WorldOil Jun2014

JUNE 2014 / DEFINING TECHNOLOGY FOR EXPLORATION, DRILLING AND PRODUCTION / WorldOil.
com
COMPLETION
TECHNOLOGY
How multi-stage vertical completions are
trumping plug-and-perf in the Permian
EXCLUSIVE: 3D CORE ANALYSIS
3D images reveal validity of digital rock
and fluid analytics
SHALETECH: BAKKEN
Production passes 1 Bbbl, but operators
worry about rapid decline rates, flaring
2014 FLUIDS TABLE

Updated listings of drilling,
completion and workover fluids
Maximize WBM performance or minimize

environmental impact? We do both.
2013 National Oilwell Varco

All rights reserved
D392005023-MKT-003 Rev 01
Onshore or deepwater, NOV FluidControls highly inhibitive water-based

GULOOLQJXLGV\VWHPVFRQVLVWHQWO\JLYH\RXSHUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFKLQJWKDWRI
DQRLOEDVHGPXGZLWKRXWWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOUHVWULFWLRQVDQGFRVWV
POLYTRAXX delivers exceptional drilling rates in onshore
shale plays while saving as much as $300,000 per well in
waste disposal costs.
DFX with its uniquely engineered, patented three-component

VXUIDFWDQWSDFNDJHJLYHV\RXWKHXWPRVWLQGULOOLQJHIFLHQF\
and wellbore stability in deepwater or on the shelf without the
environmental, economic and logistical constraints.
For more information visit: ZZZQRYFRPZR32/<75$;;
For more information visit: ZZZQRYFRPZR');
Email: fluidcontrol@nov.com
CONTENTS
JUNE 2014 / VOL. 235 NO. 6
44
77
144
SPECIAL FOCUS:
PETROPHYSICAL TECHNOLOGY
COLUMNS
DRILLING AND
WELL COMPLETION
TECHNOLOGY
127
Whats new in well logging

and formation evaluation
First oil
S. Prensky
15
Whats new in exploration
33
Open-hole, multi-stage
verticals surpass conventional
plug-and-perfs in Permian
basin
Drone on
REGULATORY AFFAIRS
135
D. Lohoefer / B. Keener
DJ Snyder / S. Ezeldin
C. Wohleb
44
Were the good guys
While EPA gathers water,

prairie chickens rule the
western U.S.
D. Blackmon
Real-time SAGR LWD improves

Russian well success
SHALETECH: BAKKEN/THREE
FORKS
I. Khanafin / A. Petrov
B. Darmaev
144
17
Drilling advances
19
Whats new in production
No reasoning with the seasons

Production milestones and crude
words
21
Building a global subsea education,

research alliance
23
25
Digital core flow simulations

accelerate evaluation of
multiple recovery scenarios
M. Andersen
SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT:
DRILLING, COMPLETION &

WORKOVER FLUIDS 2014
F91
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
59
Whats new in artificial lift?

J. Woods / J. F. Lea / H. Winkler
GRAVITY & MAGNETICS

77
Integration of towed-streamer
EM data with seismic and well
logs yields total hydrocarbon
volume
DIGITAL/ONLINE EXCLUSIVES
161
Showcasing early-stage oil and

gas applications
163
Vacuum thermal desorption

recovery of drilling fluids from
cuttings
J. Mattsson / F. Engelmark
REGIONAL REPORT: RUSSIA

82
Russias upstream sector

strives for dominance in an
increasingly complex,
global E&P industry
E. M. Khartukov
This exclusive annual

compilation shows trade
names, generic descriptions
recommended usage and
suppliers of more than 3,500
fluids, systems and additives
for drilling, completions and
workovers.
GAS PROCESSING SUPPLEMENT

GP1 Technology and Business
Information for the Global Gas
Processing Industry
Executive viewpoint
Robust oilfield technology planning
system for developing countries
CORE ANALYSIS
50
Oil and gas in the capitals

Carbon Follies: The EUs ETS
example
Decline rate, gas flaring top

hit list of Williston operators
J. Redden
Offshore in depth
27
Innovative thinkers
Schramm: Smarter,
smaller, safer, stronger
158
The last barrel

Norway balances bright prospects
against cost concerns
NEWS AND RESOURCES

9
World of oil and gas
29
Industry at a glance
155
People in the industry
156
Advertisers index
157
Marketplace /
Advertising sales offices
ABOUT THE COVER

Scanning electron microscope traditional greyscale secondary electron and backscattered
electron images can be combined and color
enhanced to highlight important reservoir
characterization features such as the presence
of clays (dark blue-grey), micas (buff), and
nanoscale pyrite framboids (bright light
blue), and the presence and morphology of
micro-and nanoporosity. Image courtesy of
Schlumberger.
World Oil/JUNE 20143
*OEVTUSJBM3VCCFS
$JSDVMBUJOH&RVJQNFOU
Mailing Address: PO Box 2608

Houston, TX 77252-2608, USA
Phone: +1 (713) 529-4301
Fax: +1 (713) 520-4433
WorldOil.com
PUBLISHERRon Higgins
EDITORIAL
*OEVTUSJBM3VCCFS *ODT4XBHFTBSFMJHIUBOEFBTZUP
IBOEMF ZFUSPCVTUFOPVHIUPXJUITUBOEIJHIQSFTTVSFDJS
DVMBUJOHFVOJPOTVCJTFBTZUPSFQMBDFTIPVMEUIF
OFFEBSJTF4XBHFTBSFBWBJMBCMFJOBOZTJ[FPSTUZMFPGDBTJOH
UISFBEoKVTUMFUVTLOPXXIBUZPVOFFE
'FBUVSFTPGUIF*3*4XBHF*ODMVEF
t%JTIFE5PQ%FTJHO3FEVDFT8FJHIUCZVQUP
t6OJPO&BTZUP.BJOUBJOPS3FQMBDF
t"$.&SFBEFE$POOFDUJPOTo/P1JQFSFBET
t0OFQJFDF%FTJHOBMMPXTGPS)JHI1SFTTVSF6TF
t"WBJMBCMFGPSBOZTJ[FDBTJOH XJUIBOZTUZMFUISFBET
Editor-in-ChiefPramod Kulkarni
Executive EditorKurt Abraham
News EditorMelanie Cruthirds
Associate EditorRoger Jordan
Contributing Editors
Dayse Abrantes, Brazil
Dr. A. F. Alhajji, Middle East
Eldon Ball, Offshore
Dr. Roger Bezdek, Washington
Ron Bitto, At Large
David Blackmon, Reg. Affairs
Robert Curran, Canada
Don Francis, At Large
Raj Kanwar, South Asia
Ian Lewis, EAME
Saeid Mokhatab, LNG

Dr. Jeffrey M. Moore, Asia-Pacific
Mauro Nogarin, Latin America
Dr. ystein Noreng, North Sea
Dr. William J. Pike, Exploration
Jim Redden, Drilling
Dr. Jacques Sapir, FSU
Mike Slaton, At Large
Henry Terrell, Production
Russell Wright, At Large
MAGAZINE PRODUCTION/+1 (713) 525-4633

Vice PresidentProductionSheryl Stone
ManagerAdvertising ProductionCheryl Willis
ManagerEditorial ProductionAngela Bathe
Assistant ManagerEditorial ProductionAshley Smith
Artist/IllustratorDavid Weeks
ADVERTISING SALES
See Advertising sales offices
CIRCULATION/+1 (713) 520-4440/Circulation@GulfPub.com

DirectorCirculation Suzanne McGehee
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
*OEVTUSJBM3VCCFS *ODT$JSDVMBUJOH)FBETDPNQMF
NFOUUIF*OEVTUSJBM3VCCFSMJOFPG$FNFOUJOH)FBET*3*
$JSDVMBUJOH)FBETBOE$FNFOUJOH)FBETVUJMJ[FBDPNNPO
2VJDL$POOFDUTVCUIBUBMMPXTRVJDLDIBOHFPVUGSPN
$JSDVMBUJOH)FBEUP$FNFOUJOH)FBEJTNBLFTGPSB
DPOWFOJFOUDJSDVMBUJOHUPPMXIFOVTFEFJUIFSJODPOKVODUJPO
XJUIBO*3*$FNFOUJOH)FBEPSBTBTUBOEBMPOFVOJU
'FBUVSFTPGUIF*3*$JSDVMBUJOH
)FBE*ODMVEF
t2VJDL$PVQMJOH6OJPOBMMPXT

GBTU FBTZDPOOFDUJPO

UP$BTJOH4USJOH
t1MVHTDBOCFESPQQFEUISPVHIUIF

$JSDVMBUJOH)FBEBTTFNCMZ

CZTJNQMFSFNPWBMPGUIF

$JSDVMBUJOH)FBE$BQ
t"WBJMBCMFGPSBOZTJ[FDBTJOH XJUI

BOZTUZMFUISFBET
ChairmanDr. William J. Pike, Managing Consultant and Contractor to the

National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy
Ben Bloys, Manager, Los Alamos Technology Alliance, Chevron
Franklin Boitier, Technical Communications Manager, Total
Paul Coppinger, President, Pressure Pumping, Weir Group plc, and Chairman,
Petroleum Equipment Suppliers Association
William Donald (Donnie) Harris III, President and CEO,
Forrest A. Garb and Associates
Alexander G. Kemp, Professor of Petroleum Economics, University of Aberdeen
Keith Lynch, Global Completions Chief, ConocoPhillips
Dr. D. Nathan Meehan, Senior Executive Advisor, Baker Hughes
Douglas C. Nester, COO, KOGAS Akkas BV
David A. Pursell, Managing Director and Head of Macro Research,
Tudor, Pickering, Holt and Co.
John T. Rynd, President and CEO, Hercules Offshore, Inc., and Chairman, National
Ocean Industries Association
Art J. Schroeder, Jr., CEO, Energy Valley, Inc.
Svein Tollefsen, Petroleum Technology Manager, Statoil
Doug Valleau, Director, Unconventional Technology, Hess Corporation
Robert E. (Bob) Warren, President, Baclenna, Inc.
World Oil is indexed by Business Periodicals Index, Engineering Index Inc., and
Environmental Periodicals Bibliography. Microfilm copies are available through
University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Mich. The full text of World Oil is
also available in electronic versions of the Business Periodicals Index.
World Oil (ISSN 0043-8790), est. in 1916 as The Oil Weekly, is published monthly by
Gulf Publishing Company, 2 Greenway Plaza, Suite 1020, Houston, TX 77046. Periodicals postage paid at Houston, Texas, and at additional mailing offices. World Oil and
The Oil Weekly are registered trademarks of Gulf Publishing Company.
Subscriptions: World Oil is available on a complimentary Request Subscription basis to
persons actively engaged in the exploration/drilling/producing phase of the oil and gas
industry who are in a position to recommend, specify or approve the purchase or use
of equipment or services used in their operations. (When requesting subscription, state
title, company name and nature of business as initial qualifications.) Persons who do
not recommend, specify or approve the purchase or use of equipment or services (or
persons in a related field of service or industry) can order subscriptions at the following
rates: one year $299, two years $525, three years $674. AIRMAIL DELIVERY: Outside
North America additional, $175/year. Single copies: $35 each, prepaid. PAYMENT MUST
ACCOMPANY ORDER (make checks payable to World Oil).
Postmaster: Send address changes to World Oil, PO Box 2608, Houston, TX 77252-2608.
Subscription services/address changes: World Oil, Circulation Dept., PO Box 2608,
Houston, TX 77252-2608. Phone: +1 (713) 520-4440. E-mail: circulation@gulfpub.com.
Article reprints: World Oil, Cheryl Willis, Gulf Publishing Company, Advertising Production Manager. 2 Greenway Plaza, Suite 1020, Houston, Texas 77046. Phone: 713-5254633. Fax: 713-525-4615. Email: cheryl.willis@gulfpub.com.
Copyright 2014 by Gulf Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
0LMBIPNB$JUZ 0,
5PMM'SFFt'BY

XXXJSJPJMUPPMDPN
4JUNE 2014/WorldOil.com
President/CEOJohn Royall
Vice PresidentRon Higgins
Vice President, ProductionSheryl Stone
Business Finance ManagerPamela Harvey
Part of Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. Other energy group titles include:
Hydrocarbon Processing and Petroleum Economist
Publication Agreement Number 40034765
Printed in USA
3,016 FT
OLYMPUS TLP
3,300 FT
BONGA
3,999 FT
PAZFLOR
4,326 FT
TUBULAR BELLS
4,884 FT
KIZOMBA
6,075 FT
Deep Experience.
Ultra-deep Expertise.
THUNDER HORSE
7,021 FT
BRAZILIAN PRE-SALT
For more than 20 years, Tenaris has been a leader in deepwater projects around the world
in even the most complex operating conditions. Our package matches outstanding product
technology and performance, manufacturing precision and reliability, on-time delivery of
multiple items, and certied technical support in the eld. And, our R&D team continues to
develop safer, more environmentally friendly and innovative solutions.
8,250 FT
CASCADE & CHINOOK
9,039 FT
join the conversation: #whypipematters
INDEPENDENCE
DESIGNED TO BE 30% LIGHTER THAN THE COMPETITION,

WHILE HAVING A SMALLER FOOTPRINT AND MORE POWER.
THATS PUMPING PERFECTED.
The PZ 2400: Built for Extreme Expectations.

With more horsepower, a smaller footprint and 30% lighter than competing
pumps in its class, The PZ 2400 dees logic. Thats okay. We dont build pumps
to be logical; we build them to last. Our proven innovations, like patented Y-style
uid-end technology, signicantly reduce stress and radically enhance longer life
over conventional pumps. Built to exacting standards, our pumps will help you
meet severe onshore and offshore production requirements without sacricing
real estate. See what 150 years of unyielding perfectionism can do.
Connect with us at: 1-866-GDPUMPS
gardnerdenverpumps.com
GardnerDenverPumps
GardnerDenverPumpsTV
@GDPumps
FIRST OIL
PRAMOD KULKARNI, EDITOR
Were the good guys

Im proud to be a part of the industry
that is energizing the world and bettering
lives. Susan Cunningham, Senior Vice
President, Exploration and Business Innovation, Noble Energy.
All of us in the oil and gas industry
should be as proud as Susan Cunningham
for the truly noble work that our industry
has performed for more than 150 years,
to provide energy for the world. Sustaining this positive feeling is increasingly hard
these days, when the industry is under assault from misguided environmentalists
of all stripes. Our industry is portrayed as
a dirty fossil fuel producer that is polluting
the land, waterways and the skies.
Obama administration. For the last six
years, President Barack Obamas administration has made no effort to mask its contempt for the coal and oil and gas industries.
The shale oil and gas revolution, which has
made a significant contribution to the recovery of the U.S. economy, occurred on
private lands, in spite of the Obama administration. The six-month moratorium after
the Gulf spill was an unnecessary setback
to the offshore oil and gas industry. The
stringent wellbore integrity and spill containment requirements could have been
imposed, as they were developed. The latest assault is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandate to reduce
GHGs from powerplants 30% from 2005
levels, by 2030. This reduction is already
taking place through the steady substitution of coal powerplants by natural gasdriven electricity generation. Therefore,
the EPAs executive mandate appears to be
political grandstanding at its worst.
Greenpeace disruptions. One of the
leading environmental groups has embarked on childish behavior by boarding
drilling rigs that are about to launch Arctic
drilling operations. In September 2013,
Greenpeace activists boarded a Gazprom
rig about to start drilling at its Prirazlomnoye field and were promptly arrested
by the Russian Coast Guard. In late May,
Greenpeace undertook a similar offensive
against a Statoil rig bound for the Barents
Sea and had to be forcibly evicted by the

Norwegian Coast Guard. The oil and gas
industry understands the risks of drilling
in the Arctic and is chastened by the environmental and economic damage caused
by the Gulf spill. The cause of environmental protection would be better served
if Greenpeace participates with the oil and
gas industry in a collaborative, scientific effort to allow safe economic activity in fragile environments.
Disinvestment in fossil fuel industries. Another environmental folly is the
Divest Harvard campus organization that
is campaigning for the university to immediately freeze any new investments in
fossil fuel companies, immediately divest
direct holdings from the top 200 publicly
traded fossil fuel companies, and divest
indirect holdings in the top 200 fossil fuel
companies within five years. Harvard
President Drew Faust made an appropriate response: Given our pervasive dependence on these companies for the energy
to heat and light our buildings, to fuel our
transportation, and to run our computers
and appliances, it is hard for me to reconcile that reliance with a refusal to countenance any relationship with these companies through our investments.
Economic revolutions. The coal industry was responsible for the industrial revolution that began in the 19th century. The
transportation revolution in the 20th century could not have been possible without
the oil and gas industry. Additional benefits
of petroleum products include fertilizer to
grow crops, heating and air conditioning to
support population growth throughout the
world, and synthetic materials for a wide array of industrial and consumer products.
Those of us in the energy industry
understand the need to reduce GHGs.
Were working every day to reduce the
environmental impact of our E&P activities. Meanwhile, Divest Harvard students need to understand that without
fossil fuels, they would have had to abandon their ivory towers to gather wood to
feed their families.
IN THIS ISSUE
33
Completion
technology
advances. The Permian basin
unconventional trend consists of several stacked pay zones. While horizontal

completions in these shale layers are in
the initial stages, operators are successfully exploiting the reserves through vertical wells. An article by Eagle Oil & Gas
and Packers Plus authors explains how
open-hole, multi-stage completions are
a superior long-term solution for vertical
wells in a stacked pay compared to the
cemented liner, plug-and-perf method.
50
Digital core flow simulations are now able to replicate familiar lab results. An article by a
Schlumberger author details the 3D digital rock modeling techniques that are now
allowing operators to dramatically shorten traditional core analysis cycle times.
This explanation is best achieved through
the presentation of 3D digital core images. Consequently, World Oil is pleased
to present its first 3D-in-print article. 3D
glasses are attached with the article for
your viewing pleasure.
82
Regional Report: Russia.
As the worlds leading oil producer, as well as second-largest in natural gas output, Russias E&P industry
commands attention. Yet, the takeover
of Crimea, plus separatist activity in
eastern Ukraine, has sharpened the focus on this key sector. While state firm
Gazprom demands back payments of up
to $2.24 billion from the Ukrainian government, Western nations have slapped
economic sanctions against Russian officials. Consequently, Russia is opening
up markets to the east. Our regional
report by Contributing Editor Eugene
Khartukov delves into Russias massive
conventional E&P activity and potential
shale opportunities.
COMPLETION SOLUTIONS
UNCONVENTIONALS
FEELING
EL
THE
PRESSURE?
ES
S
COMPLETE
WITH
THE
LEADER.
Introducing RapidStart Initiator CT sleeves the only sleeves that do not require overpressurizing. Traditional completion sleeves require activation pressures so high that they
can invalidate the results of a casing integrity test. Halliburtons new RapidStart Initiator CT
sleeves are different. They activate after a customizable time at a lower pressure, so they do not
over-pressurize the casing. They also create a second chance window so operators can delay
the activation and still retest the casing if an issue arises.
To learn more, please visit us at Halliburton.com/Complete1
Solving challenges.
2014 Halliburton. All rights reserved.
WORLD OF OIL AND GAS

MELANIE CRUTHIRDS, NEWS EDITOR
DISCOVERIES /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Statoil hits oil, gas southwest of Johan Castberg
Statoil, operator of production license
532, has completed the drilling
of wildcat well 7220/7-3 S, in the
Barents Sea, about 15 km southwest
of the 7220/8-1 Johan Castberg
discovery, and 230 km northwest of
Hammerfest. The well encountered
a 68-m gross gas column in the St
formation, and an 86-m gross oil
column in the St and Nordmela
formations. Preliminary calculations
of the discovery size are between 7
MMcm and 10 MMcm of recoverable
oil equivalents. The well was not
formation-tested, but extensive data
acquisition and sampling were carried
out, said Statoil. The discovery will
be considered for tie-in to Johan
Castberg field. The well was drilled
to a vertical depth of 2,029 m, and
was terminated in the Fruholmen
formation from the Late Triassic
Age, at a water depth of 345 m. Well
7220/7-3 S was drilled by the West Hercules semisubmersible, which is moving on to assignments outside
the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Photo credit: Ole Jrgen Bratland/Statoil.
Eni appraises Agulha

discovery in Mozambique
Exxon Mobil discovers oil and gas

in Argentine shale well
Eni has successfully executed the appraisal

campaign for its Agulha discovery, in Area 4
offshore Mozambique. The delineation was
carried out through the Agulha 2 well, which
was drilled in a 2,603-m water depth and
reached a TD of 5,645 m. The well is in the
southern part of the Area 4 Block, approximately 12 km south of the Agulha 1 discovery
well and 80 km off the Cabo Delgado coast.
Agulha 2, which is the 12th well drilled
successfully in Area 4, proved about 25 m
of gas column in good-quality Paleocene
reservoir sandstones, and confirmed the
fields southern extension. Eni said it is
considering further exploration drilling in the
southern part of Area 4 after Agulha 2. Total
resources discovered in Area 4 are estimated
at approximately 85 Tcf of gas-in-place.
Exxon Mobil reported that its affiliate, ExxonMobil

Exploration Argentina, jointly with Gas y Petroleo del
Neuquen, has discovered oil and gas in an unconventional
shale well in Neuquen Province. Found in the liquids-rich
area of the Vaca Muerta play, the Bajo del Choique X-2
well was drilled to a TMD of approximately 15,000 ft. The
wells horizontal leg extends for 3,280 ft. The well was
completed in the Vaca Muerta formation, and flowed at an
average 770 bopd on a 1264-in. choke in its first flow test.
Data analysis and additional studies are being conducted
to fully evaluate this discovery. Appraisal wells will also
need to be drilled before a commerciality decision can be
made, said the operator. This is the first Exxon Mobiloperated discovery in the Vaca Muerta play, according to
Exxon Mobil Exploration Company President Stephen M.
Greenlee. Exxon Mobil is operator and holds an 85% working interest in the Bajo del Choique Block. Gas y Petroleo
del Neuquen holds 15% interest.
Apache hits two

discoveries on
Egyptian acreage
Apache has struck two hydrocarbon discoveries on its plot of

6.8 million gross acres in Egypts
Western Desert. The Herunefer-1X
discovery, in the Matruh basin
within the eastern portion of
the Khalda Offset Concession,
encountered pay in the Alamein,
Alam El Buieb-6 (AEB), Masajid,
Upper Safa and Lower Safa formations. Tests from the Lower Safa
and Upper Safa intervals flowed
at a combined rate of 49 MMcfgd
and 7,700 bcpd. Estimated cost to
drill and complete the well was $6
million. The BAT-1X discovery, in
the northern Shushan basin of the
Khepri-Sethos Development Lease,
tested at a rate of 31 MMcfgd and
390 bcpd from a thick Paleozoic
Shiffah sandstone interval. The
well, which was drilled to a TD of
15,555 ft, also encountered pay in
the Cretaceous Upper Bahariya,
Lower Bahariya, Alamein, AEB-3C
and AEB-3D formations. Estimated
cost to drill and complete the well
was $5.25 million. Both discoveries
were drilled by Khalda Petroleum
Company, an Apache-operated JV
with Egyptian General Petroleum
Company. Apache plans to drill
several trend exploration wells in
2014. Alternatives for delivering
production to market are under
evaluation. Photo courtesy of
Apache Corporation.
ACQUISITIONS ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Shell to sell Eagle Ford acreage to Sanchez
Energy for $639 million
IGas to purchase Dart, create

UK national energy champion
Shell announced on May 21 that it has agreed to sell its 100% working interest in
approximately 106,000 net acres in Dimmit, LaSalle and Webb Counties, Texas, to
Sanchez Energy Corporation for approximately $639 million, subject to closing. The
sale includes approximately 176 operated producing wells, and associated field facilities
and infrastructure. Net production in first-quarter 2014 was approximately 24,000
boed, of which about 60% were crude and NGLs. The acreage holds 60 MMboe of
total proved reserves. The agreement is effective Jan. 1, and is expected to close at
the end of the second quarter of this year. Shell said that the transaction is part of the
restructuring of its North American resource play (shale oil and gas) portfolio, to focus
on acreage positions that can reach the scale required by the company. For Sanchez
Energy, the additional acreage is expected to bring the companys total position in
the Eagle Ford to approximately 226,000 acres, with up to 3,000 potential drilling
locations and average first-quarter 2014 pro forma production of about 42,800 boed,
according to the buyer.
IGas Energy and Dart Energy Limited announced that

they have reached an agreement, whereby IGas will
acquire Dart for an estimated $195 million. This acquisition will result in an onshore UK oil and gas company
with the largest acreage under license in the country,
totaling more than 1 million net acres, including plots in
major shale basins. Dart has canceled its planned listing
on the AIM Market of the London Stock Exchange.
According to the two company boards, the financially
strengthened group is complemented by a work
program for 13 licenses funded by GDF Suez, and two
funded by Total E&P UK. The new entity will possess
a team of more than 200 staff members, including
subsurface, drilling, commercial and legal experts.
Maximize Reliability, Availability & Protability

with Ariel API 618 Process Compressors
With more than 19,000 possible frame and cylinder congurations
for API 618 process service, Ariel compressors can be designed and
built to maximize your unique process operation. Ariel has been
producing durable, low-maintenance reciprocating compressors
since 1966 and API 618 compressors since 1999. Ariel offers high
quality compressors that ensure long continuous run-times.
WORLD STANDARD COMPRESSORS
Visit www.arielcorp.com to nd an Ariel Process distributor in

your region.
To learn more about Ariel Compressors, please visit www.arielcorp.com

ONYX 360
ROLLING PDC CUTTER
PRODUCTION //////////////////////////////////////////////
Petrobras produces rst oil from new well at Lula
Exxon Mobil ships rst

cargo from PNG LNG
AWE to start production at

New Zealand well in 2015
Exxon Mobil said that it shipped the first cargo

from its $19-billion Papua New Guinea LNG
project, where it began production in April. PNG
LNG, operated by affiliate Exxon Mobil PNG
Limited, is expected to produce more than 9 Tcf
of gas over its estimated 30 years of operations.
The first cargo is bound for LNG customer
Tokyo Electric Power Co. Inc. (TEPCO) in Japan.
Production from the first train started in late
April, and production from the second train has
also begun, as additional wells come online.
Australian E&P company AWE reported

that its Pateke-4H development well was
completed successfully and suspended for
production at a later date. Output from
Pateke-4H is planned for first-half 2015. This
will follow installation and commissioning of
a subsea flowline and ancillary control equipment, connecting the well to the Tui field
gathering system. This work is scheduled to
commence in first-quarter 2015. Preparations
are being made to relocate the Kan Tan IV rig.
ON
ONYX
O
N 360
360 is
i a mark
mark of
of Schlum
Schlum
hlumberg
berg
ber
errgger.r 201
0 4 SSchlumberger. 13-BT-0121
Petrobras began production from well 7-LL-22D-RJS in the

Santos basins pre-salt Lula field (Lula NE Pilot area) on
May 9. The well, with a reported potential of 26,000 bopd,
is connected to FPSO Cidade de Paraty via a new platform
connection system deployed for the first time at Lula. Using
this system, the production riser section is supported by a
submerged buoy at a water depth of 240 m; the wellhead is
at a water depth of 2,130 m. During 2014, six more wells will
be connected to the platform (four production wells and two
injectors) using the riser support buoy (RSB) system, ramping up the FPSO to its full production capacity of 120,000
bopd in third-quarter 2014. According to Petrobras, when
deployed, the RSB will be immune to platform movements,
meaning that rigid steel pipes (steel catenary risers) can be
used in some parts of the ultra-deepwater project. Subsea 7
built and deployed the system. Photo courtesy of Petrobras
News Agency.
ONYX 360 PDC cutter wear (left)

compared with the wear of a
conventional fixed cutter (right).
EXPLORATION /////////////////////////////////////////////
Inpex granted Tullow nds no oil in Gotama Prospect
block offshore offshore Norway
Western
Tullow Oil has
Australia
announced that
Inpex reported that its
subsidiary, Inpex Browse
E&P, has been granted
Release Area WA-502-P
as an exploration permit,
following the 2013
Australian Offshore
Petroleum Acreage
Release. Inpex Browse
will hold a 40% participating interest in the
block, while Santos will
hold a 60% participating
interest as the operator.
The block will constitute
Inpexs 10th exploration
permit near the Ichthys
gas-condensate field.
exploration well
31/2-21S, which was
targeting the Gotama
prospect offshore
Norway, did not
encounter reservoir
quality sandstones
in the Upper Jurassic
main target. The well
encountered reservoir
quality sandstones in
the secondary targets,
but these intervals
were water-wet. The 31/2-21S wildcat was the first exploration well
in the 550 license, and was targeting sandstone reservoirs in the
Upper Jurassic Draupne formation as the main target, and additional
sandstone targets in the Middle Jurassic Sognefjord formation and
Brent group. Photo courtesy of Tullow Oil.
Total, Lukoil create JV for tight oil in Western Siberia

Total signed an agreement with Lukoil on May 23 to create a JV to explore and develop the
Bazhenov tight oil plays potential in Western Siberia. Total will hold 49% of the JV, and Lukoil
will hold 51%. The JV will assess the technical feasibility of developing the Bazhenov formations tight oil potential, initially on four licenses covering an area of 2,700 sq km in the KhantyMansi Autonomous District. Seismic acquisition will start in 2014, and exploration drilling will
follow in 2015.
New revolving cutter

substantially increases
bit durability and
footage drilled.
Only the ONYX 360 rolling PDC cutter revolves
360, using the entire diamond edge to cut the
formation, increasing bit durability. In abrasive
sandstones of the Oklahoma Granite Wash,
PDC bits that had ONYX 360 cutters placed
in the highest wear areas of their cutting
structures drilled 44% faster and up to 57%
farther than bits with only fixed cutters.
Find out more at
slb.com/ONYX360
Optimize unconventional plays with a focused, integrated portfolio

PGUFDIOPMPHJFT8FBUIFSGPSEDBOQBSUOFSXJUIZPVGSPNTUBSUUPOJTI
helping you identify where to drill, how best to secure your wells, where to
frac and how to maximize production. And you can count on us to deliver
exclusive innovations like the SpectralWave spectral azimuthal gamma
raya proven technological advantage that locates sweet spots
to help keep you on target and in the pay zone.
2014 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Weatherford delivers best-in-class expertise through our multidisciplinary

6ODPOWFOUJPOBM3FTPVSDF5FBN8FQSPWJEFBOJOUFHSBUFEXPSLPXPG
sophisticated logging, leading-edge laboratory analysis, comprehensive
stimulation, multizone completion design and production technologies.
Contact and collaborate with our Unconventional Resource Team
at unconventional@weatherford.com.
Formation Evaluation
Well Construction
Completion
Production

BUSINESS /////////////////////////////////////////////////
Aker Solutions
to split, build on
subsea business
Aker Solutions has said it will split
into two companies, to speed up
a streamlining process aiming to
reduce costs and better position
all parts of the group to meet the
needs of customers. The Subsea,
Umbilicals, Engineering and
Maintenance, and Modifications and
Operations (MMO) areas will form
a new company under the Aker
Solutions name. The other units
will be developed independently as
part of a new oil services investment company, named Akastor.
Lukoil, Bashneft form JV aimed

at Nenets Autonomous District
JSOC Bashneft and OJSC Lukoil have established a new
JV, LLC Vostok NAO Oil Company, to conduct geological
exploration and prospecting, and produce hydrocarbons,
at the companies license areas in the Nenets Autonomous
District. The JV, whose members, JSOC Bashneft and LLC
Lukoil-Komi, have equal stakes, has been registered in
the Nenets Autonomous District. In accordance with the
agreement of members, Bashneft will transfer the subsoil
licenses for the Vostochno-Padimeyskiy, Nyarioyakhskiy,
Savatinskiy, Sabriyaginskiy and Yangareyskiy license areas
to the JV, while LLC Lukoil-Komi will transfer the rights for
the Verkhneyangareyskiy and Severo-Yareyaginskiy license
areas. The founders of Vostok NAO are conducting geological exploration at the above-mentioned areas under license
agreements. Exploration drilling is scheduled to begin in 2016.
Chesapeake to spin off its oileld services business

As announced previously on Feb. 24, Chesapeake is pursuing strategic alternatives for its oilfield
services business, which is conducted through a wholly-owned subsidiary, Chesapeake Oilfield
Operating, L.L.C. (COO). The company announced May 16 that it intends to proceed with a spin-off
of the subsidiary. COO will convert into a corporation, and will change its name to Seventy Seven
Energy Inc. The spin-off and recapitalization transactions are expected to be completed by June 30.
Rosneft, Exxon Mobil extend Far East LNG agreement

Rosneft and Exxon Mobil have signed an agreement to extend the existing strategic agreement on
implementation of the Far East LNG project. Work to progress engineering surveys onshore and
offshore is scheduled for the summer of 2014. Conceptual design development has been completed,
characteristics have been defined, and potential sites for the LNG plant facilities have been agreed
upon, as well as the design on gas liquefaction technology, as part of the initial design stage.
Preparations for the second design stage have also been carried out.
GOVERNMENT/REGULATORY ///////////////////////////////
Cuadrilla seeks approval to move UK shale plans
forward at two proposed sites
Following extensive public consultation, Cuadrilla Resources
has submitted a planning application to the Lancashire
County Council to drill, hydraulically fracture and test the
flow of gas from up to four exploration wells, at its proposed
exploration site at Preston New Road. Once the planning
application for the site in northwestern England has been
validated by the council, it is anticipated that the application
will be decided within a 16-week determination period. Plans
will also be submitted to install a network of seismic monitoring stations within a 4-km radius of the proposed exploration site. As part of the process, planning
and environmental consultants at Arup have produced a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) that will accompany the planning application, Cuadrilla said. A separate planning application
for a second proposed exploration site, at Roseacre Wood, was also to be submitted to the council,
following the Preston New Road application. Photo courtesy of Cuadrilla Resources.
BP to seek U.S. Supreme Court review of apparently

unconnected compensation claims
BP said it will seek review by the U.S. Supreme Court of the decisions made by the Fifth Circuit
relating to the compensation of claims for losses with no apparent connection to the Deepwater
Horizon spill in 2010. The operator said it will ask the Fifth Circuit not to issue its mandate until
the Supreme Court has considered the matter. Suspension of the mandate would keep the stay
of business economic loss payments in place during that time, according to the announcement.
BPs decision to seek higher review follows the Fifth Circuits denial of BPs request for a rehearing.
According to BP, if the Fifth Circuits erroneous ruling were allowed to stand, it would fundamentally redefine the prerequisites for class membership, which is an issue at hand in this case. That,
in turn, will surely alter the calculus for companies in determining whether to enter into class action
settlements or engage in protracted litigation that would delay compensation for true victims, BP
continued in a statement.
Sept. 1617, 2014

Houston, Texas
Explore the Latest

Opportunities and
Trends in North
Americas Gas Market
The inaugural GasPro North America will be held
in Houston, Texas September 1617, 2014. GasPro
will cover natural gas technologies and markets in
North America, and will be the rst event of its kind
to be held annually in the United States. The twoday technology conference will focus on exploring
the latest trends, opportunities and challenges in
natural gas.
Topics to be discussed include: LNG, separation
technology, NGL, GTL, methanol, gas transfer,
stranded gas-treating-dehydration/sour gas
removal, eld processing, equipment, cryogenic
and heat-exchanger systems, treating, metering/
custody transfer, environment, compressor/
compressor station/emissions control/reliability
and market trends.
Three Ways to Participate:

1. Register Early & Save:
Take advantage of early bird rates at
GasProcessingConference.com
2. Speaker Opportunities:
Contact Melissa Smith, Events Director,
Gulf Publishing Company, at +1 (713) 520-4475,
or Melissa.Smith@GulfPub.com
3. Sponsorship Opportunities:
Contact Lisa Zadok, Events Sales Manager,
Gulf Publishing Company, at +1 (713) 525-4632,
or Lisa.Zadok@GulfPub.com
MAJOR OIL DISCOVERY

in the Barents Sea
SUCCESSFUL PRESALT WELL
SI
SIGN
GNIF
IFIC
ICAN
ANTT DI
DISC
SCOV
OVER
ERIEES
offshore Angola
in Mo
Moza
zamb
mbiq
ique and
nd Tannza
zani
nia
a
We make the data, you make the news.

