Flavia Cattaneo

Arielle Weston
Katherine Silva
Literary Review

Our literature review is based off of the nutritional needs of children, ages 10
through 11. After reviewing the article Effects of eating breakfast compared with
skipping breakfast on ratings of appetite and intake at subsequent means in 8 to 10 year
old children, it was evident the researchers were able to determine that children who
skipped breakfast had a higher hunger rating than those children who ate breakfast.
Although the participants hunger ratings increased, skipping breakfast did not change
their energy intake at subsequent meals. Another study Vital signs: Fruit and vegetable
intake among children United States, 2003-2010 collected and examined diet records
from children ages 2-18 from the years 2003-2004 and 2009-2010. The purpose of this
study was to determine the mean intake of fruit and vegetables over the course of these
years. Results showed a decrease on average vegetable consumption in children ages 6
through 11, with fruit intake increasing slightly. Finally, we reviewed the article
Optimizing bone heath and calcium intakes of infants, children, and adolescents. This
article showed that children over the age of 8 are not meeting their calcium requirements
which is important for their growth as well as preventing future osteoporosis. Children
going through puberty have higher needs and a low calcium intake will contribute to a
higher risk for bone fractures in children. It is clear that nutritional factors including
breakfast, vegetable consumption, and calcium intake are all vital to childrens healthy

growth and well being. During this time in their lives, they lay the foundation for a long,
thriving adult life.
The breakfast study showed that when children did not eat breakfast on a single
day, they did not make up for the missing calories by consuming more calories at lunch
or throughout the remainder of the day. Skipping breakfast affected children's appetite
ratings but not their energy intake at subsequent meals. On the days when children did eat
breakfast, they consumed about 362 more calories than on the days when they skipped
breakfast. This finding correlates results from studies based on self-reported intake that
showed a higher daily energy intake among children who regularly consumed breakfast
compared with those who regularly skipped breakfast. The study considered an even, and
fair sample with respect to children's habitual breakfast habits and weight status. The
majority of the children in the sample were regular breakfast eaters, so it is possible that
if there had been more children who skipped breakfast regularly, it might have shown
different energy intake patterns throughout the day. The long-term effects of skipping
breakfast on energy intake may develop over time and may involve learning of new
eating patterns in future studies.
The findings from fruit and vegetable study included a good sample of different
age groups, gender, ethnicity, poverty level, and obesity status. For the purpose of our
workshop, we will concentrate on the results from the children aged 6-11 years. Fruit
intake increased slightly, but still did not meet the recommended fruit consumption for
children of that age. Vegetable consumption unfortunately had decreased over this time
period. The variables that affect fruit and vegetable intake create barriers to finding a
solid cause for under-consumption. These children could be influenced by taste

preferences, repeated exposures to fruits and vegetables, social experiences, and

availability. Numerous education methods for not only the parents, but for the children
will give them the tools they need to make healthy choices.
In addition, it is crucial that children in this age group achieve optimal
calcium intake. If they do not get the recommended amounts, they are unable able to
reach the proper level of bone growth. This, among other factors, contributes to stunted
growth, and a decrease in bone density, which may lead to osteoporosis later in life. It
was found that children over the age of 8 do not consume the recommended requirements
of calcium. Optimizing calcium intake is especially important in this age group as it is the
age right before puberty begins for most children. While children go through puberty,
their needs for many nutrients including calcium are increased because of rapid growth
spurts and bone growth. Consistent low calcium intake has also been contributed to
increased bone fracture in children. However, children at this age tend to participate in a
lot of high activity, weight-bearing exercise while participating in sports. This type of
activity actually helps them to increase bone density. Conversely, children who are
overweight also bear more impact on their bones, and have a higher bone density.
However, studies have shown that their sedentary life style still contributes to a high
incidence of low bone density. There are several dietary components that may decrease
calcium retention and they include alcohol, caffeine, oxalates, phytates (eg, in soy), and
protein.
In conclusion, the findings from the breakfast study showed that despite
differences in subjective feelings of hunger and appetite, children who regularly consume
breakfast did not compensate or overcompensate for the missing calories from a skipped

breakfast on a single occasion by eating more later in the day. In the fruit and vegetable
study, children's total fruit intake increased because of increases in whole fruit
consumption, but total vegetable intake remained unchanged. Although, looking
specifically at the statistics for ages 6-11, their vegetable consumption decreased slightly.
The calcium study determined that children over the age of 8 need to be consuming the
optimal levels of calcium for their gender and age because statistics show children in this
group were below their recommended intake.

Bibliography

"Vital Signs: Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Children United States, 2003
2010." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, 08 Aug. 2014. Web. 20 Oct. 2014.

Greer,FrankR.,andNancyF.Krebs."OptimizingBoneHealthandCalciumIntakesof
Infants,Children,andAdolescents."OptimizingBoneHealthandCalcium
IntakesofInfants,Children,andAdolescents.AmericanAcademyofPediatrics,
2Feb.2006.Web.20Oct.2014.

Kral,TanjaVE,LindaM.Whiteford,MoonseongHeo,andMylesS.Faith."Effectsof
EatingBreakfastComparedwithSkippingBreakfastonRatingsofAppetiteand
IntakeatSubsequentMealsin8to10yoldChildren."NationalCenterfor
BiotechnologyInformation.U.S.NationalLibraryofMedicine,17Nov.2010.
Web.20Oct.2014.