry peoples and defoding cqualty agast Siferenation nrodoeed by the Bapie—wis. sin sbolied on Sees IBMT. Thon Nepoleu timed toward the bass of all soil ‘rencen to Property, partly landed property. We have Shown how the old stato bad buen detwoyed prtixlly ugh {how Ines which Snedacel the Avan of Ine ett,‘ ls had been incoponted ito the eo But ws Napalon Tea dhced the Od nhertane laws that "thereat which sre the bass of herodary tile which the Emperor may gran as favor torn piace or the heid of «fanly sal be hertary” This det on teas inarported inthe coin ADT (Are 8). Comin in fore unt 18551 was soph the seal ef ental, Tho ground ttok fr ew arstomcy war tow sBicesty peepared On March 131808 th Sénute Conte sated a ample orto the bly reatacng the al tes derived fom feud Taw At the end of he mon there were apa princes, vicounty, arama Enis 1 pera cout th aig abd eat tigoct> provided: the emer forthe new nab, unable to alte Earope, Nepalon ‘ented to excel fmt onl ality, but by his mow socal order France scoeptd all these spectacle experients of bor Emperor td the compete destin of er Ite with eset. Wile fa grunbling se toleted the suppression ofthe ros, she obeyed sialyvwhen Napoleon anged the universty toa inetation of taming red an admiistered by hi and whey bo made tye te the Eimpeor the fit ati of fli he education of children 1 scowol a head gained is purpose wit Do Fsky rogulatos, 1 fe had emutred et oly Earope bt what had ajpeaed ore feral thar the wink colton of Europesn pines, the els thmary seit. He appeared to be the abeite rer ae ealy A the ste, ut also of soity. The salgnaton of the old ane {he new worl tow semed fo make « European, pce posi Tt sees net only love of pany which mowed Napoli vs ad Fsghtodnoss were undontand aly by very few. His the alm wasthe unifstien of Europe. This why be reetablbed th arstore: 1, He sate “I ave crete dfret inert to poi the triton of feudal ier which are incompatible wih cottons) foe on an egal bast with ae of Earope” This war what be ‘Sesteed indapenabley and he wat tight Phe only qusion wee ‘ether his meth seat spree aden if thee tations had actualy played he rele which they sete to suggest wo fetal Boop, namely, econstvtion of he fd Sty the whl sey fon wie he pera el the now, poms Frans had avn woul have to dso. Al thee nw lsat wer dil not atc the ba of the sow snc, the principle swale dtrbuton of pode, and ee Ive Only sx apparnce did They pt th socal stctte of fedal Earp ad Gil Pate cn an ‘al ooting nly Sn appearance di they reste eat sd mca ‘ences Nitya eal sty dings el rm ter Socal cle ct nly yt hemes yall, ot ey by age po Sess but eset by the fact that he abe ele eater “nye spec prerogatives aod that pete property nthe fom land fried eran sovereign rights preaaly the right of modal Freon nd manor pice Tee were the fanton which gave por sod ater to the noblren, many of whom comer the ‘yl fans nothing more than the Txt ower members of the tebiiys An ate which wat ae eattod tothe righty, fr iD ee vantages, wa a08 + pcg tate. Albough ditngibed from the rank nal fle is embers bod cling in common ith medial abit, 0 mals of onre oor props rps could pow ‘ily make then eyeal to the mb sr if Napolon bad re Introdiced the malin order of ably ie would have dotroved Tegal equality and the adminsratve undeion of the sate the file cil auld ave been mlifed tnd the new sdniesitive fem would have bees. 1t would Bave meant the Sistion (maern France ‘Thr wat practially inpoml, snd Nepaleon| hime ot ven dk of He simply Bese ies end dsb propery, ake of eqte, embleme and wrformeall he star fmol of fendalsnbnt he dd mit give the new te-hourers ore Sng prvege ‘Wine. then, war cis “mperel aritocrasy” of which Nepales outed twas anything but real noi, I was only ats group of large lndwners ander» diferent name. The whole scheme wat {complete fare, one of Napoli great micosoptions He snap ‘ented ccety based legal equalty by mang fos return of the old pivged states, wont creating 4 new ete whi wld ssppot the throne Fem this tine ay people monger lle at Im asthe personicton ofthe new sal rd. Fro the tn tat Napoleon attempted to eb anew aac, Be no lenges ered from the old monarchy exept Urogh milary victors Tht ak fe ofthe major reasons why Frans ve bi Guy ad set ‘taninouaty afr ae mir Actes : “Thre was oe other point which wan 4 vie the Stare of he rw aiecacy, the eas All the, vague notin: abot the ture, valve abd induence of the ents remit frm fret ‘cngaize the hase difrence between feudal sod ee ep. TH Soo det the ft he eh tts ae ena by te Sine term, Ins fonda soit, ay age lade property bestows 1 egal authority on 48 own ‘The rights of landowners are propery Yih, but te endowment ith sate rights testo landed Prope fy fino terol damsin, This bestows legal Independence othe Tandowrers ‘This isthe tro season for heel ality OF the ental Since each endl led had ht own courthir om a Imitation, pole, laws sed carom, even pty hi own maity Service, the property cold mobo dvsed witht spesting the tem of publ adnisisraton. The very nature of hve tonltone tmude iecrssy to tennant the land ved. = The Paps Fin tt tev lane property a a enn iy (Rechetoepe)| In hl icity, propery nights ae mo ony equalized, But al ad iinisrative sn ig nto vested nthe tte Hyon te age sate are nothing Bue nance. ‘To preserve thet as nite teas t'secure rovenoe fm. pinemons Indesit of fatal dows not cote anew clase hore mame ave rpenoe Tegal porte, but only chat wih a daft, sre mca, “The food cota proces» Ingel cate win sol, the: cll cea aly socal chs the former estublaer bent De ater ‘nly selatve toms, ihe former is logiodlcomemucnce of the Tews. princple fatty txeween property ne. poe sur, the ltr Is an eacepson tthe principe of the dan of inher Tana The fedal cal preserves ty, the cl entail ly the lungs landed propery. AF an ccomamie measure the Iter wat sb Jeet t JusiBod etic, ar » sca Inston, fe al no fence ‘Wimsoever wpon the reintatemetfthe ld molly. The emental Binutes of the ol obiiypeleger and tertorial dosesConey en Origin of he Austive Sooty ‘tthe eit we Ive to revi the count of scty'aod the change tat be ake lace Ser the Revoltn “Te Freach Reto ile haere eps one ripe complet equal o dls before the tw. Ths principle Sor fly eae tet evn the Erte wi ts dnp st Xone war onble to va cyoalty ate the law cote fo be the be pril of Frech oy epee bel coped meni” with « ohote suston. The cable fa and sie onder af ssi had nen Indep ‘Si Gould nce expat the new wit t velop om the ba pinay ths wae not the case, what ober sablaig, fos cal be mustered? Topliy before the iw i exenly« agate prince. 1 denies arideger one India over anther, fethr acknowledge Bo'iideal a an fndpenden unt of he commendy. The fate ton ofthe nw based on equality tony to ptt the independent {drial Equality dow ot seknowkdge any Tega ferences ang "Al the ttions and organizations of the past had bee based on dienes egal rigor t was the hw which erie the Srvtae of nly, The tow cra changed ths: Leg noel ‘rot have buen Contin to Un new eal ere td 2 Fo Wo the former Ty tert, serstandale tat the pile of Ie egeaty av boo rgta a the man sore of the wile ‘Revoaton snd to a the ba othe new onder Ove ha character: EEnlvas Lots la dl nhs history of te Revlon us et he toch o nliidaton Rarely fas 2 gear abd more deceptive or ‘oem copented The preveing opison was thatthe ow ede of ‘cry wh emg nn th Beatin was based coll eq {© Th ophion eth rou of msiterrtaton of sey. Soy am ode and there tse uperodnaon and robordnaion qaty ofr he nw fers to the dpe ne vidal fom. the ober; terelore 1 the exact opponte the price of ern. tations refs to the Factr which pats the feyent ed. ‘al uti the ade the nog of evga walla af ab frdntion Lagal equality imap of tslhing @ scl soe fare, llbough such suture pene tothe human cai. Equity fore Qhe lw contradic cal reo leg {freon 1 foes the community to scot ifereation By {ther cleat whic allows satiation wont cde ge ‘cay What war thi thee cement? "The impact ofthe Freeh Revlon on Ripe wisi theft place Azer saat legs equty a pins» elety ase on Sas Aiferention As lng ae tohing wae sgt tthe att thse Silrences the movement had imrely. gate charter. Th neve ‘aby eas tothe question: Wit hal and wil be the oder sy 2a ae legally egal? The eth gueton ofthe nmeinte fate the sniver will fave to reer 19 the factor om which semper quolty before the lw ashe all invdual or clase rogaties, which ha, afer all been s matter of unc. I ili thn ws to be resmmedoced, it wuld have to be based on al ret iveted fo the people and tore by exenbody, Tis le tem had t have the quay af ning people aol of ongeiing| ‘hen. Te tad to futher Indes sles he predacing nl pes ‘ering diferences among ideale All the Gualietions Spied to propery was avalale ty everybody and yt evenly Ute i was in scnrd with the pile of eal meal ae etree diferent With the intron and acoeptnce of legal eauaiy—no mater ‘when and wherema new era forthe tle of ope begin, Ar hing 4 the social suctre i dteoioed by lew, property sever aly fot the satisfaction of wants As soon as legal oat i ached, op fet gts are the oly ttton hgh mich inequayya ts {siuctred sadly, my develop, they boone the fxmalive elements of soa rit. A tay new ype of sty aes it a ‘ce at thie pin 1 property has the fonction oot only of sting amas, ut also of conveying coal tat, Ht rt eneges the vate sphere an fst Doce fencnlly seeped The fied oat wise Tis property beeae hit sol positon sup to be sed ow 4 Indl “equston mnie tol in inidual enterprise,Aw eters cannot be run by 8 single perso; nites labors ad free ofthe vanes reductive uncon ects cyetaline ‘ue thor creates 4 dren between the two tain shone (he eatepenear tnd the laborer insets dierent as ia fae characterate of sequtive sets: Ak the se ims, abner economic ierence develops which fal snpertince. Factors annot prodace for # stg comune ‘at only fr Inge groupe. A relationship develops amen the wart fteprias,which become meally dependent. An aque society tus dovops a whole metwork of exchange, and the fice fe: ning of atrpises becomes dependene pon id erder of thi tachange, <= Gane aod les the mace! may occ which sre Trond the ctl of the enrepeney,inidal want A= dete sing factor of the ecomomy amt dappear, pope merely the Bas af an soystve market economy As such called cpa All ober thnge being aul, lage amount of capa gutrntece ‘eater and mor sure gains and led to cmt real enterprise Se tat 3 tifrentston develope