Nobody knows where the next exploration success is going to be, but recent discoveries in the Barents Sea
and the West Africa presalt Kwanza basin all have Schlumberger multiclient data at the heart of the story.
Decades of experience form the foundation of our multiclient teams petrotechnical knowledge. Together with
the latest acquisition and processing technologies, our experts collaborate with you to identify the best opportunities
in the most promising areas.
Write your own success story with our multiclient data:
multiclient.slb.com
*Mark of Schlumberger. 2014 Schlumberger. 14-pt-0040 Data courtesy of Sonangol EP
Multiclient
WHATS NEW IN EXPLORATION

DR. WILLIAM J. PIKE, EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD CHAIRMAN
Drone on
The world is awash these days with
news of drones. Some of that news focuses
on drones (or unmanned aerial vehicles
[UAV]) used by the military, either to
good cause or with fatal, unintended consequences. Much of the news deals with
the use of drones for non-military surveillance, with considerable grinding of teeth
about the potential of unmanned surveillance craft to compromise, or eliminate,
our personal privacy. The discussion will
only get more heated, as thousands of
drones overfly almost every square mile of
earthly terrain in the coming years.
Some of those drones flying overhead
will not be spying on you but on the geology under your feet. Drone-deployed
geophysical equipment is already being deployed in several places in the world. The
benefits are obvious. Drones are smaller,
less capital-intensive (standard models
can average about $16,000, each), cheaper
to operate and, being unmanned, pose no
danger to a pilot and crew. In addition, the
UAV setups have higher resolution and accuracy compared to manned aircraft, due
to the fact that the UAV can fly with much
smaller ground clearance. They also can fly
over only the area of interest.
While drones may be some way off
from acquiring actual full seismic data,
they can deploy magnetic, electromagnetic, infrared, radar and natural gamma ray
sensors. These tools, along with surface examination of exposed formations and electromagnetic surveys, are yielding results
from the North Sea to Australia.
In the North Sea, researchers from the
University of Aberdeen in Scotland, and
the University of Bergen in Norway, are
extrapolating subsea formations from exposed cliff face formations. Using eight-rotor drones (octocopters) fitted with cameras, the project, called SAFARI, generates
3D models of the cliff faces to help identify
potential reservoir and seal rocks.
On the other side of the world, Australian company Shift Geophysics is
studying the viability of drone-deployed
electromagnetic surveys, following on
their use of airships (blimps) for the same

work. A recent study, presented by Shifts
Adam Kroll at the 23rd International
Geophysical Conference and Exhibition,
Aug. 1113, 2013, raises as many questions as it answers.
According to the Shift study, data quality can be affected, either positively or
negatively, depending on the type of UAV
used for the type of geophysical acquisition. Magnetic data is negatively affected
by permanent, induced eddy current fields,
high-frequency electromagnetic noise and
microphone noise generated from the airborne platform. And, data quality will be
significantly impacted by the type of sensor
used. Fluxgate magnetometers, preferred
due to payload size and weight restrictions,
are more susceptible to attitude changes
than cesium vapour magnetometers.
An unmanned vehicle of any sort improves safety by eliminating an onboard
operator/pilot. As Kroll notes, The International Airborne Geophysics Society
Associations (IAGSA) published statistics
TGS Geophysical winged drone.
Versadrones Heavylift octocopter capable

of carrying up to 4 kg payload. Photo
credit: HexCam Aerial Photography.
have attributed 1.75 fatalities per 100,000

flight hr, due to airborne geophysics operations. With no personnel on board, that
figure falls to zero. And, the UAV can fly for
a much longer period of time without limitations about how long an onboard pilot
may fly without relief.
Without personnel on board, however,
the UAV is still an airborne missile capable
of inflicting damage and/or death, should
it fall from the sky. Therefore, operators
should be diligent in determining that the
UAV is well-maintained and has the requisite, and redundant, equipment to maintain course and altitude.
Drones are relatively new and not wellincorporated with differing aviation regulations of various countries. Western countries have generally put into place basic
regulations for UAV operations, although
most of the regulations are relatively recent. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, for example, issued approval for
ConocoPhillips to fly unmanned drones in
U.S. airspace last July. ConocoPhillips will
use the drones for emergency response, oil
spill monitoring and wildlife surveillance.
There is little doubt that the demand for
drone-deployed geophysical surveying will
grow. Its growth, says Kroll, will depend, to
some extent, on potential operators understanding a set of limitations:
Several terrains are not ideally suitable for certain UAV activities, such
as operations near oceans.
UAVs are not as reliable as manned
aircraft, requiring rigorous planning,
maintenance and best-practice safety
systems.
Regulations in many countries do
not allow UAV flights, or require the
operator to ensure that the crew has
certain qualifications.
Regardless of the arguments against
UAV geophysical acquisition, the trend
will build. Its just too cost-effective and
too efficient.
WILLIAM.PIKE@CONTR.NETL.DOE.GOV / Bill Pike has 45 years

experience in the upstream oil and gas industry, and serves as Chairman
of the World Oil Editorial Advisory Board.
TAM SOLUTIONS
PROVEN, PREDICTABLE, PACKER PERFORMANCE
TAM PosiFrac Systems:

For swellable packer expertise, TAM
now brings you the complete package.
As a market leader in swellable packer technology with 45 years of expertise, its only natural
that weve expanded our offering to include an integrated completion system for unconventional
resources. With PosiFrac you have an all-inclusive, multi-stage system for open-hole hydraulic
fracture applications. And you have the experts to run it from service centers in your region. This
gives you unprecedented control and predictability allowing you to maximize efciency. It also
provides reassurance no one else can match: youll get your completion on depth, on time,
with the best swellable packers available. And thats as complete as it gets.
WELL INTERVENTION
DRILLING & COMPLETIONS
UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCES
RESERVOIR OPTIMIZATION
www.tamintl.com
DRILLING ADVANCES
JIM REDDEN, CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
No reasoning with the seasons

June 1 signaled the start of the dreaded
Atlantic hurricane season and with it, the
likelihood of waiting-on-weather missives
cropping up regularly on daily Gulf of Mexico (GOM) drilling reports. While we can
only hope that meteorologists are somewhat on target with their 2014 forecasts
of relatively calm climatic conditions offshore, its been anything but that onshore.
Indeed, an unseasonably bitter winter,
by U.S. standards, was followed by a deadly
rash of tornadoes that slammed across
many E&P theaters in the South and Midwest. As for the winter, the Arctic-like conditions that kept much of the country in a
deep freeze were a double-edged sword, in
that they generated an appreciable spike in
natural gas prices, but at the same time prevented rig and frac crews from doing their
jobs. As one who had the opportunity to
visit some drilling locations in Nizhnevartovsk, Western Siberia, in the dead of winter, the notion of working on a rig floor under those conditions runs contrary to my
more tropically inclined sensibilities.
While operators in perennially windswept North Dakota are accustomed to
brutal winters, they say nothing compared to the one just passed. Although
production in the Bakken-Three Forks
shale rebounded impressively, to notch
up a daily record in March, output was
flat in January following an unprecedented decline of 53,226 bopd in December,
reportedly the largest drop since the state
began keeping records.
In what the states chief regulator described as one Arctic clipper after another, a significant portion of North Dakota
experienced its third coldest December
ever, with the abnormally harsh conditions
continuing into the early part of this year.
Reports had the numbing cold freezing
diesel in tanks, while most of January also
saw winds peaking above 35 mph, putting
a further damper on drilling and fracing
operations. The biggest production impact was still the weather, Lynn Helms,
director of the North Dakota Industrial
Commission Department of Mineral Re-
sources (DMR), told Reuters. February

had 18 days with temperatures five-plus
degrees (Fahrenheit) below normal. Add
to that, four days with wind gusts too high
for completion work, and progress is slow.
Remarkably, aggregate production
still managed to hit the one-billion-bbl
landmark this year, but producers said it
could have been significantly higher and
achieved sooner, had the weather cooperated. Onshore operators had no more
thawed out, and returned to business as
usual, when a string of deadly tornadoes
roared across much of the U.S. petroleum
sector between April 27 and 30.
The hardest-hit area was Arkansas Fayetteville shale, where Southwestern Energy
Co. (SWN) is a major player. While the independent says its wellsites made it through
relatively unscathed, many of its employees
were not so lucky. Several in the SWN family have experienced great loss, including
homes destroyed and loved ones lost, CEO
Steve Mueller said during the first-quarter
earnings call. Were heavily involved in
supporting this area with resources for the
Greater Arkansas American Red Cross, to
aid in their relief efforts there.
Calm waters ahead? Getting back
to the offshore, on May 22, the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) released its annual forecast,
where it predicts near-to-slightly-below
historical activity levels, with up to an expected high of 13 named storms, defined
as packing sustained winds of 39 mph or
higher. But, in the words of Caribbean
crooner Jimmy Buffet, there aint no reasonin with the hurricane season, so the
inexact science that is hurricane forecasting is largely dismissed by drillers, who
continue to prepare for the worst.
Prior to release of the NOAA prediction, private forecasters ImpactWeather
and AccuWeather concurred during a oneday industry symposium in Houston that
all indications point to a relatively mild
five-month hurricane season. Nevertheless, Chris Hebert, ImpactWeathers chief
hurricane forecaster, admitted to the Hous-
ton Chronicle that forecasts mean little to

offshore operators. For the most part, for
the private industry, the forecast is a curiosity. Theres nothing different they do.
No less than seven papers dealing with
ocean storms, and the loop and eddy currents that put many a GOM floater in
time-out, were presented at last months
Offshore Technology Conference (OTC)
in Houston. While most of the papers
dealt with meteorological modeling and
measurements, others focused on operational issues. One such paper, co-authored
by Stress Engineering Services and the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and
Technology, focused on lessons learned
from a 20122013 deepwater drilling campaign in the Nankai Trough off Japan.
The program was conducted from the
Chikyu drillship in 6,361 ft of water, with
surface currents exceeding 3.5 knots. The
authors detailed the operational issues
evaluated, including riser deployment and
retrieval; the landing approach for the BOP
and lower marine riser package (LMRP)
with the vessel drifting; typhoon evacuation plans; hang-off operational criteria;
allowable riser tension range; and riser fatigue measurement with vortex-induced
vibration (VIV) monitoring. The paper
featured general guidelines and associated
criteria for evaluating a drilling riser system
under various inclement conditions.
Stress Engineering and Shell also presented a methodology for monitoring riser
and subsea wellhead fatigue, under the abnormally high surface and subsurface currents intrinsic of the deepwater GOM. The
semi-analytical approach for estimating
wellhead fatigue, by examining BOP stack
motion data, also touched on considerations for vibration mitigation. The methodology was developed during a GOM
drilling program in up to 7,000 ft of water,
with surface and subsurface currents as
high as 5.0 and 1.5 knots, respectively.
JIMREDDEN@SBCGLOBAL.NET / Jim Redden, a Houston-based

consultant and a journalism graduate of Marshall University, has
more than 38 years of experience as a writer, editor and corporate
communicator, primarily on the upstream oil and gas industry.
MULTI-STAGE COMPLETIONS
Not all ball-drop

systems are
created equal.
Our QA/QC process provides 100%
traceability with 2D barcodes ensuring
that every system is tracked from raw
steel to on-site delivery. Contact us today
and let us help you maximize your assets.
DO IT ONCE. DO IT RIGHT.
www.packersplus.com
WHATS NEW IN PRODUCTION

HENRY TERRELL, CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
Production milestones and crude words

I was going to lead this months column
with the announcement that North Dakota is now producing a million barrels of
crude per day, except that, as of this writing, its not quite true. According to this
weeks American Petroleum Institute numbers, the Peace Garden State* produced an
estimated 971,000 bopd during April, up
6,000 bopd in one month and up 20,000
bopd in the past year. The upward trajectory of Bakken shale has been relentless, if
not entirely even, and the chances are good
that, by the time you read this, the millionbopd milestone will have been achieved.
All that crude has to move. Transportation of the Bakken oil has mostly kept
up with galloping production, but just.
Historically, the bulk of the oil surge has
been carried by pipelines. At the beginning of 2012, roughly 75% of the oil produced in the region was transported by
pipe, with most of the balance carried by
railcar. Enbridge Energy, the largest owner
and builder of pipelines in the Bakken, has
managed to increase its pipeline capacity in
North Dakota and Montana, doubling the
amount of crude that can be moved out
of the region. Other expansion projects
are planned, including the 225,000-bopd
Sandpiper Pipeline, which will transport
about 20% of the Bakken shales crude oil
production, when its finished in 2016.
Even so, the North Dakota bottleneck is
a persistent, growing problem.
Unfortunately, for the past few years,
pipelines have been the public demon of
the upstream. Major ruptures of pipes,
many of them older than me, have shed an
unflattering light on an infrastructure in serious need of upgrading. Ironically, public
opposition to pipeline construction has
slowed the development of a safer, more
modern system, and put greater pressure
on other forms of transportation, particularly rail. TransCanadas Keystone XL has
taken the brunt of the controversy, but proposed new pipelines in Canada have also
been challenged. (Last fall, British Columbia blocked the proposed Northern Gateway pipeline for environmental reasons.)
*Really
Bakken blitz. Except for a small contribution by trucks rumbling down U.S.
Highway 85, the difference between production and transportation capacity has
been made up by rail. The pipe-to-rail ratio
has almost completely flipped in two years,
so that now roughly 75% of North Dakota crude is shipped out by train. This has
brought on a fresh debate about cost and
safety trade-offs.
Very early in the morning, on July 6,
2013, in the town of Lac-Mgantic, Quebec, a 74-car freight train carrying Bakken
crude ran away and derailed, causing the
catastrophic explosion of multiple tank
cars and resulting in 47 deaths. Similarly,
an oil train crashed and burned after a collision near Casselton, N.D., on Dec. 30,
2013, fortunately with no deaths.
The federal government responded to
these and other rail incidents with Operation Classification (or Bakken blitz),
consisting of unannounced spot inspections of oil tanker cars by the Federal Railroad Administration, to make sure that oil
trains from the Bakken region are compliant with all federal safety regulations.
Regulators are also examining the question
of whether Bakken crude oil is more hazardous, due to its volatility. The pressure to
upgrade and modernize the tanker car fleet
has grown considerably.
Cheaper and safer. Multiple studies in
the U.S. and Canada have shown that pipelines are a far safer and more efficient way
to transport crude oil. While spills from
pipelines do occur, they are infrequent
and have a smaller impact on the environment than do tanker car ruptures, and are
far less likely to cause public harm. In addition, transportation costs are one-fourth
to one-half that of rail. And one thing that
makes pipelines unique as a transportation
systemthey stay put. Only the product
moves. As an inherent advantage, this one
is the dealmaker.
Frac this. I realize its mostly pointless
minutia from the department of who
cares, really?, but last week the publish-
ers of the Miriam Webster Collegiate

Dictionary announced their annual addition of new words150 made the cut
this year. Along with selfie, paywall,
hashtag and other such gems, frack
and fracking are included, defined as
acceptable short variants of the term hydraulic fracturing. As anyone whos been
paying attention knows, a contentious
divide has grown between the popular
press on one side, and the industry (along
with its trade press) on the other, over the
spelling of these punchy little words.
It is not uncommon in letters that we
get from readers of this magazine to include a small aside saying something like
and by the way, thank you for spelling the
darn word right. The fact is, frac with no
k has been the standard jargon spelling
for decades. Its only when it entered the
popular lexicon that writers started adding
the extra letter to assist the under-educated
with pronunciation.
Frac is not the problem per se, but
the noun form fracing, which looks like
it ought to rhyme with tracing. In that,
the revisionists have a point. However,
frack is unnecessary and, frankly, looks
kind of nasty. Among detractors of the
technology, thats the whole idea. Who
could possibly be in favor of something
denoted by such an ugly word?
Last year, I participated in a discussion panel at Southern Methodist University concerning public relations and
the petroleum industry. During one
session, I facetiously suggested changing the name of the technology to hydrotickling, which not only sounds
more benign, but can be shortened to a
noun tickle (as in were looking at a
six-stage tickle on that lateral).
But, unless this catches on, heres a suggestion, AP, Reuters and Chicago Manual,
if youre listening: Frac as a verb and
fracing for a shorthand noun, if you
must. Or better, just to say fracturing.
Theyll know what you mean.
HENRY.TERRELL@GULFPUB.COM
HPHT
CHALLENGES
Trusted by operators worldwide

to handle the heat and pressure
With a field-proven portfolio of HPHT drilling fluids products, related services and modeling software,
M-I SWACO is the first choice of 59% of operators facing the challenges of HPHT wells*.
Our technologies include high temperature fluids that carefully control ECD and perform in
overpressured formations and weak zones. The result is a significant reduction in drilling-related
non-productive time, which is common in HPHT wells.
On a recent ultra-high temperature well (432F) in the Gulf of Thailand, the RHADIANT drilling fluid
system proved thermally stable throughout the drilling process and enabled the operator reach
production faster with no NPT.
www.slb.com/hpht
Mark of M-I L.L.C. *Welling Report 2014. 59% of operators stated M-I SWACO as the drilling fluids market leader for HPHT applications.
OFFSHORE IN DEPTH
ELDON BALL, CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
Building a global subsea education,

research alliance
What started as a subsea engineering graduate program at the University of
Houston (UH) has grown into an international alliance, which combines subsea
education with subsea research among six
of the worlds leading, subsea engineering
universities.
The Global Subsea University Alliance
was conceived by Matthew Franchek,
founding director of the University of
Houston Subsea Engineering Program
(UHSEP); the Singapore Economic
Development Board; and Prof Loh Wai
Lam, at the National University of Singapore. And, although Dr. Franchek has
guided and built the UHSEP, which has
both an education and research focus, the
original idea was brought to him by an industry professional.
Dr. Franchek came to UH in 2002 from
Purdue University, where he had been a
full professor in mechanical engineering.
While at Purdue, he initiated and led two
industry-supported interdisciplinary research programsautomotive research
and electro-hydraulic research. From 2002
to 2009, he served as mechanical engineering chair at UH while simultaneously initiating UHs biomedical engineering undergraduate program.
In 2009, I was leading an outreach program for the University of Houston, for the
Cullen College of Engineering, and one of
its goals was to have an economic impact,
both within Houston and within the state.
I was meeting with Randy Wester (director, Global Subsea Engineering) of FMC
Technologies as part of the outreach program, and he said, How about starting a
graduate program in subsea engineering?
So we talked about it, continues Wester, and I met with a lot of other companies
in the industry that are great ambassadors
for UH and are our stakeholders, and they
were excited about it. Finally, after a meeting with the dean of the engineering college, we decided to implement subsea engineering. That led to a lot of conversations,
Franchek says, along with benchmarking
internationally, meeting with executives
and industry leaderspeople that we

think are gurus in the various areas of subsea discipline. We eventually put together
what I believe is the most comprehensive
subsea engineering program in the world.
Subsea alliance. The educational side
of the equation didnt completely fulfill the
vision. So, Dr. Franchek and his UH colleagues, working with the National University of Singapore and others, put together
what they now have launched as the Global
Subsea University Alliance (GSUA). It involves several key universities that they
identified as world leaders: National University of Singapore; University of Aberdeen (Scotland); Federal University of Rio
de Janeiro; Curtin University (Australia);
Bergen University College (Norway); and
University of Houston.
The program first wanted to make its
curriculum international, meaning that a
student could take a course at the Federal University, and it would transfer to
UH. The next thing Franchek wanted
was a global institute for subsea engineering research, a program that would
spread among all the institutions. Were
putting this together now with the other
universities, he explains, and from now
on, it will be one-stop shopping. It will
be education, and it will be research. The
players we have picked out were not by
accident. We all have the same oil and
gas companies within a 20-to-25-mile
radius of the universities.
Franchek says that hed like to make
sure that no matter how global your business is, youll have a university near you
that advocates high standards within a subsea engineering curriculum.
The industry has supported the program from the beginning, Franchek says.
We have some very great supporters. One
that has been very helpful to us is National
Oilwell Varco. They not only supported
research projects, but also gave us a highperformance computing center.
The NOV leadership has significantly
advanced the subsea engineering program
in tremendous ways, Franchek says. I
have to recognize them and their leadership. Were also grateful to the American
Bureau of Shipping, KBR, FMC Technologies, GE Oil and Gas, and Transocean,
among many others. There are others that
we are talking with right now. I think that
by the end of summer, youre going to see
an extremely long list.
In building the world-class faculty, Dr.
Franchek went to the industry, itself. During his initial interviews about building the
curriculum, he spoke with roughly 200
companies, large and small, throughout
the industry. At some point, he asked, who
were the best authorities on whatever segment was under discussion. Theyd mention someone by name, and hed add that
to his list. Some names would pop up more
often than others.
Id go over and meet them, and look
at their credentialsare they someone
Id like to listen to in the evening during a
weeknight, are they charismatic to keep me
engaged, will they make the commitment?
I did a lot of one-on-one evaluation.
Education and networking. A couple
of strengths of the program, Franchek
saysand why people might want to consider thisis that beyond learning from
the world leaders, veterans and innovators of subsea engineering, both on the
drilling and production side, its a great
chance to network.
Youre sitting amongst your contemporaries. My demographics show that
about 50% in a class are people already
working in the industry. And 50% are new
workforce development. This is a program
thats administered by the university, but
its really for industry In the future, I
think that exchange programs among the
alliance partners, our outreach, and our research facilities, will give all of the students,
the international education they need, as
well as giving companies an easy point of
connection to education and research.
ELDON.BALL@WORLDOIL.COM Eldon Ball has more than 35 years

of experience in business-to-business writing and editing, technical
and economics communications, media relations, marketing, and events
management, specializing in oil and gas and high-tech businesses.
OIL AND GAS IN THE CAPITALS

DR. ROGER H. BEZDEK, CONTRIBUTING EDITOR, WASHINGTON
Carbon follies: The EUs ETS example

As EU energy costs continue to rise,
energy-intensive manufacturers are leaving in record numbers. Member states
have collectively lost 7 million out of 37
million manufacturing jobs since 2005, as
the industrial price of electricity steadily
rises. In the UK, large industrial facilities
increasingly pay heavy prices for power. A
UK governmental forecast of added costs
of $28/MWh by year 2020 is contrasted
with a Confederation of British Industry
projection of $200/MWh.
The most sobering example is Spain,
where job losses are closely correlated with
high household electricity costs. Spains
unemployment rate is 27%, the highest
among EU member states, and up sharply
from just 11% in 2008. The EU states illustrate the economic consequences of emissions trading policies.
Meanwhile, ETS has delivered virtually
none of the promised environmental benefits. ETS was expected to reduce 2.8 billion
tons of CO2 from Europes power stations
and factories when compared to businessas-usual projections. Instead, EU states net
emissions actually increased during this
period, and the schemes integrity is deeply
compromised by a huge volume of surrendered offset credits.
Proposed reforms called for by EU
Climate Commissioner Connie Hedegaard amount to backloading, a desperate maneuver to prop up the ETS by withholding emission allowances from auction
to artificially create scarcity and increase
U.S. vs. EU electricity costs.
Industrial electricity prices, cents per kWh
As of early 2014, more than two dozen

nations and sub-national jurisdictions have
imposed carbon restrictions. Carbon restrictions are working perfectly in every
country that has tried them: They are ruining economies, devastating industry, destroying jobs and impoverishing citizens,
particularly in the European Union (EU).
The EU Emissions Trading Scheme
(ETS), launched in 2005, is a case study
in inefficient, ineffective and economically
disastrous policymaking. The worlds first
cross-border greenhouse gas emissions
(GHG) trading scheme regulates more
than 11,500 installations45% of total
EU CO2 emissions. European companies
buy and sell permits to emit CO2 under the
ETS. If they emit less than their permits allow, they can sell the excess for a profit.
In theory, the scheme incentivizes efficiency and innovation; in practice, it acts
as a massive tax that has hobbled EU industries in a competitive global marketplace.
EU industrial electricity prices are already
two to three times higher than in the U.S.
(see chart), and are headed much higher.
Once hailed as a global blueprint, ETS
was intended to be the single largest driver
of emissions reductions under the EU Climate Package. Instead, it is now the packages weakest link. Europeans have spent
over 600 billion ($850 billion) on renewable energy subsidies to support it.
The ETS is flawed by every measure. It
has not reduced emissions, but it has dramatically raised energy prices, increased
national debt, driven businesses out of
Europe, and been plagued by fraud and
corruption. Europes middle class is being
pushed into energy poverty. The ETS has
sent energy costs soaring, with electricity prices rising 37% higher than those
in the U.S. At least 1.4 million additional
European households will be pushed into
energy poverty by 2020. For example, in
2003, roughly 6% of the UK population
qualified as fuel-poor by paying more
than 10% of household income on energy. A decade later, nearly 20% of the UK
is fuel-poor.
20
18.7
16
12.9
12
8
13
14.8
DR. BEZDEK is an internationally recognized energy analyst and

6.5
4
0
carbon prices and energy costs for families

and businesses. By changing the rules, inflating energy prices, imposing additional
renewables subsidies and mandates, and
penalizing fossil fuels further, activists
hope to resuscitate this dying scheme.
The necessity of a radical policy change
seems to be recognized by everyone except
the EU bureaucrats. For example:
The European Union is wracked
by sovereign debt, budget deficits,
monetary weakness, slow economic
growth, trade deficits with the emerging economies, an aging population,
and mass unemploymentbut it has
the supposedly proud role of world
leader in Green Energy Transition,
Andrew McKillop, former energy
analyst, Euro Commission.
Instead of a model for the world to
emulate, Europe has become a model
of what not to do, Calgary Herald,
May 15, 2013.
In Britain, climate charges add 19% to
electricity prices that large manufacturers pay. Heavy users of electricity,
like aluminum smelting or steel-making, are an endangered species , The
New York Times, April 17, 2013.
Since 2000, Spain spent 571,138 to
create each green job. The programs
creating those jobs also resulted in
the destruction of nearly 110,500 jobs
elsewhere in the economy, or 2.2 jobs
destroyed for every green job created,
Gabriel Calzada lvarez et al., Universidad Rey Juan Carlos.
The ETS impact on the EU member
states thus offers a preview of the energy
and economic consequences of implementing similar emissions trading policies
globally. These policies should be avoided
and, where implemented, reversed.
U.S.
UK
Spain
Germany
Italy
president of MISI, in Washington, D.C. He has 30 years experience

in the energy, utility, environmental, and regulatory areas, serving
in private industry, academia, and government. He has served as
senior adviser in the U.S. Treasury Department, as U.S. energy
delegate to the EU and NATO, and as a consultant to the White House,
governmental agencies, and various corporations and organizations.
His most recent book is The Impending World Energy Mess.
World Oil/ JUNE 201423
Reduction in off-bottom torque by using lightweight Alcoa drill pipe.

In a recent offshore drilling operation, lightweight Alcoa drill pipe delivered a significant reduction in top drive
torque when compared to conventional steel drill pipe. By reducing the requirement for top drive torque, the well was
successfully drilled with a smaller, lower-capacity workover rig.
Drill farther with existing assets. Drill more complex wells. Go farther with lightweight Alcoa drill pipe. For specic
performance data, go to AlcoaOilandGas.com, or email to info@AlcoaOilandGas.com.
EXECUTIVE VIEWPOINT
FATEMEH HOSHDAR, DIRECTOR OF INNOVATION
MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT, IIES, IRAN
Robust oilfield technology planning

system for developing countries
Technology development in the oil
industry is widely indebted to efforts led
by international oil companies (IOCs).
Many national oil companies (NOCs)
develop oil fields and create wealth by
means of technologies developed by
major IOCs around the world. This has
brought different technology management approaches to the oil industry.
These range from a bottom-up approach
in NOCs that defines technologies
needed to be purchased or transferred
from market leaders and form a technology portfolio, to a proactive approach
adopted by IOCs and major technology
providers that moves on professional, futurist master plans.
Recent sanctions against the Iranian
oil industry have brought limitations to
financial and technological cooperation
between Iran and the worlds leading
technology providers. This, in turn, has
caused insufficient foreign investment,
and therefore, problems in developing oil
and gas reservoirs. This issue becomes
more significant upon recognition that:
1. Irans major oil and gas fields are more
than halfway through their lifespan
and an increased recovery factor is
only possible through the application
of advanced technical knowledge.
2. Irans population has doubled since
1979. This has increased the cost of
providing primary requirements and
social infrastructure. The remaining
oil income is not sufficient for investment in domestic fields. Foreign investment is also difficult, due to sanctions.
3. Extensive interconnection between
the oil industry and different engineering disciplines and basic sciences
requires complex learning models for
intra-organizational planning. This is
hard to achieve, given the countrys
bureaucratic administration.
These concerns have led Iranian oil industry policymakers to study and develop
a technology planning system, which
could provide quality technology road-
maps and guidelines for the industrys

development plans.
As is common in NOCs, the oil value
chain from upstream to downstream is divided into several sections, each managed
by a subsidiary company. A multiplicity
of companies, together with different levels of decision-making (i.e., technology
policy level, enterprise portfolio level and
single units of technology), might face
any technology planning system, with a
lack of horizontal and vertical alignment
of decisions. To cope with probable deficiencies, a model with the following major characteristics has been developed,
to form the basis for a robust technology
planning system.
Technology roadmaps. To develop
the planning model, a hybrid approach
was adopted, which intertwines both
bottoms-up and master plan views, and
reinforces the strengths of the two, while
minimizing challenges arising from the
Iranian industrys special situation. Taking advantage of a roadmap technique has
made it possible to integrate the efforts of
policymakers and companies at the same
organizational levels (horizontal alignment), and for all to converge toward supporting industry and enterprise objectives
at different levels (vertical alignment). In
brief, three types of technology roadmaps
are developed, as follows:
At the highest level (i.e., Ministry
of Petroleum and CEOs of major
companies), a strategic roadmap
is determined by taking advantage
of a master plan approach from top
to bottom, to develop the industrys
general technology development
policies.
At the middle level (i.e., research
and technology departments of major and subsidiary companies) lay
the roadmaps of macro technological areas with high priority, for any
of the companies.
At the lowest level (i.e., consulting
companies, contractors and technology development centers, which are
not necessarily affiliated to the industry) roadmaps of single units of

technology are developed, according
to the determined policies and priorities at the two previous, higher levels.
Software and hardware aspects. The
developed model and the associated technology planning system focus attention
on both software and hardware issues.
Technology roadmaps at both levels of
strategic and priority areas of technology concentrate mostly on software aspects of the industry, while roadmapping
at the units of technology level focuses
mostly on hardware aspects.
General scope technologies. While
certain general scope technologies, such
as nanotechnology and information technology, may not fall in the activity scope
of a specific company, special attention is
paid to their development requirements
via the designed system.
Three roadmap layers. Three different layers of technology roadmaps (i.e.,
a reference roadmap, a roadmap for priority areas, and a roadmap for each selected unit of technology) have been introduced. They are expected to help the
Iranian industry plan for its technology
portfolio, and to some extent, overcome
the critical absence of major leading
technology providers.
Such a planning system, based on a
roadmapping methodology, will accelerate achievements in the development
of technology for the Iranian oil industry. Simultaneous attention to horizontal and vertical alignment of developed
plans increases the chance of success.
This is a significant change of approach
for the Iranian industry, whose development requires rapid supply of critical
technologies.
FATEMEH HOSHDAR was appointed director of the Innovation

Management Department at the Institute for International Energy
Studies (IIES) during 2010. The IIEES is affiliated with the Iranian
Ministry of Petroleum. She is a technology management graduate of
Islamic Azad University (IAU) and has had a 10-year career in energy
technologies. The above viewpoint comes from recent research
conducted by Ms. Hoshdar, and assisted by Sepehr Ghazinoory,
professor of science and technology policy at IAU.
| bakerhughes.com
How LOW can you go?
Rod lift systems have their place. But the new ProductionWave solution for
unconventional oil wells, featuring breakthrough FLEXPump technology, can
deliver reliable performance with better economics and fewer HSE risks in ow
ranges from as low as 50 bfpd.
Greater draw down. More control. No tubing wear. Were exible like that.
Learn more at bakerhughes.com/productionwave
2014 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 39169 01/2014
INNOVATIVE THINKERS
Schramm

Smarter, smaller,
safer, stronger
As the shale oil and gas industry continues to mature in the U.S., with burgeoning
activity seen in international plays from
Poland to Argentina, this resource niche is
becoming less unconventional for some
drillers. Especially in the northeastern part
of the country, in the consistently productive Marcellus and Utica formations, the
challenges associated with tapping into the
regions highly prized liquids-rich portions
are well-known to operators there.
By state and company estimates, compiled by World Oil in February, operators
plan to drill more than 3,800 wells across
Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia and
New York this year; shale will likely comprise a healthy share of this activity. It is no
wonder, then, that land-based hydraulic rig
manufacturer Schramm Inc., with its home
base in centrally located West Chester, Pa.,
has focused its most recent efforts on introducing technologies aimed at making
the shale drilling process smarter, safer and
stronger. And, just a little bit smaller.
Schramm recently rolled out its latest
shale-targeted rig: the T250XD. As innovations go, the rig incorporates additional
elements and capabilities, borrowed from,
Schramms latest rig, the T250XD, was
designed specically for shale drilling
applications, and takes its name from its
250,000-lb hookload rating.
and pioneered on, previous Schramm designs, while maintaining a smaller overall
footprint. Hydraulically speaking, users
get more bang for their buck with the
250,000-lb-hookload-rated rig.
Like its big brother, the T500XD, which
is rated to a 500,000-lb hookload and has
19 ft of under-table clearance, Schramms
latest unit features the companys proprietary Telemast and LoadSafe XD technologies. Together, the combination of hydraulically powered top drive technology and
a hands-free pipe handling system means
that the same high-torque, deep-drilling
challenges can be met, but with fewer
personnel on the ground. When seen in
person, the system, all controlled by two
operators in an above-deck control room,
is miles away from the industrys more traditional drilling model.
The pullback is definitely something
that everybody wants, especially as you
start going into the horizontals. The friction really starts to increase, especially
when youre going down 6,0008,000
feet, said Michael Horchuck, V.P. of operations at Schramm, of the T500XD.
Both the T250XD and T500XD designs are highly mobile. Essentially, said
David Hartzell, Schramms V.P. of engineering, the rigs can be erected and operational
within a 12-hour shift. The T500XD even
uses its walkability feature, which allows
it to move around the wellsite without

dismantling and reassembly, to self-erect,
lending additional efficiency and safety to
operations. The controls for the rig are electric, in place of traditional hydraulics, which
provides a smoother user experience.
The decision to introduce new features,
like additional floor clearance and load capacity, into these rigs models, said Hartzell,
has been driven by the industry. Wellsite
safety has always been a necessary and important concern. These days, companies
and regulators have pushed to see added
prevention and containment measures,
including larger BOP stacks, onshore and
offshore. Todays land-based BOPs can
weigh up to 40,000 lb, which means mobility can be limited, especially when moving in areas with a high activity. Even with
the more compact T250XD, with its 13.5
ft of clearance, operators can more readily
move in and access the stack, without having to relocate the rig.
Schramm has not limited its sights to
the northeastern U.S. market; as many rig
builders have seen over the past 10 to 15
years, the international market is not to be
ignored. The company is one of the largest providers of imported drilling rigs to
China, and it also has units operating in
Australia and Zambia.
MELANIE.CRUTHIRDS@WORLDOIL.COM
NOW.
NOV Wilson has become DistributionNOW.
From this moment forward, the highly regarded, industryleading distribution group of National Oilwell Varco will
be its own entity. DistributionNOW, with more than
300 locations worldwide, and thousands of products and
services, is primed to service your land and offshore drilling
and production needs.
:KHQHYHUDQGZKHUHYHU\RXUHTXLUHWKHRLOHOGHTXLSPHQW
to keep you running, call the leader in supply chain
management for the energy industry.
Every Moment is NOW. Call us at 800-228-2893.
www.distributionnow.com
distributionnow.com/wo
2014 DistributionNOW. All rights reserved.
DNWOIA614
INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE
Although international tensions, brought on by the threat of

Russian intervention in the Ukraine, eased somewhat in April,
crude prices rose on most exchanges, as lower output outside
OPEC coincided with rising seasonal refinery demand. OPEC
oil production, after falling for five months, increased to 29.9
MMbpd. U.S. oil output rose again to just under 8.25 MMbpd,
more than 12% higher than a year ago. Natural gas prices on
the Henry Hub slid to $4.66/MMBtu. Excluding an expected
drop in Canada, international rotary rig counts rose modestly
in April, while the U.S. rig count climbed for the third straight
month, surpassing 1,850 in early May.
U.S. OIL PRODUCTION1

APR
20142
29
573
20
611
192
7
21
131
7
1,285
22
69
90
10
318
971
22
348
3,174
115
12
192
29
8,248
7,675
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Florida
Illinois
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana4
Michigan
Mississippi
Montana
Nebraska
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Texas4
Utah
West Virginia
Wyoming
Others5
TOTAL U.S.
LOWER 48
1
3
5
Thousand barrels per day
APR
20133
29
523
18
587
148
3
27
134
8
1,275
21
68
78
6
284
793
13
311
2,724
93
9
172
28
7,353
6,830
% DIFF.
0.0
9.6
11.1
4.1
29.7
133.3
-22.2
-2.2
-12.5
0.8
4.8
1.5
15.4
66.7
12.0
22.4
69.2
11.9
16.5
23.7
33.3
11.6
3.6
12.2
12.4
MAR
20142
28
564
20
607
190
7
22
134
7
1,263
21
68
88
8
297
965
20
340
3,087
110
12
187
29
8,074
7,510
2 Preliminary estimate, API.