within the entreencral as Sul ‘Th igus capitatie make the aller oes dept thee bles. sbivete them, and oll contol the mace, With the emer ff an acqistive soit, tw eneepreneara groups, whose relatos 1 not asim to tha Between th factory mmr od he bore ‘uly emerge he eaptalite and the small eteprenturs Ina society f legal equality, property rights are the mature) ne ‘beaugh hich the Indl cam att ie rth, Therefore the Stages ithe acquisition of property Became the base of dieren ‘a inal petige. Equality before the tw i nothing bate econ saint Sy ether diference excep! that of sequen, the preeqate, wot the romulting rile, of sacy. To. Sesion and property ight develop 8 new aly, by determing {he ancl potion of the idl, they heros the bs of the socal order of amy acqstve sat In cont 19 soy char feterinndy Ing tates call th sey the semitoe ace. Regarding the tory of society, 3 flows Wat equality before the law which fellows abliton of loa difrrtatann, pradcts# sol nde emined by esol fres «The aban of maopote, Drege sod gue i followed by rap cream in etree srl acti. The feoner dependence om the pried ix replaced iy dependence on the owner of epi "The acquis soe, 1) making ey etre te law te oly pete, cee tppesed to any patel power which seo aver inet ele ‘he lw But eyo atthe tute soley i ne Been com ‘stato awa Tong egal equal i reserved ‘Now lt go back tothe rely of sch Ide amd ak our selvn) what wat the bass af the socal der agai which Nap thom rgd in vin with he obty and bie ents and whch revethilss as ot acceptable 10 the ld onert = There I ‘to doube tat tie rcety asthe now acquit sockty— When Nepolaon st appeared om the scene there was but arte of fedhiduls 4 conden pre Kgl equality prevaled wiht @ ‘cal sractre. It was Napoleons mnsion ty eave the suai Stour to linia the iatreonce of pubic wn sc, an te monopelze pbc sthony. The nw sade conaued to grow vader his rl: ateraly and slowly, bot Semly, the new active rioy, the panic of the buts community, devsloped tie Side withthe aus of the ate His power wor nally ited by the mew socal eer, which bad aot aden, lib Be ad puen fe more support than any oer ruler Twat the new sol teder which oppo the raion rilged new aly 88 Tel alia tomdormation the vtec bao terol domain, Tedced tes thot an economic baie to mere words THe wat the sity hich Napaleon feed while bo sas tying to rereste ‘mony of the old order whidh woud support hin. He seed the feaiative scety at Tong as be was power, Haally detigoned fhm because he thetesed ly enitence. This ew socal ede, hich speared nelle and weak, was Safa, very power However, the new society under Napolen was si) young: if one sete essing withthe Conttion of 1799, did mot yet extend ver Bal a generation... During this period, tbe fst decade of Sr sentry, hie gros of the aequisive society were still csely ‘Site wih each other. The worker cool. Becore an. enropre- Tur, the entepreneur rm a capita. tremendous canes of Tn rowth opened an opprtnty or everybody, and te ferment cndcovted Yo aut sll enterprise by all met The Contineta sytem practealy forced the people t= develop ew ‘emesis, Spinning mals for wo and cfton were Snreduced, te eet roe mga Industry was saben fact, edt prodae™on ip contol Rarope began ony at tis pesod, Tho Finptor Seoparted it whwrever he ool wile be attend i vento site nb, seta, he wat the ont powefel patron of te le Pent eang to dato force ably srs alee Tei of gat smportamce that the very wt whit Nelean waged gust the fry enemy faoned the froth of he new soe in rans in a peer wy. The new sac onde tt ch Aveatened-s wll be seen Interby the Tog powers or irl ‘Bopotin, ax by the oppor between ler and the propery fag enrepensor This tppontion was ete cote tou the war Any wae at 0 make wrote ger ptf the pope les population On the other ha, yd ha i wll ok fe for what he wane to atin can forces way to thet fan weakh ani opportunity are fred te everbody who's Wid and ‘tong eng to ct Under the fag of peat commande, syby ‘os nt bound by propry to & defile done Sede what be Wishes. By fighting fr hinwel atthe sane tine, ks or the ty of his satin. Nether Nspoisn or hi maa forget tht the, to, had come fem the lowest ranks In thie wy, the propery Tes ring the war led an enc in which the cs antago of the acqustive Socity did not east ‘The factors wich wt the wopernes ito 2 eanthe Tage smb uf comping workers and the lek of oppor for improving onc the sore of hale ss pt oan to war tra forthe sos of Nal amy. By withing then fm indosey competion anne the renalsing workers todced” Wincver remained ‘ould dite the prise os lor Tease he hat ecome indipenable. He ow’ had pod ance Sr aking «peo and for the aqui of pope These cumstances conibted a reat deal toward the esi tio ‘of the lew af socal develope, the slaty srowth sf the cutive. sckty evolving from the pencine of equality before (he Taw. Usually ie taker a whole geerton to bald ae soy fiom the runs of the powding one, bere it was acomplia one decade. Although uring the Pri of Nalco’ bli sgn there was aot yet any cance forthe new sect to patate tis and in exending sacs beyond the spre of scone, France ava, according toe naainous opinion of all conten sie, njeraly song and oarheg a never lr ration (othe ex avd ‘The active rcety based on fee evonmlc activity was the ew stl order gio ow of the encpe of equality Defoe the fiw The ftre of Eazope war 9 be! determined by i ts oblems tere 40 Bose the probleme of cur own peneaion This ‘newb according 1 the aw of soi dpi, TF tee tat the ander of sect neces tated the conten of the sss, the question ares as to what Kind of onsigton is appropiate to te acakve sey. Under Nap ion thew sce Hed en esi to cation Late, bowers ‘ett covtadng Sell The aserion of the acquisitive sey {the comtesonsl and administrative sphere is wns il the Period of Retration, thoy adopting the name of the defeated Father hun the vioins clement. It wold be nore appropiate f0 SGI the pes of ez. The eonradcton ofthe seg tne society to the Napoleon ssi began to show, after ti ety grown ston eso by the very Semtienf ad eal ford Ing infancy at ich fay Became alerble, The era of $i wat ty he Jy ary. Only he, dco fair of Lins Phiipe, the teed problem besa «pac foes whether the active sony provided. the satisfac feme srk Tor the fulitient of man's deny, = Sci and sonar Tin are the there attempts foward soving this problem The Ibstory of the Second French Repebie reeds the practical ert fo cape ith the emerging coatradtionsPart One, Chapter Three ‘Tue. Resronarion, ‘ORIGIN, STRUGGLE AND VICTORY OF CIVIL SOCIETY ‘The sol implntons f the ea of the Reoration have Don ue stood more cary than the period of the Erie, ef wh usually fon the ctor events were secede The rete fo that nay Be That wih the Restrain the new matt ecoany had besos ‘atiblied face and determined te ase of eae we dasing ‘he reign of Napeleon the new semen had sly hero take Shape But novertheles the mest impertnt ines pce eich Iter spread al over Europ, bad nt yet been formated: Te Fe the concept of etizcnhip. Dating the ensuing petiod © spose, Ahoagh aot yet char ducer, sal Ife develop. He he en tf te Rotation, which led to the emergnee flat ad dstt ‘ep of tee in France unpaid by any othe ato, The Acqistie Society and the Fast Priecile of the Frnch Consution Inthe rom of the acquis scety «principle other tan ‘hat of hag condoned by oqvalty could be dacened i can be ‘planed by tho ents ofthe period An sequsve soc develop ‘when tbe abies of the indus, stilted by the pres Acustion through Business abd etergraesSnlly bo deraine ‘ho order, wo oly of thee abies, bats of the personality sae ture ofthe india. "The peel emacs, othe Ba tion of the individual i aequcve pues eg mecaaal Ir eri the management of cate, changey fms tempore) sctiy 10a specie ception determining the whole sca erence ‘tthe panon Teale te totality of is He; fanaa hie heats fon ne center, teaches him toate ll hi abies with elerence {0 th Sotbity for this partialareconomi fntin sme cles 4 Wis personality saul for thi porpow will be highiy develope, stile otbcialbongh ty say be of more noble ature—wiher Seay The india Becomes ina way the semua of pede co epatoal vole of the fev wl ect im end 1B foily Uonghoat hie whole Mf, toutes the father to ede Ihe children in a specie manner. Depanding on esommic mcs, {he ail may oer to dhe chen beter er more Hite eduction Sud Sevehp or tart thelr abies, Breage iis casst tach tibet aoe Enows best and boone it extely expense te each, the faaly tes station in whic, a ele, the paloges we wo be grunted and guraeed by the state ctor haved on the fre coment ofthe par! admastation of {he lw door not tlt any lng erences. "The piace of fe- ‘lm of steps and cquston preppeses the independent ain ‘Staton of the private nc wel as of the ube badge The pete ft prevalence of private propty makes property ewer th deter ‘ning condone net only for talig a superior soo tt. ut ky forthe exrche of putea spe The geneil prince of the Squsitve intl scaty nits eatin fo the tate, therefore, he peipe af e-government, erected parclaly the co tml of the sate badge The conten and the administra 1 te state acing to this principle are Based to jr ae pullanentar representation based em property quslietions and tae Fight to conta teaton These general pines sles long. ahe scistive soit har ot yet developed lng cas prc olin seats tow round fe rin breton Fr Ecsta ropes td the main egu of he eran Sine the noone sey ax yet wont ruling had sine itemise td onto of uty, he erg the a tgventngslmiiston se fo of th nt wih die ever {ectoan of tw sate Ar kn ar the acute sty eet ‘ct rus al ins ot yo Belo, acter ore Stentry epraenatvs are Hd fo parteprioe tn pe am ‘Eowon ough tr contol, wile the more importa decsioe of Sheet may be ade by nel ent ‘er by tn by nn eas Bing dr pid the gmcrenent contro Uo pote power of the tate tthe excsion fall hen, soy meray dtc the he of aeons. Bota on {he rlng ca of capa apa Inevitably tempt se the ata per of pverent mes of he sete fm ef hat Bement heer tepble,an aritocacy. or 4 mona. ‘Shc tr cats the podct of the acquatve say fe meth of ‘Bremingabeays toes the vane base suet» The mate SPs coptela cw i ch tnt ways supe in pero Sate by means ofthe two base tstumens of power: [alamtary practise sod tx onto Wahu decoying he na braaic end af fis segs “Dds lean evita comeoqunes, of orden fay atom after ie agit as ce scepted Se tal ft cal es he oligo he Se iow ar contain