Includes lease condensate.
DOEs revision, as of 10 months from current issue date, adjusted. 4 Includes federal OCS production.
Includes Arizona, Indiana, Missouri, Nevada, New York, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee and Virginia.
U.S. GAS PRICES ($/MCF) & PRODUCTION (BCFD)
$7
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
$6
$5
$4
WORLD OIL & NGL PRODUCTION
Million barrels per day
APR
2014
MAR
2014
AVG. 2013
AVG. 2012
OPECCRUDE OIL
Saudi Arabia
Iran
Iraq
United Arab Emirates
Kuwait
Neutral Zone
Qatar
Angola
Nigeria
Libya
Algeria
Ecuador
Venezuela
NGLs & condensate1
TOTAL OPEC
9.40
2.83
3.34
2.69
2.55
0.52
0.70
1.60
1.92
0.22
1.12
0.55
2.46
6.41
36.31
9.31
2.80
3.20
2.78
2.50
0.52
0.71
1.47
1.94
0.24
1.02
0.55
2.46
6.39
35.89
9.40
2.68
3.08
2.76
2.55
0.52
0.73
1.72
1.95
0.90
1.15
0.52
2.50
6.31
36.77
9.51
3.00
2.95
2.65
2.46
0.54
0.74
1.78
2.10
1.39
1.17
0.50
2.50
6.17
37.48
OECD2
U.S.
Mexico
Canada
United Kingdom
Norway
Europe-others
Australia
Pacific-others
TOTAL OECD
11.29
2.84
4.04
0.81
1.89
0.67
0.44
0.10
22.11
11.17
2.86
4.12
0.75
1.91
0.65
0.39
0.10
21.96
10.31
2.89
3.99
0.85
1.84
0.59
0.41
0.08
20.96
9.17
2.92
3.75
0.94
1.91
0.60
0.48
0.08
19.87
10.89
3.01
4.29
0.65
0.90
0.80
1.14
0.14
2.25
0.62
0.94
0.42
0.92
0.03
0.11
0.67
0.24
1.67
29.69
2.19
90.30
10.91
3.00
4.19
0.65
0.88
0.81
1.14
0.14
2.21
0.62
0.98
0.43
0.95
0.03
0.11
0.67
0.24
1.69
29.65
2.21
89.71
10.88
3.00
4.18
0.66
0.90
0.84
1.14
0.14
2.12
0.63
1.01
0.42
0.95
0.06
0.14
0.70
0.24
1.59
29.59
2.18
89.49
10.73
2.93
4.17
0.67
0.91
0.89
1.17
0.14
2.16
0.66
0.95
0.42
0.92
0.17
0.18
0.72
0.25
1.48
29.53
2.14
89.01
NONOECD
Russia
FSU-others
China
Malaysia
India
Indonesia
Asia-others
Europe
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Latin America-others
Oman
Syria
Yemen
Egypt
Gabon
Africa/Middle East-others
TOTAL NONOECD
PROCESSING GAINS3
TOTAL SUPPLY
Source: International Energy Agency

Note: Totals and subtotals may not add, due to rounding.
1 Includes condensates reported by OPEC countries, oil from non-conventional sources, e.g. Venezuelan Orimulsion
(but not Orinoco extra-heavy oil) and non-oil inputs to Saudi Arabian
2 Comprises crude oil, condensates, NGLs and oil from non-conventional sources.
3 Net of volumetric gains and losses in refining (excludes net gain/loss in China and non-OECD Europe) and marine
transportation losses.
$3
Monthly price (Henry Hub)
12-month price avg.
12-month
Productionprice avg.
$2
U.S. ONSHORE WELL COUNT
$1
$0
Basin
A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
2012
2013
2014
Production equals U.S. marketed production, wet gas. Source: EIA.
Q2 2014
Q1 2014
+/
Year ago
+/
Ardmore Woodford
31
66
35
49
18
Arkoma Woodford
24
25
13
11
327
374
47
443
116
12
Barnett
Cana Woodford
SELECTED WORLD OIL PRICES ($/BBL)
94
77
17
82
DJNiobrara
267
258
266
Eagle Ford
1,110
1,171
61
1,044
66
30
135
Fayetteville
127
129
157
120
Granite Wash
132
148
16
141
97
94
109
12
105
Marcellus
524
576
52
475
49
Mississippian
386
408
22
343
43
2,374
2,351
23
2,169
206
Haynesville
90
75
60
45
W. Texas Inter.
Brent Blend
Dubai Fateh
Source: DOE
A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
2012
2013
2014
Permian
Utica
102
112
10
131
29
Williston
707
737
30
582
125
Others
2,550
2,557
2,530
20
TOTALS
8,853
9,083
230
8,534
319
Source: Baker Hughes
INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE
INTERNATIONAL ROTARY RIG COUNT

REGION & COUNTRY
CANADA
EUROPE
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Romania
Turkey
United Kingdom
Others
MIDDLE EAST*
Abu Dhabi
Egypt
Iraq
Kuwait
Oman
Pakistan
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Others
AFRICA*
Algeria
Angola
Kenya
Libya
Nigeria
Others
LATIN AMERICA
Argentina
Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
Mexico
Venezuela
Others
ASIA-PACIFIC
Australia
China, offshore
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
New Zealand
Thailand
Vietnam
Others
TOTAL
APR 2014
Land
Offshore
152
2
93
61
3
1
4
1
4
6
0
21
3
0
12
0
41
1
0
20
26
11
361
46
23
7
45
10
89
0
34
0
58
0
23
0
78
20
0
0
11
9
96
40
49
0
1
15
12
1
8
0
8
6
18
18
337
66
103
0
22
27
46
0
24
1
56
31
68
3
18
4
133
119
11
10
0
25
90
40
18
10
1
9
3
3
2
15
0
4
8
3
1,172
334

Note: Totals may not add, due to rounding.
Monthly average
MAR 2014
Land
Offshore
201
3
96
55
4
1
5
2
4
6
3
21
3
0
9
0
39
1
1
16
28
8
350
42
19
10
43
10
90
0
34
0
58
1
20
0
75
21
0
0
11
0
97
35
44
0
0
14
13
1
11
1
10
5
19
14
337
69
101
0
24
23
45
0
24
1
55
33
72
9
16
3
131
124
13
7
0
22
82
40
22
14
1
15
3
2
0
16
0
6
10
2
1,212
328
APR 2013
Land Offshore
126
2
85
51
7
0
4
1
5
3
0
20
4
0
8
0
29
0
0
19
28
8
309
45
18
9
47
11
72
0
31
0
41
1
20
0
66
17
0
0
14
7
88
37
49
0
0
7
1
1
14
0
11
11
13
18
351
89
79
0
27
44
48
0
23
1
78
35
68
6
28
3
148
109
11
8
0
20
82
36
33
14
0
11
8
1
5
14
0
1
9
4
1,107
333
*No data available for Iran and Sudan/South Sudan.
INTERNATIONAL OFFSHORE RIGS*

U.S. GULF OF MEXICO
APR 2014 APR 2013
Total rigs in fleet
Marketed Supply
Marketed Contracted
Rig utilization, %
114
88
81
92.1
Source: IHS Petrodata Weekly Rig Count.
109
82
77
93.9
NORTHWEST EUROPE
APR 2014 APR 2013
93
92
92
100.0
90
88
87
98.9
WORLDWIDE
APR 2014 APR 2013
846
792
737
93.1
781
713
665
93.3
*Rigs are no longer broken out into mobile and platform categories.
WORKOVER RIG COUNT

REGION
Texas Gulf Coast
ArkLaTex
Eastern U.S.
South Louisiana
Mid-Continent
West Texas / Permian
Rocky Mountains
West Coast / Alaska
TOTAL U.S.
CANADA
MAR
2014
210
140
82
17
224
695
342
318
2,028
485
FEB
2014
205
137
96
17
221
699
336
326
2,037
560
Source: Cameron
JAN
2014
203
135
81
20
204
722
340
331
2,036
581
MAR
2013
197
138
92
27
213
678
353
341
2,039
429
% chng
mo. ago
2.4
2.2
14.6
0.0
1.4
0.6
1.8
2.5
0.4
13.4
% chng
yr. ago
6.6
1.4
10.9
37.0
5.2
2.5
3.1
6.7
0.5
13.1
Note: Totals may not add, due to rounding.
INTERNATIONAL ROTARY
DRILLING RIGS
2,000
1,900
1,800
1,700
1,600
1,500
1,400
1,300
1,200
1,100 A M J J A S O N D J F M A A M J J A S O N D J F M A
2012
2013
2014
U.S. ROTARY
DRILLING RIGS
2,100
2,000
1,900
1,800
1,700 A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M
2012
2013
2014
U.S. ROTARY RIG COUNT
Monthly average
APR
2014
5
5
0
0
10
10
0
12
40
39
1
63
1
28
3
107
25
16
20
47
0
14
7
2
2
90
0
178
36
191
57
0
0
885
3
0
127
81
55
36
8
34
9
91
319
37
17
69
27
26
49
4
52
1,835
MAY
2013
7
6
0
0
8
7
1
15
41
39
2
61
1
27
1
107
21
24
18
44
1
12
10
1
4
76
0
176
32
188
58
1
0
838
5
1
136
87
47
35
13
26
13
82
278
36
22
60
31
23
43
7
52
1,767
% DIFF.
MAY 13
MAY 14
14.3
0.0
12.5
28.6
0.0
20.0
7.3
10.3
50.0
6.6
0.0
22.2
200.0
6.5
33.3
41.7
5.6
20.5
100.0
0.0
10.0
100.0
50.0
17.1
0.6
15.6
2.7
1.7
100.0
6.4
60.0
100.0
11.0
1.1
17.0
2.9
30.8
30.8
23.1
18.3
16.2
8.3
27.3
8.3
12.9
13.0
7.0
57.1
9.6
5.1
STATE & AREA

ALABAMA-TOTAL
Land
Inland water
Offshore
ALASKA-TOTAL
Land
Offshore
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA-TOTAL
Land
Offshore
COLORADO
FLORIDA
KANSAS
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA-TOTAL
North - Land
South - Inl. water
South - Land
Offshore
MICHIGAN
MISSISSIPPI
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
PENNSYLVANIA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS-TOTAL
Offshore
Inland water
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4
District 5
District 6
District 7B
District 7C
District 8
District 8A
District 9
District 10
UTAH
W. VIRGINIA
WYOMING
OTHERS
U.S. OFFSHORE TOTAL
U.S. GRAND TOTAL
MAY*
2014
6
6
0
0
9
9
0
12
44
43
1
65
1
33
3
114
28
14
19
53
0
12
9
2
2
89
0
175
37
193
59
0
0
892
2
0
121
88
55
36
9
34
10
97
323
39
16
65
27
26
46
3
57
1,857
*Partial months data

Note: State monthly averages may not add up to U.S. total, due to rounding.
Shrink the footprint.
Step up
production.
FMC Technologies now offers more comprehensive services

than ever to boost safety and production, and reduce emissions,
at your shale operations: pumps, owlines, manifolds, frac trees
and sleeves, owback management, green completion and
measurement solutions. So you can boost productive pumping
time, cut water consumption and simplify logistics, all at once.
We put it together...so you dont have to.
Copyright FMC Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
www.fmctechnologies.com
Sometimes
change is a plus.
K&B Machine Works is now K&B Industries.

The plus in our new name means there are more pluses than ever before to working with us
at K&B. For starters, our new 200,000+ square foot headquarters and manufacturing facility. More
cutting-edge equipment and advanced technology. And more threading licenses than anyone else
in the industry. Amid all this positive change, were the same family-owned business youve always
counted on for timely deliveries, and friendly, responsive service. More capabilities. More capacity.
More commitment. Its change at K&B that adds up to one big plus for you.
kb-industries.com
Houma, Louisiana
985.868.6730
Montoursville, Pennsylvania
570.368.3111
Houston, Texas
281.456.5600
SPECIAL FOCUS: DRILLING AND WELL COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY
Open-hole, multi-stage verticals surpass

conventional plug-and-perfs in Permian basin
A comparison of production
data from cemented and
uncemented vertical wells in
the Delaware basin area of
the Permian basin showed
that open-hole, multi-stage
technology is a viable option
for operators.
DARRELL LOHOEFER and BRETT

KEENER, Eagle Oil & Gas; and DJ SNYDER,
SAIFF EZELDIN and CLIFF WOHLEB, Packers
Plus Energy Services
A tank battery for a well in the Permian

basin, where open-hole, multi-stage
systems (OHMS) and cemented liner,
plug-and-perf (CLPP) vertical completion
methods were compared.
The Permian basin is one of the top

five resource plays in the U.S., attracting
a high volume of activity from operators.
This unconventional trend consists of several stacked pay zones, and the shale and
carbonate layers act as barriers to fracture
growth, making well completions a challenge. While horizontal completions in the
shale layers are in the initial stages, operators are successfully exploiting the reserves
through vertical wells. Figure 1 illustrates
the Permian basin, and, specifically, the
formations in the Delaware basin that are
the focus of this article.
WOLFCAMP SHALE AND BONE
SPRING (WOLFBONE)
Two of the target formations in the

Delaware basin are the Wolfcamp shale
and Bone Spring (together referred to as
the Wolfbone), Fig. 2, which deliver a pay
zone thickness of approximately 1,000
ft to 1,500 ft. The Bone Spring is a thick
sequence of interbedded sandstones, carbonates and shale, at depths ranging from
approximately 6,000 ft to 13,000 ft. Strati-
graphically, each layer of the Bone Spring

comprises a sand and carbonate layer, both
of which contribute to production. Third
Bone Spring sandstones range in porosity
from 7% to 18%, and permeability is 2.0
mD or less (Montgomery, 2004).
The Wolfcamp shale, situated below
the Bone Spring, acts as both a source
rock and a reservoir, with an estimated 3
billion bbl of oil (Beckwith, 2013). While
there are pockets of high porosity and
permeability in the trend, the majority
of the reservoir interval is of lower quality, with porosity and permeability ranges from 5% to 8%, and 0.001 mD to 1.0
mD, respectively (Fairhurst and Hanson,
2012). Originally, exploration focused on
the Wolfcamp sandstone reservoirs below, and the Third Bone Spring sandstone
reservoirs above the Wolfcamp shale,
which is now the focus of development
efforts (Fairhurst and Hanson, 2013).
Historically, the major operators were not
involved with the play, but now, with the
stacked, multi-play reservoirs, the potential has attracted more attention.
COMPLETION METHODS
Even though the Permian basin is a mature exploration area, completion of the
thick shale intervals requires investigation
into new methods and technologies to access the remaining hydrocarbons that are
more challenging to exploit. To date, openhole, multi-stage systems (OHMS) and
the conventional cemented liner, plug-andperf (CLPP) method are the two vertical
completion methods that have been used
to gain access to hydrocarbons in this area.
These two methods are compared in this
article, to highlight OHMS as a long-term
solution for operators completing vertical
wells in a stacked pay. The production, operational and cost comparisons of the two
completion methods provide theoretical
and practical arguments to assist in designing an optimal completion.
CLPP completions usually consist of
the wellbore being cased and cemented,
followed by limited-entry stimulation techWorld Oil/JUNE 201433
DRILLING AND WELL COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY
niques (cluster fracturing) through the use

of composite bridge plugs, set on wireline
or coiled tubing (CT), and perforating
(Blanton and Mackenzie, 2006). The
bridge plugs provide the mechanical diversion inside the liner, to effectively stimulate
each selected zone, while the perforations
provide access to the formation. This process is then repeated for the number of
stimulations desired for the wellbore. After
all the stages have been completed, CT or
a workover rig is used to drill out the com-
posite bridge plugs and establish access

along the wellbore. Although effective, the
multiple interventions, perforating guns
and deployment of fracturing equipment
required for each stage can be inefficient,
from both a time and cost perspective.
OHMS systems use hydraulically-set,
external mechanical packers to isolate sections of the wellbore. These packers typically have elastomer elements that extrude
to seal against the wellbore. The OHMS
system is run in hole by spacing tools out
on the production liner. When the system

reaches TD, the packers can be set, and the
drilling or workover rig can be moved to a
Fig. 2. Delaware basin stratigraphic chart.
Fig. 1. Location and overlapping plays in the Delaware basin. Pink: Avalon shale; green:
Bone Spring; blue: Wolfcamp shale (Fairhurst and Hanson, 2013).
Lea
Eddy
Andrews
New Mexico
Delaware
basin
Loving
Midland basin
Ward
Texas
Central platform
Ector
Winkler
Reeves
Crane
Culberson
Jeff Davis
Pecos
Das Additiv
Simply safe.
k-Drill is a high performance product range. It is primarily used to prepare brines for drill-in,
completion and work over fluids. A strong package of German quality products combined with
reliable service. For successful drilling.
k-Drill C6
k-Drill C9
k-Drill S7
k-Drill S9
k-Drill M
The Authority in Potassium and Magnesium

K+S KALI GmbH Bertha-von-Suttner-Strae 7 34131 Kassel Germany k-drill@kali-gmbh.com www.kali-gmbh.com
A K+S Group Company
different location. After installation, the toe

fracturing port is opened hydraulically (at a
specific pressure), and subsequent sleeves
are opened by dropping size-specific actuation balls into the system, to hydraulically
shift the sleeve and expose the port. The
balls create internal isolation from stage
to stage. Once stimulation treatment is
complete, the well can be flowed back immediately, and production can be brought
online. The major advantage of OHMS is
that fracture treatments can be performed
in a single, continuous pumping operation,

without the need for CT or wireline.
CASE STUDY
This operator wanted to effectively

complete vertical wells in the Wolfbone,
while keeping costs low. Initially, the operator used the standard, cemented liner
plug-and-perf stimulation method; however, problems with wireline guns and
issues while fishing plugs occurred, resulting in additional time and labor costs.
Put the SQUEEZE

on Circulation Loss.
Acid-soluble bridging particles compress

and create a solid seal in the formation to
prevent circulation loss in the pay-zone.
MultiSqueeze means less time lost,

more ow achieved.
The area is abnormally pressured, making

fishing operations even more complex,
because a snubbing unit is required. The
operator was also looking to exploit the
higher porosity and permeability of the
sandstone layers, as well as any natural
fractures present.
The operator chose to run the proprietary Packers Plus StackFRAC HD openhole system in its vertical wells, as it had
experience with OHMS systems from
work in other, predominantly horizontal, unconventional plays (Lohoefer et al.,
2010). After several wells were completed
with these systems, stimulated and put on
production, the operator conducted a 30-,
60- and 90-day production analysis, as well
as a time-and-cost comparison of the two
completion methods, to determine a longterm solution for completing vertical wells
in this unconventional play. Twelve vertical wells completed with StackFRAC HD
technology were compared to 44 plug-andperf wells in Reeves County, Texas.
Production was studied in two ways:
overall production and output by area.
Overall production examined all vertical
wells completed by the operator in Reeves
County. The overall results for the 30-, 60and 90-day studies are provided in Fig. 3,
including the number of wells compared
in each case. Output by area removed any
location bias by looking at two areas separately: the Core and the Worsham areas,
Fig. 4. The Core area is centrally located in
the basin, where the majority of the activity has taken place, and the Worsham area
is deeper in the basin with better porosity.
TM
MultiSqueeze is an acid-soluble Squeeze Pill compatible with all drilling uids. It does not
require any special activators or retarders. The Multi Squeeze pill is activated with any type
water. By applying a Hydrostatic or Pressure squeeze, the pill compresses and penetrates the
theft zone, conguring to the matrix of the formation. This unique procedure creates a solid
seal within the formation eliminating further uid loss and minimizing the possibility of the
seal being removed during drilling.
For more information, call 855-801-1701 or visit CirculationSolutions.net.
Cumulative, overall production from

the vertical wells completed with the PackFig. 3. Delaware basin overall production
comparison between OHMS and CLPP.
300
250
200
Production, boed
Solidifying in a matter of hours, MultiSqueeze reduces lost time by reducing

uid loss and increasing wellbore integrity.
PRODUCTION RESULTS
30-day
60-day
90-day
204
178
266
30%
242
36%
163
150
215
32%
100
50
MultiSqueezeTM / ASFiberTM / ShaleBlockTM / BiCenter BeadsTM
44
43
CLPP
42
12
12
OHMS
12
EXPLORE
WITH API
SM
ONSHORE. OFFSHORE. EVERY SHORE.
Certication | Training | Events | Standards | Statistics | Safety

Washington, D.C. | Houston | Beijing | Singapore | Dubai | Rio de Janeiro
877.562.5187 (Toll-free U.S. & Canada) | +1.202.682.8041 (Local & International) | sales@api.org | www.api.org
Its a tough business. Look to API.

Copyright 2014 American Petroleum Institute, all rights reserved. API, the API logo, the Onshore slogan and the Tough slogan are either service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of API in the United States and/or other countries.
Fig. 4. Map of Core (left) and Worsham (right) areas.
Fig. 5. Core area production comparison

between OHMS and CLPP.
250
9%
8%
180
169
195
171
1%
400
350
300
250
Production, boed
Production, boed
200
204
30-day
60-day
90-day
223
Fig. 6. Worsham area production

comparison between OHMS and CLPP.
150
200
100
352
334
64%
302
82%
215
88%
184
150
161
100
50
0
30-day
60-day
90-day
26
25
CLPP
24
OHMS
ers Plus technology was up to 36% higher

than cumulative overall production in
the plug-and-perf wells. After the initial
month, the 12 StackFRAC HD wells had
a 30% production advantage over the 44
plug-and-perf wells, producing 266 boed,
compared to 204 boed. This trend continued, and after three months, the StackFRAC HD wells outperformed the plugand-perf wells by 32%: 215 boed versus
163 boed.
The wells completed with Packers Plus
OHMS systems in the Core area initially
had a production advantage over plug-andperf wells, but this difference tapered off
after three months. After the first month
in the Core area, StackFRAC HD wells
produced at a rate 9% higher than plugand-perf wells (223 boed versus 204 boed,
respectively). However, only a 1% production difference was observed between
StackFRAC HD and plug-and-perf wells
50
0
14
14
CLPP
14
OHMS
after three months (171 boed versus 169

boed), Fig. 5.
Differences in production were significantly higher in the Worsham area, where
StackFRAC HD wells outperformed plugand-perf wells by 64% after the first month
(352 boed versus 215 boed), Fig. 6. This
trend continued after three months, with
an 88% production difference between the
two completion methods (302 boed versus 161 boed).
It should be noted that both areas
have virtually identical gross and net
pays, average porosity, water saturation
and other measurable geological reservoir parameters. However, the Worsham
area performed better than the Core area
when completed with OHMS systems.
One possible reason for this would be
increased natural fractures in the Wolfcamp. The higher mud weights required,
and more/larger gas flares recorded in
mud logs, combined with higher gas-oil

ratios and flowing pressures, indicate that
very small, but pervasive, natural fractures
were likely created during hydrocarbon
generation in the Worsham area of the
Wolfcamp. These natural fractures significantly increase average permeability, and,
thus, increase production.
Unlike cemented completions, StackFRAC HD open-hole technology retains connectivity of natural fractures
to the wellbore. After fracture flowback,
results for these wells displayed higher
flowing pressure and significant oil production within the first 24 hr, whereas
CLPP wells had lower flowing pressures
and no oil production for five to six days.
The quicker appearance of oil production may be attributed to unstimulated
natural fractures that were not filled
with cement.
Although the natural fracture system in
the Core area is not as extensive as in the
Worsham area, StackFRAC HD wells still
performed better than CLPP wells, albeit
by a smaller margin. Additionally, the Worsham area is considered to be a more reliable comparison of production results than
the Core area, because the stimulation parameters in the former are more similar
between the two completion methods that
were analyzed. The Core area was completed prior to the Worsham area, while
operators were still determining the optimal stimulation design.
TIME/COST ANALYSIS
OHMS systems and plug-and-perf

capital costs were determined to be approximately equal, but there were benefits
from completing the wells more quickly
with the StackFRAC HD system. A comparison analysis shows that stimulation
time was reduced from four days with
the plug-and-perf technology, to two days
with the StackFRAC HD system, saving
the operator 20% on stimulation costs.
Although the OHMS system requires
higher initial costs, due to the packer system, itself, the additional costs are offset
by saved time and other equipment requirements associated with the plug-andperf method, such as the perforation guns
and wireline plugs.
In addition to eliminating two days of
stimulation operations, an added benefit
was the increased availability and flexibility of the service companys hydraulic fracturing treatment equipment schedule. Because a fracture fleet was only needed for
two days, instead of the average four-day

period, fracturing service companies were
able to do more fracture jobs, with the
same amount of equipment and personnel,
in the same amount of time. As a result, the
operator benefited from an effectively increased number of fracture dates available
from the service companies.
STIMULATION OPERATIONS
Delaware basin operators have generally been trending toward a specific fracture methodology, often just modifying
fluid and proppant volumes, and stage
and cluster spacing, without stepping
outside of the plug-and-perf method.
Proppant amounts ranging from 750,000
lb to 3.2 million lb have been used, depending on the desired fracture geometry in a given interval. This operator used
1 million lb to 1.5 million lb of proppant,
pumped through 11-stage StackFRAC
completion systems that spanned approximately 1,200 ft of the Wolfcamp
and Bone Spring intervals.
The process of when to drop the balls,
to achieve a balance of high near-wellbore
conductivity and proper zonal isolation,
has also been tested in these wells. If the
ball is dropped too early, then there is a
risk of landing the ball in the proppant
slurry, which does not allow for proper
zonal isolation. Conversely, if the ball is
dropped too late, the overflush will decrease near-wellbore conductivity. An
effective process for achieving a good
balance of both in these wells has been
to drop the ball 50 bbl after the last of the
proppant. The combination of the balls
weight with the pump rate lands the ball
just behind the proppant, thus diminishing the chance of overflushing the interval. A linear or crosslinked gel spacer is
also pumped to reduce the likelihood of
the ball outrunning the proppant.
The operator was initially concerned
that using an open-hole system in vertical
wells would not achieve proper zonal isolation, due to fracture geometry causing
cross-flow between stages. Stage spacing
has hovered around the 100-ft mark, further increasing the concern about communication between zones. In order to
test this, a radioactive tracer was run in one
well. Tracer logs displayed multiple fracture
initiations in a single stage, and isolation at
the packers, which mitigated the operators
concern regarding uncontained vertical
height growth when using an open-hole
system in a vertical well completion.
DurabandNC
THE WORLDS MOST
TRUSTED HARDBANDING
100% CRACK FREE

& REBUILDABLE
Excellent Casing
& Tool Joint
Protection
www.hardbandingsolutions.com
hbs600@hardbandingsolutions.com
Powerful. Proven. Dyna-Drill.