ie prkamestany rpeaton is of minor importance fo the fort of the eg tl the derption of the teal re cf eostintnaac Any atanph, bower 1 chock the growth ok “natn sn vain once te aqustve sect bas aren to Serial sockets however, the ter ily evlpe slows ‘cate the sx oder of fee aegtion cannot gw witht Be Acomaiaton of lrg ames of expt. Comtestnaian aco iy becomes the form of the te, Decne lrg capital 2 oesay lage nnd sow Even thaigh the July Revciton rented i complete rewhston of the sate: sre te apparent ng ccumtame at tere ‘eas amet po change io the exiting Iegatom Unt the Joy ‘evlitn frond city hed teen rail an Scie mares society. Only the fay Revohton, ty esabliing the dita of Inds socety tough th Bal detcton af th ful monarchy, complied sacty, a8 # wer, produce 4 ling clase. Tis only be'the captalovaing css. By sudden change the Joly feolton| seated the indus society oat of the acquiative soy th {toe social signence Dy taking. oer the sanemenet the rang tds could aot esta change te salshed rights ofthe Char ter only the spt ofthe camtaton and th adnan cold he reform, adams to tear hereof the hae of ap eer the State Sach i the carcino pe le im France se the Jay Revelation. Thi pal the porn of conatnain in me ear-cut form, wit all of fr stents sod allo danger. Ove ‘gution remains How di the new raga society take posse tt the tate Cough popelrrepreseaton? Coton eabled| lf onthe base of the new Poston of the Chambers aed hgh te new pinple of omc. ContationlParomeat oie Poston within the Site ‘The fst practic! appt of the rule of capital over the organe of he state eomaists nteloratin af the nations by whic sey ‘ents the slate isthe Chamber of Deputies. The rlevant le suite spe character under contain whieh ad sey been sgastd but nt flly develop in the caustie secety ofthe preceding paid. Now the upper cla i m0 longer ass om pose tl but on accomplished acquit, which tee the pret for actual pardcpaos In pace Only dist tases pall indeate Capital ownersp, and that mow wnt watery This soil ode {heefore, imposes property qalcaton on the bass ef the ana of direc tes pil; the minimum amount of ald tx seuied for Sosing is ot sta igh at under pwed-somtatnaisny becouse ‘ho whole poperty-owning css supposed to be repent eter = 1 put very Tow, becese nly tr ounerbip~ wealth opera at ‘he aspiration to argue we toe sepreseted. Futbor, Aknet vote lb sipted in oder to inure cer sepesntaton a the intrest of propery and texte personal Inert adn tes Tn adatom, voting cid out unr he perio of the voters thensaes fn or to avo te indence of any other he iment. These ae the principles of nds sock. the cerst expres Sion of thee principle he April 1M ISH eeton low of the Jy monarchy Sice the propertod li i supped to rl, the ‘upper chamber is sither eliminated or boctmer Subordinate tthe ewer chamber this atieved by the soliton of beredtary meres Shp tthe forme The upper chamber acgives an intermediate roletne Oat of saa and hat ofan aint ntti and iS eevented fom ver gang pole ican, caine doce fo opens ee st lamest of Hoty, nat des ft have an iniateratve faction, The acynatvescty Tees the oper an tor untoched ely to prec the mozaresy as an Sesttuon whlch ‘nee bus the wpper chamber a wall as ho fing. ave made Dowerine gaint the wi of the Tower camber. ‘This es bee for aha. years te postin of the Chamber of Fees in Frame i ‘Eiappear witht Toning tne hen the Revlon broke xt ie'war ot even worth the ort to depo of thir burden of cot ‘uonali by special atin “hes re the principles by which the ring elas of sds sce takes ner te power, Atng. tes, prope aletons are the ‘Pow importa oben ~~ Th rang sn sees cond over sate ‘dna thenih Ue rast pletion of wo pens which Sarscerse eve continuo: majertyrle aed itera repo iy. Popalaropiion considers maj ue dee, Denar ‘he ony method of reac a common agreement But this interpre lan wil stereo to ein sey Is oadequate and neering Tesuagee that mapsty mle implies a igh desson, you act fy intial ory eet the ele of specie power=i fat, the ony omer Poperty qualxtns tase op tak eons ret th net of property ewnertip and of soqltiveness. ‘The leis Use chamber threfore,above all a tepresntatve of the inerest 1 sey te power sed on hs and om nahin ee, The mae iy‘ot te Caner, although i repent sthmetealy the major (finial vate, art be sen a the majo of the. oneal er ‘Tnrest lef an dia ale, th maj of wih cn Ye ‘decrned by the rnty vats The maj rte wncondtonally be “hie rales of te le ofthe yer clas acy mo ter tat ede, nor any threonine vote cepted So wncontonliy nowhere tala! wv cinsty tein foal Ce where te ung monty ea with the malo a ter (intend of he maj of rac. ‘unty ste tennioe the fons the content of cnstittonal revgonliy. "The alg ln oly sto the Inlay the conntton demas hat the whole admsratve process the cried out inthe spt of the pevtling malorty. = Sige iter st dominate the chante, barony between the goverment ad the ‘roy secured en the pine of adnan rues ate soe tn Savor of thn tneret of the ing cas he jt of the amber, being ential withthe jy of ites, rw est wat thes interests ar therfore, headunit expt not Pa se any sbjective er than tore in harmony ith the predominating Interest Onlp ifthe mt Ss te ly repent te ede Iseaton isthe system af conti coe Sine the majority represnts the ring class of ste tf part of all tye canst that the miners veo resign 4 2008 1 difrences develop betwsen thot andthe mjsy, A diferent ‘Boup of minstrs cape tothe majority ter oer the ads Iran, Sine they apposed wih the wnerstarding hat they fret act inthe spit ofthe mje he very nate of thee poh Se ther sight to thre ponton would be ivldated they were Tern in fe agai the whe the many. Opine may der ‘egarding the vale of majo ar But geuine eoattenalism ules that mineral power able i apps to the majo fy. To remain noice ezine the wif the nate uconttonal cn though a soliton of the Jeter of the lw fas been avoided. Wherever this happess, st would mean mot only i often sated Stat the eile planes aed, tt a ta cla role, a¢ represented by the mary ta the camber, desoyed aed ith the lw according to which the scl nde este ate CCnsttional responsi is system of admisation io ary withthe majo hi te the peng of te eonaitbonaam dtc fm prcad.costttontom, This principle lane tes the ‘Snsitin tothe adits by const men This tem cant be enacted by legion; thas to bo etalched through the allpervading power ofthe ruling ct, This ls bad een ‘icorius inthe July Reveuton, therefore, no spree laws were nec ‘ary to etublok te rule The misters depended oni This steers the que of how this evelaten ste of heft hat frond ‘any ngible chan im pe law, never produced Complete 1y derent type af tate the oe which hd Peseded Contstionl Monarchy Dring the July Relation tre sw a dymsty sept ay, the mises of the people permet he soal fay ld fury, lng ‘Sse and tmproctins at then ad et, ieee as ths may seen, "nya ow days ltr by commen ene ptng acer prince of the ‘ine ln on the same tne, How was ha pomble fe suc evo ‘on? The king ad bee the repeeerative and lla of ead coset.inal, ayo acer kg was put om the throne which bad jt ‘nen evetraed, Wht, tons Bacome of this monary, emery the pinnacle ffl soe the prod oe acglton? What TE bar boon shown that inet re the moving force anywhere in Inds soy utberore, foe been shown ow interes et confi wth toi of wer eedom ad individual developrest Hesse nite tiene have toe sbrdiated toot ae Is the sonal epee of th ie of Feed But ein costae dhngeraf eng sbjupted to the rg cls of scety and of ecg fewsesble tke tre ater than fee, tthe tne Tne Independence and its spree potion, a stare ef dependence 5 etab- Ideas coe cit rales sb.» Wherever this Ippo ‘ety ca te seq only by way of apa or mda reli “To oid ister the Le of Iman coast, he Hex of ‘he state Ba oe pesouied yn etation which tnd ove all Invest an de mandation of the pe persnalty ofthe sate "The clases of ity shou unable to ge coro chose ave no Interests of ts Om the stg of society Wh the government sto be 30 ence tk Sih a litten represents Ube pest ofthe sate the We of Feed; tbe state has what no consason ean [Boe a repesetatve who can wlan socal eons aed us be Shit overenme the pnp of depenensy embeded In society. This Fatiion hereditary nary "Te thang motvatng the ung ls waste following I we emais ihe King the soared masses wl cone ass tho sue tw dred aantt the Kg: eter we are victorious and through Our ‘cory muake an Ineo enemy, awe ate elated and ave to Ise under tele tyranny, Only momrehy can bald the bridge Untien ur ad the oer lt of mit. 1 the only frm of escape fromthe stack af the nooner at the owes. The Jl Monash ‘sth seu of hee comers owever, withthe inauguration of the Joly Monsey representing suhe Benin Contant als the “uta power —only oe aspect of ir mle war determined, Sn ew form of rtp developed ‘ween the King and he moity group which othe emerges of “sonal moray, «me typo of tanarcheal rule Since the ruling as ene to nap the este, demands thatthe King 0 he “hte! that fe repent fo Rate, fregy any iedepeedene. The tng arto suboit unesndtoally to the msjrity of the Cheer... Con ‘tuton monarchy does io grunt feodom of cio or econ making, ow the ing ply lier than nent wh he wits ‘Ope may ask what would flow if th Kg refes to sb othe uirenent ofthe contain, ihe wast to remain independent. How [St pomble to erates monarchy whic i omc to contin: slim at al? the rg fo he thre upset and beyond te Eentrol of sciey the monarch cnn leptons Ive store en {nthe sot ter hae wae apne the Iter Tis righ hereon ft him in abst opposition he socal rd. Sskety can soccer ‘in mnlgaining #8 natural damnation by dete th lege imate lai tothe throne and by expeling the daaty In power, THs 'Sthe reson wy all relations athe tine of he re of the neue society ssa a chango of djasty. The sobsequen dynasty ll Be tom the hone only by and with the coment of the ring cls. The act of eatzonrnent wl sys se thatthe rope reogaive depends on the test othe ing date Though a new pence, 3 em type of monarchy I salad eich cannot am toby saying bot ‘consituton, Ava re soto omar eam be een ely by {ange in yay Such ws theca In Ens, Belgom an ‘The July Reoltion by eablhing the rule of he aequtve rocey, hd subjugated the sate tothe ruling eae of tie solely and to inorests It had replaced pea consiuoelom by tse eomttaton- ‘ln sni sealed dhs change by the change of yas Ths the deep ‘ating of the eatement by Laue Philippe: “From now on Be Charter Fepreens