Elastomer
Rotor
Chromed, or
Carbide Coated
Stator
HR
4140/4142 QT
NBR-HR
P530 Non Mag SS
HSN
HT- HR
Power Section Sizes

1 11/16 Inches to 11 1/2 Inches
Proven performance for any application

Whether drilling with a PDC or roller cone bit and regardless of the formation,
Dyna-Drill power sections deliver the power you need to optimize ROP.
Dyna-Drill manufactures high-performance mud motor power sections from
conventional to ultra torque. Stator rubber formulations developed by Dyna-Drill
have produced innovations in elastomer durability resulting in products that serve
specific applications which can be compounded to withstand the most punished
drilling fluids and downhole temperatures.
For over 50 years, Dyna-Drill has offered operators the most technologically
advanced and efficient downhole motor equipment in the oil and gas industry.
www.dyna-drill.com/powersection.asp
2014 Dyna-Drill
CONCLUSIONS
Side-by-side comparison of production data from cemented and

uncemented vertical wells in the
Delaware basin area shows that
OHMS technology is a viable option for operators.
Cumulative production from
OHMS-completed wells was up to
36% higher than direct offsets completed with cemented liner, plugand-perf methodology.
OHMS and CLPP capital costs were
determined to be approximately
equal, but there were benefits with
OHMS, as wells were completed
more quickly. Time was reduced
from four days with CLPP, to two
days with OHMS, saving the operator 20% on stimulation costs.
Tracer logs showed multiple fracture initiations in a single stage and
isolation at packers. These data
mitigate the concern regarding uncontained vertical height growth
when using an OHMS system in a
vertical application.
Displacements can be calculated,
and operations can be performed, to
eliminate over-displacement of fluids
with OHMS.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This article is adapted from SPE paper 168643, presented by the
authors at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference
in The Woodlands, Texas, Feb. 46, 2014. The authors thank the
management of Eagle Oil & Gas and Packers Plus Energy Services
for granting permission to publish this article.
REFERENCES
1. Beckwith, R., Tight resources, promising economics: The Permian basin continues yielding liquid riches, Journal of Petroleum
Technology, February 2013, p. 54.
2. Blanton, E.M., and G. MacKenzie, Hydraulic pump-down frac
plug and subsequent coiled-tubing removal increases client
efficiency in Barnett shale, SPE paper 100139, presented at the
SPE/ICoTA Coiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference
and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, April 45, 2006.
3. Fairhurst, B., and M. Hanson, Evolution and development of
the Wolfbone play, southern Delaware basin, West Texas: An
emerging frontier, an oil-rich unconventional resource, Search
and Discovery Article 10411, adapted from poster presentation
given at the AAPG Convention and Exhibition, Long Beach,
Calif., April 2225, 2012.
4. Fairhurst, B., and M. Hanson, Wolfbone oil-saturated, super
sweet spot, southern Delaware basin: Integrated approach
from exploration to geologic/reservoir modeling and field
development, URTeC paper 1581854, presented at the
Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Denver,
Colo., Aug. 1214, 2013.
5. Kelly, L., J. Bachmann, D. Amoss, B. Angelico, B. Corales, B.
Fernandez, P. Kissel, R. Roberts and H. Stewart, Permian basin;
Easy to oversimplify, hard to overlook, Exploration & Production,
Howard Weil Inc., Jan. 19, 2012.
6. Lohoefer, D., J. Athans and R. Seale, New Barnett shale horizontal completion lowers cost and improves efficiency, SPE paper
103046, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, Sept. 2427, 2006.
7. Lohoefer, D., D. Snyder and R. Seale, Long-term comparison
of production results from open-hole and cemented multistage completions in the Barnett shale, IADC/SPE paper
136196, presented at the IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling
Technology Conference and Exhibition, Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam, Nov. 13, 2010.
8. Montgomery, S., Permian Bone Spring formation; sandstone

play in the Delaware basin; Part II, basin, AAPG Bulletin,
81(9):1423-1434, www.geoscienceworld.org, 1997.
9. Seale, R., J. Donaldson and J. Athans, Multi-stage fracturing
system: Improving operational efficiency and production, SPE
paper 104557, presented at the SPE Eastern Regional Meeting,
Canton, Ohio, Oct. 1113, 2006.
10. Seale, R., An efficient horizontal open-hole, multi-stage fracturing and completion system, SPE paper 108712, presented at
the SPE International Oil Conference and Exhibition, Veracruz,
Mexico, June 2730, 2007.
DARRELL S. LOHOEFER
graduated in 1977 from Texas
Tech University with a BS
degree in petroleum
engineering. Upon graduation,
he worked for Texas Pacic Oil
Company, which he left in 1981
to work for Eagle Oil and Gas Company. Prior
to being promoted to president and COO in
August 2011, Mr. Lohoefer served as V.P. of
engineering for Eagle.
BRETT KEENER graduated
from Texas A&M University,
Kingsville, with a BS degree in
mechanical engineering in
2004. He began his career
drilling and completing CBM
and conventional wells in the
Black Warrior basin for CDX Gas and Saga
Petroleum. Mr. Keener continued his career with
Merit Energy, managing assets in the Midland
basin, Delaware basin and the Eastern Shelf. He
is an active member of the Society of Petroleum
Engineers (SPE).
Hardbanding
Support
From Hardbanding Solutions

by Postle
IMPROVING
STANDARDS
On-Site Training
for New
Applicators
Applicator Testing,
Qualification &
Licensing
SUPPORTING
END USERS
Educational
Technical Forums
Worldwide
Technical Support
DJ SNYDER joined Packers

Plus Energy Services in May
2007, as an intern in the
Midland District Office, working
in the equipment assembly
shop. He spent the next six
years working his way from
operations to team lead of sales support. Prior
to joining Packers Plus, he was a roughneck for
Ensign Drilling in Wyomings Jonah eld. Mr.
Snyder graduated with a BS degree in
petroleum engineering, and a minor in
business, from Montana Tech of the University
of Montana in 2009. He is an active member of
SPE, AADE and YPE.
SAIFF EZELDIN joined Packers
Plus Energy Services in 2012, as
a technical sales support
engineer in Oklahoma City.
Prior to joining Packers Plus,
Mr. Ezeldin spent three years
working with Schlumberger
Oileld Services as a fracturing engineer in
Hobbs, N.M. He graduated with a BS degree in
mechanical engineering from Rutgers
University in 2008, followed by an MS degree
in energy management from Oklahoma City
University in 2014. He is an active member of
SPE and PMI.
CLIFF WOHLEB joined Packers
Plus Energy Services in June
2012 as a technical sales
representative in the Northeast
region, and then transferred to
the Dallas/Fort Worth region in
May 2013. Prior to joining
Packers Plus, he spent 20 years with
Halliburton in various positions, including
engineering, technical advisory, sales and
business development within the U.S., Africa,
Southeast Asia and Latin America. Mr. Wohleb
graduated with a BS degree in agricultural
engineering from Texas A&M University in 1992.
hbs600@hardbandingsolutions.com
SPECIAL FOCUS: DRILLING AND WELL COMPLETION TECHNOLOGY
Real-time SAGR LWD improves Russian well success

GEOLOGIC CHALLENGES
In the complex geology of

Russias Verkhnechonskoye
condensate eld, the
ability to build an accurate
petrophysical model, to
describe the present mineral
composition, was a challenge.
An enhanced understanding
of the reservoir was achieved
through the use of real-time,
spectral azimuthal, gamma
ray logging-while-drilling.
ILDAR KHANAFIN, Weatherford Drilling

Services; and ALEXEY PETROV and BATOR
DARMAEV, Verkhnechonskneftegaz
The use of real-time, spectral azimuthal,
gamma ray (SAGR) logging methods while
drilling horizontally enhanced reservoir
understanding in Eastern Siberia.
To stay within optimal reservoir characteristics in Russias Verkhnechonskoye

oil and gas condensate field, geosteering
is challenged by complex geological conditions. The fields main reservoir section
is difficult to understand, and building a
detailed and accurate petrophysical model
describing the mineral composition of the
section is a significant task. In addition to
eight neighboring exploration blocks, the
field is one of a handful of high-priority
Rosneft projects in Eastern Siberia.
The use of real-time, spectral azimuthal, gamma ray (SAGR) logging methods,
while drilling horizontally, enhanced reservoir understanding. Timely identification
of highly radioactive and producing gravelites informed geosteeering, to accurately
place the wellbore within the most productive zones. Since the initial application in
2012, 11 horizontal wells in the field have
been drilled with geosteering systems,
using the SAGR logging-while-drilling
(LWD) sensors.
Verkhnechonskoye field, northeast of

Irkutsk, is the largest field in Eastern Siberia. The 1,481-sq-km field was discovered
in 1978, and its active development phase
started in 2007.
While there are several commercially
producing horizons, the fields main oil
reserves are confined to the VC1 and VC2
formations. The two formations are lithologically represented by clastic sedimentary material, with grain sizes ranging from
fine-textured lutaceous fractions to gravelite of mainly quartz or quartz-feldspathic
composition.
The VC2 formation has beds of gravelites with good permeability of 900 mD
to 1,000 mD, and porosity of 16% to 18%.
Gravelites are also present in the VC1 formation, but their permeability and porosity is worse; porosity is 6% to 12%, and
permeability is typically in the 0.1-mDto-100-mD range, although it may sometimes reach 1,000 mD. This permeability
and porosity decrease results from rock
salinization. Sandstones of VC1 and VC2
formations are anisometric, with sand sizes
varying from very fine to very coarse. The
cement ranges from film to porous-film,
and is clayey and sometimes carbonaceous,
and/or sulphate and asphaltic.
The distinctive feature of reservoir
rocks of Verkhnechonskoyes horizon is
nearly ubiquitous, but very non-uniform,
salinization. In some zones, halite content
in the pore space increases to result in complete loss of permeability and porosity. In
addition, individual rock varieties contain
a significant quantityas high as several
percent of the rock volumeof accessory
minerals, such as monazite and ferruginous elements that have abnormal physical
properties of radioactivity and density.
SAGR REQUIREMENTS
A standard LWD suite of gamma ray,

density, thermal neutron porosity and
electromagnetic tools was used to build an
accurate petrophysical model, describing
the actual mineral composition of this sec-
tion. However, the data could not provide

detailed and accurate identification of accessory minerals with abnormal properties. In addition, poor density differentiation between clays and saline sandstones
requires determination of the geologic
structure, to be based on azimuthal density images.
The search for a solution led to using
spectral gamma-ray logging, based on a
three-component analysispotassium,
uranium and thorium (K, U, Th)of the
rock. Wireline spectral gamma-ray logging was performed in open hole, but the
approach lacked critical timeliness. Realtime, wireline-quality spectral gammaray logging data, obtained while drilling,
provided more current data for building
an accurate petrophysical model, and enabled faster geological decision-making.
This real-time logging capability was
achieved with a unique SAGR technology.
Azimuthal measurements using Weatherfords Spectral Wave tool make it possible
to identify reservoir rock lithology that is
problematic, or impossible, with conventional logging techniques. The tool enables the construction of higher-precision
models through determination of the

K/U/Th percentage to update the mineral
composition of reservoir rocks. The realtime gamma ray images also provide data
for geosteering.
In Verkhnechonskoye, the tool enabled
a range of tasks while drilling the horizontal section. Gravelite identification was
performed through lithological stratification of the section. To define reservoir
beds, the tool provided updates of rock
lithotypes by K and Th content. It was
also possible to identify mechanical facies
to inform the hydraulic fracturing design.
Qualitative clay typing was produced from
potassium concentration curves.
GRAVELITES AND CRUSTS
Gravelites are one of the main potential

drilling targets in the field, based on their
permeability of 900 mD to 1,000 mD,
and porosity of 16% to 18%. Gravelite is
a medium- and coarse-grained sedimentary rock, whose clastic sediments are
represented by clasts larger than 2 mm.
The main mineral components are quartz,
feldspar and mica. The rock has a high
natural radioactivity, due to the accessory
mineral monazite, which results in a level

increase in the thorium content curve over
the potassium and uranium curves.
Drilling in these gravelites is complicated by heavy lateral variation in the
middle part of VC2 formation, where
the gravelites stratigraphic thickness
decreases and pinches out, and rock salinization and clay cement characteristics
change. The beds of the gravelites are
above a weathering crust, which increases the risk of penetrating the production
interval. Weathering crust is a continental geologic formation formed on the
earths surface, as a result of sediment
source rock modification under the influence of liquid and gaseous atmospheric agents. These are impermeable rocks
characterized by high density, growing
resistance, increased potassium content,
and very low permeability and porosity.
The main composition of the weathering
crust is dense, deflated and disintegrated
granites, with clayey invasions along subvertical cavities and fractures. As a result, drilling these rocks leads to greater
downhole equipment wear and resulting
increases in well construction time.
When you want to get the job done and done right.
4 COMPANIES. 1 GOAL.
Our goal with the new acquisition is to combine best practices from all four
companies and bring them into compliance with the ISO standard already set in
place at Bishop Lifting. We have the highest quality standards in order to meet and
exceed your highest expectations.
Bishop Lifting Corporate HQ:

Houston, TX
Toll-Free: 1-800-972-1041
www.Lifting.com
Bishop Lifting Products, Inc. Houston, TX Odessa, TX Oklahoma City, OK Tulsa, OK Wichita, KS
Delta Rigging & Tools Angleton, TX Victoria, TX Hurst, TX Williston, ND Grand Junction, CO
Sulphur, LA Baton Rouge, LA Broussard, LA Houma, LA Fourchon, LA
Morgan City Rentals Morgan City, LA Golden Meadow, LA Lafayette, LA
Tuffy Products Fort Worth, TX
GEOSTEERING SUMMARY
To address these challenges, the

wells horizontal section was drilled
with a geosteering assembly comprised
of a Triple Combo suite, plus a Spectral Wave tool and a rotary steerable
system (RSS).
The Triple Combo suite measured
dogleg severity and inclination, and
logged electromagnetic, thermal neu-
tron porosity and density data. The

Spectral Wave tool is added to this assembly about 9.5 m from the bit.
The Spectral Wave sensor uses large,
gain-stabilized scintillation detectors
(three in the 6-in. tool and one in the
4-in. tool). The detectors are in pockets on the outside of the drill collar,
which reduces the steel between the detector and the formation. The detector
Fig. 1. A geological
model displayed
information about the
behavior of geological
structure in real time.
placement produces more accurate data

by shielding the back and sides of the
detectors, to reduce spectral smearing of
the gamma ray energies and azimuthally
focus the measurement.
Total gamma-ray log precision is enhanced by the high count achieved with
the large detectors, even at fast drilling
rates. This facilitates more accurate wellto-well correlation in geosteering applications. The tool also incorporates X-Y
magnetometers to track the azimuthal
position of the detectors as the tool rotates. This allows acquisition of 16-bin,
azimuthal, total gamma ray data for realtime and recorded borehole images.
The first pilot testing of this logging
suite, in combination with geosteering
services at Verkhnechonskoye field, was
performed during August 2012. Pre-job
planning was essential to ensure that the
response of the Spectral Wave tool in the
given geological environment was understood. Data from an offset well was
used to model the tool and electromagnetic responses for the lateral. The 8in. landing section, drilled and surveyed
by another contractor, was also modeled
VOLANT Casing Running Tools When casing runs get tough, rotation, reciprocation and circulation
are powerful tools to have. VOLANT HydroFORM Centralizers Greatly improves casing runability,
with a remarkable 100% failure-free track record. VOLANT MLT Rings A chain is only as strong as
its weakest link. Make the right connection for high value torsion capacity.
sales@volantproducts.ca volantproducts.ca | sales@volantoiltoolsUS.com volantoiltoolsUS.com
Fig. 2. The
petrophysical
composite log
displayed intervals of
reservoir rocks with
high radioactivity.
to ensure correct positioning of the borehole, prior to the 6-in. drilling phase.
The geosteering was based on offset well
correlation, real-time monitoring and active
geosteering decisions. The main geosteering objective was to ensure that the well
remained within the best reservoir characteristic subzones along the well path in the
VC2 formation. This involved drilling approximately 800 m across the 6-in. section
from the 8-in. casing. VC2 was anticipated to be approximately 20 m thick and,
based on available seismic information, appeared to be unfaulted with a gentle structure dip, approximately 1 to 3, with expectations of structure rollover with depth.
Geological models were constructed
to display information about the behavior
of geological structure in real time. Threecomponent analysis of the Spectral Wave
tool, in combination with Triple Combo
logs, provided data on lithological stratification, reservoir porosity and permeability, the nature of radioactivity, and borehole images.
Based on this information, geosteering specialists determined the angles of
the geological structure. In Fig. 1, Tracks
2 and 3 show the gamma ray image and
density image. The short distance from
the bit to the Spectral Wave sensor allows acquisition of timely image information on rock lithotype and the behavior
angles of the geological structure. This
allows geosteering specialists to confine
precious wellbore footage to the pay zone
(sandstone and gravelite), and target it for
greater profitability.
As shown in the model, the deviation
of the actual borehole profile from the
planned one is associated with the realtime information obtained by geosteering
specialists while drilling, which enabled
placement of the wellbore trajectory in
the most productive part of the reservoir.

Data interpretation of spectral LWD provided geosteering specialists and geologists with important information about
reservoir porosity and permeability, and
the qualitative lithological profile.
The petrophysical composite log in another well, Fig. 2, displays intervals of reservoir rocks with high radioactivity (Track
3the red curve), the nature of which is
related to thorium, a radioactive element.
They are gravestones with good reservoir
properties. In the composite log, gravestone intervals have a high level of thorium
component (Track 5the green curve),
which mainly consists of such rock-forming minerals as quartz, feldspar and mica.
In the middle of the composite log,
there is a non-reservoir interval, namely, a
weathering crust, which consists of granite rocks. A reduction is seen in the overall
background of natural radioactivity (Track
3the red curve), and a reduced concentration of thorium component (Track
5the green curve), but an increased potassium component (Track 5the blue
curve) due to the change of rock-forming
minerals, namely, granites. Drilling this
weathered crust rock results in high loads
and vibration that leads to rapid bit wear
and downhole equipment failure.
CONCLUSION
The main objective of keeping the well

within the VC2 formation, and in the best
formation subzones, was achieved through
the use of spectral azimuthal, gamma ray
logging methods. Remote determination
of formation dip permitted the well to be
steered within the VC2 layer at all times,
and allowed for corrective action to be
taken quickly, to minimize the interval out
of the clean sand layer and to maximize the
exposure to the most permeable zone.
Drilling results achieved approximately a 73% opening efficiency in

the reservoir, with 120 m of the total
500 m drilled in gravelites in the lower
section of the VC2 formation. In addition, a high rate of penetration, at an
average of 4050 m/hr, was achieved by
minimizing the proportion of dense formation drilled. Use of the RSS drilling
system ensured a smooth borehole trajectory, which allowed continuous rotation of the BHA, so that continuous azimuthal data could be delivered from the
Spectral Wave tool. The result was exceptional trajectory control and real-time
formation evaluation in a geologically
complex formation.
ILDAR KHANAFIN, a
geosteering engineer in
Techinformservice (TIS) at
Weatherford Drilling Services,
has worked at Weatherford for
more than three years. Mr.
Khanan is part of the Russian
geosteering team, dealing with real-time imaging
and image interpretation, building geological
models during geosteering, and deploying
unique LWD systems. He graduated from Russian
State Geological Prospecting University, named
after Sergei Ordzhonikidze. Mr. Khanan started
his oil and gas career in 2008, as an engineergeophysicist at Gazprom Geophysics. In 2011,
became an MWD engineer with TIS, and was
later promoted to an LWD engineering position.
ALEXEY PETROV has been
working as a lead geologist in
Verkhnechonskneftegazs
geology exploration
department for three years,
dealing with a wide range of
issues, from exploration
program development to substantiation of
eld development strategies. He is a member
of a multidisciplinary team in charge of
geosteering, and developing drilling
strategies. He is also responsible for reserves
estimation, in accordance with international
reserves classication, geological support of
eld development planning and 3D
geological modeling. Mr. Petrov holds an MS
degree from Royal Holloway University of
London, and is a 2010 graduate of Perm State
Technical University.
BATOR DARMAEV has worked
for Verkhnechonskneftegaz as
a lead petrophysicist since
2012. He is responsible for
integrated interpretation of
logging data obtained in
carbonaceous and terrigenous
reservoirs, while drilling vertical and horizontal
wells; development of core analysis programs
for reserves estimation; and eld development
monitoring. He provides monitoring and
support for petrophysical models, geological
and simulation modeling, enhanced logging
suites, and well testing. Mr. Darmaev
graduated from Tomsk Polytechnic University.
In 2010, he began his career as an engineer in
a logging crew, and was later promoted to a
crew chief position.
STAY CONNECTED. STAY INFORMED.
REMOTE MONITORING FOR COILED TUBING OPERATIONS

At Cudd Energy Services (CES), we make sure you stay connected with your coiled tubing operations. Our
Coiled Tubing Remote Viewer provides real-time data monitoring to capture and assess data whether in
WKHRIFHRURQORFDWLRQ
Integrated with the OrionNet data acquisition software, the viewer streams live well data through a secure
satellite connection. Its diagnostic capabilities allow us to quickly identify and resolve issues. Customized
alarms and warning options on all channels alert operators to sudden changes in pressures or rates.
7KH&RLOHG7XELQJ5HPRWH9LHZHUDOVRGHOLYHUVUHOLDEOHWHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQFRQQHFWLYLW\WRHOGRSHUDWLRQV
especially in remote locations.
To learn more about our remote viewing capabilities, visit us at www.cudd.com.
PROVEN EXPERIENCE. TRUSTED RESULTS.

WWW.CUDD.COM
CORE ANALYSIS
Digital core ow simulations accelerate

evaluation of multiple recovery scenarios
Digital core ow simulations can
now replicate familiar lab results.
Consequently, operators will be able
to dramatically shorten traditional
cycle times, better understand
increasingly complex reservoirs
before making costly eld decisions,
and maximize both short-term
production and long-term recovery.
MARK A. ANDERSEN, Schlumberger

Analyses of rock samples in laboratories worldwide provide a wealth of information about key rock
and fluid properties, including lithology, porosity,
permeability, fluid saturation and multiphase flow,
enabling operators to better characterize pore systems in oil and gas reservoirs. Physical core measurements allow geoscientists and reservoir engineers to
better understand depositional environments, evaluate exploratory wells, assess field redevelopment potential, and investigate early production strategies, as
well as improved recovery scenarios.
To boost recovery in conventional sandstone and
carbonate reservoirs, it is essential to identify which
fluid types, injection rates, volumes, and other engineering parameters are likely to have the greatest
impact on performance. In unconventional shales
and mudstones with complex vertical and lateral heterogeneities, it is vital to determine which subtle rock
textures exhibit the greatest producibility. Traditional
core analysis can help, of course. However, as reservoir engineering becomes more complex to deal with
current challenges, core analysts must understand
and realistically model pore geometries and fluid behaviors at pore scales. In addition, obtaining physical
core measurements under different boundary conditions can take months, even years, to complete.
Emerging digital core technologies and pore-scale
flow simulations are beginning to complementand
enhancetraditional laboratory techniques. IntegratUsing digital rock and digital uid models, CoreFlow
simulation delivers ow and oil recovery information
to help optimize reservoir recovery (image courtesy of
Schlumberger).
ed physical and digital rock and fluid workflows promise to accelerate the evaluation of multiple scenarios,
improve decision-making, and maximize production
and ultimate recovery from highly complex reservoirs.
DIGITAL ROCK MODELING
Traditional core analysis can be time-consuming.

Consider the steps involved in a typical relative permeability test. First, rock samples are cut from the
whole core and cleaned, which can take from days
to weeks and, in some cases, more than a month. Often, fluids must be recombined, which can also take
several weeks. Saturating rock samples with fluids,
and allowing time for core and fluids to reach equilibrium requires approximately 40 days. Most relative permeability tests analyze roughly six equilibrium points, each of which takes three to five days, or
an additional 18 to 30 days to obtain the initial set of
curves. All told, a single test can take three months
or more. To run a second test on the same core, the
sample must be cleaned again, which may require
less time, but still, roughly a week. The core must be
resaturated with fluid and equilibrated, which takes
another 40 days. Finally, obtaining a second set of
relative permeability curves requires several more
weeks to a month.
If an operator wanted to investigate multiple production strategies and improved recovery scenarios,
it could literally take years to run them all, using traditional laboratory techniques. Since few companies
have the time or budget, most settle for a base-case
scenarioan engineering evaluation to estimate the
best-case scenario, and a second lab test. Frequently,
this is the end of core analysis, at which point, an executive decision may be madebased on just two
testseither to implement the recovery scenario, or
to suspend the project. In some cases, risky trial-anderror experiments are conducted in the field, injecting various fluids under differing boundary conditions to see what happens. The danger, of course, is
that permanent reservoir damage can occur, which
has serious, long-term economic consequences.
Ideally, most oil and gas companies would prefer to
test many more scenarios in far less time. For several
decades, therefore, researchers have been investigating
ways of using digital images of core samples to extract
useful reservoir information. In the 1980s, for example,
universities began digitizing thin sections from cores,
trying to calculate capillary pressure and relative permeability, without impressive results. Later, research
UPSTREAM SOLUTIONS
THAT LEAD TO AN IMPRESSIVE DROP
IN FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS.
Bringing energy and the environment into harmony.
Weve packaged technology, efciency and reliability all into one to help lessen your impact
on the environment and lower the total cost of ownership for your upstream applications.
Our productscentrifugal and reciprocating compressors, steam and gas turbines for mechanical
drives and gen sets, control systems help you reduce fuel consumption and lower emissions.
And they can be applied to all segments of the upstream market, including re-injection, gas lift,
gas processing, gas gathering, CO2 /N2 injection, gas treatment, export gas, LNG, liquefaction, and
boil-off gas. For example, our DATUM I integrated compression system (ICS), shown at right , is
capable of serving all oil and gas applications while using half the space and weight of traditional
compression modules.
Find out today how Dresser-Rands solutions can help your cash ow.
The Americas: (Intl +1) 713-354-6100 / EMEA: (Intl +33) 2-35-25-5225

Asia-Pacic: (Intl +60) 3-2093-6633 / info@dresser-rand.com
CompressorsTurbo & Recip / Steam Turbines / Gas Turbines / Engines / Control Systems / Expanders
www.dresser-rand.com
CORE ANALYSIS
Fig. 1. Digital rock and uid analytics services use results of

laboratory evaluations, such as uid properties tests, as input to
digital core analysis. Running multiple digital scenarios provides
guidance for additional physical laboratory measurements, such
as ow studies (image courtesy of Schlumberger).
laboratories began using medical imaging technology to scan

cores and create various digital rock models for core analysis.
Only in the past five years, however, have digital rock technologies been commercialized successfully. And only within the last
year or so, have core analysts, petrophysicists and operators begun to accept the potential viability of digital approaches.
Why has there been such skepticism until recently? First,
vendors initially overstated the capabilities of digital rock modeling. Claims were made that digital core analysis would replace
traditional lab techniques, which has never been feasible. Second, digital rock models lacked sufficient validation from physical measurements to convince specialists that they could realistically simulate multi-phase fluid flow through complex pore
systems. In fact, most providers focused primarily on modeling
Fig. 2. Flow through the pore spaces of rock samples can

be visualized after running a scenario in the DHD simulator.
In the image, the grains are rendered invisible so the uid
saturation locations can more easily be seen (image courtesy of
Schlumberger).
the rocks, not the fluids, hence the term digital rock. In addition, no one could actually perform both digital and physical
core analyses on the same rock sample in the same facility. Third
parties, different core plugs, and inevitable delays in obtaining
final lab results were not uncommon. Discrepanciesoften significant onesbetween the digital and physical measurements
were inevitable, especially in heterogeneous reservoirs.
Finally, digital modeling suffered either from oversimplified
pore geometries, oversimplified fluid properties, or both. For
example, one technique retained the overall complexity of the
rocks pore spaces, while reducing their actual geometries to a
network of artificial tubes and spheres. A newer method successfully retained the true geometry of the pores, but fluid dynamics
remained overly simplistic. Neither digital rock approach could
realistically simulate the highly complex chemistry and physics of
fine, pore-scale rock-fluid and fluid-fluid interactions.
All these shortcomings raised genuine concerns in the minds
of astute observers. Uncertainties at the beginning of a project
could lead to unreliable results farther down the road. Therefore, to take digital core analysis to the next level, more integrated processes and more realistic flow simulations were necessary.
INTEGRATING PHYSICAL AND DIGITAL ANALYSIS
In December 2013, Schlumberger introduced CoreFlow

digital rock and fluid analytics services, Fig. 1. This new, integrated approach is unique in two ways. For one thing, physical
and digital core techniques are fully integrated in the same laboratory, using the same rock sample for both types of analysis.
Physical measurements refine the digital model, while digital
flow scenarios guide subsequent lab tests in an iterative manner,
rather than in a sequential series of steps.
More importantly, complex multiphase pore-scale flow
simulations are carried out using a new breakthrough technology known as direct hydrodynamic (DHD) simulation, Fig. 2.
CORE ANALYSIS
Fig. 3. An adsorption isotherm test determines the volume of gas

that can adsorb onto the pores of a shale or coal sample. These
pore spaces in unconventional materials can be evaluated using
SEM digital imaging and analysis techniques (image courtesy of
Schlumberger).
Fig. 4. Scanning electron microscopy image shows quartz

overgrowths that have formed on quartz grains in a core sample
(image courtesy of Schlumberger).
Unlike conventional digital rock approaches, DHD simulations

correctly represent real pore geometries, real fluid properties,
and real rock-fluid/fluid-fluid behaviorswithout oversimplifying any of these vital components. Thus, digital simulations
enable geoscientists and engineers to evaluate numerous production or improved recovery scenarios in a fraction of the time
required by traditional lab methods, alone.
Workflow integration. In either a conventional or unconventional reservoir, the integrated workflow typically begins
by imaging the whole 4-in.-diameter core, using a helical dualenergy computed tomography (CT) scanner, leaving the rock
and fluids sealed inside the original sleeve. Cross-sectional
images of rock, spaced as close as 0.5 mm apart, are used to
construct a slice-by-slice 3D movie of the whole core. Then,
heterogeneous rock types and flow units can be color-coded
to help asset geologists identify and prioritize reservoir zones
for more detailed physical and digital core analysis.
Next, sample plugs of sufficient size are taken from selected locations to allow core analysts both to physically measure rock properties and to digitally image the same plug. By
cutting a 48-mm sample plug from the whole core, it is no
longer necessary to test two, slightly different samples. This
enables a one-to-one comparison of physical and digital results, minimizing or eliminating the uncertainties that arise
from subtle differences between even closely spaced plugs.
Once a samples physical properties have been measured, if
it is a conventional sandstone or carbonate, micron-scale or
microCT imaging comes next. In an unconventional shale or
mudstone, nano-scale imaging with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is more appropriate, Figs. 3 and 4.
MicroCT imaging effectively resolves clastic and carbonate
grains and pores in samples with micron-scale resolution. Technicians shine X-rays through each sample to obtain a backscatter
image, rotate the sample a 10th of a degree, take another image,
and continue rotating until 3,600 backscatter images provide
a full 360 view. Running a mathematical inversion on the microCT data enables them to construct a high-resolution, 3D digital image of the rock. Additional processing creates a digital rock
model through which various core flow simulations can be run.
SEM analysis of shales and mudstones provides an order-ofmagnitude higher magnification, imaging grains, pores and cap-
illaries at nanometer scales. First, the sample surface is flattened,

using a focused argon-ion beam, and a 2D image is captured.
Then, by repeatedly milling away the surface, and taking an additional 200 to 500 images of the slices, a 3D volume, about the
diameter of a human hair (less than 100 microns), is created.
Flow in unconventional reservoirs is controlled by pores associated with minerals, which are extremely tiny compared with
conventional rocks, as well as pores associated with organic material, which can be as small as 20 nanometers in diameter.
After imaging by microCT or SEM, the static 3D digital rock
model is entered into the DHD simulator, along with a dynamic
digital fluid model, derived directly from physical fluid analysis.
DHD simulation. The theory and physical principles underlying direct hydrodynamic simulation date back to the 19th
century, originally in the field of thermodynamics. In the earlyto-mid-20th century, the theory was utilized more broadly in
physics and chemistry. In the 1990s, it was finally applied to
compositional hydrodynamics by a Russian scientist, who subsequently joined the Schlumberger Research Center in Moscow.
Formal development of the DHD simulator, itself, began about
five years ago. It was commercially introduced in late 2013. This
unique technology accurately simulates real multiphase, multicomponent fluid flow through digital rock models that honor
real pore geometries, even at very fine scales. Its technical capabilities have been documented extensively in more than 20
academic papers and one book.
A combined digital and physical core analysis study can begin by establishing an initial base-case from rigorous laboratory
analysis, and confirming that the DHD core flow simulation is
a good match with the physical measurements. At this point,
the true power of the digital approach becomes apparent. In the
time that it would normally take to run one more physical core
testto evaluate a presumed best-case scenarioanalysts can
perform severalperhaps four to eightcomplicated digital
rock and multiphase fluid simulations.
Scenario evaluation. To plan improved recovery operations
in conventional reservoirs, operators could rapidly compare, for
example, the relative sweep efficiencies of gas or waterflooding under different initial injection rates, wettability conditions, and pressure drop scenarios, at varying distances from
the wellbore. Digitally investigating multiple flow scenarios in
2012 2D data
2013 2D data
(pending export license)
Barents
Sea
MegaProject
Barents Sea
Kara Sea
RUSSIA
MultiClient
BARENTS SEA
Cross-border knowledge for the 23rd Licensing Round

PGS now offers 2D seismic data in the Russian Barents Sea and Kara Sea to
support your organization in the 23rd Licensing Round in Norway. The survey
covers the former disputed zone between Russia and Norway. The data is crucial to
understanding of the deposition of source and reservoir intervals across the border.
Seismic interpretation and basin modelling will also be performed and will tie to the
Norwegian border.
Contact us today to nd out more.
YSTEIN LIE
+47 93 08 56 61 oystein.lie@pgs.com
NICOLAI BENJAMIN DAHL +47 92 49 39 31 nicolai.dahl@pgs.com
CORE ANALYSIS
less time empowers the asset teams to make more confident

technical and financial decisions, to focus on the geological and
engineering parameters that represent the greatest risks, and
to optimize those risks with the greatest potential to increase
ultimate recovery. Even in the primary production stage, DHD
simulation enables operators to assess the economic impact of
moving from single-phase to two-phase fluid flow.
The value of digital DHD rock and fluid simulation in unconventional reservoirs lies in its ability to quantitatively distinguish the relative producibility of different rock textures.
Traditional core analysis often cannot differentiate subtle
heterogeneities in shales, due to extremely small sample sizes.
Thus, physical measurements tend to average flow characteristics across several distinct textures. Arming engineers with the
relative producibility of specific argillaceous, calcareous and siliceous zones would allow them to design better hydraulic fracture completions. Once petrophysicists know which textures
matter, these textures can be located elsewhere in the reservoir
through optical examination of drill cuttings.
DIGITAL ROCK AND FLUID MODEL VALIDATION
Prior to commercialization, DHD core flow simulations

through pore-scale digital rock models were rigorously benchmarked against both physical models and real rocks. Comparisons have been made with experimental flow studies using 2D
micromodels, standard reference curves from core analysis in
the classic literature, and pore flooding of actual rocks, imaged
in real time with advanced X-ray microtomography.
The actual behavior of multi-phase fluids through various

pore and capillary geometries is well known from experimental studies flooding etched glass micromodels in the lab. Digital DHD simulations have properly replicated pore filling and
displacement behaviors of wetting and non-wetting phases in
simple models, including crossing flow paths, narrow capillaries connecting two pores, pore doublets or capillaries that
split into channels of two different sizes before reconnecting,
and networks of pores and flow paths.
Analysis of improved recovery scenarios aims at achieving
the lowest possible residual oil saturation, which depends,
in part, on different capillary numbersthe ratio of viscous
forces to capillary forces. To validate DHD simulations against
data from the literature, waterflooding of an oil-saturated digital model of a real sandstone was modeled at different capillary numbers until residual oil saturation was negligible. The
resulting capillary desaturation curve corresponded well with
published curves, measured physically in very similar sandstone samples.
Finally, Shell researchers used fast, synchrotron-based Xray microCT imaging to validate DHD modeling of digital
two-phase fluid dynamics. First, the distribution of oil in a
physical rock sample was imaged before, during and after a
series of pore filling events. Next, the simulator reproduced
selected events using the same initial conditions as the experimentfluid properties, pore geometries and flow regimes.
The resulting experimental and digital geometries of oil distribution, as well as displaced fluid volumes, were in quite good
agreement. In fact, the digital simulation was able to visualize
even more complexities, at more time steps during pore filling
events, than fast microCT imaging.
FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
World-class Oileld
Services Provider
in the Middle East
ALMANSOORI SPECIALIZED ENGINEERING

P.O. Box 3374, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Tel: +971 2 8157000/6594500/6594600, Fax: +971 2 6784638
Email: info@almansoori.biz, Web: www.almansoori.biz
By combining rigorous physical testing in the laboratory

with advanced 3D imaging and direct hydrodynamic simulation technologies, core analysts are finally demonstrating the
validity of digital rock and fluid analytics. There is no reason,
however, to believe that digital core analysis can, or ever will,
replace physical analysis. Laboratory testing will always be
essential to anchor digital models in the ground truth, found
only in real rocks and fluids.
Nevertheless, as more petrophysicists, geologists and
reservoir engineers see that digital core flow simulations
can actually replicate familiar lab results, they may decide
to forego further, time-consuming physical tests, when they
need to evaluate additional recovery strategies. As a result,
operators will begin to dramatically shorten traditional cycle
times, better understand increasingly complex reservoirs before making costly field decisions, and maximize both shortterm production and long-term recovery from oil and gas
assets worldwide.
MARK A. ANDERSEN is Schlumbergers domain head
for core physics and manager of the digital core
analysis group at Schlumberger Reservoir Laboratory
in Houston. Dr. Andersen is the author of many
technical papers focused on wettability and production
rock mechanics, and is the author of a book on
reservoir properties of North Sea chalks. He earned a
BS degree in engineering physics from the University of Oklahoma at
Norman, Okla., and MS and PhD degrees in physics from The Johns
Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md.
Results speak.
Frac sand and formation
fines were killing our ESPs in
just a few months. We installed
Summits Defender Super
Sand SealTM in two wells over
a year ago, and they are still
running great.
A customer operating Mississippian wells in Alfalfa County, OK was fed up with the
short run life experienced using ESPs provided by other major ESP suppliers. The
abrasive frac sand and formation fines were destroying their ESPs in four to six
months, costing the operator $95,000* and $135,000* in OPEX and deferred production for each failure.
Summit ESP stepped up to the plate with their proprietary AR1:1 pump, coated
stages and patent-pending Defender Super Sand Seal design. Summits pumping
system provided robust, continuous operation in the harsh, abrasive environment.
Two wells were installed with Summit ESP equipment in the winter of 2012. Summits
exemplary customer service and superior abrasion-resistant and sand-exclusion
technology exceeded the customers expectations. As of March 2014, neither well
has experienced any failures.
Summit ESP has the longest Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) of the ESP suppliers
in this field.
DEFENDER
TM
You cant afford to ignore results.
Summits Defender seal

with patent-pending
sand-exclusion technology
* At $85/bbl and $4/mcf used to calculate deferred production value.
www.summitesp.com
Whats new in articial lift?
JOE D. WOODS, International Pinpoint;

JAMES F. LEA, PL Tech LLC; and HERALD W.
WINKLER, Texas Tech University
Continuing last months Whats new
in artificial lift? discussion, this report
covers recent developments in the areas of
electric submersible pumps (ESPs), progressive cavity pumps (PCPs) and plunger
lift developments.
The method used in choosing an artificial lift system is too often a weve always
done it this way decision process, rather
than a strategic plan based on thorough operational and cost analyses. Hence, before
profiling several product developments,
we want to underscore yet again the importance of proper lift system selection.
To that end, Weatherford provided us
a recent case history involving what might
typically have been an ESP application.
However, upon analysis, the operator determined there was a good alternative.
ESP vs. LONG-STROKE ROD PUMP
In the oil field, conventional wisdom

holds that the rod lift artificial lift method
is suitable for wells producing at rates of
200 bpd or less. Of course this is heavily
dependant on the depth of the well and
weight of the fluid column. So, under the
right conditions, some might put this rate
as high as 400 bpd or even 600 bpd.
However, most low-rate ESPs (up to
1,000 bpd to 1,500 bpd) feature low efficiencies compared to higher rate ESPs.
This can result in increased power costs
and reduced runlife. From a cost structure
perspective, the bulk of ESP system costs
are concentrated in the downhole equipment, which generally can have a lower
runlife compared to surface-centric lift sys-
tems. Hence, investing in an ESP system

might appear to be riskier than investing in
alternative lift methods, whose cost structure is concentrated in the surface equipment with a runlife of 20 years or more.
Like conventional beam/rod pump
systems, long-stroke pumping units employ sucker rods connected to a downhole
pump. However, the surface equipment is
fundamentally different for the long-stroke
unit, as the pumpjack is replaced with a
vertical unit that is shipped and installed at
the wellsite in one piece, Fig. 1.
As its name implies, when compared to
a beam pumping unit, a long-stroke system
has a longer stroke length. These units also
operate at fewer strokes or cycles per minute (an average of 3.75 strokes/min. vs. an
average of 8 strokes/min. for conventional
surface pumps). During a large part of its
pump cycle, the long-stroke units rod
string moves at a relatively steady velocity.
This results in fewer acceleration-deceleration cycles and fewer rod reversals.
Long-stroke units use a torque arm with
a shorter radius than the distance between
the saddle bearing and the horsehead on a
beam/rod unit. This transmits power at a
lower torque, and extends the applicability
of the long-stroke unit to a wider range of
production rates and well depths.
For well servicing, after disconnecting
the bridle and carrier bar from the polished rod, the long-stroke unit is rolled
away from the wellhead without any
further disassembly. When a workover
is completed, the unit is rolled back into
place, and the carrier bar is reconnected
to the polished rod. Hence, the longstroke units often can provide simpler
well servicing.
Long-stroke units routinely achieve
up to 1,500 bpd at 6,000 ft (1,800 m)
and 100 bpd at 10,000 ft (3,000 m). In
shallow wells, which are typically nonESP applications, long-stroke units can
deliver production rates exceeding 4,000
bpd, Fig. 2. In some cases, they can provide greater operational efficiency than
ESPs at similar depths.
While ESPs can be prone to premature failures, a long-strokes downhole rod

pump is usually more tolerant to extreme
downhole conditions.
In this case history, a mature oil well
provided an opportunity to compare operating expenses (OPEX) of an ESP and a
long-stroke pumping unit. The wells production had slowly declined from an initial
rate of 3,000 bpd to less than 1,200 bpd.
The existing ESP pump was nearing the
end of its operating life and running at 30
Hz in a down-thrust condition. The operator was forced to replace the downhole lift
Fig. 1. The Weatherford Rotaex longstroke pumping unit (foreground).
Fig. 2. General operating ranges for ESPs

vs. reciprocating rod pumps (RPP).
16,000
Depth, ft
Part 2: In this second of two

monthly reports, the authors
highlight innovations in ESPs,
PCPs and plunger lift systems.
ESP
0
RRP
95,000
Production, stbopd
Table 1. Well parameters for the candidate well.

Initial Flow Rate
Current Flow Rate
Oil API
Fluid Mixture SG
Production Level
Tubing Head Pressure
Tubing Length
Tubing OD
Power Cost
Fig. 3. Summit Corsair high-efficiency ESP

motor.
3,000 bpd at 65% water cut

1,180 bpd at 97.5% water cut
18.2
1
3,650 ft (1,112 m)
220 psi
4,520 ft (1,378 m)
4.5 in.
$0.10 per kWh
Table 2. OPEX comparisons for the ESP and the long-stroke pumping unit.
Total system sales price
Downhole pump price
Total price, %
Total downhole price
Total price, %
VSD
Rig time, days
Workover cost
Failure rate/3 years
Workover cost over 3 years for 15 wells
Power cost/3 years for 15 wells
Savings from the use of Long Stroke System
Power cost reduction
Workover cost reduction
Inventory cost reduction
OPEX reduction
system ahead of imminent ESP failure. The

well parameters for the evaluation process
are shown in Table 1.
Both lift systems in this geographic region have essentially the same sales price,
but the overall OPEX associated with the
ESP is $3,670,020 higher, Table 2.
The reason for the significant OPEX
difference is in the price breakdown of
both systems. For the long-stroke system,
total downhole price comprises the cost of
the rod pump and sucker rods, while the
ESP price comprises the downhole pump
assembly (multi-stage centrifugal pump,
intake, protector, motor and power cable).
Focusing on the long-stroke system,
the $9,000 represents the price of the
downhole reciprocating rod pump. The total downhole price represents the price of
the rod pump plus the sucker rods ($9,000
+ $50,000 = $59,000). For the long stroke
system, the cost of the variable speed drive
(VSD) represents only the price of the
drive, since a step-up transformer is not
required.
For the ESP, $145,000 represents the
price of the downhole pump, intake, protector and motor. The total downhole
price ($235,000) includes the downhole
assembly ($145,000) plus the power cable
($90,000). The VSD price includes a load
filter and a step-up transformer.
Long Stroke System

$300,000
$9,000
3%
$59,000
20%
$45,000
1
$12,950
1
$194,250
$27,000
$3,670,020
37%
91%
94%
62%
ESP
$300,000
$145,000
48%
$235,000
78%
$65,000
1
$148,950
1
$2,234,250
$435,000
Additionally, the workover cost for

the ESP is 91% higher than for the longstroke unit. Workover costs include rig
rental cost, cost of deferred production and the replacement price of a
downhole pump.
OPEX is estimated as a sum of
workover cost (assuming a reasonable
rate of one failure per three years), power
cost for three years, and the cost of three
downhole pumps used as inventory for an
oilfield consisting of 15 such wells.
For the ESP, for example, this works out
to $2,234,250 (workover cost over three
years for 15 wells considering run life of
three years per well) + $3,271,860 (power
cost of ESP wells in this region for a life
span of three years) + $435,000 (three ESP
pumps at $145,000 each).
This exercise demonstrated that the
long-stroke pumping unit could provide
significant financial benefits in wells that
were traditionally considered to be lowand medium-flow ESP applications. While
both the ESP and the long-stroke pumping
unit can deliver a 1,180-bpd production
rate, the OPEX associated with the longstroke unit proved lower, due to benefits in
three major areas:
Power cost reduced 37%
Workover cost reduced 91%
Inventory cost reduced 94%.
This case history provides a good example of artificial lift system selection. For
a more detailed discussion regarding artificial lift system selection, refer to SPE paper
52157 entitled Selection of Artificial Lift
by James Lea and Henry Nickens. Also,
more useful system selection information
can be found in the Petroleum Engineering
Handbook, Volume IV: Production Operations Engineering.
ESP DEVELOPMENTS
An ESP downhole assembly will typically include the electric submersible pump, a
gas handler/separator or standard intake,
a seal section, a submersible motor with
a connected power cable that runs to the
surface, and often a downhole sensor package that communicates pump and wellbore
performance information back to a surface
interface system. The surface equipment
may include a VSD or switchboard, a motor protection system and/or an intelligent
control system. This year, we feature several
submissions related to ESP systems.
Another Bright idea
100%
solar-powered
wireless load cells.
100% proven.
Introducing fully wireless, 100% solar-powered wireless
load cells that offer easy, quick installation on pumping units
from Bright Automation. Proven in thousands of installations,
this advanced technology eliminates many common
failure points, delivering reliable performance, even in the
harshest environments.
Advanced control technology, intelligently applied.

www.BrightAutomation.com 281.378.1579 sales@BrightAutomation.com
Wireless Load Cells Inclinometers Rod Pump Controllers Inverters Variable Speed Drives Automated Pump Unit Balancing
Fig. 4. Summit Defender Super Sand seal

section.
Fig. 5. Nautilus power cable deployable

ESP system for 5-in. tubing/casing.
DC cable
(100 HP motor +)
Tubing
Power conversion module (PCM), 456 series
7-in. 26 lb/ft casing (or larger)
Standard motor, 456 series
5-in. tubing/casing
Special seal, 400 series
Pump discharge
Isolation/packoff
Bottom intake pump, 400 series
Perforations
High-efficiency ESP motors. Summit ESP has released a new line of motors,
dramatically increasing horsepower per rotor, efficiency and performance over legacy
design motor technology. The new Corsair

motors (Fig. 3) in both 456 series and 562
series have several distinct advantages that
allow for increased horsepower ratings
along with reduced operating temperatures, promoting reliability and extending
run life.
In these new motors, Summit has eliminated the recessed rotor, which required
motor bearings to be inserted into the rotor increasing friction, reducing cooling exposure and increasing heat to the system.
Eliminating the recessed rotor allows for
utilization of a wider motor bearing facilitating better heat transfer and internal
cooling properties.
The new motors offer positive locking bearings that are non-magnetic, which
eliminates concerns of bearings operating
outside of the brass lams used in other motors. Additionally, the motor shaft has added lubrication slots for each bearing. This
improves lubrication between the bearing
and sleeve and reduces internally generated heat and wear.
The motors employ coffin-shaped rotor
bars (which increase the copper content
by 22%), closed slot all steel stator laminations and double-wrapped polyimide insulated windings. For extreme temperatures
the double-wrapped polyimide windings
can be extruded with patent-pending Peek
insulation, which provides the benefits of
the insulations higher temperature rating
and maintains the advantages of the polyimides dielectric strength.
Improved seal section. As previously
mentioned, major downhole components
of an ESP system are an electric motor,
seal section, pump intake and centrifugal
pump. The motor is designed to operate
in well fluid and is generally protected
from well fluid ingress by means of a seal
section that is bolted directly to the top of
the motor. The seal section provides four
main functions: 1) provides a fluid barrier
between the well fluid and motor oil, 2)
allows for motor oil expansion, 3) provides pressure equalization, and 4) carries the thrust of the pump bolted directly
above the seal.
In many instances, produced fluids contain frac sand and/or formation reservoir
sand, which enters the pump along with
the fluid. While sand may wear the pump,
it generally does not pose a problem to the
seal, as long as the pump is operating. However, during shutdown the sand carried in
the produced fluids will fall back through
the pump and pump-intake, due to gravity.
The sand will accumulate at the top of the

seal section, which contains a mechanical
seal and vent port.
When the pump is put back into operation accumulated sand will remain at the
top of the seal. Over time, accumulation of
the sand will plug the vent port and prevent
well fluid from making good contact with
the mechanical seal faces, which must be
in contact with well fluid in order to cool
the faces. The sand can compact around
the mechanical seal and prevent well fluid
from transferring heat. The sealing faces
will overheat and lead to failure.
The vent port is used to vent expanding motor oil to the wellbore to maintain
equalized pressure. The expanding oil is
released through an internal check valve located inside the seal. If, as described above,
the vent port is blocked off, the seal cannot equalize pressure effectively. This will
cause a pressure build-up inside the seal to
such a degree that it will separate the mechanical seal faces. When this occurs, well
fluid and sand will enter the clean oil section of the seal.
A bronze bushing in most legacy manufactured seals is located inside the seal
section head, just below the mechanical
seal. Well fluid contamination and sand
will rapidly destroy the bronze bushing
causing a catastrophic failure due to loss
of shaft support. Most seals contain multiple chambers for redundancy. As the seal
chambers fail, eventually the shaft will fail,
due to side loads causing buckling.
The new patent-pending Defender
Super Sand seal section (Fig. 4) is a revolutionary design from Summit ESP that
eliminates concerns from sand contamination, upper mechanical seal failure and
shaft bushing overload due to incipient
buckling of the shaft. The top end of this
new seal has sand exclusion technology
added just above the mechanical seal. This
technology prevents sand from falling into
the mechanical seal eliminating the initial
mode for seal failures.
Additionally, a well fluid thrust bearing has been added to the design, along
with an improved head design, which allows for increased well fluid lubrication to
cool the bearing.
Relocating the thrust bearing to the top
of the seal greatly reduces any concerns of
buckling the shaft. The seal includes additional improvements that flush away any
accumulated debris from the mechanical
seal when the unit is stopped. The bronze
shaft bushing has been replaced with a self-
Fig. 6. Zeitecs rigless ESP Shuttle System.
Landing nipple
Seal bore
ESP cable
9-in. or 7-in.
casing
Docking station
Lubricator valve
W/L re-entry guide Retrievable
Permanent
components
components
GS W/L prole
Seal mandrel
Expansion seal asy
Space-out tubing
Adjustable union
Standard pump
Standard seal
Standard motor
ESP monitors
Motor connector
Connectors
Fig. 7. V2 Advantage system side-pocket

mounted downhole wet connector.
aligning carbide bushing set that will operate in contaminated well fluid conditions
and offers radial shaft support.
Power cable-deployable ESP system.
Zeitecs, Inc. recently announced the initial field installation of the Nautilus power
cable deployable ESP system, Fig. 5. The
second-generation system requires no
tubing-deployed semi-permanent components. Instead, it allows standard ESPs to
be deployed on ultra-strong DC coaxial
power cable. The equipment includes a
downhole power conversion module to
convert DC current back to AC to power
the standard, 3-phase induction motor.
This system is undergoing final field tests.
ESP shuttle system. Zeitecs also announced new installations of its rigless
ESP Shuttle System, Fig. 6. A downhole
docking station with a three-phase electrical wet-connector system is first deployed
at the bottom end of the production tubing
and then the standard ESP system (pump,
seal and motor) is run into the tubing on either wireline, coiled tubing or sucker rods.
Until recently the system required larger
tubing sizes, but it is now commercially
available to deploy the complete range of
standard ESP sizes from 562 series in 7-in.
casing to newly developed designs for 375
series in 41/2-in. tubing. The value proposition of this technology was confirmed re64JUNE 2014/WorldOil.com
cently at an SPE Workshop, where a paper

was presented on the first rigless replacement of an ESP on CT in response to an
unexpected ESP failure.
Improved non-invasive ESP conveyance system. The Artificial Lift Company
(ALC) has released its new V2 Advantage
non-invasive ESP conveyance system. This
unique technology further simplifies the
ability of an operator to quickly and easily
install and retrieve ESP systems on slickline, without a rig. The system is designed
specifically for high-value wells, where access to the location is difficult, rig interventions are cost-prohibitive and where
subsequent delays in production cannot be
accepted. It is not unusual in these environments for an operator to lose up to 10% of
production to ESP downtime, in addition
to the high cost of replacing failed ESPs.
This rigless conveyance system combines a robust production-tubing landing string with a side-pocket-mounted
downhole wet connector (Fig. 7) and a
high-power permanent magnet motor
(PMM). The system provides easy installation and retrieval of ESP systems up to
400 hp via standard 0.125-in. slickline (or
coil or tractor) through 4.5-in. tubing (or
higher hp in larger tubing). It is compatible with 7-in. and larger casing, and can be
used with all ESP provider pumps (400 series), VSDs, cables, protectors and gauges.
With the ESP retrieved, full bore access is
achieved through the well, providing for a
multitude of intervention options.
Unlike conventional ESP deployment
techniques that require the use of a costly
workover rig, the V2 Advantage system
provides the ability to install and retrieve
ESP systems through a standard 4.5-in. lubricator, without killing the well.
The system has been developed to further increase reliability and address the
complicated installation processes used
with traditional ESP systems. An important component of the system is ALCs
fourth generation permanent magnet motor. The systems 3.75-in., 135-hp, singlepiece motor is only 9.6 ft long (compared
to more than 50 ft for a traditional ESP motor). Motors up to 400 hp are available for
this system (3.75-in., 26-ft long). The high
power density of these PMMs eliminates
the need to run tandem and triple ESP motors to achieve the desired power rating.
Baker Hughes software improves
ESP gas-handling capabilities. One of
the challenges most operators encounter
when producing oil wells is high levels of
gas entrained in the production fluid. The

presence of gas reduces the pumping efficiency of ESP systems and impacts the
bottom line. Gas accumulation prevents
fluid progression through the pump, which
creates gas locking and causes the system
to shut down or potentially become damaged, due to overheating. Gas handling is
often a slow, sometimes tedious process
with only limited success.
The Baker Hughes Electrospeed Advantage VSD has production software with
specific solutions for recurring ESP problems, including gas slugs and gas locking.
It features MaxRate software, which is designed to mitigate production interference
due to high gas content by automatically
purging accumulated gas and controlling
the draw down rate to achieve the operators target.
Gas is a common challenge for most
artificial lift systems. When gas collects in
low-pressure areas of an ESP system, fluid
progression through the pump stages is
blocked, resulting in a gas-lock condition.
Due to undulations in horizontally drilled
wells, gas tends to migrate to the highest
point of a horizontal wellbore creating a
gas slug. When an ESP encounters a gas
slug, the event can last several minutes or
longer. The VSD registers a decrease in
motor torque, indicating that the pump has
encountered enough gas to stop fluid flow.
The MaxRate software automatically
slows the system down to allow produced
fluid to backflow through the pump, flushing the gas bubbles from behind the impeller vanes. Once the gas lock is cleared, the
drive will ramp the motor frequency back
up to resume pumping. The software will
make several attempts to break the gas lock
condition. If it determines that the situation has not been cleared, a system shutdown will occur to prevent any damage to
the equipment string. During the gas purge
event, the ESP motor slows down while
back-flowing fluid runs past the unloaded
motor. This cools the motor and results in
extended run life for the ESP system.
The software also contains logic to
manage drawdown in challenging situations, such as horizontally completed wells
or wells with long-duration gas slugging.
By using a novel approach to downhole
pressure targets and control loops, operators can automatically manage fluid levels
and bottomhole pressure.
Halliburton software targets ESP
gas handling performance. Halliburton
Artificial Lift continues to refine its un-
PUMP POWER
Reliable Service. Flexible Design. Innovative Technologies.
Integrating 2 research and development centers, 10 world-class manufacturing

facilities, 25 service centers and more than 115 years of artificial lift experience,
Borets has built a powerhouse company focused on Electric Submersible Pump
(ESP) and Horizontal Pumping System (HPS) technologies.
With manufacturing capabilities of 10,000+ systems annually and 9,000+
employees (3,500+ dedicated field personnel), Borets has the POWER to develop,
build and service an efficient pumping solution that boosts production and profit.
R E L I A B L E
F L E X I B L E
I N N OVAT I V E
w w w . b o r e t s . c o m / l e a d e r
Fig. 9. New VSD software algorithm helps alleviate common gas

problems associated with ESP systems.
Fig. 8. Halliburtons VSD software reduces costly downtime.
Table 3. Pump Checker software calculated that this ESP was under-perfoming.
Pump Discharge Pressure, psig
Pump Intake Pressure, psig
Pump dP, psi
Pump Rate, bpd
Pump Degradation, %
In Range?
Calculated Pwf, psig
Lost Gross Rate, stbpd
Lost Oil, stbpd
conventional well VSD algorithm technology to work in conjunction with its

Q-Max GBP gas bypass technology to
improve ESP performance.
The Q-max gas bypass has proven to be
effective in increasing drawdown characteristics in very high-GOR wells. The companys proprietary VSD software works in
conjunction with the Q-max gas bypass
to consistently allow the ESP to draw the
working well pressure farther than previously thought possible.
As seen in Fig. 8, this well was shutting
down and restarting multiple times in a
week. The downtime was costing the operator lost production over a 24-hr period.
On March 25, Halliburtons proprietary
VSD program was activated remotely
from a computer, hundreds of miles away.
The result can be seen from the date of
optimization. This well since has run continuously with reduced intake pressures
and higher production.
A similar situation is depicted in
Fig. 9. After the VSD on the well was programmed to operate using the new VSD
algorithm, it stopped cycling and has run
continuously. The well continues to slowly draw down the BHP without reducing
the stock tank liquid.
Since 2010, Halliburton Artificial Lift
has installed over 1,800 gas bypass systems in unconventional shale wells. By
Calculated
2813
596
2217
1310
76.9
In Range
2586
432
180
Measured
Difference
2301
512
798
1705
1705
512
using proven gas-handling technology

coupled with improved VSD algorithms,
operators are realizing higher well productivity, a quicker return on investment
and a higher degree of reliability from
downhole ESP systems.
New software for ESP system optimization. Optimizing artificial lift systems
depends on access to accurate and relevant
data. While operators and suppliers produce lots of data, some of it may not be
relevant to driving artificial lift improvement. Often, if good data do exist, they are
so scattered across multiple systems and
spreadsheets that they are virtually unusable. Pulling all the critical data together
can be problematic.
Artificial Lift Performance Ltd. (ALP)
has introduced three new software applications that can be run in the cloud or
on a server, all using a core set of relevant
data underpinned by application-specific
figures to show an operator exactly what a
well is doing and what it should be doing.
Armed with the difference between the
two, action can be taken to maximize well
performance at minimal cost.
Well test. Each method of artificial lift
differs, but most data-gathering systems
primarily tend to focus on collecting production rates. ALPs Well Test software
not only analyzes production data, it also
prompts producers which operating pa-
rameters to input with the rate information

based on the exact form of artificial lift employed, including ESP systems.
Armed with the right data, producers
can then base system optimization strategies on results that are specific to their lift
system. Its a more specific approach than
standard well test reporting.
Pump checker. According to ALP, this
software is specifically designed to optimize ESP production, and diagnose reservoir inflow performance for future ESP
system design. The software pinpoints
where ESPs are losing production and why.
It validates Well Test data (double-checking the input), quantifies lost production
and determines bottomhole flowing pressure. It determines whether the lift system
is performing as designed.
In Table 3, Pump Checker revealed
that this ESP system has degraded by
nearly 77% from its performance when
installed. That means 180 bpd (or around
$18,000/day at $100/bbl) of lost production. With this information, the operator
can take appropriate action to maximize
well performance.
Pump analytics. Using this software,
producers can challenge well conditions
as being the cause of repetitive failures in
root cause failure analysis (RCFA) reports
from ESP suppliers, by forcing failure categorization through a structured process
that drives corrections. The goal is to improve artificial lift performance and ensure
fit-for-purpose equipment.
The software helps producers build an
easily managed, reliable well and equipment history and failure-tracking database
that provides artificial lift system performance for a field over time. With an intuitive dashboard (Fig. 10), it facilitates the
performance comparison of various systems/equipment.
ARTIFICIAL LIFT
Get more life from your wells.

5SBOTGPSNJOHQBSBGOQSPCMFNTJOUPTPMVUJPOT
TARGETED TREATMENT
*OKFDUJPOUVCJOHBODIPSsaved
well
33,600 per
QFSZFBSJODIFNJDBMDPTUTJO4PVUI5FYBT
PROACTIVE DESIGN
4VDLFSSPEHVJEFSPESPUBUPSDPNCP
100%
clears
PGUIFUVCJOHTUSJOHDJSDVNGFSFODF
PATENTED TECHNOLOGY
$MFBS8&--uEFWJDFsaved
year
367,000 per
JOXPSLPWFSDPTUTJOPGGTIPSF-PVJTJBOB
2014 Weatherford. All rights reserved.
Depth. Breadth. Experience.

5ISFFTJNQMFXPSET:FU XIFONPVOUJOHQBSBGOQSPCMFNTTFOUFODFZPVSXFMMUPBMJGFUJNFPG
DPTUMZXPSLPWFSTBOEXBOJOHQSPUBCJMJUZ UIFTFUISFFXPSETPGGFSBSFQSJFWF8FEFMJWFSNVMUJQMF
TPMVUJPOTGPSQBSBGOQSPCMFNT FOTVSJOHUIBUZPVEPOnUTJNQMZHFUBTPMVUJPOsZPVHFUUIFSJHIU
TPMVUJPO DVTUPNJ[FEUPZPVSXFMM
0VSJOEVTUSZMFBEJOHBSUJDJBMMJGUUPPMT FYQFSJFODFETQFDJBMJTUT BOEDPNQSFIFOTJWFTPGUXBSF
QBDLBHFTCSJOHNPSFMJGFUPZPVSBTTFUT5PHFUIFS XFDBOBSSFTUQSPEVDUJPOEFDMJOFT SFEVDF
XPSLPWFSTBOE01&9 BOEFYUFOEUIFMJGFPGZPVSXFMMT
Contact and collaborate with us at PO-Info@weatherford.com
Formation Evaluation
Well Construction
Completion
Production
ARTIFICIAL LIFT
iTRUST
BASED ON
EXPERTISE
PROGRESSING CAVITY PUMP SOLUTIONS
Progressing cavity pump systems are one amongst other articial lift methods. But PCM has a unique
range of PCP patented technologies and high-added-value services to increase your mature
eld production. We accompany you with our comprehensive PCP package in your heavy oil, light oil,
thermal EOR and CBM/dewatering challenges, featuring :
PCM MoineauTM, conventional elastomer technology (up to 4500bfpd/715m3/d)
PCM VulcainTM, the original all metal high temperature technology (660F/350C)
PCM MoineauTM HR, extended run life with hydraulic regulators technology (99% GVF)
Our international network of PCP specialists will help you design, evaluate and control your system
efciency, providing the best solution to optimize your well production.
The expertise of a specialized company dedicated to PCP technology and services.
Learn more about us at
www.pcm.eu
All-in-one ESP control and data toring system and remote commands. A
acquisition system. Aimed at enhanc- modular design provides greater serviceing productivity and maximizing uptime, ability and expandablitity. The Instruct
Schlumberger has developed a centralized, unit installs directly into the companys
single platform that provides protection, VSDs, and can be configured to automaticontrol and data acquisition for artificially- cally make adjustments to optimize well
and pump performance, program alarms
lifted wells equipped with ESPs.
The data-gathering and storage system, and trip settings. The unit also has emerthe Instruct all-in-one acquisition and con- gency shut-down capability.
For remote monitoring and control unit (Fig. 11), gathers, analyzes and
transmits critical data in real time from sur- trol, the system can be connected to the
face and downhole sensors to optimize en- Schlumberger 24/7 Artificial Lift Surveilgineering analysis and troubleshooting and lance Center via the LiftWatcher real-time
manage pump and well performance. The surveillance and optimization service or
system can monitor
up to four wells at
once, and transmits Fig. 10. The Pump Analytics user dashboard facilitates the
data from a variety of performance comparison of various systems/equipment.
sources, eliminating
the need for multiple
surface components.
Users can monitor electrical system
data, information
from external analog
or digital devices,
data measured by
the downhole moni-
the SCADA system. The Instruct unit also

can operate as a stand-alone device for remote monitoring applications.
Integral to the troubleshooting process, the Instruct unit maintains a record
of up to 500 alarms and events in internal
memory. By monitoring ESP (or horizontal surface pump) operating data points, it
provides protection from fault conditions
on any of the monitored signals.
Fig. 11. The Schlumberger Instruct all-inone protection, control, acquisition and
transmission unit with at-a-glance wellsite
assessment, and intuitive feedback and
control interface.
Lifting
Potential
Dependable performance. Experienced know-how.
Endless possibilities. Thats what you get when
combining the Lufkin artificial lift expertise youve come
to trust with the innovation of GE Oil & Gas. With an
expanding portfolio of well optimization solutions that
boost your results, GE pushes the boundaries of
technology to fuel the future today.
www. geoilandgas.com/Lufkin
New ESP monitoring system.

Schlumberger has developed an ESP monitoring system that ensures continuous
communication in case of ground faults,
extending ESP run life and reducing failures and operating costs.
The Endurant ground-fault-immune
ESP monitoring system (Fig. 12), represents a significant step-change in addressing one of the biggest causes of failure in
ESP monitoring systems, which historically have been highly susceptible to ground
faults or electrical shorts. Designed for the
high-cost intervention market (including
offshore, subsea and harsh environments),
the system can continue operating and
transmitting measurements even during
ground fault cable failure and in high-temperature downhole environments.
The system is especially suited for
fields prone to ground faults and wells
experiencing startup and instability
problems, erratic production or needing
reservoir build-up analysis. It delivers
high reliability in the harshest environments, engineered for high-performance
high-temperature downhole monitoring.
Designed with metal-to-metal Inconel
transducers, a stainless steel body and
high-temperature circuitry, the system
can operate continuously and reliably in
temperatures up to 150C.
A dual power supply prevents the gauge
breakdown caused by ground faults so the
system can continue communicating to
surface, without interruption. In real time
the system receives and transmits intake
pressure and temperature, motor winding
temperature and pump discharge pressure.
The monitoring system also enhances
reservoir understanding by providing an
advanced, high-speed telemetry uplink
for continuous data transmission at rates
of 100 bits per second, even if the ESP
is shut down. This facilitates high-resolution, high-sample-rate monitoring of
reservoir fluid build-up to determine reservoir performance.
The downhole gauge communicates
with a surface acquisition system by way of
the ESP power cable. Alarms can be set for
individual parameters appropriate to each
ESP completion.
PCP DEVELOPMENTS
It was not until the late 1970s that a concerted effort was made to use progessive
(or progressing) cavity pumps (PCP) as
a method of artificial lift in the petroleum
industry. With technical contributions and
persistence from many individuals and

companies, PCP systems have experienced
a gradual emergence as a common form of
artificial lift.
Permanent magnet motor PCP top
drive. Over the past decade, manufacturers tried developing a direct-drive PCP top
drive motor that can perform reliably in
demanding applications. Several attempts
have achieved moderate success in controlled environments, but none have displayed long-term, field-proven results.
A permanent magnet motor (PMM)
PCP top drive (Fig. 13), developed by
General Magnetic Group (GMG), is the
first commercially successful solution in
the market, according to its manufacturer.
Due to a partnership between GMG and
National Oilwell Varco (NOV) Mono, this
product is now part of NOV Monos worldwide Artificial Lift Solutions offering.
Currently available M-75-PMM and
M-105-PMM models feature easy installation, reduced electrical consumption and
no gearboxes or external moving parts to
create potential hazards. These drives help
optimize oilfield operations by reducing
maintenance, minimizing costly stoppages,
and increasing jobsite safety.
Because conventional electric motors
only have operating efficiencies over limited operating speeds, even with a VFD,
any significant changes in RPMs ultimately
require changes in the gear ratio between
the motor and pump. PMM driveheads
are engineered specifically for PCP applications. Using a permanent magnet motor
topology, they are ideal for low- and variable-speed applications.
With a 92.9% system efficiency, these
driveheads deliver higher production volumes without increased energy consumption. They also integrate seamlessly with
external optimization equipment such as
pump-off controllers. With reduced greenhouse gas emissions and low noise output
(68 decibels at 10 ft), they are considered
to be environmentally-friendly top drives.
The slightly higher manufacturing
cost of creating a permanent magnetic
field in the rotor is offset by quantifiable
lifecycle savings resulting from lower
operating costs, reduced energy consumption and higher system efficiencies
brought on by the elimination of speedreduction equipment.
Because it does not require any electrical current to create a magnetic field in the
rotor or losses from speed reduction equipment, the PMM PCP top drive is capable
Fig. 12. The new Schlumberger Endurant

ground-fault-immune ESP monitoring
system.
Fig. 13. NOVs permanent magnet motor

PCP Top Drive.
of operating at high efficiencies throughout its entire speed range spectrum.

Changing speed with a PMM drive is
as simple as pushing a button on the VFD,
which eliminates time-consuming, manpower-intensive well shutdown activities.
The PMM can also be integrated with a
number of other products, allowing ownWorld Oil/JUNE 201471
ers to further customize their operations

and boost production rates.
The NOV Mono PMM drivehead line
delivers full power and torque continuously from 30 to 450 RPM. The driveheads have rated torques up to 1,000 ft-lb
and deliver 92.9% efficiency from utility
to rod string.
HydraPak PCP. The HydraPak PCP
system (Fig. 14) developed by CJS Production Technologies incorporates a
coiled tubing umbilical and hydraulically
powered submersible motor that connects to a PCP. The submersible motor

and pump are conveyed into the well via
CJSs FlatPak or ArmorPak umbilical
tubing. Two of the tubes in the umbilical power the submersible motor driving
the PCP to force production fluids to
the surface. The motor and pump can be
reversed to flush solids out of the pump
back into the well cellar. The HydraPak
PCP system can include a conduit for
injecting additives to reduce production
SPIRIT HYBRID-X
Downhole today Payback tomorrow!