dhe tuk Tp this spt the mew rine acoepted the ‘sown nth pw ven ob by scythe he Ji Revolution mark thr bopnning af «pew fein the state of France fd in French once "The fly Reveuton an potantRasopea event, which marked the bani ofthe victor of tas scety ve the monarchy and ther robot ofthe eal sey a he cntnet A new ea bes, which ‘somber developed nae lal and comateny than in Frac “THE DEPENDENT CLASS IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY ‘The Ong of the Antegoiae ‘Capital mit ely an eternal factor I is property, Bt as, at srl of india! aetin, the etene of ral personal Freedom awells the oxoesary porque of fralom. Property plays this role In very form of sits, Beane thei very nur. Ton he typeof prop which var withthe dirt soci de. The fom oF pope in snl of ida eiety capital T bo eaaded fom ‘otal over ix oot merely to beled fom tn Ovmeelp ze ako mean to be eked fr the coins proving # Fl deveepment ef penonality atthe enjoyment of ei ery. The Indl socey, by creating + elce without capital and woot hatce to ever segue har etibiched an element of bendage Boag so der im fo from ono soil ste 1 the en India scty appt as the improbable of booming etal ‘ner. The po-owning char thes comes the dependent ls. The ‘ihaly foe mathe society bar made dependence intl part of ‘hel cdr within the dani society. "ei pe the cstv sect bs, a ea of he en penal Leeda, bought soot dependence oft wns las? ‘dite gers pil of freon the vey bse of fe in ‘eal society dor thr ot mean at the des of eda tl al €o Avie new foras of expreson and new fonts of ergata it tly developed das of dependents? Wil hefner seal Impules tt ack the condone wbich rate relsonslp of dependeney tod proce to srg forthe pencper om which the Indra oct i [sed oko expt ple material dependory, an fhe demand for end the avarice af Hbety remakes ave, nda sce ay cenege but ay mot be this to surive: The das of wonater, ‘pendent snd lading fede, cnn the did enemy of ext, ‘at happenin feudal scety & now repeated aun Ur dierent scutes a rugale f the wer dl mith the spr ss over te href derrmining exiting seal erder The Moetarit—The Emergence ofthe Industral Working Clase Dering the Jat cetay, when the ies of Murty and equally ba forthe fst tine speared in Europe, most people were Youd to the sai an were dependent on aeure even they were fe, The neds Df the overwhelming majrty were artabed by the domestic estoy | tr el by dept of aia inthe towns.» There wa alot 20 Unde except far dmeetcexcange bowen town and ety The ls of production snd ade were so aro that ite Bard ovale Ihe fog of ie prevaing st that ne The needs were reseed te wlat could be povided from the surounding county; wage wre ‘sll pid in Kind. Home procace was the pial mene of exci between employer and explnee. The worker consumod whatever he carnd witout rth ding, Tn conequenc, he had tie money Si fw opportanits to dopose fay of ts wage to a cra extent {he fot af ir ing meter ofthe family upon which he depended ‘vis ore imprint «The lw wager ad the working conditions ested considers the fre dovopment ofthe waking san. ‘The payment of wages in Kind has contributed spore to his dependence (ham ll laws snd al supresion the wert thar completely Sob Jjorsted the sodvidal worker to the odval master and to Ms fan “hgencral change of sicumsances was nt pose uo an altogeb- ern free vere to affect producion ud conumption, Soe al work srar doe by human bands Yoo large a share of he productive free ‘was consumed in the proces of production. Hence the supls of aber ‘Salle for tang was nglgle Industry bused en human bor ‘Soul not supply sflent yrodets fo the markets in order to provide fooogh. goods in exchange for wages, even f wager were all ‘ah For this ean, the laborer bad vt intrest in ey sot ‘here war no opportnity to prfably exchange "Tere wna Retr fan ceive to give nora nal te receive cath ip payment for labor ‘Sudely and strange camo, a te sae tinea the eas of Nhe. ty and equality appeared i Pratce, Be fist machines were preduced in England With them a new ea began for the economy of the whole veri, sfecting redaction, consumption sod trade Th machines be. ‘hea uly vevlationaty power he material weld, which they now Almiate and whence they deply pone into teal of tho mind “The growing mb of fasory werkers ad the mate ofthe Duty werk made «personal felatonship between factory-owner sad nbor Duty import and pany nnccesry. The factory workers then beptander sot domenc cone bcne fee person in the factory. When his work was aie nobody eared abot him He got pid in cash and war slot spend I ath. Head to st 1s own Houshold. No mater how modest wan made isin sl reliant and Independent of any sdividea contol Only aber a BS ‘This sep from the taditona dependency of his household to Inde pendence was of erarmnareoesquence Ie cmparsbe oly tthe raat event when the om leave hi father's hore tose up it om Iouseold Tn whole eo borers tock thi stop wherever enachines were itedueed «By making the Inborer independent he chine lad the basi for te independence ofthe working cas - Ths lemetal development we ot ele bt «throng spation of wrk ‘ope, manfeed by the parting of labore and owners who nl he Bad ed in che an natural eaten, aug mere ‘fs inporance The sepeton ef thet elma eal de ‘uloprent had ots caus by the iachie Only at this pein ea become appatent that de nets of the ners essentially diferent rom the ofthe bres ‘Th ses thn has ater seo the nderncs of he ler toward the eter. Prise ach be i agra ordi and hs gadall gg {the uation of whther the tomy wage sequent to the one tribution made by the laberer tothe total pro Only when th ‘weer snd separated from tho enters, Wolding is omey Wass do the conficing intrest of capital "and aber «become di ‘embie, Fem the sepaton between bie aod propery fo the tags which develops btircen them thre x bt one ep. Aad ‘ep, too, ind to be ten Benue ofthe wach, Under ‘be precading eenomic condo the nborers bad bees is ‘eso; ithad been dificult or iniposble to etablnh a det lace fog ments ef the abring dat all he mare so boca the ere time af he worker Bad ually Boen spe with hit Family. But om, whoa habe of workers woke in the same shop and were ee alert the days ark was over the equlty of condor sll a hr cam ‘muy of wk rated conn way of es community of Cght nd faa As ang a wages mee saifactny th new conn Wat ‘nly of sal portance. Bot when wage went dow andthe msry &f wage same teeame spon, while st the tame fe the capa cas indlged nan everpovwing ply of wealth and pomp te Dore: hea to consider theses ae dst owp, + spe oe ran of he nda weld subject to cetn mot yer chy debe lis, The borer had Tay he de the work which tan i Saly wel he ha Mele tine to spend with fury, Th inborer bad tv chance to accumalate capital andre his chen te become se tesa the prpery-otning cls On the contary, es ses that the cdrom stare sarning money ae wily av poste ther eden ensited following the fathers occupant sf they intr ad ‘len, he sme role remained val Inti way the labore pocon trcame hereditary, exaly ke that ofthe ewe, Ths heredity shar ster of ator, n conjunction ith the Face hat a et most Impose to change the poston of th fury, traeformed he working clas ino a status group. Ths cls tas altogether separated fen tht ‘spfaewaing las Tae dependent upon bose ante of snagonisn again the rte of capital and considered a powert ‘ppent by vite ofits numbers sed comeetation Wat the pearance ofthe nds iborng ca, which was flned by more ad tore workers reed from the bends of he fone tasters, the er hoe between the propertad amd the aonpropersed lass bad bee lowy eoublcbed The Prolanit (contin) The Wagereltionship. The Dependence of the Working Clas, “The appearance of the woking cla seme to be a mask of progres as compared to fomer conditions The personaly depedeot laborers Id become "peso free borers hoagh the fatry sytem and the ineducion of money wages. General speaking, legal -ality ‘ited everyy to each hae own eter on the bas fe "Svings. The rad 10 capil ownership was open. Independence made venody depend upon Is wn des, isa, hs indus ‘es and his tft This bose th sour of sll proveent ‘This, however, was only We nate sid of Uberti realization ended upon De fac of whet the bees hed ay eal hance {fling capa. Walt thr poulbity the wong cas wan in spite Sf independence, excladed frm the rule over aoity and fom Se ‘eloping fee personaly without this portunity the principle of FReedom wars dshuion, etens mockery for werng ast THe ‘pert of the future of rea redo forthe working cas, Became intial wih the question of whether the edt nberer could ver cur capital or ot.» Tho wage Teel was therefor atthe sore (OF the whole problem. And the laws which determined inst ‘wager were decive ns frat the freedom snd independence of the = ‘Sosa working clas was concemed "Ath begining of Ue nda, wages ad ben relatively igh ‘bene ofthe arest poi othe entepenaus sn he led omer ef workert. But tis could ot lain accordance withthe ins ‘ho economy, wager became edaned tthe level of rbaitence. Ax soem 15nd, atte boning ofthe ontry, had advaneed and wore. Ing clas tad emerged, the wages wet down, ding the second decade te century bssame an erase fact that the sverageindanrl factory worker was reo og wage jst high enough 0 sty his base eds Tt was iposble for bi fo accumat capital ‘Compaen played taold ole forte laborer. tapered among, Iubarers due to ther concentation in specie places and thir growin smumber Sine the workers dependent on wage for making vaghas te acopt work at any pce. Aeon orn of competion, impein among eareprenir they sos Sie thy can compete ‘cefly oly by Keplngthe pce of prods the owe pone Jey, hey wl ty to kp the cat of produetion down. The is slfscting the wage level make i impose fe the working ele ‘sera swell forthe Sava worker, segue apt T _er the question concerning then of fend in intl ssi 1 dost tomever, ak fl acount ofthe poston ofthe intial vething es. Sige the worker iv dependent om swage, Irae ‘wii the personal power f the enrepreear to te ho not, Tit [mer Inese tthe labor reserve rows It srw hat he werk Jey fre tact or eject the fob Nobody i fed to acct wer, swaps ate oo legally role. Therefore, the iret a lon te the employes, leplyfe Butstc he dependent onthe wage a0 "he wagein tn the employer, most xs hy aa i we ol ehh ‘vel pnd in ely on the abiary deine of the enepeenee ‘The ber mbit tothe factry ewer th the same lnewiable ne sy hb suites own ned, peo alla liberty he eo fet nt iree.» = The material depeodeace of thn borer on the pele th tnd infact in hee of the Kd odkng Deperience, wherever appears tend o bring about adversty and Axor by the ever ncrening prsste it geerates. Even the event indvaual ea Barly eet ti power af evi Laborer aswel ase ‘oon see this dependeace aad accep apart of thle il ela Ushi. The wodker becomer ether obtnate and mais or Gall ited tol oe ee «buena vac The pie of» fee baa be ‘ny bei io waver and wo dapper, he, the abner, des tat ave the power to defend hi pendence gaat thon who ave Gower et ‘itn his childs daily rood. On heer band he tr om ‘veyed obeys. becomes premmptioes, aught, and cus kward those who Seve hin and ndifeent about ther nferings and toe fatore, Th saukerable nw that sbmisvenes spa the master more than docs inate wickedness epeates on sal at wll a on ge scale The factory come «place af ney for all werk gins fo ck ‘ike punishment forthe worker, the mater tr Sead dad 0 ps the day Wwithowt Urata and cre! indents ill people can hope Foe altheugh the dys of slavery wi all the arr terete In oe Europe, siveyreappaas bere in 4 mece destucve form bese ‘2 Imposed nthe name of reodom, There are espa to the Sry, ‘of cause, where Inumane masts ty to make werk pleat and the wether bappy, tthe etiey a matter of chance, aly the indi Dasa ef Ue master ray make working condiens bearable [Ee may be elairelycomdrable wits god factory owner, Ba ily ‘he mati nile o anything tat Sry rated to Be proses Of work, and is indifeense penis itlerable working condtns, Shick could only be eliminated by trong courteractins ofthe mas to esd the mn of the worker Such the pero relationship rnling fom the material depen ence ofthe atre c thefactry owner: But dependence, ance eta Ished, doer nt remain revised fo persona elatons. The only arn of Independence lt 10 thr lahore ihr money wage: Np matter Dow ‘smal is. a8 longa he preserves he has Some independence Bette interest of the elon doe ot permit He eoy Re The borer as toby seer, food and eon The master ers thee for sale, hereby recing the cash wages extond. He can bay whleale bd without any rk and bo sting wth a smal pre or no pete at {I He ely set provide gon forthe works sore cheaply Ca Snybody ee. Abd ist nt». his grees interest to provide tings ‘heap ad wll inorder to rave he icotive for beter wrk? Tn ts fashion the nate als become the trades and the Lalor of the ‘worker, He bud parents end rent they he sel ellen {otda he restate ade contre fortboping. Th may not be won inst he degree the weer ene eater free ‘int ve io is stages a to asap a ware ten OF ag In consequence money wages wh ar fut miler o provide forthe ‘bso med ond to dsppear; wid the socal cottage system andthe truck systems neking wages ef laos ito he fal tage of pay ‘ment ind rom which the very sme fate ad asd the ering dae by aah payments “The cle. which begins withthe iovenon of the machines ani cash wags, ths seems fo hive cepted it couse, ad Yt something together new har happened tts pint A woking Gas har de" ‘lod whch egine ttc of el Sean indopernt it. Yn pie of feedom of acquisition Is ingossbie for tr members to act late capa: dt work reli are based se contract, at ther needa make that dependent onthe das of payers wh ae thee Apendency to reduce wages to provision af subsistence in ibd Even the equine soy, based an the 0 gest enepler of erty aed analy, has das veestblabed the penile of dependency inkereat Im any tcey, The property-ownig clas, whic owns or can acque ‘pita has heme the alg lace. The soa owag las faite 2 llty 8 equality, i tee bt totaly depen. The obetive sneer sto ada thet fe depence of the labore onthe ee oj salar fo Ue condos the srs in hereon to he ‘Mot people are wing tobe dependent fin eta, hey se assed sf walling. The prac ofthe new society whch ha ain epodseed ‘etemlcse depended on wheter the Wires recive soot and secy exchange for is depaences Ths lade eo the ote ‘ot chaning pat of the atin, The Pretoria (contined)~Pauporom, te Nature ond Consequences ‘Ther ave lays been por people nee suet, and wcll ey ox ntl yt lees Whowe le owe st dacs nt cum eputh property to live on por. Lost a ty 10 et sere cman of ay er ar fro of hh ‘our ehemseler are ot renponle. the enanization of Tabor fy however, this sn i eslred more theply, one mt atenpt to cape with Me on + ever! ale tnd icover mons destiny spat of Fo the ds of man appens| {0 he del gen to and Ivete In ean, athe wl of he een, 5 the Iw af Gad toe relied tn the eiting wel wih, ‘sewed by We same Ged, consequently must have beck crested Tot “Ts soem becomes + plilouphy of Bf, and there kes its place among the peat phosophes-a place of which t hal 2 fa been deprived, not de tthe poverty of is bas Hes, bu ov to the inomgrtybetwecn ts guocple and realy, sad pry ao Tense ofthe ack of understanding ated malas miierpretatin. 1t 1 certainly worth to stay serigny the manifestations of seca im throughout hisry with Salat Simon or with Foun, wha Beve attempted to formate the ws of the pedoctie forces of histy. (ne mst, a dag thie caregard the camberome details for the ‘ake of gaining undetandiog of the perl West of sialon. I ‘mention he numer of Saint Sinoe and Fourier tgeber Deeasse the Sie asi thought i expressed by both of them, albough bn ech ‘Sie diferent tonchsions se reached. The guetion of he ong ‘ten of industri only oo sang my thers with which ey leas easy to disepard the problems they ruse, and even ester To aeack or trial them. Ye thir sytome eect genuine ee tes for the st time ejyrment of ie bas ben seo dite, Set too prominent plein ie Tut the destiny [Besta] of tu, the tue sense ofthe word, tnbraces pot aly the Benes of the stra weld but aso Che Withee porntter of mers development in the worl. Tt alo refers toma amoral being. For what sr moray f wot the fl brent of amen denny as ape by God? Whatever {dois harmony ‘with ny destiny T do de ecodance sth Whe wil of God hers to other moral peeiple beer tat one. Therefore, scale ater Imong established it asc tewrt-deeops nt ely plowphy of fe (Wetenschawung} bet alos bosonic morality, the arbeaton for the atieation of the Sesh The organization ef indy whch soci demands sr a demand aot only onthe bas of the es sf oatre and history bots domand of praca ethic, the expen ‘f Gots wll ith reg 19 haman an 1 wo try to summarize French pnp’ of the Inst entry we in say that i J opposed to the noten of higher destiny ‘an which cannot be relsed fo thir worl. Thi rejection of belie in Gad, in the tate and in the euch i fallowed by the adoption ‘the iden of geronal never, While Vote was the ain expo0. fata the negative ide a thi acool of thug Diderot the pl ‘Sopher of personal terest. aed his greatest succouar ie Heleeus ‘The solute Ego conceited by Descends ty pie in the ma ‘eral world, while in Germanys realm ie conidered tobe the rato idea Diderot and Helvetus have »sigufcance for France which [sila to thet of Kant and Fite fr Germany. Pera ttre ‘rods the formals for the sopreme juifestion of the Ep and Sctins inthe sphere of rely, the confrontation withthe strc {gn the materi pole! eh ‘man. This Is the Hen which the ast cory hs handed down t the present Tut where I we Iook at France, do we Bad dhe application of the‘we ets of French thought oral? The anor to is qt to is obvious Tecan be fod only what we ave called eta, ‘We should net be aacaceted by the fact that the saat tens ‘ht fr hive ot ensompased the whale prob sea open ham, bor that they have nor peed int all the fmpatat cso’ Doved the averons they have made” ‘The mai. pote thatthe Stes ene repre fr anor = the point at wich he er ‘pon ofan’ ner ie and of tie meg io © praca! ye ten the amet at whisk the understanding of ing eat the ‘out what ought tobe. Sails bar thr soied = ange poston | French phibwphy.. “Alhongh chiming to present othng bat sol site. acl Ha ramen far beyond the Unis f the arrow Seid t which ha coined ale ‘What then hs sce pope for which scam had veep 1 sc interettos? Society He nat oaly a Ft at only como Wy of ng ie he nate: Sosety i he nar wich anges to the Indl, acording fo rid lw, is wold destiny, the standard of ‘ton af tr invel personality.” Soca, by developing, { phlosopty ef fe onthe principe of work, Bas forthe Hist nest forth the deal to view the wile material wort elo he ‘assy af he fnvidual. Soka har thus conned te tu eat these of men isnot ona gen oder, but Ba the vty of fs appearance and pips ie the form In which the destiny of {he eral wold fest eto seve the Ind sea fulliset The spore sonal der nothing bat the spel sage sehch this inidel development as reach. It here tat sod ‘an as blsed the tall for the Lest apd most igned nt tation of the rare! world and telaenhip to tbe idea of per sonal. COMMUNISM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SOCIALISM. It isnot umasual for communism 0 be Interpreted the tence of a umber ef systems whicbaving the same pot of epartare ts scale although reaching dierent theeetealSncasns nea Bs the other hal of the etoly docenire movement Inthe devel "pment of the social contaiston of ow time, isa undertand se iaterpreatin. since commun representa mot Dy more es elaborate theories vet fallowers who set ep school of thot fn! engage In purely sctie propaganda, In order to ude the enence of communism, one rust search fr 8 common denriator ofthe common peinaple of thee rater, Many prop believe dl they understand he sent tents of communion if they ave (gasped main pricple and is variations ‘This opin i the ‘main reas forthe any vague and ernenutnetione sat com ism; if one wanted ty endetind how ths phewomenon of com ‘munism occu inthe Misery af 4 ato, how fem, spread and ached ie present strength, Oar mt ave all guard agaist. he Interpretation of commune sr a defies dear and logeal sytem Even at preset, communion, gring im sength aod ope, har 20 specie deci, ail th india commune weds and =yems Inve litle or no power at allover comma as 2 wink communist Int sometimes accepted sont felted them, har Temporaciy fembreced them but again forgtten them witout changing Is hat fcter‘or ts ston Ths 6 precaly why commarism i 80 much tore important and mote power @han tcl. Te ennot be done that socal sch sper as system than anything communion Ins offer sosisn ns ad « dep Infoence om the arous com nb systems, more than the commons ewer Hee to aeknomlege Socal isthe sont exeesion ofthe ieerpretaton of the soc movement by a nda, wlle communism isthe nepense. 