Downhole Hybrid Gas/Sand/Solids Separator
NEW from SPIRITA revolutionary
downhole tool that prevents gas and
sand/solids from reducing production
in 200 bbl/day wells!
s %FFECTIVESIMPLEANDRELIABLE
s $ESIGNEDTOENHANCEPRODUCTIONFROM
LOWERVOLUMEWELLSBBLDAY
s 2ESTORESANDOPTIMIZESRODPUMPINGFOR
EFFICIENCYANDLONGERCOMPONENTLIFE
s %ASYTOTRANSPORT
s %ASYTOASSEMBLEANDRUN
30)2)4S0!4%.4%$.%7(YBRID'AS3AND3OLIDS3EPARATOR
USESCYCLONICMOTIONANDINTERNALBAFFLINGFOREFFECTIVE
DOWNHOLESEPARATIONBEFORECONTAMINANTSCANINTERFERE
WITHRODPUMPPERFORMANCE
2UN30)2)4(YBRID 8'AS3AND3OLIDS3EPARATORSONYOUR
LOWERVOLUMEWELLSFORTHEHIGHESTPRODUCTIVITYANDTHE
FEWESTPUMPFAILURESOFANYOFYOURPRODUCINGWELLS
Downhole Hybrid Gas/Sand/Solids Separator
Fluid mixed with

solids flow downward
creating a vortex at
the expansion area.
fluid viscosity, break down paraffin and

other beneficial processes.
Using an optional data cable with
downhole data sensors, the HydraPak
PCP system allows well optimization with
information like pump intake pressure, discharge pressure and temperature readings.
The umbilical and PCP system is lowered into the well via a conventional coiled
tubing unit. The submersible motor and
downhole pump can be positioned in the
heel or lateral of the well.
CJS also offers hydraulic surface control automation to monitor and control
pump speed and fluid level to prevent well
pump off.
Flow control technology. To ensure
steady and reliable PCP performance, its
essential to properly regulate the pump
speed. Pump too fast and you risk outpacing well inflow, which can lead to pump
off and consequential pump failure. Alternatively, if you pump too slowly, you can
reduce production to levels far below the
wells potential.
WellPilot flow control technology
(FCT) from Weatherford eliminates the
guesswork and optimizes PCP performance by constantly comparing pump
speed to the monitored flowrate. Used
with a variable-speed controller, the WellPilot FCT continuously fine-tunes pump
speed to achieve optimal production while
protecting against flow loss.
The WellPilot FCT (Fig. 15) has no
moving parts. Based on the principle of
thermal cooling, the system uses two stainless-steel probes to determine changes in
flowrate. One probe generates heat and
detects heat absorption, while the other
is unheated and acts as a high-precision
thermometer. The probes alternate roles
periodically, switching between heated
and unheated functions, to deter scale and
paraffin buildup.
To determine flowrates, the heated
probe detects how much heat is being
Fig. 14. The HydraPak PCP system includes
the CJS triple coiled tubing umbilical,
hydraulic submersible motor and PCP.
2013 by AMETEK. All rights reserved.
absorbed by the passing fluid. The higher the flow, the more heat is absorbed,
which creates a greater cooling effect.
The unheated probe helps fine-tune the
flow detection by reading the fluids ambient, in-motion temperature. The controller continually analyzes changes in
temperature readings from the probes.
Based on this information, it signals the
variable speed drive, to adjust pump
speed in relation to the production capabilities of the well.
The WellPilot FCT is an auto-calibrating instrument. Once installed and
powered on, it begins controlling the well
immediately. The objective is to always
operate the pump at the lowest speed
required to deliver maximum production from a well. To find this speed, the
instrument follows a patented process
called climb and double-back. This
process assures optimal control and reliability for the PCP. If an increase in pump
speed causes flow rate to decline, or if the
flowrate remains unchanged as a result
of a speed increase, WellPilot FCT automatically compensates. It doubles back,
searching through its progressive table of
climbing speeds and corresponding flow

rates, comparing the current flowrate
against those observed at lower speeds.
It then starts the climbing process again,
selecting the lowest recorded speed that
resulted in a flowrate at or above the current production rate of the well. When
the control indicates a situation where
adequate flow is not being produced, the
FCT can be set to shut down the well.
Because gas absorbs heat at a much
lower rate than oil or water, the instrument can easily identify gas in the flow
line and make automatic adjustments to
avoid a pumpoff condition.
When integrated with the WellPilot VSD, the WellPilot FCT delivers a
complete set of available safety options
to protect the pump in response to wellrelated problems.
multiple methods to see which one may

work best, based on the candidate wells.
Plunger design evens fluid production in erratic wells. Multi Products Company focuses on advancing plunger lift
technology to increase versatility and fluid
handling capability in a wider range of wells.
One of their new technologies recently
commercialized is the Steady-Flo plunger
(Fig. 16), designed for midrange wells
that produce high fluid volumes but lack
the reservoir energy to evacuate the fluid.
Steady-Flo is a single-piece plunger withFig. 15. Weatherford WellPilot ow control
technology.
PLUNGER LIFT DEVELOPMENTS
Increasing the range of candidate

wells for plunger lift gives operators
more options for optimizing well performance and lift economics. Instead of
looking at one or maybe two artificial lift
methods, operators can analyze costs on
DREXELBROOKS UNIVERSAL IV CUT MONITOR
Water-cut measurement
so accurate, no other
monitor makes the cut.
Reliable performance. Easy installation.
First, we bent the rules to enter the oil stream through the elbow. Then we
designed a sampling probe that extends well into the line, averaging all
readings along its length for superior accuracy down to 0.03% water.
The probe senses changes in capacitance. The relationship between
capacitance and water cut, known as BS&W (basic sediment and water) is
computed by the units electronics. And, because the Universal IV features
RF admittance technology, it ignores buildup and its rugged sensor wont
wear out.
Pre-calibrated to your light or heavy oil needs, it meets worldwide approvals
(FM, FMc, ATEX and IECEx) and works in pressures to 1,500 PSI and temperatures to 450F. Why not sample our new Universal IV cut monitor for
yourself? Visit drexelbrook.com/cutmonitor to download our white paper
or call 800-553-9092.
Available
for quick
delivery.
Fig. 16. Multi Products new Steady-Flo

plunger (12-in. length).
Fig. 18. The pressure cut plot for a regular pad plunger (above) vs. the pressure cut plot
for the jetted pad version of the same plunger (below).
Fig. 19. Flow trajectories isolated to ow

that passes through two jets; one in the
lower pad set, another in the upper set.
Fig. 20. The new Baker Hughes Articial

Lift Research and Technology Center in
Claremore, Okla.
Fig. 17. Jetted pad plunger (note the bore
through the center and holes under pads).
out any moving parts, and has fall speeds

in between common bar stock plungers
and high-rate bypass plungers. Because
faster fall speeds translate to more plunger
cycles per day, and considering that wells
must be shut in for conventional plungers
to fall to bottom; utilizing this new plunger increases the amount of well uptime,
resulting in more production.
The Steady-Flo plunger incorporates
a through-bore design, which allows the
plunger to find a hydrostatic equilibrium
point in the wellbore by slipping fluid as
the plunger rises. With this design, the
plunger uses the wells available energy
to produce an even amount of fluid on
each plunger cycle, resulting in consistent removal of the fluid load from the
wellbore. This helps eliminate the situation of having a well that might bring in a
large fluid load on one plunger trip, and

then very little fluid on the next trip.
The through-bore design also helps
ensure that the plunger falls faster than
conventional plungers, which decreases
well shut-in time and increases the number
of plunger runs per day. It provides more
predictable, easily tracked runs, allowing
operators to optimize production so that
each run delivers a similar fluid volume.
On one highly-deviated 8,000-ft well
in the Rockies, an operator was able to increase production 15% by replacing a bar
stock plunger with the Steady-Flo plunger. In another near-by well with low reservoir pressure, an operator was required to
inject compressed gas to effect fluid production. After installing the Steady-Flo
plunger, the operator was able to eliminate compressor use. Fluid production
stabilized at 45 bpd and gas production
increased by 120% to 220 Mcfd.
Jetted pad plunger. Recently, a major

part of Well Masters effort to increase the
effectiveness of plunger lift technology
has included the use of computational
fluid dynamics (CFD) to evaluate designs
and model physical phenomena associated with plunger lift. The use of CFD
resulted in a new patents-pending, jetted
pad plunger, Fig. 17.
CFDs great advantages are that it can
model flow in a CAD model quickly and
consistently, and provide an intuitive
means of reviewing data as well as quantifying results, which makes side by side
comparison of designs a manageable task.
While CFD has a wide variety of applications in plunger lift, Well Master highlights its role in design while considering
an issue encountered with padded plungers in horizontal and deviated wells.
At angles above 20 or so, plunger
pads collapse, compromising seal and
severely limiting performance. A new
Well Master plunger design combats this
effect by jetting flow from a bore in the
plunger to the underside of the pads.
This creates an expansion effect, closing
the gaps that occur with pad collapse and
increasing efficiency. The mechanics of
the jetted pad are illustrated using the
CFD post-processing, Fig. 18.
In Fig. 19, two cut plots map the pressure for two plunger designs on a plane that
bisects through the center of the plunger
(warm colors indicate areas of high pressure, cool indicate low pressure). The new
jetted pad plunger features a hollow bore
with holes that jet fluid from the bore to
the underside of the pads. As a principal of
fluid dynamics, flow travels from high pressure to low pressure. Here, the high pressure fluid in the bore exerts an outward
force on the pad as it leaves the jet before
slipping under the upward side of the pad.
While pressure cut plots are useful for

examining how certain features enhance
a plungers seal, a more intuitive way to
observe the flow direction and patterns is
by looking at flow trajectories. One of the
features of flow trajectories is being able to
select an area and see only the flow that interacts with that area: where it came from
and where its going.
The flow trajectories demonstrate that
flow is inducted into the bore of the plunger and forced out of the holes. It shoots
through the jet holes against the underside
of the pad, mushrooming, and slips out towards the fishing neck. The flow through
the jets clearly pushes the pads outward.
This closes the gaps created by collapsed
pads, increasing efficiency.
OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
Baker Hughes recently opened a

$60-million electrical submersible pump
research and development facility in Claremore, Okla., Fig. 20. The 80,000-sq ft facility is called the Artificial Lift Research and
Technology Center (ALRTC). It is next to
the companys manufacturing center. According to company officials, locating the
ALRTC adjacent to artificial lift manufacturing allows engineers from R&D, manufacturing, and the companys quality and
reliability teams to work synergistically to:
Accelerate new product development and commercialization
Conduct total system integration
testing prior to field installation
Test alternative intervention methods to mitigate change-out costs
Meet material traceability requirements.
The ALRTC features equipment and
system testing options in a wide variety
of simulated downhole conditions. At
the centers core are vertical test wells
of various diameters and depths to test
everything from a single ESP system
component to the full production system comprised of artificial lift and other
well equipment.
JOE D. WOODS is president of
International Pinpoint, a
marketing and technical
information company in
Houston. Mr. Woods has over
35 years of energy industry
experience. He was director of
marketing and associate publisher at World Oil
for over 12 years. Previously, he was V.P. of

marketing at GEO International Corp. He also
held key marketing positions at Halliburton. He
has written numerous articles on subjects, such
as expandable sand screens, intelligent wells,
UBD, drilling with casing, perforating, articial
lift systems, fracturing conductivity and
proppants. He attended Texas A&M University
and received his BS degree from the University
of North Texas.
JAMES F. LEA teaches courses
in articial lift and production
for Petroskills. He holds BS and
MS degrees in mechanical
engineering from the University
of Arkansas, and a PhD from
Southern Methodist University.
He worked for Sun Oil as a research engineer
from 1970 to 1975, taught at the University of
Arkansas from 1975 to 1978, was team leader of
production optimization and articial lift at
Amoco EPTG from 1979 to 1999, and was
chairman of Texas Tech Universitys petroleum
engineering department from 1999 to 2006. He
has contributed to this series for over 25 years.
HERALD W. WINKLER is
former chairman and now a
professor emeritus and
research associate in Texas
Tech Universitys Petroleum
Engineering Department in
Lubbock, Texas. He also works
as a consultant to the industry in articial lift,
specializing in gas lift. Early in his career, he
worked for ARCO and Camco. He, too, has
contributed to this series for over 25 years.
Drill Smarter
Identify unconventional sweet spots before drilling.
Advanced multicomponent, multi-attribute seismic analysis from a ResSCAN project highlights most productive areas.
Cumulative well production is indicated by red circles.
On a recent Marcellus project, ION delivered reliable rock property insights for optimal production.
The most prolic regions exhibit complex fracturing, combined with regional faults.
Reduce development costs in resource plays with IONs 3D ResSCAN seismic data
programs. Managed by IONs GeoVentures group and imaged by IONs GX Technology
data processing group, ResSCAN programs fully leverage upfront geological, petrophysical,
AREAS OF EXPERTISE
>
Unconventional Reservoirs
and rock physics analysis to establish which seismic attributes, potentially from
Challenging Environments
multicomponent data, tie the geology and rock physics for a given shale play. As a
Complex Geologies
result, operators gain vital information to help them make better drilling and completion
Basin Exploration
engineering decisions. To learn more, visit iongeo.com/ResSCAN.
Reservoir Exploitation
GEOVENTURES
GRAVITY & MAGNETICS
Integration of towed-streamer EM data with seismic

and well logs yields total hydrocarbon volume
to extract an effective anomaly, including both reservoirs,
with vertical and horizontal resistivities of 810 -m and 45
-m, respectively. These resistivities were then used to calculate the sand resistivities and sand grain fractions as a function
of net-to-gross (N/G) and the pure shale resistivities.
The N/G is estimated from Vp/Vs and acoustic impedance obtained from pre-stack inversion of the seismic data.
The shale resistivities are obtained from well log data. The
hydrocarbon volume in the vertical slice of the reservoir area
is then computed as the sum over the sand grain sizes, provided that porosities and hydrocarbon saturations can be estimated. In this proof-of-concept demonstration, the hydrocarbon volume was calculated to be 0.18 times the volume of the
vertical section.
INTEGRATED WORKFLOW
A proof-of-concept was achieved by

integrating towed-streamer EM data with
3D seismic data and well logs, to derive
the total hydrocarbon volume in a vertical
section through two reservoirs.
JOHAN MATTSSON and FOLKE ENGELMARK, PGS

The benefit of deriving resistivity values from towedstreamer EM data, integrated with seismic and well log data,
was demonstrated recently by providing an estimate of the total hydrocarbon volume in a vertical section through the two
reservoirs: Maureen and Heimdal in the North Seas Mariner
complex.
A high-resistivity structure, within a large volume, was estimated from anisotropic 3D inversion. The inversion was used
Controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) data for the
integration exercise were acquired by the PGS Nordic Explorer
over the Maureen and Heimdal reservoirs at Mariner eld.
The motivation behind acquiring CSEM data is to estimate the sub-seafloor electrical resistivity structure, and add
valuable information to the seismic image of the subsurface.
An obvious value of the resistivity information, in conjunction with the seismic image, is the possibility of improving
the geological earth model. This is useful to select optimum
drilling locations within an area of interest for hydrocarbon
exploration.
To get maximum value out of CSEM data, and to facilitate
extraction of quantitative information of value, the CSEM
data have to be integrated with 3D seismic data. An example
of this is to use the subsurface resistivity information to improve the hydrocarbon volume estimate in an identified reservoir. In a sand-and-shale reservoir, the resistivity values can
be used to support the estimation of N/G, i.e., the sandstone
fraction within the reservoir, as well as the sand grain fractions
by volume.
An integrated workflow was developed to extract resistivities from towed streamer EM data acquired over Mariner
heavy oil field in the North Sea. These resistivities enabled us
to estimate the hydrocarbon volume in a vertical section of
the two reservoirs, Maureen and Heimdal. The workflow also
relies heavily on standard petrophysical models to estimate
crucial parameters that are required in the calculations.
Anisotropic 3D inversion was then carried out to determine
the horizontal and vertical resistivities in the area, including
the reservoirs.1, 2 In this case, the inversion covers a region of
36 12 2.8 km, with approximately 9.7 million cells in the
grid. This means the grid fully contains the entire sensitivity
volume for all data acquired along the 10 survey lines. This is
a huge improvement in our ability to correctly estimate the
entire resistivity structure, compared to the 3D inversion performed on a small grid just enclosing the reservoirs.3
iScope
WELL TEST OPTIMIZATION SYSTE
SYSTEM
TEM
iScope
ope is the
t rst cost effective
tiv downhole
monitoring
mon
onitoring system designed to retrieve pressure
and
data during well testing
an temperature
temper
operations.
o
With this new breakthrough technology,
engineers are able to precisely interpret real-time
well pressure build-up.
// REAL-TIME DA
DATA ACCESSIBILITY
Pr
Pressure
re & temp
tem
temperature
monitoring
/// CCOST-EFFECTIVE
OST-EFFECTIV SOLUTION
Light & standard e
equipment
carrier
Single gauge carrie
transmission
Wireless data trans
// ENHANCED RELIABILITY
RELIAB
AB
Proven Sercel acou
coust transmission technology
acoustic
Proven Metrolog iQuartz memory gauges
For more information:

Email: sales@metrolog.com
Phone: +33 5 61 34 80 74
www.metrolog.com
ANYWHERE. ANYTIME. EVERYTIME.
GRAVITY & MAGNETICS
Fig. 1. The geometry and towing conguration at the Mariner

survey. The data are acquired at 45 knots.
Fig. 3. The 3D resistivity cubes after inversion.
Fig. 2. A map of the Mariner area showing the survey lines and
corresponding shot points.
TOWED STREAMER EM SYSTEM
Figure 1 shows the main features of the towed streamer EM

acquisition configuration for the Mariner survey. An 800-m long,
bi-pole electric current source was towed at a depth of 10 m. The
source generated 1,500 A, and the transmitted signal is the PGS
Optimized Repeated Sequence (ORS).4 In this case, a discrete
set of frequencies, ranging from 0.2 Hz to 1.2 Hz, with a step of
0.2 Hz was used. The source sequence was 120 s long (one shot),
with the source active during the first 100 s, followed by 20 s of
silence. The silent periods were then used for background noise
estimation and noise reduction processing.
The resulting electric field in the seawater was measured
along the streamer as electric potential differences in distributed
electrode pairs, with offsets from 500 m to 7,700 m. In total, 72
electrode pairs of variable length, from 200 m at the front of the
streamer to 1,100 m at the end of the streamer, were used in the
configuration.5
MARINER FIELD
Mariner field is on the East Shetland platform of the UK North

Sea, approximately 150 km east of the Shetland Isles. It consists of
two shallow reservoirs: the Maureen formation and the Heimdal
sandstones of the Lista formation, with nearly 2 Bbbl of oil-inplace and expected recoverable reserves of more than 250 MMbbl of oil. Both formations yield heavy oil of around 12 to 14API.
Seismic and well log data have been used to map the horizons of a chalk layer on top of basement, as well as the horizons
for the sandstones of the Maureen and Heimdal reservoirs. The
resistive chalk layer varies in depth below sea surface from 1,400
to 1,500 m, with the basement underneath. The Maureen reservoir is on top of the chalk, whereas the Heimdal reservoir is
about 200 m above the Maureen reservoir. The bathymetry in
the region varies between 95 m and 115 m, with a relatively homogeneous overburden.
SURVEY LAYOUT
The towed streamer EM survey consists of 10 parallel lines

separated by 500 m, Fig. 2. The length of each line was about 15
km. Each line recorded 60 shots of 120 s lengths. The frequency
responses used in the 3D anisotropic inversion were estimated for
all shots and offsets along the survey lines.4
ANISOTROPIC 3D INVERSION
The 3D resistivity structure is estimated by minimizing a Tikhonov parametric functional with respect to the horizontal and
vertical horizontal conductivity change from a background model. The functional is expressed as:
P ( )= Wd ( A( )d) L + s( )
2
(1)
where d and A are the measured and modelled electric field

data, respectively. The matrix A is the nonlinear forward modelling operator. The regularization parameter is updated in
each iteration, according to:
n = 1qn1 ;n =1,2,3,;0<q<1
(2)
GRAVITY & MAGNETICS
Fig. 4. Shale and sand layering constituting the N/G assumption

of the reservoir region.
inversion has not been able to separate the anomaly into two
individual volumes, corresponding to the vertical separation
of the two reservoirs. For visualization purposes, the resistivities below 5 -m have been removed.
The inversion domain was selected to cover all sensitive parts of the subsurface. The dimensions were: X: from
-18,000 m to 18,000 m; Y: from -6,000 m to 6,000 m; and Z:
from 200 m to 3,000 m (positive downward). This rectangular
region was discretized into cells of size 50 m x 50 m x 50 m.
The selected data for the inversion consisted of 323 shots with
18 offsets (1,7506,700 m) and five frequencies (0.2, 0.4, 0.6,
0.8, and 1.0 Hz). The run time, on a PC cluster with 10 cluster
nodes, using 2.2 GHz Xenon Westmere processors running 4
OpenMP threads each, was 7 hr.
HYDROCARBON VOLUME
Fig. 5. The horizontal (blue) and vertical (green) sand resistivities

as a function of N/G.
11.0
10.5
To calculate the hydrocarbon volume, it is assumed that the

vertical slice through the Heimdal and Maureen reservoirs under consideration is built of a layered stack of shale and sand,
according to the selected volume V in Fig. 4. The hydrocarbon volume in V can then be expressed as:
10.0
Ng
Vhc = V NGi Shc,i Fi
Sand resistivity,
9.5
(3)
i=1
9.0
N g = number of grain sizes
8.5
i = porosity
Shc,i = hydrocarbon saturation
8.0
Fi = sand grain fraction in V
7.5
NG = Net-to-Gross of volume V
7.0
Horizontal resistivity
Vertical resistivity
6.5
0.90
0.91
Ng
F = 1
i
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
N/G
In this case, the stabilizing functional s( ) is chosen as

the minimum L2-norm of the difference between the current
model and an a-priori model.1, 2 The optimal step length, q,
and a 1D horizontally layered background model are determined from one-line anisotropic 3D inversions, without any
a-priori model (unconstrained inversion). The final horizontal and vertical resistivity structures are then estimated by running the 3D anisotropic inversion on all lines at the same time,
now with an a-priori model in the stabilizer functional determined from the structure defined by the available seismic data
in the survey area. The a-priori model will guide the inversion
result toward a more reasonable geophysical model.
The final result with an rms misfit value of 6.4% after 40 iterations is shown in Fig. 3. It can be seen that a high-resistivity
anomaly, with vertical resistivity of 810 -m and horizontal
resistivity of 45 -m, is showing up in yellow and green colors on top of a high-resistivity chalk/basement underburden
in red, with more or less isotropic resistivity up to 30 -m.
The resistive anomaly appears right on top of the chalk, which
corresponds well with the Maureen depth. The anomaly also
coincides well with the horizontal extent of both the Heimdal
and Maureen reservoirs, even though this information has not
been used as a constraint in the inversion. Unfortunately, the
i=1
This is basically a summation over the fractions of the various sand grain sizes that constitute the sand in average. The
porosity of the sands and the N/G values are estimated from
pre-stack inverted seismic data within the reservoir. The hydrocarbon saturation for each grain size depends on the irreducible water saturation, which is the ratio between the
Buckles number and the porosity.6 The Buckles number is
unique for each grain size. In this particular case, the sand is
found to be composed of discrete beds, with the grain sizes
ranging from very fine, fine and medium, having the Buckles
numbers 0.12, 0.06 and 0.03, respectively. The corresponding
hydrocarbon saturations then become 0.6, 0.8 and 0.9. In this
proof-of-concept case, we further assume that the porosity is
0.3 for all the grain sizes.
The next step is to determine the fractions in the summation (3). This is done by calculating the effective horizontal
and vertical resistivities of the sand, given the resistivities
from the CSEM inversion, and appropriate horizontal and
vertical resistivity values of the shale. The sand may effectively
behave as an anisotropic media, because of the various grain
sizes with different bulk resistivities.
Ideally, the shale resistivities are obtained from well logs,
but could also be inverted from the CSEM data. In this case,
the horizontal shale resistivity is determined from a well log
to 1.5 -m. The average anisotropy in the shale overburden
GRAVITY & MAGNETICS
Fig. 7. The N/G can be calibrated in a cross-plot of AI and Vp/Vs

from the pre-stack inverted seismic data. The N/G is found to be
0.94.
Fig. 6. Various fractions as a function of N/G.
10
0.9
F1
0.8
2.4
F1
F2
F3
2.3
2.2
Minimum value from EM

N/G = 0.930
2.1
0.6
2.0
Vp/Vs
Sand fractions, v/v
0.7
0.5
0.4
1.9
1.8
0.3
1.5
5,000
F3
0.1
0.92
Clean sands
1.6
0.1
0.91
Reservoir data
N/G = 0.94
1.7
F2
0.2
-0.1
0.90
Pure shales
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
N/G
is about 1.66. Hence, a vertical shale resistivity of 2.5 -m is

suitable for use in volume V.
The horizontal sand resistivity is now obtained from the
equivalent equation of parallel resistors in volume V and the
vertical sand resistivity from the equation governing resistors
in series. The result, as a function of N/G, is plotted in Fig.
5. It is then possible to uniquely calculate the sand grain fractions from the corresponding parallel resistors and resistors in
series equations given the effective hydrocarbon charged sand
resistivities, and the intrinsic grain size dependent resistivities
from Archies equation and the constraint that the sum of the
fractions is equals to one.7 In this case, with three grain sizes,
the fractions as function of the N/G are plotted in Fig. 6.
Physically relevant fractions have to be positive. Hence,
the available fractions are then found in the N/G range from
0.930 to 0.955. The physically consistent N/G value can be
further fine-tuned within this range by means of the pre-stack
inverted 3D seismic data. Pre-stack inverted data are typically
evaluated as a cross-plot between acoustic impedance (AI)
and Vp/Vs, as suggested in Fig. 7.
From this cross-plot, the N/G value is found to be 0.94. The
sand fractions are then F1: 0.88 (very fine grained); F2: 0.10
(fine grained); and F3: 0.02 (medium grained). This means that
all quantities in equation (3) are known, and the amount of hydrocarbon fraction in the volume V can be calculated to be 0.18.
CONCLUSIONS
The towed streamer EM system acquires data at the same

speed as 2D seismic is acquired (45 knots). For the first time,
it is possible to acquire marine CSEM data efficiently and
cost-effectively. The dense data acquired from a set of parallel
survey lines over an area of interest can be used in a 3D anisotropic inversion algorithm to estimate the horizontal and vertical resistivities in a 3D grid covering the subsurface volume,
where the EM data sensitivity is sufficient.
Conceptually, it can be shown that these resistivity values can
be used, together with seismic and well log data, to estimate the
total hydrocarbon fraction in a reservoir volume. In particular, it is
possible to calculate the effective sandstone resistivities, and also
5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
7,500
8,000
Acoustic impedance (m/secG/cm3)
8,500
9,000
the fractions of different sand grain sizes as a function of the N/G

of the sand and shale quotient in the reservoir. Together with the
porosity and the N/G value obtained from pre-stack inverted 3D
seismic data, the hydrocarbon volume fraction can be calculated
by adding the contributions from the computed sand grain fractions. The result is a model that is consistent with all the observed
data. Nevertheless, this method is expected to provide a very
good estimate of the total hydrocarbon volume in place, and the
result is only limited by the uncertainties in the input data.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Petroleum Geo-Services (PGS) for the right to present the results of this towed streamer
EM Mariner survey, and TechnoImaging for support of the research and permission to publish.
REFERENCES
1. Zhdanov, M. S., M. Endo, L. H. Cox, M. Cuma, J. Linfoot, C. Anderson, N. Black and A. V.
Gribenko, 2014a, 3D inversion of towed streamer electromagnetic data, Geophysical Prospecting, doi: 10.1111/1365-2478.12097.
2. Zhdanov, M. S., M. Endo, D. Yoon, J. Mattsson and J. Midgley, 2014b, Anisotropic 3D inversion
of towed streamer EM data: Case study from the Troll West oil province, Journal of Interpretation, Vol. 2, No. 3 (August 2014); pp 117.
3. Mattsson, J., J. Skogman, A. Bhuiyan, A. McKay and C. Anderson, 3D inversion results from
towed streamer EM data in a complex geological setting, World Oil, Vol. 234, No. 9, 2013a.
4. Mattsson, J., P. Lindqvist, R. Juhasz and E. Bjrnemo, Noise reduction and error analysis for a
towed EM system, 82nd SEG Conference & Exhibition, Extended Abstracts, 2012.
5. Mattsson J., F. Engelmark and C. Anderson, 2013b, Towed streamer EM: The challenges of
sensitivity and anisotropy, First Break, Vol. 31, 6, pp 155159.
6. Buckles, R. S., 1965, Correlating and averaging connate water saturation data,
Vol. 9, No.1, pp 4252.
7. Archie, G.E., 1942, The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics, AIME Petroleum Transactions, No. 146, pp 5462.
JOHAN MATTSSON is a chief geophysicist at

Petroleum Geo-Services (PGS), where he provides
technical expertise and guidance for the development
of the towed streamer EM technology. Previously, he
was head of the EM research section, with a focus on
system design and signal processing. He earned a
PhD in engineering mechanics in 1996 from Chalmers
University of Technology, Sweden. Dr. Mattsson has worked primarily
with forward and inverse wave propagation modeling, as well as
analysis of experimental data.
FOLKE ENGELMARK is geoscience advisor at PGS.
Mr. Engelmark earned an MS degree at Colorado
School of Mines. With a 40-year career in academia,
mining, and, since 1980, exclusively in oil and gas, he
has built a broad knowledge base with a focus on
rock physics and integrated solutions. His current
interest is in the optimization of quantitative
interpretation by bringing the elastic information extracted from
pre-stack seismic data together with the resistivity information from
towed streamer EM data.
REGIONAL REPORT
RUSSIA
Russias upstream sector strives for dominance in an increasingly complex,
global E&P industry
EUGENE M. KHARTUKOV, MGMIO University, Moscow
This is a period of contrasting achievements and challenges
for Russias oil and gas industry. During 2013, Russia relinquished
its position as the worlds No.1 producer of oil and gas, combined,
to the U.S., which ended the year with the worlds top output.
Yet, for all of 2013, Russia still produced more crude and condensate than any nation in the world10.523 MMbpd, or 12.2%
of the global total of crude, condensate and NGLs, combined.
Nonetheless, in November 2013, total U.S. field output of petroleum liquids averaged 10.63 MMbpd, which made the country
the worlds leading oil producer for that month. The U.S. already
has gained the position of top dry gas producer.
FINANCIAL ACTIVITY
Last Sept. 30, a new fiscal regime for the Russian hydrocarbon
sector, the 55-61 system (in place of the previous 60-66 structure),
was introduced by federal law No. 263-FZ. It changed the rates of
export duty and established the future base rates of the mineral
extraction tax (MET) on crude oil. As of Jan. 1, 2014, the MET
rate per ton of oil produced was raised from RUB470 ($13.49) to
RUB493 ($14.13). It will go higher, to RUB530 ($15.19), on Jan.
1, 2015, and to RUB559 ($16.02) on Jan. 1, 2016.
Simultaneously, the maximum export duty rate on crude oil,

established by governmental decree on a monthly basis, is being
lowered (by reducing the coefficient in the formula) from the
previous 60% to 59% in 2014, 57% in 2015 and 55% in 2016.
Only several firms in Russia (like Rosneft, LUKoil, and Surgutneftegas) fall into the category of major, integrated petroleum
companies, Table 1. At the end of March 2013, Rosnefts acquisition of TNK-BP from BP was completed. BP received $17.1 billion in cash and 12.84% of Rosnefts assets. This history-making
deal is estimated at $55 billion. Meanwhile, in May 2013, Rosneft
said that it would pay $3 billion in cash for the remaining 49% of
shares in Russias major gas trader, Itera Oil & Gas.
On Dec. 23, 2013, Germanys BASF and Gazprom swapped
assets of equivalent value. BASF subsidiary Wintershall will further expand its oil and gas production, and exit gas trading and
storage. The transaction should complete in mid-2014.
World Oils Contributing Editor for South Asia, Raj Kanwar,
reports that strange as it may seem, the ongoing, overtly confrontational posturing by Russian President Vladimir Putin in Crimea
and eastern Ukraine has produced some unexpected side-effects.
Concerned about sanctions imposed by the U.S. and the Euro-
A rig and wellhead (left) co-exist in a Surgutneftegas mature eld in Western Siberia. Custom-built for the purpose, the Mikhail Ulyanov tanker (center) arrives at Gazprom
Nefts Prirazlomnoye eld, to load the rst 500,000 bbl of Arctic oil production. In the northern portion of Western Siberia, Surgutneftegas has had to build a number of
articial islands, to enable drilling in the swampy area.
pean Union, Rosneft has now approached both Indias flagship

explorer, ONGC, and private conglomerate Reliance Industries
for possible joint ventures.
RESERVES
Oil and gas reserves first became classified under the Soviet
regime in 1949. For many years, the Soviet Union was not a
member of any international supervisory organization. On July 5,
2013, Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev signed a decree
lifting the secrecy that surrounded the countrys reserves data,
and now, finally, the numbers have been published officially. According to Natural Resources Minister Sergey Donskoy, Russias
oil reserves stood, as of Jan. 1, 2012, at 17.8 billion tonnes (Bt) under the explored (AB) and estimated (1) categories of the Russian ABC1 classification system, equal to 128.7 Bbbl. In addition,
total ABC1 natural gas reserves were 1,817 Tcf, noticeably more
than the 1,310-Tcf figure under the U.S. system (a Russian/FSU
standard cubic meter corresponds to around 37.24 U.S. ft3, and
not to around 35.3147 ft3, as is true in other parts of the world).
Russias subsoil agency, Rosnedra, said that during 2013, 30
fields were discovered in Russia27 oil fields, two oil/gas fields
and one gas/oil field. The ABC1 reserves of the finds totaled
roughly 4.4 billion bbl, of crude oil; 37.24 Tcf of gas; and about
300 MMbbl of condensate. At the start of 2014, there were 2,508
fields officially recognized in Russia, including 1,710 oil, 238 gas,
217 gas/oil, 208 oil/condensate and 135 gas/condensate fields.
In terms of size, 28% were small- and medium-sized fields (with
reserves up to 200 MMboe); 41% were major ones (200 MMboe
to 2.2 Bboe) and 31% were giants (over 2.2 Bboe).
Other oil reserve estimates. Published data on Russias oil
reserves vary considerably, mainly because, for many years, they
were a state secret. Russian proved oil reserves tended to be (and
still are) substantially downgraded (to 45 Bbbl to 85 Bbbl) by almost all Western experts. This is despite the fact that the proved
oil reserves of just the five largest Russian oil and gas companies
(Lukoil, Yukos, SNG, TNK and Sibneft), alone, when audited in
1999-2000 by Miller & Lents and De Golyer & MacNaughton,
amounted to 46.3 Bbbl.
If one takes the 110-Bbbl estimate of proved oil reserves from
Moscow-based Center for Petroleum Business Studies at MGIMO University, and the average R/P ratio typical of Canada,
whose industry resembles Russias in terms of 20 years, then Russia could produce about 50% more oil (or around 15 MMbpd, at
110 Bbbl20 years365 days), compared to what it actually produces now, provided that it had sufficient oil markets.
Natural gas reserves. According to BP, Russia holds nearly
one-fifth of the worlds proved reserves of natural gas, equal to
1,162.5 Tcf, as of the end of 2012. This is close to the U.S. estimate of 1,310 Tcf and noticeably lower than the official, 2012
Russian figure of 1,817 Tcf.
PRODUCTION
The aforementioned projection of higher national oil output

is indirectly backed by a long-term forecast by the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Table 2. In the same vein, the leading
expert at Russian Union of Oil and Gas Industrialists, Rustam
Tankayev, estimates Russias oil production potential at about 14
MMbpd. In November 2013, the Russian government slightly increased its long-term forecast of production in 2030 from 10.36
MMbpd to 10.46 MMbpd. Still, a majority of Western experts
predicts a foreseeable decline in Russias oil output.
According to Russias Energy Ministry and Roskomstat, oil
production grew 0.9% during 2013, to reach a record 10.523
MMbpd, with 73% produced by six companies. The bulk
REGIONAL REPORT / RUSSIA