9 ‘bole clas, the exresion of a whole socal situation, Te specie Glootines, ts pumps and other material it lle e but Sepe fal pire of communism. I inner mning canot be understood lke dat of socom rough eae fate rincpl, immune can bo unduetood only spurt of the skanent of industrial cet ad the inherent conbaditont ofthis sity “Therefore, it ules to atept a doctrine desition of com smenism- Comnunian is «phenomenon ad 4 tend in the Contempo fy weld, hich har St dre ation t the ctadietions whi Sera soley at which ha ade bath majo cases of hs scl ‘war of this contraction, It ae not developed legialy bt row Iustrealy. Tindtonal story cannot explain communism: on the [story of society an analyze ts oa, nature and content We lave shown bow the ewe of iberty and equity daring. the last hundred yrs have fen acepted as the pencpes fram which {he socal moverent tn France proceeded. «= By the eral of the Resoraton, sey apparnty had reached i Gal gal, and ther tnd ealty had become the sagen of ll canes However, as soon 1 the allamee between the owning cass and the praetaret ad fest the Roseraton, it became evident tht the emergence of Industral Society growing ot f the alive rat bad agua peda erty au equality by making i impsube forthe indusworker to asus capi which bd bere the porque of Ibert equity, “This way of hoking a been aceped by the people eve singe the eoltom and bey atid equity had ecane the’ aero al a ‘ules and th cause of all Shoggln, These two Was have survived ‘he mbjopatn ofthe working ce bythe captal owner, hey romp "hearers ee fhe aston a to wheat so many ies ol ther the enemy of bert, he sacongeeble Ge of depen fey, may pssly be lated ‘Sloe the people hal everiewn the old eae t order to bol ‘sh depeadeny, twas oly sal hat fey shuld lack ward the new sate nity to vfeguand erty. Bat fr the people the new ate temsined exentlly the sue at bore the July Revslton | Any ‘ange which eccied did not alec the ole! postion ofthe propertly, hut nly ha of th ning cae The ele soon etme daltoned, sad now the same atghlsm. which ae fer rrly ded agin pendoconsttorlian bose Acted gant Coastetonlime proper "Thus uized beat wih the supp of 90 Tel demncracy tr forte so af nepebicensn and of the lange repre, «sgl so which the Repo was Sly Aefsedby contitetenlim, ‘ter thr deat popular intrest i pollical change slowed owns rcomising intiively that cotati 5 wt amir GF principle bt war rather mater of secondary importance the Dreple now tured eaten toward the major anager So Secty. The socal order slo seme to eat tance a tere ft It easy to discovers derant pint I the pence of the rae ofthe auners ower th nomowners, freed by de stato the famly ad protect by the aw and te power of the state As Soon ast recognized by the clas of omnes, which ts day ‘roving in sumbors and importance somite change tthe iter Deaton f pub asics suddenly thes place A hated against all Properbawners develos,paricleyaguiet cals who Tre on seemed capita seven The. qurston aries of whether prin ‘pl which tolerates the social subjepation of oo-owners by th dl veness of emney ean bee st principle in relation to Mbrty and Silty This pring, the lew of property an the peseraton of SE amin seni beg qesonet by th naw Ye mere guy and. rd the move they ack propery ity fe The dubt sate aloe dese ttn a fn'an antago gait thee Yostiions and represent the spat of is cl... thie negation which makes the owns class fears ofr sek condone and of the antagonism of the ang Soaial order against the teas of Mbt abd equal. Thi maton {2 he tue sol proper expen ofthe loner conditions which acrom pny th ong and Be ie of ssa sory ty sto sea the light which make have condone, i gives ne t specie stems, mare of es important and varying according to the basi Iteret of the odie! author: however the anagolso sell i {niferest to thse systems it persist in the pure Rezaton o BCP tty sod the tution ofthe fay Ti therefore ot In = postion {o cape what supposed to appen the stations are sbosbed After thsi ie hoped that» postive sauton may be fund in which the dons of Whey sod equality would be acorpomted tO ne system of eopeny snd ltbor elton The eager india 0 ‘ety "pass the clr the postion of the proletariat becomes All individual yptemeand movements have enentally no ha fe tion forthe mater of inintial were than clay dei the postion. Tas accepted by all communi soe and all tions determines the geowa clinte of popular opinion. No spate stem, no deep tg into £8 prablons, wo elbor ate amlye i equred In order to teal this Any statement regard Ing the njst poston of Be proletaret falls on the forte sol of the sad ad opeles condone of the poktart apd simelaseos)y ‘osches all he horde of te mntual td material ie. Any doubt Property and he ‘aly sauder to the worker ap undertanding of Nie misery; any demand for material dopendeoce sod equality 3 nies sympathy wih fis hopes ‘The deep contacto imbedded Indust soy ha fun te ttle expression The pecleteat Is fond the dein of 1 poston in the realm of seas these lea hve algae the various socal poop nt he fo gest sage “This Is the general rend of develpment of the prea com seloases, The swmrnees 20th part of the pletart of the oon tration between Is positon and te Has of Hoey and ually result In ¢ negation of property nd of the fly they Brome the seat opponents of Uhery and ality All the systems, sts and {movements which grow out of the awareness we ball desgpate by ‘he term comin Te tow Decomes cer bow wong ste the ho Inteeretcormmenian only as 4 spi sytem built on the pape Uf ation of property aod the fly, at ow deep the ere of ‘ote who wane fo fut communi wih weapon appropiate fofhe a wrong sjstem, Neier loa refutation, nor a benevalent sdsoniton no sroqunt dear ll be of any bel. Comments, fades, historical fact ofthe greats signee, » ioral fet Rowever eclanvely forthe heey of society Commurisn is the coitan of whic scilsm fr more the symptom It nein Dita stage of snes development Ste antagons of the ‘en with tal ost ch ees he aa t Tet ae not desl ounces. "Th gat soncery and tre ch comes, even are 20 than socal, tas aroused aon Gt ‘many, even the far which the concep af csoumaniem ings, 8 esl of te growing understanding of the deeper meating of com ‘munsm, meaning. which tansends any indivi commune Stem Ifa communion, spend ver the mais, spe tng denies one arid ot oly of the danger which a taken fa ruinous doceine may ring abo stated sicely ae sllod ‘aint commnisn ot becae thy expet disturbs by the wok sng cls or even an occasional el Te Uae concra the fact at communism, atthe exprsion of potaran claw eonaourns may Sharpen the ppostn snd the haved betwern the two Brg cles fscny ead tar Become the seed fs general European soe tvihin the very Beat of society. Indeed, tere ean be po doubt at {he ition of the people hee beew righ If commanten i ely the termina! post which the development of dhe pelea fal reschen and the proletariat mceesaly grove ot ofthe edit Sacer then poble to onside commanizm aan Slated French pwsnmenon? ence tht ie should speead ver Ga many and might spread ever Surber tothe exten hat the fds ‘rl of scey spreads? i the ncenant gow of commune fev of commoniste propaganda? ‘Gate the entry. Science vet ade wot reoating from the tri, hat common natal end ineviuble phenomenon ty ation which har developed fom a at soley ito am iss Teal socey and which har piven roe to proletat Thee 1 oo power ia the world which can prevent the goth af communi mutism ie not only face but a neceary hore pot of tension the development of sity Tie specie mses sch omnis ings sbow are leant. but communism Well as 2 Stage of soil development Ix inviable ‘The flowing peesntation of cont Ws om his pot of view "The commons yee are of sonar inere,tey are only ‘he’ igm poste in the aa, what eset the atade of te lower cise whch ceont be deduced thoortly hot bas toe staid empielly- Theloe, we shall It == the couse of ‘event supra and pain the specie content af communi, REPUBLICANISM 15904505, ‘The Natere of Republi ‘To the extent that the sate comtition i & manifestation of the ‘euiting soil onder, the aceptance of a theory which atm at ‘verroving the exiting order Impose, oven this they cepted by a considrable prt of the poplaion uses Ws hewy vss out af ceespoeing stagoism in society. The ame Ie ue {er the oposite ate, Wherever thre sol actagontem fn soy, ICs mponle fo check the spread of such & thowy, Fer ie Te son-whith can only be dscovered by dhe sence of onthe harder Sind most entensive meaner applied agai subversge ree aed ‘movements i either eerie, at i illtsted by ihe hatry of the sable socal order of England, or ules, ae Has been demos Seated by te ister example of France ‘Therefore, if repuienism arses, sprade and. gets fotld mong the ses of the people a anytime of tn any cour, he frsepocple of pot olen and istrclanalysir eoght tovbe tht a pollcal movement of minor sgnemce. It Thoweverall he more important a+ sympton of the socal vee Hone doses 10 suppres republication one hat sant eat wih ‘hanging sical ratans, stad of eli ot the. pte Rep\bl ‘anim har slays been the pees of the stg of the mur ‘ally Tngee ut soilly seppeened clas agant th lee rumeroae fuling lee With the exception ofthe st two year thi interpret tion has never been more decsely conned than through te bis tory ofthe French republican ovement under the July monarchy ‘Abeady during the Restrton lt of young met, putes of ‘he edcted cls, ised by the stage of the bourse the Faction and nahle to understand the spectre of thi ug Sle, had eehosisaly devoted thanslvs to this movement Bat {hs movement. which had alt predoinnly” to safeguard the Iinoene of econamie terest fe poles, had rejected these 9010 ‘en, snc they dil ot reset syhing bot tit own tthe corfused pions... They conesivd the iden of changing the rder of the sat exlsvly on the ow. Commanding v0 pube ‘ater, pany as a rele of Dat peony, pry an rent of Sir sncisononie condition, they coal tants purpose cay by contig themsehesar'4 geup whos power reed up Ht ‘soit sins and upon the complete sbednce of he members. Tis (he origin ofthe fst secret set In Pa, under the leaden of ‘Besar who later Beare Sant Shatin of Fltrd and Bushes ‘he founds of the grup. Tha war the sckty of the Garbo Tr {ound parade, yet is confined bejond all doubt by thse who low, tht ths aiecaton, from he beginning to th end nover Boe what’ tod Tor It member ad nothing in counon escept lated against tbe Restraton, Lous Ble ir aboltly correct hen fe states! "Carbon in ts panation 1 poweeul nd acing it pice lh. Its rin spores pred tet bt prinple ithe following statement: Power ino fre, Une Bow fons have been recstiblsied by frigners the Ciena dere 1 rintte the fee etarcoe of the rights to which the French ation ‘ated to choo the government wich it peters” The soca ISbasol on ap shaky penile na coslrcy ih great del of ccxhusasm, But wit any meet for the Tote, without any ‘onal pli, a prey any wilful past. The ager the fra {be beter {twas adapted fo the varous muiftatons of aanoyanee sc Bal” [Lowi Blane, Mite de dix ana 1 90) tsar pat te adds "Tce were song them Repuieans, Orieaiso, Bospar ‘ts some joe the conptacy within xy Purpore bt to cope, ‘Te activites were a varied a he pelle aod Inthe Beart of the alliance thre was at sich 4 tal moment nfhing but cas” ‘Asd yt thr overeat ha ead over all of France and beyond ‘Outstanding men, nach at Lalo prtpate Init and ed thei ves for eT wes drowned in td. and followerr sled as \ oe a great caus, How war ch't phenomenon poner ‘We have shown how the ner stugue in France under the Restor: ston was Sed by facons of the segutve soit gaia the rom ‘ton of fendal princes, Carona, wit allt deve. and ‘enfusen, had no spe sole thi stage I ebay sod for Something le, something that those tht leents dna com rcbend dd no pape even acknowlsge: What was tis third le neat which qied'to ert full eaghataly altovgh inrteltay Bride Wve sho fougk fr th gtr of ezeship o Kr fenalicn? ‘Until the Joly Rewluton aobedy bad raed the quaton. Car. a oo ete wt fran. Du sd had gown eben “he cdiacas wee cd, eet Coyey eit ree dey the fe ft Retro wat eed, and aly Pence age ‘snd the Tot oer the Tue, tera at tc ap, those rged apn to he peopl they wee fee The OM tr were deoyed’ Nw ies Ene be sable The mesg of tho grat cy tad oped very gly oe ll Proce ple sos pete bee hg ome Rer wet ge oat ‘Se re bing reed: Appr new ond ered “Tom ilo rion sf dye ne bf th ponte Bad scowl tht fond cea srdcnig 9 a eae {ive The Dake of Grtwshas Bom Ital ts Reery 1g SCiSt worn ould he Chaser, Te Reet ey Sela Show wa the happened? Who Ine it to sage 2 eevhn? Wh ce bt the plc And hod po an ead 10 Wee th Deon como Wee ty pte sumed? Did Se pe Barhave sce ditng snow coc alt meen, {horum of he Ghinter of Beptar net? Di went re trot ha, shoe al Bd do whe tpcd hve aunts fo iS tic the manda eat tnd boul not Win thn, toast the revoton fa coe? The pope Ne Only inj cha pay desiedChnner f Defended othe Bio wi aden feat by Wo dept hemes ‘stout constaton wih th peop wot rte othe pop {nd wit sate om han isthe etn of ee PE {Siacin socrdance wih enw othe et Cael ot Smit ve besa acto ell sony dns or econ st ‘ch, burn ceil wart 2 ep vin tad tough Hr of abd Who Had seed general ace anor othe sow tary? Ihave bens fesse the Eg {etme of he sat « per whi fad made sity deen {© tapas ew lms tpn Ge wile sao What power eld we hve ota” On that power which the Chaser of Dept ahning tht Ato 1690 sept by ha ey Campin ‘aden “pore ous ed ‘nc Gane othe propery qulicatin oe meer of he Chas ter wih cetised te tot mosay are saute ie ‘cies were the sl cata andthe Sed were te bi cap {SE Th lee depen eps na on spe st ie ‘eve th soa fhe soe sy Leap wealta or the captains who, witht femal sights and witout a mandate fram he pope, ha wasted monarchy, dered the ‘evan a be ove tnd ba tein the new Contin. “The captains fad uniped the highest logue power of the state in decsve manent witht consulting the people, The te tton of the July Revaitin trugh the od Charter and the sein pf th new monarchy wer, ide, at hy which the sail east oF cpt by taking posession ef te gaverment,etabloe ell &s the ruling cls. The oof the Jy Revolution was followed by (he cxalshientn0onyof the Frach sate bo ako ef. Freeh seit it ddenlytmaght the eoqustive society as yet undided Int elements. hat the capi were the cul els. Thos ‘he sudden mansion fom the peeodig frm of salty to an ind teal wcnty war acoaptised Anew fn of wbordinataon wa era ld in pls of the alder ane, wich a ot yet bom completely sbeled by the Revoltion. Ths was the meeping change vue inthe appstaly uit apd noncetotersal aston ofthe ew mos atchy. The Jly Revolution, Geoe, had nt nly destroyed the las ‘stig of feudal bat had alo ez he ole of ind soe: Thief why the July Revolution wus pedoninatly Seal retiton ded. if expat now tok the place of fda moma, the des of ety ai equality, rained uring the Restoran, soon bad fake acount ofthe sew form of domination ano dsr ha Rew Sotagoist =. What would be the marfrtaon of is new antago im between these ideas and the existing de? Since the new monarchy ai held Consitatin Bad been en stated by the representatives of capil, ponachy in ptr at loteepeted by the parsons of sali and tery at the dete fxponent of the rule of the capitaowning. ase ver the rest of Sceyrall the mores sine bectme icresiagly mire erident thatthe monarchy asthe songs pla of the Tale of that le. Indeed, te origin tnd growth of gine. coneiutonalisn proved int this inerpreation was core. Sion the fet days of the me ‘aomarthy th intuition ofthe prope had been coe he monary the July Revaluton preted forthe people the permanent com Simaton of the fet tat this evohiton bad esas the din tim of the ring last of fads sory over the te "The ible comeequece of de ing was single. The whole sector f the popaltion which, for purely abstract or postive socal ‘estos, repret the ideas of ery and equal ttl oad 22s2t2s2+ ee i ' j i i { i i 4 | ‘gant dhe tito, the monarchy, which considered «be he ‘xpresion ad the sored of the xt powered adversary of thom {ae This wtor of sity was leva evento Beh the mo schyonot memardyap such but Sint which 1 represeted From | Ingle st well as 4 democratic vewpoin, the ideas of Mat tn sualty afer the July Revolution nenasarly Ind fo be opposed 0 the i of nary, Thu the question aoe as to whether evar ‘usa all cone with tes ten, Aud ine te answer ea the ace, the republe appeared to be she oy comtitation 9 iste to the principe of erty and equlty Fer this rasa repo Kis after the July Revolution petnts avery imple std eat ‘hsomenan sn th racal movement of the Preach peopl TW ought to be lee by now that republicanism Was ot at all 2 sere thor, it gle acetone, not en Beuse the elec of Lous Philippe wae tghy cbjectionble om a lepal pat cf ew aad swat aceped meroly eran accomplished fact, bar because 3epub ‘ism was apart of the soil realty of hat me, Te was the ist Su mont vivid expresion of the antago ofthe dependet aga ‘he rullg ust inthe new instal society, the et and gest saga cf the struggle of labor against capital” Republaisn, wo mater Tw one Teks at Kis essentially negative et ye anything cept rejection of monary t Hoos wat does mot wane bol sy ‘fused sate gone Repbcanar hx age ony he expres Son of che angie of sedate sosety ner «contra roman. Repub te itd aware ae society so a here the derper ots of his antagonism are Tested, and therefore Te canot ree what wl appen ever should be vconus Ths 15on tho.ope hand. dearly dhe suena of republicanism. Duo t the ‘iguroess of 8 ga the fo clement of replicas, he domoerate Sd the scl, can til cope On the other han hit tack of Seuenes ie alo the wenkoest of sepubeanio, Deas vaben ‘bar deprives repuieism of the sength to act decisively st the ‘rope moment tad skp of conidence, which the nl tate 1 imccerr even fr moves vehch have. been cztally prepared. Tepsblcinis remained pore negation of ronrchy tm the nme of equality sod ibe st therefore bad to come tan eo belre "he specie character of the socal movernent cold rerge Tf we row the Mtery of the fet Fred Revolution, wo als secept defeat et tracer te stg ito another en. The cbt Sete ail eaten, 20 ar general partlpaton in puble ae ut becuse ofthe Army and te National Gud tte wat no hope fer immediate sucess tou the use of sre The Republican Party oral to the lst method of sbverdon by tncoming a under {Bound movement Well aware of th fact that spar rouge trol weales i tempted to ccacenrate tm strength he {Sel eS ep wih ono prtt o the Ca ‘With the bgoning of the year 1802 sest fihting stated. The epublica hoped In hit way to gun the vicar wich war Geind thm by the clterat hw of te Chanter. Toward the eo of 151 ‘he ft reve bake out in Lyon. Tis tach dseesed veel was ther repuian nor ssi; it ae smply a rel of 4 ing Alspate betwees masters and Joueyien. Bukit war hers Wat the laboring clas became fr the Got tie aware of the fact that se invests were Closely otenwoven with those of republiaisn and tha beth had t srgule against « commen enemy the dominion ifthe capitals Indod, tht depute estblabed the bridge beeen democrey sad the prosarit and We alliance of beth fr yest come. The outcome o thn dpe, of which Lou Blane Kas gen a dtaedsepet Vall, Ch 2), which ened with the total rejection ofthe dernnde of the former, coord foward more belgeret atstade of republeaniem whch wat need fn der not to lose the power std portant spore othe kes ‘Wit the hepioning of 152 the leader of the Hepabean Paty sod ‘foe the eae mere openly ‘Side by side wth the Soo des ‘Amie de Pouple thee developed the “Callie Society” en the "Sok ar rot de FHonoms Thy ‘cublshed contacts bat no oer dacons were made exept a1 tual under sich canditonsto be prepared. At tr moment Genet marque died. He had teen one of the owt dtingsed lads of the Republican Paty at ip Fane the stame bake cut. ‘The. gov frnment hd been prepared, 2400) men nese reay forthe stg, they were supported By secret agents af the goverment nthe cbs ‘The yvolt claps. The replica wee diapered defeted. the vest a hard of men, sot dw mer the cater Se May. Sach sis the fate of dhe reo of Jane Sand th, 18 Tepubianam hed mt a seo delet, But the government did 0 lini ato contol the rou of the sets. An invesgnton ‘est the Sod dr Ans dy Peple war aegated. Thema ‘Porroe of tu hole tral was to israte fe imi bacetr of open, ‘Thi fe mai reson why the tl sof hati Interest However do mamas of the Revolution wee sil mach too vid the fry acted he defendants This was a legal victory svc ery well sommes for dhe fet of Jone tb ARongh the Preident the jury had decared the sey dosed, repubensisn pin ssied ir hea. A let showdown ba to be attempted. “The year 1853 was approaching, the year of preparation forthe lust decision en the fore of replicon. Tho pres of the arty feted with eer owing redleamess,- The