Natural gas. According to Russias Energy Ministry and Roscomstat, the countrys gross natural gas output rose 2.1% in
Controlled proved
Production, 20132
reserves,1 as of Jan. 1, 2013
2013, to 68.16 Bcfd, including 61.27 Bcfd
of free gas and 6.89 Bcfd of associated gas.
State
Crude+
Crude+
control, as
Natural gas,
Natural
Gazprom accounted for 71.9% of Russian
Company
condensate,
cond.,
of Jan. 1,
Bcf
gas,3 Bcfd
MMbbl
MMbpd
gas output, although the firms production
2013, %
slipped 0.4%. In line with the latest forecast
Gazprom (exclud50.002
10,108
711,809
0.34
49.02
of the Russian Ministry of Economic Deing Gazprom Neft)
velopment (MER), natural gas output will
Rosneft (excluding
69.5
14.523
26,597
3.14
3.89
amount to 68.77 Bcfd in 2014, 69.58 Bcfd
TNK-BP)
in 2015, and 70.19 Bcfd in 2016.
LUKoil
13,381
23,487
1.74
1.85
Most Russian gas is produced in the
4
TNK-BP
12,290
18,843
0.72
1.33
NadymPur-Taz (NPT) region of WestSurgutneftegas
18.3 billion boe

1.23
1.22
ern Siberia. However, the regions share of
Tatneft
34.05
6,194
177.2
0.53
0.094
Russian gas production is shrinking, due
MMboe
to its dwindling resources. Output is inGazprom Neft6
47.842
6,782
12,545
0.65
0.854
creasing in other areas, especially in Yamal.
Bashneft7
2,006.8
> 1,862
0.32
0.046
Russian gas is usually associated with
Slavneft
4,970
0.34
0.083
national monopoly Gazprom, but there
(ABC1
are other gas companies in Russia, which
reserves)
are formally independent. Though Gaz
1,648
1,060
0.25
0.16
RussNeft8
prom fiercely impedes their independent
Alliance Oil
733 MMboe
0.054
gas exports to outside the FSU, they do

(proved+probable)
cooperate with the gas giant on sales to the
In line with PRMS rules. Including affiliated companies, but excluding subsidiaries abroad. Gross output. Acquired by Rosneft in March 2013. Controlled by the Republic of Tatarstan. Gazproms subsidiary. Since March 2009, controlled 76.52% by Sistema holdings. Until June 2013, controlled 49%
former Soviet republics and production of
by Sistema; after that, wholly by Mikhail Gutseriev.
indigenous gas within these republics.
Gazprom is especially active in European
countries, for which it has been the main (and in some cases the
TABLE 2. RAS FORECASTRUSSIAN OIL (CRUDE & CONDENSATE)
only) supplier of gas for many decades. According to Eurostat, in
PRODUCTION, 2015-2030, MMBPD1
2012, Russia and Gazprom supplied nearly 32% of natural gas imArea
2015
2020
2025
2030
ports to the European Union (intra-EU gas trade excluded), while
Norwegian gas accounted for 29%, and about 14% came from AlWestern Siberia
6.92
7.00
7.04
7.13
geria. Thanks to price cuts, cold weather and more production,
Yamalo-Nenets AO
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.61
Gazproms exports to Europe, including Turkey, rose 16% during
Khanty-Mansiysk AO
5.22
5.20
5.14
5.02
2013, to a record high 161.5 Bcm, up from 138 Bcm in 2012.
Tomsk Region
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
Rosneft is expanding its gas business. Its previously mentioned
acquisition
of Itera enables Rosneft to produce an additional 1.33
South of Tyumen
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
Bcfgd,
or
2%
of total Russian output and gain recoverable liquid
Novosibirsk Region
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
and gas reserves of 440 MMbbl and 44.7 Tcf, respectively. Rosneft
Omsk Region
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
also has joined forces with gas independent Novatek, to lobby for
European Russia
2.31
2.20
2.13
2.01
the right to export LNG. Rosneft plans to increase its share of the
Eastern Siberia
0.84
2.00
2.21
2.61
Russian gas market from 9% now, to 19%-22% by 2020. Rosneft
produced 1.67 Bcfgd in 2012 and 3.90 Bcfgd in 2013. The firm
Far East (Sakhalin)
0.50
0.60
0.65
0.70
will produce more than 6.12 Bcfgd by 2016.
Total
10.57
11.80
12.03
12.45
TABLE 1. LEADING RUSSIAN PRODUCERS
Source: Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), www.energyles.com/eurfsu/russia

1Converted from metric tonnes to barrels, at a conversion rate of 7.324 bbl/ton.
of Russian crude was produced, as usual, in Western Siberia

(about 70%), as well as in Volga-Urals, Eastern Siberia, on and
around Sakhalin Island, and in Timan-Pechora, Fig. 1. During
the 2013-2018 period, some $220 billion will be invested in
Russian oil production, plus $65 billion for gas production.
Contrary to conventional wisdom, Russian oil has never
been cheap to produce, and the cost is increasing. Adding to the
rise in production cost is the ever-growing water cut, standing
now at an average 85.4% for Russian producing oil wells, and
estimated to reach 89% by 2030. Another factor adding to the
cost of Russian oil production is the decreasing reserve yield of
exploratory drilling, Fig. 2.
DRILLING
During 2013, nearly 7,370 exploration and development wells

were completed in Russia, including 22 offshore. This compares
to less than 3,540 wells in 2004 and 7,159 wells in 2012. By 2017,
the number of wells drilled should increase to 8,050, Fig. 3.
More than 12,020 new oil and gas wells were drilled in Russia during 2012-2013, including 5,890 in 2013. Of the 2013 total, almost 1,600 wells (over 27%) were completed by Rosneft.
Nearly 1,480 (over 25%) were completed by Surgutneftegas, and
more than 990 wells (16.8%) were drilled by LUKoil. The latter
accounted for more than 37.7 MMft drilled in 2013.
Russian operators and drilling contractors now have about
1,835 operable drilling rigs available, with up to half of them in
service. This compares to a little more than 340 units in 2000 and
RUSSIA / REGIONAL REPORT
Fig. 1. Russias main oil-producing areas.
Timan-Pechora
Northern
Krasnoyarsk Krai
Western Siberia
Northern
Caucasus
Ural-Volga
Eastern Siberia
Caspian
Sea shelf
Fig. 2. Oil and gas reserve additions in Russia as a function of the

volume (boe/meter) of exploratory drilling, 2005-2013.
400
350
300
Boe/meter drilled
250
200
150
100
50
0
2005
2006
2007
Source: CDU TEK, Renaissance Capital
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
9M13
760 rigs in 2009. However, more than 57% of the nations rig fleet
is over 20 years old, according to VTB Capital Research. Summing up the situation, VTB Capital analyst Oga Danilenko said,
Russias rig fleet is too old, too light and it lacks agility.
Because several large Russian operators have divested their
in-house service arms, the leading drilling companies, like Eurasia Drilling (EDC), Siberian Service (SSC), Integra Drilling,
Ru Energy and Burgaz, have organized a type of all-Russian
cartel operating in the country. EDC is the largest of them, accounting for about 30% of footage drilled in Russia, including a
record 20.54 MMft in 2013, up 3.5% from 2012s level.
No Matter How
Much Mud, Weve
Got It Under Control
Powerful and extremely robust: the rigMaster

CF decanter is the reliable solution for the
flexible processing of drilling mud including
barite recovery.
FIELD PROJECTS
GEA Westfalia Separator Group GmbH

Werner-Habig-Strae 1, 59302 Oelde, Germany
Phone: +49 2522 77-0, Fax: +49 2522 77-5058
ws.info@gea.com, www.gea.com
GEA Mechanical Equipment

engineering for a better world
OI-01-004
In October 2013, Rosneft downgraded its production forecast for the Vankor group of oil and gas fields, its main oil asset,
which produced 426,421 bopd during 2013, Fig. 4. Rosneft now
believes these fields will only produce 458,110 bopd in 2016, at
their production plateau. Rosneft previously had planned to produce 500,000 bopd from the Vankor fields by 2019.
The Vankor fields are 81 mi west of Igarka in the Turukhansk District of Krasnoyarsk Territory in Eastern Siberia.
The group includes Vankor, Suzun, Tagul and Lodochnoye
REGIONAL REPORT / RUSSIA

Ust-Silginskiy field in the Tomsk region. The company began delivering
gas via a 28-mi pipeline to the Gazprom
trunk pipeline.
30
8,026
At the end of October, Novatek
7,869
7,563 7,715
launched
the Eastern dome of North24 25
23 23
22
Urengoyskoye field, developed by the
Nortgas JV. Eighteen production wells
20
have been completed at the Eastern
dome, which has a 223-Bcf/year gas
15
treatment facility, gas gathering networks, and gas and condensate pipelines
10
to the fields Western dome. The Eastern
dome allows the JV to achieve a peak
5
production capacity of more than 1.0
Bcfgd and 3,835 bcpd during 2014.
0
North-Urengoyskoye field has proved
2014 2015 2016 2017
reserves of 5.86 Tcf of natural gas and
about 180 MMbbl of liquid hydrocarbons, as estimated under SEC methodology on Dec. 31, 2012. Commercial production at the Western
dome began in 2001.
Last December, China National Petroleum Corporation
(CNPC) and Rosneft agreed to jointly produce Eastern Siberia
oil reserves. The companies will set up a JV (Rosneft 51%, CNPC
49%), to develop a number of fields, including Srednebotuobinsk. Oil produced in the future will be exported to China and
other Asia-Pacific countries through the Eastern Siberia-Pacific
Ocean Pipeline (ESPO) and a China-Russia oil pipeline stretching from Skovorodino, Russia, to Daqing City in Heilongjiang
Province, China, Fig. 5.
The Black Sea and Kara Sea JV operating companies, Tuapsemorneftegaz SARL and Karmorneftegaz SARL respectively, will begin projects as operators, pursuant to an agreement
between Exxon Mobil (33.33%) and Rosneft (66.67), which
is the license holder. Initial exploration cost in the two areas
is estimated at more than $3.2 billion, most of which will be
financed by Exxon Mobil. Drilling operations should begin
during 2014.
Last Sept. 23, Phase 1 of the 1.94-Bcfd Kaliningradskoye UGS
facility was commissioned. It has a maximum daily deliverability
of 178.8 MMcfd (daily average gas consumption in the region is
219.7 MMcfd). This facility is a part of Gazproms plan to expand
gas supplies to the Kaliningrad region.
Last October, Gazprom confirmed that production at
Bovanenkovo field (Fig. 6) during 2013 would amount to 3.1
Bcfd, increasing to 4.1 Bcfd in 2014 and 4.3 Bcfd in 2015. This is
less than half of the original plan to produce 9.2 Bcfd.
The production cuts come as the company has experienced
falling demand, due to declining sales in Europe. Bovanenkovo
field was officially launched in October 2012. Totaling 182.5 Tcf
of gas reserves, it is the Yamal Peninsulas largest field.
Tight oil. Forty-five years after its discovery under the
swamps of Western Siberia, efforts are underway to develop
the worlds largest shale oil resourcesthe Bazhenov tight oil
formation. In December 2012, Rosneft (51%) and Exxon Mobil (49%) signed documents establishing a pilot project JV for
tight oil development in Western Siberia. The pilot program
will assess and determine the technical possibility of developing the Achimov gas and Bazhenov oil formations in Western
9,000
Onshore
Offshore
Number of wells drilled onshore
8,000
7,129 7,343
6,733 6,921
22
6,331 6,532
21 21
20 20
20
5,587
7,000
6,000
5,000 4,714
5,140
4,715
4,401 4,505
3,802
4,000
3,527
10 10
3,000
2,000
10
10
1,000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Source: www.oil-gas.ru/userles/obzor_rinka_Chuev_D_E
Fig. 4. At the Vankor eld group in Eastern Siberia, Rosneft

produced more than 425,000 bopd in 2013 and is headed toward
a plateau of nearly 460,000 bopd in 2016 (photo courtesy of
WEG S.A.).
Fig. 5. Oil produced jointly by Rosneft and CNPC, and destined

for China, will be transported via two pipeline segments, ESPO
Phases 1 and 2.
Russia
East Siberian oil and gas elds
Tomsk
OIl pipeline
ESPO phase 1
Sea of
Okhotsk
Omsk
Skovorodino
OIl pipeline
Taishet
Angarsk
Vanino
OIl pipeline
Pavlodar
Mongolia
Daqing
ESPO phase 2
China
Kozmino
Nakhodka
Tanker
Yellow
terminal
Sea
fields. Vankor field has oil-in-place reserves totalling 3.8 Bbbl,

of which 1.5 Bbbl are proved reserves, along with 3.54 Tcf of
natural gas.
In February 2013, Alliance Oil completed infrastructure
development and launched gas production of 26 MMcfd at
Number of wells drilled offshore
Fig. 3. Number of onshore and offshore wells drilled in Russia during 2000-2012, and
forecast for 2013-2017.

Siberia. Exploration work will be performed on 17 Achimov
blocks and 20 Bazhenov blocks in a 2013-2015 timeframe, financed by Exxon Mobil.
In March 2013, Gazprom Neft completed its first experimental tight oil well in the Bazhenov-Abalak formation of the
Palyanovsk zone of Krasnoleninskoye field in Western Siberia.
Based on this successful well, development of the Palyanovsk
zone is set to start during 2014.
Sergey Donskoy, the Russian Minister of Natural Resources
and Ecology, gave more detailed information on the challenging
Bazhenov reserves. He said, as of the beginning of 2012, Bazhenov reserves amount to 3.64 Bbbl (2.06 Bbbl of A, B and C1
categories and 1.58 Bbbl of C2 category). The majority of these
reserves belongs to non-licensed prospects2.675 Bbbl, while
967 MMbbl are already on the books of producing companies.
These reserves are mainly in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous
Okrug (3.555 Bbbl).
During 2013, Surgutneftegaz (SNG) increased its Bazhenov
shale oil production more than 60%, to 10,915 bpd. Over the past
30 years, SNG has drilled more than 600 wells into the Bazhenov,
but about 37% have been dry, demonstrating the problems with
understanding a reservoir that is not homogenous. However, the
63% of wells that succeeded have flowed as much as 2,200 bopd.
To date, SNG has produced almost 9 MMbbl of Bazhenov oil.
SNG produces oil at 10 Bazhenov deposits. By 2018, that number
should rise to 13.
An optimistic, overall forecast from the Russian Ministry of
Natural Resources suggests that total tight oil production might
exceed 1 million bpd by 2025 and reach 1.7 million bpd by 2030.
By contrast, the Energy Ministrys forecast is much lower, at
only 440,000 bopd by 2020, before declining to 400,000 bopd
by 2025. To support these efforts, the Russian government, last
August, introduced tight oil tax breaks.
As for the Achimov condensate-rich formation, drilling was
begun in second-half 2013 by the Eriell/ Schlumberger/Artikgaz
consortium at the Urengoyskoye gas/condensate field. By midNovember, the group had successfully completed a horizontal
Fig. 6. Springtime in Bovanenkovo: In April 2014, a Gazprom
operator carries out a visual inspection of equipment at a gas
well cluster in Bovanenkovo eld, on the Yamal Peninsula (photo
courtesy of Gazprom).
High Collapse Tubular, a Solution to Well Design Challenges

Over the last years, the evolution of technical needs (such as HP/HT wells, annular pressure build-up, drilling through salt dome)
leads OCTG customers to require tubular offering improved collapse resistance vs. the standard API one. Today, pipe collapse
pressure is calculated in accordance with API 5C3 equations which are based on empirical approach. However these values do
not always answer today to the new technical customer well design. That is why Vallourec has developed its own high collapse
product lines, labeled VM HC or VM HCSS (for sour-services application), which offer collapse pressure exceeding in average
by 30% the standard API collapse pressure. These high collapse products remain fully compliant with API standard. The higher
collapse pressure is achieved thanks to specic manufacturing process and best-in-class quality control. This performance is
determined and guaranteed by using Vallourec proprietary collapse model.
presents: Live Webcast
Tuesday, July 8, 2014

9 a.m. CDT / 2 p.m. GMT
Register Today:
WorldOil.com/webcasts
Speaker:
Franois-Xavier Bulard
Speaker:
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Moderator:
Kurt Abraham
Marketing and Technical

Sales Manager
Vallourec
Clausthal University
of Technology
Executive Editor
World Oil
Institute of Petroleum
Engineering

well in just 68 days, drilled to a depth of 17,060 ft. The 3,343-ftlong horizontal wellbore simultaneously exposed three pay zones.
Through the agreement between Gazprom and Wintershall
mentioned earlier, Blocks IV and V in the Achimov formations
Urengoi gas/condensate field of Western Siberia will be developed jointly. They have resources of 10.2 Tcf of gas and 635
MMbbl of condensate. An annual plateau of 815 MMcfgd is expected from the two blocks, once production starts up in 2016.
Offshore. Russia possesses the worlds largest continental
shelf, which may contain more than 560 Bboe of resources. Yet,
less than 300 wells have been drilled offshore. Last October,
output was started from the countrys first subsea production
system at Kirinskoye gas field. Operated by Gazprom, Kirinskoye is part of the Sakhalin III concession in the Sea of Okhotsk, 17.4 mi offshore eastern Russia. Its subsea facilities are
in a 295-ft water depth. The produced gas is transported via a
subsea pipeline to the onshore processing facility (OPF) in the
Sakhalin region.
Gazproms new Polyarnaya Zvezda semisubmersible is drilling the Kirinskoye wells, Fig. 7. One production well is operable,
and six more are to be drilled. At peak, the field will deliver over
560 MMcfgd. Eventually the Kirinskoye OPF will also receive gas
from other Sakhalin III fields, which hold 41 Tcf of gas.
In yet another development related to the Russia-Ukraine
situation, World Oil Contributing Editor Raj Kanwar reports
that Rosneft has offered Indian firm ONGCs international arm,
OVL, a stake in 10 offshore blocks. Nine of these are in the Barents Sea, and one is in the Black Sea.
LNG. On Dec. 23, 2013, Gazprom and Shell agreed to move
to project design stage for a third train at the LNG plant in Sakhalin. The firms addressed the prospects for the Sakhalin II project
expansion and advised Sakhalin Energy to prepare FEED documents for construction of the third LNG process train in Prigorodnoye settlement, Sakhalin Island.
Also in place, is an agreement identifying further steps for
the development of a 15-MMt/year LNG plant in the Russian
Far East, near Vladivostok. Gazprom and the Japanese government have undertaken work to determine a plant site, gas
liquefaction technologies and commercial structure for the
Vladivostok project.
ARCTIC ACTIVITY
Last December, Gazprom began oil production at Prirazlomnoye field, Russias first Arctic offshore exploration project.
The $4-billion Prirazlomnoye oil field lies 37 mi offshore in the
Pechora Sea. Recoverable oil is estimated at about 530 million
bbl. Production should be about 120,000 bopd after 2020. The
first 500,000-bbl tanker was loaded with oil from Prirazlomnoye
in April, and at least 2.2 MMbbl are expected to be in 2014.
Meanwhile, on June 11, 2013, Rosneft and Exxon Mobil
signed agreements creating the Arctic Research Center and the
joint use of technologies globally. Exxon Mobil will provide
$200-million funding for the centers initial research phase. Rosneft (66.67%) and Exxon Mobil (33.33%) will equally fund the
next $250 million to continue this joint research.
In February, ExxonMobil and Rosneft increased their strategic
cooperation by adding seven new blocks in the Russian Arctic, in
the Chukchi, Laptev and Kara Seas, spanning 150 million acres.
The companies have agreed to create JV entities in these areas. License obligations stipulate that 14 exploration and appraisal wells
Fig. 7. Gazproms new Polyarnaya Zvezda semisubmersible has

been drilling Kirinskoye eld wells offshore Sakhalin Island (photo
courtesy of Gazprom).
will be drilled, and a significant amount of 2D and 3D seismic will

be gathered over the next 10 years.
Last November, Novatek and Gazprom Neft acquired Enis
holding in a gas venture for $2.94 billion, increasing their control
of one of the largest new energy projects. The Yamal Development venture will raise its total share in the SeverEnergia gas/
condensate project to 80.4% from 51%. SeverEnergia has an estimated 9.8 Tcf of gas reserves and about 5 Bbbl of liquids. Last
December, Total (20%) announced that it, along with Novatek
(60%) and CNPC (20%) had reached a final investment decision
to develop the onshore Yamal LNG project in Russias Arctic. It
will develop reserves of more than 5 Bboe. It consists of an LNG
plant with a capacity of 16.5 MMt/year and represents a $27-billion capital expenditure.
EXPORT PROJECTS
Last October, Russia concluded an $85-billion oil supply deal

with China, whereby Rosneft will supply Chinas Sinopec with
about 730 MMbbl of crude oil over 10 years, starting from 2014.
Last June, Rosneft signed a $270-billion deal with CNPC to supply 300,000 bopd to China over 25 years, starting in 2015.
At the end of 2013, Russia and Kazakhstan reached an agreement to cooperate on transportation of oil from Russia to China
through Kazakhstan. Deliveries will be made on a swap scheme.
Also in November, Gazprom and CNPC agreed on the basic
terms of a deal to ship up to 2.5 Tcf of gas per year to China.
EUGENE KHARTUKOV is a leading international expert on Russian
and ex-Soviet oil and gas issues. During 1970-1982, he worked in
various research centers, departments and enterprises of the USSR
Ministries of Geology, of Oil and Gas Industry, of Foreign Trade and
of Foreign Affairs. From 1983 to 1996, he worked for several energy
analysis and consulting rms. Since 1996, Dr. Khartukov has been a
professor at the Center for Petroleum Business Studies and MGMIO
University in Moscow. Also, from 2003 to 2012, he was director of
international projects at Petromarkets Research Group. He graduated
with an Honours Diploma in International Economics from MGIMO in
1977, and obtained a PhD in International & Petroleum Economics in
1980, and a post-doctorate degree (professorship) in International &
Energy Economics in 1990, from MGIMO. He earned the Lifetime Title
of Professor in 1994. Dr. Khartukov has authored nearly 300 articles,
brochures and books on petroleum and energy economics, politics,
management, and oil and gas in the FSU, Russia, and other regions.
16 October
2014
The Houstonian Hotel Club & Spa
HONORING
Groundbreaking Strides
in the
Nominations Open:
18 April 2014
Nominations Close:
18 July 2014
Black Tie Gala:

16 October 2014
The Houstonian Hotel & Spa
RSVP for the Awards Gala

Historically the dinner has sold out;
therefore, companies are encouraged
to reserve a table soon.
To RSVP for this exciting event, tickets
may be purchased online or contact
Gwendolyn Hood at +1 (713) 520-4402
or Gwen.Hood@GulfPub.com
for more information.
Awards.WorldOil.com
Oil & Gas Industry
For thirteen years, World Oil has

honored the upstream energy segments
leading innovators and innovations. We
encourage you to take advantage of this
special opportunity to nominate a cuttingedge technology or industry leader
for consideration for the 2014 Annual
World Oil Awards. To be considered,
accomplishments and new developments
must have been achieved between 1 July
2013 and 30 June 2014 and fall under one
of the 16 award categories.
In addition, The World Oil Awards also
serve as a contributor to the future of
the oil and gas industry by making a
donation to two deserving universities
with established petroleum departments.
Dont miss this unique opportunity to
formally recognize new technologies
and/or champion individuals that have
made ground breaking strides in the oil
and gas industry. Submit your
nominations* today.
*Companies may submit nominations in
more than one category, as well as provide
multiple submissions in the same category.
Categories for Nomination:

Best Completion Technology
Best Data Management
& Application Solution
Best Deepwater Technology
Best Drilling & Completions Fluids
Best Drilling Technology
Best Exploration Technology
Best Health, Safety, Environment/
Sustainable Development Offshore
Best Health, Safety, Environment/
Sustainable Development Onshore
Best Outreach Program
Best Production Chemicals
Best Production Technology
Best Visualization and Collaboration
Best Well Intervention
Innovative Thinkers
Lifetime Achievement
New Horizons Idea
Visit Awards.WorldOil.com for

information on how to submit
your nomination.
> Nominate Today!
DRILLING, COMPLETION & WORKOVER FLUIDS

2014
Special Supplement to
Published in June 2014

Copyright 2014 Gulf Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
For additional copies, contact the reprints department. Phone: 713520-4426 / Fax: 713-520-4433 / E-mail: reprints@gulfpub.com
Mailing Address: Gulf Publishing Company, P.O. Box 2608, Houston,
TX 77252, U.S.A.
M-I SWACO engineers drilling

uid systems and additives that
improve efficiencies, reduce costs
and minimize HSE impact for
HTHP, deepwater, shale gas and
heavy oil extraction. Research and
development of uid systems and
additives result in cost-effective,
highly efficient solutions like
micronized barite technology and
water and oil-base drilling uids
(image courtesy of M-I SWACO,
a Schlumberger company).
WHAT IS YOUR
EFFICIENCY
WORTH?
Would PREVENTING THE PROBLEM before it occurs

make YOUR drilling environment more efcient?
From the Eagle Ford to the North Sea to the Middle East to China,
Impact Fluid Solutions has been working in 24 countries to
stabilize wellbores in both onshore and offshore drilling projects.
Saving hundreds of hours of downtime on their projects, our
customers use FLC2000 to protect the wellbore and production
zones from uid and pressure invasion.
Our portfolio of products address some of the most common drilling
problems at every stage, and include a range of wellbore stabilizers,
environmentally compliant shale inhibitors and cement additives.
HOUSTON OFFICE
UK OFFICE
+1 713 964 7736
+44 (0) 1872 26 16 13
www.impactuids.net
DRILLING, COMPLETION AND WORKOVER FLUIDS 2014
World Oils
uids nomenclature
These system descriptions
and product denitions reect
general industry practice and
terminology consistent with
descriptions adopted by the
American Petroleum Institute
(API) and the International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC).
WATER-BASED SYSTEMS
Non-dispersed. These systems include

spud muds, natural muds and other lightly
treated systems that are generally used for
shallow wells or top-hole drilling. Thinners and dispersants are not added to disperse drill solids and clay particles.
Dispersed. At greater depths, where
higher densities are required, or where
hole conditions may be problematic,
muds are often dispersed, typically with
lignosulfonates, lignites or tannins. These,
and similar products, are effective deflocculants and filtrate reducers. Potassiumcontaining chemicals are frequently used
to provide greater shale inhibition. Specialized chemicals are also added to adjust or
maintain specific mud properties.
Calcium-treated. Divalent cations, such
as calcium and magnesium, when added to
a freshwater drilling mud, inhibit formation clay and shale swelling. High levels of
soluble calcium are used to control sloughing shale and hole enlargement, and to
prevent formation damage. Hydrated lime,
gypsum and calcium chloride are principal
ingredients of calcium systems. Calciumtreated muds resist salt and anhydrite contamination but are susceptible to gelation
and solidification at high temperatures.
High-performance water-based muds
(HPWBM). These are usually reformulated polymer systems containing systemspecific products to deliver shale stability,
clay and cuttings inhibition, lubricity and
high ROP, while minimizing bit balling/
accretion and downhole torque problems.
Some HPWBM use borehole-stabilizing
products to reduce pore pressure transmission similar to oil-based muds.

Low-solids. Listings include systems in
which the volume and type of solids are
controlled. Total solids should not range
higher than about 6% to 10% by volume.
Clay solids should be some 3% or less and
exhibit a ratio of drilled solids to bentonite
of less than 2:1. Low-solids systems typically use polymer additive as a viscosifier or
bentonite extender and are non-dispersed.
Polymer/PA/PHPA. Muds incorporating generally long-chain, high-molecularweight polymers are used either to encapsulate drill solids to prevent dispersion and
coat shales for inhibition, or to increase
viscosity and reduce fluid loss. Various
polymers are available for these purposes,
including cellulose, natural gum-based
products and acrylamide. Frequently, inhibiting salts, such as KCl or NaCl, are used
to provide greater shale stability. These systems usually contain a minimum amount of
bentonite and may be sensitive to divalent
cations, such as calcium and magnesium.
Most polymers have temperature limits
below 300F but, under certain conditions,
may be used in hotter wells. A special class
of water-based muds use partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) as an additive, to encapsulate drill solids or to extend
bentonite clay in a low-solids mud.
Saltwater systems. Several mud systems
are included in this classification. Saturated
salt systems are used to drill salt formations. Lower levels are usually referred to
as brackish or seawater systems. Saltwater
muds are usually prepared from brackish
water, seawater or produced water sources,
and dry sodium chloride (or another salt,
such as potassium chloride used for shale
inhibition) is added. Various specialty
products, such as attapulgite, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch and others, are used to increase viscosity for holecleaning properties and to reduce fluid loss.
OIL-BASED MUDS (OBM)
Oil-based systems are used in various applications where fluid stability and inhibi-
tion are necessary, such as high-temperature wells, deep holes, and where sticking
and hole stabilization are problems.
1. Invert emulsion muds are water-in-oil
emulsions, typically with calcium chloride
brine as the emulsified internal phase and
oil as the continuous phase. They may
contain as much as 50% brine in the liquid
phase. Invert emulsion muds can be conventional with a highly stable emulsion or
relaxed with lower emulsion stabilities
and higher HPHT filtrates. The concentration of additives and brine content/salinity
are varied to control rheological, filtration
and emulsion stability. Oil-based mud additives include emulsifiers and wetting agents
(commonly fatty acids and amine derivatives), amine-treated organic materials for
filtration control, organoclays and polymers for viscosity, and lime for alkalinity.
2. All-oil fluids are formulated with only
base oil as the liquid phase and are often
used as coring fluids. Although these systems pick up water from the formation, no
additional water or brine is added. All-oil
systems require higher additional gelling
agents for viscosity.
COMPLETION FLUIDS
Solids-free and formulated with aqueous

salts for density, these fluids can achieve a
wide density range by incorporating the
appropriate salt (halides, bromides and formates) without using conventional weighting materials. They are usually designed
to match specific reservoir criteria, taking
into account critical factors like equivalent
static density (ESD), contamination risks
and crystallization temperatures.
HPHT SPECIALTY PRODUCTS
Specifically designed for high-pressure,

high-temperature and hostile environments where conventional drilling fluids
are impractical or uneconomical, they address safety and environmental compliance, lost circulation, decreased penetration rates, acid gases and determination of
downhole pressure, while allowing for flexible tool and equipment selection.
World Oil/JUNE 2014F93
Abbreviations of company names

AES AES Drilling Fluids (formerly Fluids
Management), Houston, TX, www.aesfluids.com
AkzoNobel Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals
B.V., Arnhem, Netherlands, www.akzonobel.
com/pa
Alliance Alliance Drilling Fluids, LLC,
Midland, TX, USA, www.alliancedf.com
Alpine Alpine Specialty Chemicals, Houston,
TX, USA, www.alpinemud.com
Am. Gil. American Gilsonite Co., Bonanza, UT,
USA, www.americangilsonite.com
Anchor Anchor Drilling Fluids, Tulsa, OK,
USA, www.anchorusa.com
Aqua-Clear Aqua-Clear, Inc., Charleston, WV,
USA, www.aquaclear-inc.com
Aquaness Aquaness Chemical, a Baker Hughes
business unit, Sugar Land, TX, USA, www.
bakerhughes.com
Ashland Ashland Aqualon Functional
Ingredients, a commerical unit of Ashland, Inc.,
Wilmington, DE, USA, www.aqualon.com
Ava Ava Drilling Fluids, S.p.A., Rome, Italy,
www.avaspa.it
BHI Baker Hughes Incorporated, Houston, TX,
USA, www.bakerhughes.com
Baroid Baroid, a division of Halliburton,
Houston, TX, USA, www.halliburton.com/baroid
Barzaghi Barzaghi srl, Arluno, Italy,
www.barzaghi.org
BASF BASF Global Oilfield Solutions,
Houston, TX, USA, www.basf.com/
oilfieldchemicals
BCI Chemical BCI Chemical Corporation
Sdn Bhd, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia, www.
bcichemical.com.my
BCIDF Baker Chemicals, Inc., Houston, TX,
USA, www.bcidf.com
Black Earth Black Earth Humic LP, Alberta,
Canada, www.blackearth.com
Boysenblue Boysenblue/Celtec International,
Inc., Lafayette, LA, USA, www.boysenblue.com
Cabot Cabot Specialty Fluids, Aberdeen, UK,
www.formatebrines.com
Cebo Cebo Holland B.V., Ijmuiden,
Netherlands, www.ceboholland.com
Cesco Cesco Chemicals, Inc., Lafayette, LA,
USA, www.cescochem.com
Chemject Chemject International, Inc.,
Houston, TX, USA, www.chemject.com
ChemSol ChemSol, LLC, Minnetonka, MN,
USA, www.chemsolusa.com/drilling
Chemstar Chemstar Products Co.,
Minneapolis, MN, USA, www.chemstar.com
Cinicola Eredi Dott. Settimio Cinicola
Bentonite S.A.S., Milano, Italy, www.cinicola.net
Clariant Clariant Corp., The Woodlands, TX,
USA, www.clariantoil.com
Coatex Coatex SAS, Genay, France, www.
coatex.com
CorsiTech CorsiTech, Houston, TX, www.
special-products.com
F94JUNE 2014/WorldOil.com
Deep South Deep South Chemical, Inc.,

Lafayette, LA, USA, www.deep-south-chemical.
com
Dow Dow Oil and Gas, Houston, TX, USA,
www.dowoilandgas.com
Drill Tech Drill Tech Environmental Services,
Inc., Schriever, LA, USA
Drill. Spec. Drilling Specialties, The
Woodlands, TX, USA, www.cpchem.com/bl/
drilling
Drillchem Drillchem Drilling Solutions,
Lafayette, LA, USA, www.drillchem.com
Drillsafe DrillSafe Janel Int., Ustron, Poland,
www.drillsafe.com.pl
DSC DSC Incorporated, The Woodlands, TX,
USA, www.TORKease.com
Ecofluids Ecofluids, Inc., Houston, TX, USA,
www.ecofluids.net
Elementis Elementis Specialties, Hightstown,
NJ, USA, www.elementis-specialties.com
Elkem Elkem, Ltd., Kristiansand, Norway, www.
wdp.elkem.com
EMEC Egyptian Mud Engineering & Chemicals
Company, Cairo, Egypt, www.emec.com.eg
Emery Emery Oleochemicals GmbH,
Dsseldorf, Germany, www.emeryoleo.com
Forta Forta Corp., Grove City, PA, USA, www.
super-sweep.com
GEO Geo Drilling Fluids, Bakersfield, CA,
USA, www.geodf.com
GPC Grain Processing Corp., Muscatine, IA,
USA, www.grainprocessing.com
Gumpro Gumpro Drilling Fluids Pvt. Ltd.,
Mumbai, India, www.gumprodf.com
Ibex Ibex Chemicals, Inc., Houston, TX, USA,
www.ibexchemicals.com
Impact Impact Fluid Solutions, Houston, TX,
USA, www.impact-es.com
Integrity Integrity Industries, Inc., Kingsville,
TX, USA, www.integrityindustries.com
ISP International Specialty Products, Wayne,
NJ, USA, www.ispenergy.com
Kelco Kelco Oilfield Group, a Huber Company,
Houston, TX, USA, www.cpkelco.com
Kemira Kemira Water Solutions, Kennesaw,
GA, USA, www.kemira.com
Lamberti Lamberti S.p.A., Gallarate, Italy,
www.lamberti.com
LCM Lost Circulation Management, Fulshear,
TX, USA, www.lostcirculationmgmt.com
LCS Lost Circulation Specialists, Magnolia, TX,
USA, www.magmafiber.com
Liquid Csg. Liquid Casing, Inc., Houston, TX,
USA, www.liquidcasing.com
L-USA Lamberti USA, Hungerford, TX, USA,
www.lambertiusa.com
M&D M&D Industries of Louisiana, Lafayette,
LA, USA, www.ultrasealinc.com
MASI MASI Technologies, LLC, Edmond, OK,
USA, www.masitech.com
Mayco Mayco-Wellchem, Inc., Houston, TX,
USA, www.maycowellchem.com
Messina Messina, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA, www.