Sicté des Drie de [Home now beste the cater of replicas This sey ered fiom al the oboe In one spc pi wa the Best sot which ‘tempted te formal dete al forte nderakingy Teale Weil with the republicanism of the it Revelation apd compte as {ie program the Declaration of the Ripe of Man by Robespiene ‘The ecaraton wae published ax se own manifest. With the publ Caton of tis nas, the contr ofthe new republican was ‘Stabe. wae the tring pot i the whole Ritry of rep Henin "This declaration stowed fr the fist tne that wo exensaly a forest encompass seenteexsed thin the vepam mover ‘ent’ For the program of that sokety contained, im aon to po. ols rguning te organisation of the republic, «age mabe of focal principles. t sggssted an "emancipation of the uring lass {Brough an improved sytem of dstibaton of aber, fer dts bain of oft and the preparation of callstvzaton” The Rights sf Man of Robesperte went even fart; ( Article 6 & had been ‘ogested that “property be permite ony ia ese goods which wert ‘let ip uals to all the ly the te sould take over Oo Srpauation ‘of Inbar andthe dation of commodies, and te ower war soppred tain the ands of the maces. There is no doubt thot the member of the vai dd ne lea reli the eonseeuenes| tf tere eatoments, but poplar sete anon beams swore 3 them ‘The public of thie rpublicsian anbraced tore than a b8 for = specie strate of th ate To be sre the ener of om tari of of sia was oto jet ow, Bt he Bt ctor these thcghts hess to appetr The newspapers of the upper cas trae the weak points which republicanism ba espsed Tt be ine incesngly ere vos tht the eae wae tot primey oneof new for ofthe state ut of «ne form of sacty. Those who ‘wee dobefl the queion started Yo sebeat. The tner strength {be salty was broken efoe even had a0 operant fly 1 "The Chamber recogni corecty that had an advantage over replica, which ad lt itl over ie own progam, The" frame, howevey,tlated fe ats By the Society But Soon thet steps were taken» public ale ofthe newspapers war er Ite ad esi Mare, 1894, the Goverment ttedacad Inv scaring to which were rxieten ee fried under The eat A yunhest This aw ame emer the Sot des Dots de Fiemme Te laws deration a wa by the Chamber aginst epics i general At soon at the law was publshod the Fepblens Yok Up arms fr the fat tine. The stage broke out Stmtaneosly ty Pes aod Lyon. There as rarely Ie such a on fash, such a ack of contol me atthe oak of thi stole. The Mano eked a Inader lacked plan ced wns and moins iUlehed above allay at thir pot, the support a the male ‘las: Mepubleanam was sot. tought beavely and Jog, tt there ‘as pot the ight hope for vier. The Covent had een well ‘retard, welcomed the atack a an opportunity to dees se mar [aley by one toke, But mest dctve wer tie poston of the Natonal Guard. Ie deity sd with the Government and fought sth eat courage agunt an enemy which #sospected of Boe an Ueny of propery at well 2 ofthe Centon. Theeepablcans ere Aiea; they dspened sal dint; the Sone ds Dros de THonme ‘war dislies, the pasones condemned afer slong and severe tre and the power of epubiasian was daitoyed A the ‘ime ine, now elections took pce. Repubeanem fled completely The Goverment deri iif kay withthe ling cee From vt on the indus scl ender and consti seemed fly ‘Stabiised The September lve of 1855 were promelgted They Seared the public defense of vepublian theories and. publ ase ies « ime, We nny ow ase Who, afer al, wom ip thi fouryear Bate ‘who wat defeated and what are the ommsuences of that voy nd thir defeat The Tronition tothe Fest Purely Social Mocerent-Communion ‘Clinsng backwards over the development of French society during ‘his peo, ene dicovers et was he Jy Revlon whch hd sranfamed the amusitive sey oto inde soy. Porter Store, Ke bsemes evident that in iadustral society the opperion [etween the property omer ad the propery I eres in tems tthe oppodton between capita and Taber, sad Wat all dependency Ii in pactce a comqurace of the rule of capital The oppo tio which aoc mediately guint the Jay Revolution war based fn the abstract principle of iberty and equaly, which viewed the ‘public tra form of goverment coresponding to this prinple Th Principle whi is lted tthe plea manifestations equality iid Wiest, ws ndifret to the hanbuton of peoperty therefore ed fellowes ely im theory. The number of these flowers was ecessry sal and) powerless against the prevling law, TE the publics wanted own they had Yo lok for les beynd the bere of pure repbieaisn ‘The July Relation tad seously damaged tbe quickly advancing gow of induties, Many enterprises wore destroyed, others were Aiemptd. Mary laborers were. atleast tempor, nempayed is Snr of the fat thatthe Taborers So pantera patted Aleciely in the July Relation” What as thelr reward for al ‘Ntvgdle and thi sciiser? Did treat im ping than pelt ‘Sty sigue ol? An intr of thet polite Mery? No, Prop. fry dualifatons aliough reduced, were to them as probbive 82 before The Chamber wus not concer with the Tt of the lbores They etna what ny had bn before, the rected hdeen of the "Bat one thing ud change. Up to now during the Restoration they ad tad he for sn improvement of thir conditions toath & gos sal change of ccumetanser Tis change Jn. crcenstances fad cured bot thet hopes were dashed, they Bad Become 20 much {he pours fr I “The seflering Ibores, therefore, inmate trsedsgaaet the sae qua, jst at they Id done ring the Restraton, Bat isotd sod unable fo size up thelr own situate, ey linked fr Tiederhp among the upper lis Here’ the repeats ton ato lone The conmuny of interest was soon vinalard, and by the fad of 1890 the masses ofthe laboring cas made common eae With ‘he tepblcans. The opposition egint the eustng peer contained | ‘ow ro difret clients: the republane reptseted th leer {Rip sod the ingens the wor opreteted Be phys power ‘The mses were now United under the banner af rebar ‘On the race, thie epublieniam war ected agi he tonchy, Hower, the consttns! monatchy a6 established by the evalu was ean aly the farm of goverment og which ‘ndtv soty tle, The delete of onary meant the defense of the ale of cpt in scsi Wid the delet of reeds Heanor opt! bal gunn a vce: ‘wae understandable thats knot Smemedatly Seay tne ataganit Te ntuned hat fo del enly with republicans Te defnde tale again epabieism and attacked The rep «anon the other and, tool heron ted theses lee fo he Wong lass since hey ere the oly eile soporte they had. The [Mbring clas, however bug diets. demands or mater improve reat 1 the replicase And wile on the sue sopubleted t frchy seemed to be th sole ntaonsty, cl changes ele place Serally which were to duaace the fare of France, For the Bt ine ance 194 the problems of the br movement and the sepa can sats became Tues for the Bt time it bec event that something wat happening lo Frame hich went way Beyond mere ‘epubleansm. Thete was. vague avazeneas at te Repuban Paty ‘enied 6 elements wich, alow ated in ir sage agai the onside worl, were destined > Bihtfor Supremacy within that con rk “A int repsblcnem asaned hati woud be able to expat t ‘oom advange the demande of he nboring se wot puting £0 ‘mot them "The signfance of thie war Boe at yet uadertond The ‘epeblcan Iadrr i the Geman of th working cat at trot Sun the poperty-owaig car they ated the Catton for the ‘ser of the laborers and thy probed everything to everybody Ia frchange forthe esabishnene of republican sate goverment. But the per ofthe workers gre: everyday they echne more sate of Thi actual goals nod he republicans, sos wit eng mare sere ly fore to taf dexter rm epee frp lia principe nto representatives of the woke and of ther specie sail iaterete In rer retin te apport ofthe workers, they had stray daring the al deuances in Bars 181 given thers Bag ‘ich eared the slogan: "Du pain ola mat” Dring the reo of {yon th dg ante forthe fst soe the walt Sseripton “Vere en trouailant ou mours en combatant” When the defewacts of the ‘eral of 182 stod before tho fury, Codey Cavan, the fremest speaker of the vepebler, sho bad tan over thet defense, went 60 Ears to prset sepuinninn a the general vet fal hore new instatons wick were designed ta change ssey Pathe an the te “This pech in part seconded by Laue Blane Vo: HL, Ch 8) sea strange Anca 1 ilstates how deeply SsitSinenim tad akeady poe fete. Cvalgnae demanded the organization of scene and the gan ton f nbs “With regard fo work, we demand tatiana ingore subordinated tthe Snares ofthe rey or the Sle, We dora thatthe worker he mo lager eplted by the capi, that ‘wage thould not be the only compensation of the woe and mainly Unt week meee than anything eve shoul be thee of the exsraoe of polical ight, forthe Me of sosety is based ‘op work and not co Proper” However, could aot esape some republicans thatthe allisce svt the india woking class ad Ted ther into road whe end They cd kenny to ferlte general phe; 8 was tule dict decide on spinon; aad it war ahogetic rgon SEE divert the tought of the workers fom the Seton Sto which {hey had desig Yo 30. The leaders knw thi peey wll At tht it ths slaonhip of the two elements hed to be died Ht tue that etl clement ad socal problems determine plies! ceuation, the mprsntatves of tbe later have to subordiaate ea eves to thove ofthe former. Once the sce quetion hal cae nto {focus tepubleaism, In otde to remain the leider of te rovemest, Ind to mjc te plcal Yor socal demands. Beng the sperma fora Foe constitution, ow had 0 become tw champion of fe secty Nester the republican tor the deratiewoveme ile ‘rae this mevitble procs Ar soon asthe pare repubbesne per ‘Siva her thors bore connguences whic they rere abe ‘Sol they sbandoned theta. Al tinguished members ofthe arty withdre the middle claim apprehension oro sn, End 'in searncy of what would feline abandoned republenim ‘Ths happened that by 1804 republcnin was destroyed extra {well ener, From tt eon deatacy ba fo Cte set ‘Sampen. Ths was the great slgicano ofthe foeging vets. Te itoge ofthe press rellted these importat changes A punber of publican stuspaperscapeclly the “Popular” by Cabstesleed ‘down, othere-nuth asthe "Netona™becare orgie ofthe pias tary opposition, iberalergans severed Ue lene tr ith the sep can use. There was‘ longer republn foton represented in ‘he Chamber Ted, one wa Tet Elev tht indus ory ts sow comple in cont ‘Bt republicans, 30 cay defeated and sppareally cameetely

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