MessinaChemicals.com
M-I SWACO M-I SWACO, a Schlumberger
company, Houston, TX, USA, www.miswaco.
com
Montello Montello, Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA, www.
montelloinc.com
Nalco Nalco Company Energy Chemicals,
Sugar Land, TX, USA, www.nalco.com
Newpark Newpark Drilling Fluids, Houston,
TX, USA, www.newparkdf.com
NOV NOV Fluids Services, Lafayette, LA, USA,
www.nov.com/drilling/drilling_fluids.aspx
Oleon Oleon, Oelegem, Belgium, www.oleon.
com
OMNOVA OMONOVA Solutions
Performance Chemicals, Chester, SC, USA,
www.omnova.com
Pacer Pacer Corporation, Custer, SD, USA,
www.pacerminerals.com
PICO PICO DFT, part of PICO Energy
Petroleum Integrated Services, Cairo, Egypt,
www.picoenergy.com
Pro-Form Pro-Formance Drilling Fluids,
Houston, TX, www.prodrlf.com
Q'Max Q'Max America Inc., Benbrook, TX,
www.qmaxsolutions.com
Rapid Rapid Drilling Fluids, Lafayette, LA,
USA, www.rapidenergyservices.com
RIG-CHEM RIG-CHEM, Houma, LA, USA,
www.rigchem.com
Roquette Roquette Frres, Lestrem, France,
www.roquette.fr
Scomi Scomi Oiltools, Selanger, Malaysia, www.
scomioiltools.com.my
Shrieve Shrieve OFC, The Woodlands, TX,
USA, www.shrieve.com
Solazyme Solazyme, Inc., San Francisco, CA,
USA, www.solazyme.com
So. Clay Southern Clay Products, Gonzales,
TX, USA, www.scprod.com
Strata Strata Control Services, Inc., Crowley,
LA, USA, www.stratacontrol.com
Sun Sun Drilling Products, Belle Chasse, LA,
USA, www.sundrilling.com
TBC TBC-Brinadd, Houston, TX, USA, www.
tbc-brinadd.com
Tetra Tetra Technologies, The Woodlands, TX,
USA, www.tetratec.com
Tolsa Tolsa, S.A., Madrid, Spain, www.tolsa.com
Turbo-Chem Turbo-Chem International, Inc.,
Lafayette, LA, USA, www.turbochem.com
Venture Venture Chemicals, Inc., Lafayette, LA,
USA, www.venturechemicals.com
ViChem ViChem Specialty Products, LLC,
Conroe, TX, www.vichemllc.com
Weatherford Weatherford Drilling Fluids and
Drilling Waste Management, Dubai, UAE, www.
weatherford.com
Well Flow Well Flow International, LLC,
Houston, TX, USA, www.well-flow.com
Wyo-Ben Wyo-Ben Corp., Billings, MT, USA,
www.wyoben.com
Fracturing Fluid
Additives with
Elevated
Environmental
Standards
TBC-Brinadd is a global provider of

non-damaging drill-in, completion,
workover and fracturing uid system
additives, including our patent
pending aqueous-based and BTEX free
synthetic uid-based crosslinking
additives, Fracsal Ultra EM, Fracsal
Waterbase EM, and Fracsal EM. Our
ISO 9001:2008 certication,
partnered with our R&D/Technical
Services laboratory and manufacturing
facility, enables us to be.......the
Premier Service Company for the
Service Industry.
Aqueous-Based
Fracsal Ultra
Fracsal Ultra EM
Fracsal Waterbase
Fracsal Waterbase EM
Synthetic Fluid-Based
Fracsal III
Fracsal IV
Fracsal EM
Supplemental Additives
Polymer Breakers
Clay Stabilizers
Friction Reducers
Non-Emulsiers
Scale Inhibitors
4800 San Felipe

Houston, TX 77056
Ofce: 713.877.2727
Customer Service: 281.438.2565
www.tbc-brinadd.com
RESERVOIR DRILL-IN FLUIDS (RDF)
These have the properties of a drilling

fluid and a completion fluid and are designed to minimize formation damage
when drilling a reservoir. Their primary attribute is the development of a filter cake
that effectively prevents formation damage
and is easily removed, with filtrate and filter cake being compatible with the completion process. They are usually composed of
biopolymers and bridging materials.
SYNTHETIC FLUIDS (SBM)
These are designed to mirror oil-based

mud performance, without the environmental hazards. Primary synthetic fluids
are esters, ethers and olefins. They can be
discharged offshore without any detrimental effect on the environment.
WELLBORE CLEAN-UP
These products are designed to remove

mud and mud particles that are attached
to the casing or become a part of the filter
cake while drilling. They are incorporated
into aqueous and non-aqueous spacers
and cleaners to ensure smooth displacement, optimal contact times and reduced
disposal costs.
AIR, MIST, FOAM AND GAS
Four basic operations are included in

this specialized category. These include:
1) dry air drilling, which involves injecting dry air or gas into the wellbore at rates
capable of achieving annular velocities
that will remove cuttings; 2) mist drilling, which involves injecting a foaming
agent into the air stream that mixes with
produced water and coats the cuttings to
prevent mud rings, allowing drill solids
to be removed; 3) foam, which uses surfactants and possibly clays or polymers to
form a high carrying-capacity foam; and
4) aerated fluids, which rely on mud with
injected air to remove drilled solids from
the wellbore.
FUNCTIONS OF ADDITIVES
The product function classifications are

those generally accepted by the IADC
Subcommittee on Drilling Fluids. Some
additives have multiple uses, so a primary
and two secondary functions are listed.
Alkalinity/acidity control additives.
Products, used to control the degree of
acidity or alkalinity of a fluid, include
lime, caustic soda, soda ash and bicarbonate of soda, as well as other common acids
and bases.
Bactericides. These are used to prevent

bacterial degradation of natural organic additives, such as starch and xanthan gum.
Calcium reducers. Soda ash, bicarbonate of soda, caustic soda and certain polyphosphates are used to reduce calcium in
seawater, treat cement contamination, and
overcome the contaminating effects of
anhydrite and gypsum, forms of calcium
sulfate.
Corrosion inhibitors. These chemical
products are used to control corrosion,
neutralize hazardous acid gases and prevent scale. Common corrosion inhibitors
are amine or organophosphate products,
oxygen scavengers and other specially formulated chemicals.
Defoamers. Products are designed to reduce foaming action, particularly in brackish and saturated saltwater muds.
Emulsifiers. These products create a
heterogeneous mixture (emulsion) of two
insoluble liquids. They include fatty acids
and amine-based chemicals for oil-based
muds and detergents, soaps, organic acids and water-based surfactants for waterbased muds. Products may be anionic
(negatively charged), non-ionic (neutral)
or cationic (positively charged).
Filtrate reducers. Bentonite clays, lignite, CMC, polyacrylate and pregelatinized
starch all serve to decrease fluid loss, a measure of the tendency of the drilling fluids
liquid phase to pass through the filter cake
into the formation.
Flocculants. These are used to increase
viscosity for improved hole cleaning, to
increase bentonite yield and to clarify or
dewater low-solids fluids. Salt (or brine),
hydrated lime, gypsum, soda ash, bicarbonate of soda, sodium tetraphosphate
and acrylamide-based polymers may be
used. They cause colloidal particles in suspension to group into bunches or flocs,
causing solids to settle out.
Foaming agents. Most often, these are
chemicals that also act as surfactants to
foam in the presence of water. These foamers permit air or gas drilling through waterbearing formations.
Hydrate suppressants. Salts and alcohol-based additives are used for hydrate
suppression for use in deepwater, coldwater and riser environments.
Lost-circulation materials. A lost-circulation additive is used to plug the zone of
loss back in the formation, away from the
borehole face, so that subsequent operations will not result in additional drilling
fluid losses. LCM is found in three forms:
fiber, flake and granular/chemical thickening agents, such as ground nut hulls or
water-swellable, nonsoluble, crystalline
polymers. In case of massive lost circulation, two or more of these materials and/
or more specialized thickening materials
may be needed.
Lubricants/pipe-freeing agents. Designed to reduce a drilling fluids coefficient of friction, lubricants decrease torque
and drag. Various oils, synthetic liquids,
graphite, surfactants, glycols, glycerin and
other chemicals are used for this purpose.
Shale control inhibitors. Sources of
soluble calcium and potassium, as well as
inorganic salts and organic compounds,
provide shale control by reducing shale
hydration. These products are used to
prevent excessive wellbore enlargement
and heaving or caving while drilling watersensitive shales.
Surface-active agents. Surfactants, as
they are called, reduce interfacial tension
between contacting surfaces (water/oil,
water/solid, water/air, etc.). These may be
emulsifiers, demulsifiers, wetting agents,
flocculants or deflocculants, depending on
the surfaces involved.
Temperature-stability agents. These
are products that increase the rheological and filtration stability of drilling
fluids exposed to high temperatures in
order to allow them to continue to perform their intended purpose under these
conditions. Various chemicals are used,
including amines, acrylic polymers, sulfonated polymers and co-polymers, as
well as lignite, lignosulfonate and tanninbased additives.
Thinners, dispersants. These chemicals modify the relationship between viscosity and percentage of solids in a drilling
mud. They may be used further to reduce
gel strength, increase a fluids pumpability, etc. Tannins (quebracho), various
polyphosphates, lignite and lignosulfonate
materials function as thinners or as dispersants. A thinner functions as a deflocculant
to reduce attraction (flocculation) of clay
particles, which produces high viscosity
and gel strengths.
Viscosifiers. Bentonite and attapulgite
clays, high-molecular-weight polymers
and biopolymers increase viscosity for better hole cleaning and suspension of solids.
Weighting materials. Barite, iron oxides
and calcium carbonates, as well as salts, are
used for density to control formation pressures, prevent formation caving and facilitate pulling dry pipe.
Available
from:
Systems
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Water-based fluids
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Air, mist, foam, gas
Fluid Systems
Recommended for
these systems
Available
from:
Systems
Baroid
GEM
Polyglycol enhanced water-based drilling fluid
X X X
Baroid
HYDRO-GUARD
HPWB deepwater/offshore drilling fluid
X X X
Baroid
HYDRO-PLUG
MLCM blended fiber/particle/polymer pill
Baroid
INNOVERT
Low/no sag tendency mineral oil invert emulsion fluid
X X
X X
Baroid
INTEGRADE
Low/no sag tendency diesel oil invert emulsion fluid
X X
Baroid
INVERMUL
Inhibitive system based on potassium, lime and AVALTD2000 X
X X X
Baroid
K-SAFE
Baroid
MAXDRIL-N
Diesel oil-based invert emulsion fluid

HPWB highly-inhibitive, clay-free, seawater-based drilling fluid
Mixed metal silicated-based RDF
Baroid
MAXSEAL
MLCM acid-soluble, gelled polymer pill
Baroid
N-FLOW
Baroid
N-SOLATE
RDF containing filter cake breakers

Low thermal conductivity water-based insulating packer
fluid; 275, 400 and 600 types
Baroid
N-SQUEEZE
MLCM acid-soluble, cross-linking polymer pill
Baroid
PERFORMADRIL
HPWB drilling fluid
Baroid
PETROFREE
Ester-based invert emulsion fluid
Baroid
PIPE GUARD
Gelled invert emulsion fluid for pipe crossings
Baroid
POLYNOX
Lime-based lignosulfonate drilling fluid
Baroid
QUIKDRIL-N
Solids-free, modified biopolymer RDF
Baroid
RISER-VIS
Riserless fluid for deepwater applications
Baroid
SHALEDRIL
Water-based systems specifically for shale gas zones
Baroid
SHEARDRIL-N
Solids-free, optimized vis. RDF
X X
Baroid
SOLUDRIL-N
RDF containing sized salt
X X X
Baroid
STOP-FRAC
MLCM pelletized LCM pill
Baroid
SUPERSATURATED
RISER-VIS
Riserless fluid supersaturated with salt for deepwater

applications
Baroid
THERMA-DRIL
HPHT water-based drilling fluid system
X X
Baroid
THURO-FORCE OS
WBC high density displacement spacer for OBM/SBM
Baroid
THURO-FORCE W
WBC high density displacement spacer for WBM
Baroid
THURO-KLEAN OS
WBC spacer for removing OBM/SBM coating
Baroid
THURO-KLEAN W
WBC spacer for removing WBM coating
Description
of material
Anchor
ANCO-LCP
HPWBM drilling fluid system
Anchor
ANCO-MUL
Oil-based mud system
Anchor
ANCO POLY MUL
Clay-Free Oil-based mud system
Ava
AVA FLEXDRILL
Customized, high-performance inhibitive system
Ava
AVA K142
Potassium acetate system
Ava
AVA K157
Potassium formate system
Ava
AVA KLM
Ava
AVA LAO
Olefins-based system (LAO or IO)
Ava
AVA MMH
Mixed meta l hydroxide system for large diameter sections
Ava
AVABIODRILL
Inhibitive polymer-based system
X X
Ava
AVABIOSINT
Ester-based IE system for environmentally sensitive areas
Ava
AVACAT
Inhibitive system cationic polymers
X X
Ava
AVACLAYBLOCK
Inhibitive system
X X
Ava
AVACORE
100% base oil coring fluid
Ava
AVAFLUID
Lignosulfonate system
Ava
AVAFULFLOW
Non-damaging drill-in fluid
Ava
AVAGELTERM
Environmentally friendly system for HPHT (up to 230C)
Ava
AVAGLYCO
Cloud point glycol system
Ava
AVAHISALT
Inhibitive system for gas hydrate suppression
Ava
AVALIG/K
Potassium-based lignosulfonate system
Ava
AVAPAK
Potassium-based system
Ava
AVAPOLIVIS
PHPA system
X X
Ava
AVAPOLYOIL
Inhibitive system based on polyols
Ava
AVAPOLYSALT
System for salt saturated sections
Ava
AVAPOLYSIL
Silicate- and potassium-based system
Ava
AVAREX
Environmentally friendly system for HPHT (up to 230C)
Ava
AVASILIX
Silicate-based system
Ava
AVATRASFOAM
Stiff foam recycling system
Ava
AVOIL ULT
LT-IE oil-based system
X X
X
X
BHI
CARBO-DRILL
BHI
CLAY-TROL
BHI
DKD
BHI
LATIDRILL
BHI
MAGMA-TEQ
BHI
MAX-BRIDGE
BHI
MICRO-PRIME
High-efficiency wellbore cleaning spacers
BHI
MICRO-WASH
BHI
MPRESS
BHI
NEW-DRILL
Openhole remediation system

Diesel invert emulsion system with high shear thinning and
rapid set/easy break gel characteristics
WBM system using PHPA for encapsulation
BHI
NEXT-DRILL
BHI
OMNIFLOW DIF
BHI
PERFFLOW CM
BHI
PERFORMAX
Mineral oil /synthetic invert emulsion system with high shear

thinning and rapid set/ easy break gel characteristics
Emulsion drill in fluid
Custom mix of biopolymers and CaCO3 for specific reservoir X
conditions
HPWBM designed to emulate performance of emulsion
muds
BHI
PYRO-DRILL
WBM for HPHT and geothermal wells
BHI
RHEO-LOGIC
BHI
SSDKD
ACCOLADE
Low/no sag tendancy syn. blend invert emulsion fluid
Baroid
BARADRIL-MAG
RDF containing sized magnesium oxide
Baroid
BARADRIL-N
RDF containing sized calcium carbonate
Baroid
BARA-PERFLUID
Pill for over-balanced perforating
Baroid
BARASILC
Liquid silicate-based drilling fluid
Baroid
BAROID 100
All oil or all synthetic-based drilling fluid
Baroid
BITUMAX
Fluid specifically for drilling heavy oil producing formations
Baroid
BOREMAX
HPWB freshwater drilling fluid
Baroid
COREDRIL-N
All oil or synthetic RDF and coring fluid
X
X
AQUA-DRILL
Baroid
X X
X
BHI
UNICAL
X
X X
50/50 IE for environmentally sensitive areas
BHI
X X X
Cross-linking system for lost circulation

WBM system based on Cloud Point glycol chemistry for clay
inhibition and improved lubricity
Traditional invert emulsion system using diesel or mineral oil
WBM system using a polyamine to control clay hydration
and swelling
WBM designed to minimize logistics and control shallow
hazards when riserless drilling in deepwater
HPWBM designhed for the unconventionals
Diesel or mineral oil invert emulsion system for HPHT
applications
HPWBM for drilling extreme depleted zones
X
TERRA-MAX
AVOIL ULT 50
SYN-TEQ
X X X
DYNAPLUG
BHI
X X X
X
Ava
BHI
Ava
Constant rheology invert emulsion

WBM designed to minimize logistics and control shallow
hazards when riserless drilling in deep water
GOM-compliant invert emulsion system using C16C19 IO
High-performance water-based mud for onshore and inland
water applications
Conventional WBM system run with lignosulfonate as a
primary component
X X X X
X X
X X X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X X
X X X X X
X X
THURO-SCRUB OS
WBC blended spacer for removing OBM/SBM coating
THURO-SCRUB W
WBC alkaline spacer for removing WBM coating
X X X X X
Baroid
THURO-SWEEP M
WBC high viscosity displacement spacer
X X X X X X X
Baroid
THURO-THIN OS
WBC OBM/SBM thinning and dispersing spacer
Baroid
THURO-THIN W
WBC WBM thinning and dispersing spacer
X X X X X
Baroid
WELLSET
Systematic LCM treatment to prevent lost circulation
X X X X X X X
Baroid
XP-07
Linear alkane-based invert emulsion fluid
Drillchem
DRILL-SERGEANT
One sack HPWB system
X X X X X
Drillchem
DRILL-SGT
Shale and gumbo treatment
X X X X X
Drillchem
POLY-K PSD
Proprietary Inhibitive WBM
X X X X X
Ecofluids
ECO DRILL FLO
Formate viscoelastic system
Ecofluids
ECO DRILL HP
Formate high-performance system
Ecofluids
ECO FOAM
Nitrogenated foam system
Ecofluids
ECO HIB FLO
KCl viscoelastic system
Ecofluids
ECO HIB HP
KCl high-performance system
X X
Ecofluids
ECO HIB HT
HPHT water-based system
Ecofluids
ECO SWS
Salts-based system
Ecofluids
ECOMUL
Oil-based system
Ecofluids
ECOMUL 100
100% oil system
Ecofluids
ECOMUL SYN
Synthetic-based system
Ecofluids
ECOTHERM
HPHT water-based system
Ecofluids
KSUB
KCL substitute system
Ecofluids
SGF
Self generating foam system
Ecofluids
STRATADRILL
Amine-based system
GEO
POLYTEK
High Performance Water Base Mud Additive
GEO
PetroDrill
Oil Based Mud Systems
Messina
DRILL-N-PAY
Messina
X
X X
X X
X X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
Family of drill-in fluids
X X X
KLEEN-COMPLETE
Non-damaging completion fluid system, CF
X X X
Messina
KLEEN-DRILL
Calcium carbonate-based drill-in fluid
X X X
Messina
KLEEN-MUL
Low toxicity and synthetic (SBM) invert system
Messina
KLEEN-SAL
Sized salt-based drill-in fluid
X X X
Messina
OILMUL
Diesel-based invert drilling system
Messina
POLYTHERM
Versatile, HT WBM drilling system
Messina
REDI-COAT
X X X
X X X
X
X X
Baroid
X X
X X
Baroid
X
X
Description
of material
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
X X
Baroid
CRYSTAL-DRIL
Clear water drilling system
X X
Baroid
DRIL-N STIM
RDF containing additive to improve reservoir producibility
X X X
Baroid
ENCORE
Low/no sag tendency syn. invert emulsion fluid
Baroid
ENVIROMUL
Mineral oil-based invert emulsion fluid
Baroid
EZ-PLUG
MLCM acid-soluble fiber/particle blend pill
Baroid
FLEX-PLUG
Baroid
FUSE-IT
M-I SWACO BREAKDOWN
Highly inhibitive system for shale stabilization
X X
X
X
X
X X X
Enzyme/chelant-based breaker system
M-I SWACO BREAKFREE
Enzyme-based breaker system
M-I SWACO CLEANPERF OB
Oil-based perforating system
MLCM mud-activated polymer pill
M-I SWACO CLEANPERF WB
Water-based perforating system
X X X
MLCM polymeric sealant
M-I SWACO DIPRO
Biopolymer-free divalent brine RDF system with easy cleanup

Diverse mixed metal oxide, WB drilling / RDF fluid, ideal as
X
milling fluid, deepwater applications, CT
X X
X
X
M-I SWACO DRILPLEX
X X
X X
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Water-based fluids
Available
from:
Systems
Description
of material
Newpark
OPTIPHASE
Salt-free oil-based system
NOV
DFX
Surfactant blend
Available
from:
Systems
Description
of material
M-I SWACO DRILPLEX AR PLUS
Enhanced mixed metal oxide-based drilling fluid
M-I SWACO DURATHERM
M-I SWACO FAZEPRO
Low-colloid, contaminant-resistant system for high-temp.

drilling
Chrome-free, environmentally advanced system for hightemp. drilling
Cloride-free OBM with advantages of a conventional invert
with lower disposal costs
Delayed invert emulsion-based breaker system for FAZEPRO
filter cakes
Chelant-based breaker system for dispersion of residual
filtercakes formed by FAZEPRO RDF system
Acid-based breaker system for FAZEPRO filter cakes
Delayed water-based breaker system for FAZEPRO filter
cakes
Reversible invert emulsion fluid, converts between oil and
water wet for filtercake and WBC
M-I SWACO FLODENSE AP
Fluid system for remediation of casing pressure
M-I SWACO FLOPRO CT
M-I SWACO GLYDRIL
Polymer water-based system specifically formulated for

coiled tubing operations
P;olymer carbonate reservoir drill-in fluid
Solids-free, polymer drill-in fluid, suited for CT driling
applications
Water-based RDF that incorporates organophilic filtercake
system
HP env. polyglycol system for shale control, ER deepwater
and subsalt drilling
M-I SWACO ISOTHERM
Oil-based insulated packer fluid
M-I SWACO KLA-SHIELD
Inhibitive dispersed WBM for land use
M-I SWACO K-MAG
M-I SWACO PARALAND
Potassium-based system for drilling troublesome shales

Single-emulsifier OBM-diesel base for ambient to HPHT
applications
Single-emulsifier paraffin-based fluid for ambient to HPHT
applications
Single-emulsifier mineral-based fluid for ambient to HPHT
applications
Low-viscosity, internal-olefin-based synthetic fluid for deepwater drilling and environmental regs
Ultra-low-viscosity, LAO-based synthetic fluid system suited
for deepwater drilling
Paraffin-based system engineered as an alternative to conventional or mineral oil-based systems
Paraffin-based drilling fluid designed for optimized landbased disposal of cuttings
M-I SWACO PARAPRO
Paraffin-based reservoir drill-in fluid
M-I SWACO PARATHERM
Paraffin-based high-temp., anti-sag drilling fluid
M-I SWACO PERF-N-PEEL
M-I SWACO RISERFAST
WBM fluid loss/damage control system for perforated

completions
Polymer-based, PHPA system for improved cuttings encapsu- X
lation and shale stabilization
Polymer water-based system for coiled tubing operations
X
designed to reduce CT pressures
Synthetic-based system for extreme to ultra HPHT applications
Flat-rheology synthetic fluid especially suited for deepwater
drilling and cold environments
Flat-rheology oil-based fluid especially suited for deepwater
drilling and cold environments
Flat-rheology mineral oil-based fluid especially suited for
deepwater drilling and cold environments
Flat-rheology paraffin-based fluid especially suited for deepwater drilling and cold environments
Flat-rheology, low gel strengths and low plastic viscosities
synthetic fluid especially suited for deepwater drilling and
cold environments
System for use in riserless sections of deepwater wells
M-I SWACO SAFE-LINK 110
Completion fluid pill built with 11.0 lb/gal CaCl2
Completion fluid built with 14.0 lb/gal CaBr2
M-I SWACO SAFETHERM
WB or water-miscible packer fluid customized for deepwater

and permafrost applications
M-I SWACO SAGDRIL
Tar-sands drilling fluid
X X
M-I SWACO ENVIROTHERM NT

M-I SWACO ENVIROVERT
M-I SWACO FAZE-AWAY
M-I SWACO FAZEBREAK
M-I SWACO FAZECLEAN
M-I SWACO FAZE-OUT
M-I SWACO FLOPRO NT

M-I SWACO FLOPRO SF
M-I SWACO FLOTHRU
M-I SWACO MEGADRIL

M-I SWACO MEGADRIL P
M-I SWACO MEGADRIL M
M-I SWACO NOVAPLUS
M-I SWACO NOVATEC
M-I SWACO PARADRIL
M-I SWACO POLY-PLUS

M-I SWACO POWERPRO
M-I SWACO RHADIANT
M-I SWACO RHELIANT
M-I SWACO RHELIANT D
M-I SWACO RHELIANT M
M-I SWACO RHELIANT P
M-I SWACO RHELIANT PLUS
X X
X
X
NOV
NOV OBM
Diesel oil-based mud
NOV
NOV SYN
Synthetic-based mud
Q'Max
Carbobridge
Clay Free Bridging Drilling Fluid
X
X
X X X X X
X
X
QMax
Carbobridge HT
High Temprature Clay Free Bridging Drilling Fluid
QMax
CBMax 100
Proprietary CBM drilling system
QMax
CBMax 200
Proprietary CBM drilling system
QMax
FiltraVis
Cost effective alternative to Gel Chem Mud
QMax
HybriDrill EDE
Encapsulating Direct Emulsion System for SAGD
QMax
HybriDrill ES
Encapsulating System for SAGD drilling
QMax
HybriDrill HTHD
High temperature high density fluid for infill drilling SAGD
QMax
HybriDrill HTLD
High temperature low density fluid for infill drilling SAGD
QMax
MAXDRILL
Inhibitive Polymer Drilling Fluid
QMax
Miconaire
Enhance foam / low density fluid
QMax
Polytar
Anti-accretion system designed for SAGD Drilling
QMax
Q'Core
Water Based System for coring
QMax
QM-12
Potassium Silicate drilling fluid
QMax
QM-P
Potassium silicate inhibitive drilling fluid
QMax
QM-S
Sodium silicate inhibitive drilling fluid
QMax
Q'MaxDrill
Amine-based inhibitive drilling fluid
QMax
Q'Vert 1400
Synthetic olefin based fluid
QMax
Q'Vert 1500
Synthetic olefin based fluid
QMax
Q'Vert 822
Low BTEX OBM
QMax
Q'Vert HT40
Low toxicity oil based fluid
QMax
Q'Temp
HTHP Water Based Fluid
QMax
Q'Temp X
HTHP Inhibitive Water Based Fluid
QMax
RapiDrill SG
HP WBM for Extended Reach Horizontal Wells in Shale Gas
Scomi
CONFI-DEEP
Flat rheology deepwater fluid
Scomi
CONFI-DENSE
HTHP invert emulsion
X X
Scomi
CONFI-DRILL
NAF invert emulsion
X X
Scomi
EXTRA-VERT
Ester based invert emulsion
Scomi
HYDRO-FOIL
Potassium/PHPA system
X X X
Scomi
HYDRO-FOIL GEN 1
Glycol WBM for shale stability
X X X
Scomi
HYDRO-FOIL S8
Silicate
X X X
Scomi
HYDRO-THERM
High temperature WBM
X X X
Scomi
HyPR-DRILL
HPWBM System
X X X
Scomi
HyPR-FOIL S8
Chloride free silicate WBM
X X
Scomi
OPTA-FLO
Polymer and CaCO3 drill-in fluid
X X X
Scomi
OPTA-VERT
NAF drill-in fluid
X X
Scomi
OPTA-VERT 100
NAF water free system
X X
Scomi
RHEO-PLEX
Mixed metal oxide system
Sun
DRILLCON C
Hydratable shale control
X X X X X
Sun
EZE-SLIDE
Liquid metal/metal lubricant
X X X X X
Sun
EZE-SLIDE D
Land use liquid lubricant
X X X X X
SUN SWEEP
Mech. hole cleaning agent
X X X X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Fluid Systems
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
x
x
X
X
X
X X
X X
M-I SWACO SEAL-N-PEEL
Fluid loss control pill, as contingency for fluid loss control

fluid to seal inside production screens
M-I SWACO SILDRIL
M-I SWACO ULTRADRIL
Silicate-based system for drilling water-sensitive shales

All oil-based system designed for low-density drilling
conditions
High-performance water-based drilling fluid
M-I SWACO VERSACLEAN
Mineral oil-based system for areas where diesel is prohibited
Sun
M-I SWACO VERSACLEAN MKII
Weatherford DuraFoam
Weatherford EnviroFoam
Completely biodegradable
M-I SWACO VERSA-OUT
Variant of VERSACLEAN system

Diesel oil-based system for wellbore stability, contamination
resistance and solids tolerance
Delayed water-based breaker system for VERSAPRO system
Weatherford KleanFoam
Water Based Recyclable Foams
M-I SWACO VERSAPRO
Invert emulstion reservoir drill-in fluid
Weatherford OleoFoam EF
For HF 100
M-I SWACO VERSAPRO LS
Low-solids invert emulsion reservoir drill-in fluid
Weatherford OleoFoam HT
Foamer for crude, diesel or synthetic
X X
M-I SWACO VERSATHERM
Mineral oil-based high-temp. anti-sag drilling fluid
Weatherford OleoFoam C
Foamer for condensate
M-I SWACO VERSAVERT
Ultra-low toxicity mineral oil-based drilling fluid system
M-I SWACO VERSA-WAY
Delayed invert emulsion breaker system for VERSAPRO system with greater delay and higher thermal stability
M-I SWACO WARP
Mineral oil-based system using WARP technology

WARP system currently used in GoM, but available for use
outside GoM
Paraffin-based system using WARP technology
M-I SWACO TRUDRIL
M-I SWACO VERSADRIL
M-I SWACO WARP 4200

M-I SWACO WARP PB
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
M-I SWACO WARP SB
Synthetic-based system using WARP technology
Newpark
CYBERDRILL
Synthetic-based system
Newpark
CYBERPHASE
Salt-free synthetic-based system
Newpark
DEEPDRILL
Highly inhibative HPWB system
Newpark
EVOLUTION
X X X X
FLEXDRILL
Clay-free, highly lubricious, HPWB system for fresh and salt

water applications including HPHT
Versatile HPWB system
Newpark
X X X X X
Newpark
GAGEDRILL
MMO system
Newpark
HIPERM DIF
Reservoir drill-in fluid
Newpark
OPTIDRILL
Invert emulsion system
X X X X X
X X X X
X
Weatherford TransFoam
Weatherford WEL-DRILL
Potassium/PHPA system
X X X
Weatherford WEL-DRILL CPG
Glycol WBM for shale stability
X X
Weatherford WEL-DRILL F
Formate-based systems
Weatherford WEL-DRILL HP
HPWB system
Weatherford WEL-DRILL MMO
Mixed metal oxide system
X X
Weatherford WEL-DRILL PLUS
High temp. WBM
X X X
Weatherford WEL-DRILL RDF
Polymer and CaCO3 drill-in fluid
X X X
Weatherford WEL-DRILL S
Silicate
X X
Weatherford WEL-VERT
NAF invert emulsion - synthetic-based
X X
Weatherford WEL-VERT D
NAF invert emulsion - diesel-based
X X
Weatherford WEL-VERT FR
Flat rheology NAF
X X
Weatherford WEL-VERT PLUS
HPHT invert emulsion
X X
Weatherford WEL-VERT RDF
NAF invert emulsion - RDF
X X
X X
X
X X X
AES
AES
ENERNITE
ENERLUBE
Drilling detergent, concentrated "biodegradable"

Sized calcium carbonate
Co-polymer deflocculant
Elastomeric HPHT control additive
Polymeric Fluid loss for ENERREACH system
(oil, synthetic based)
Fluid loss additive for invert systems
Liquid lubricant for water, salt based mud
systems
Polymeric Viscosifier for ENERREACH system
Emulsifier for ENERREACH (oil, synthetic
based)
Emulsifier (secondary) for ENERREACH (oil,
synthetic based)
Oil mud dispersant for ENERREACH (oil,
synthetic based)
Superior rheology modifier for ENERREACH
Wetting agent for ENERREACH (oil, synthetic
based)
Polycellulose fluid loss additive, regular
Polycellulose fluid loss additive, low viscosity
Premium Grade Xanthan Gum viscosifier
Resilient Synthetic Graphite
ENERMOD ER
ENERMUL
AES
ENERMUL II
AES
ENER SPERSE
AES
ENER VIS RM
AES
ENERWET
AES
AES
AES
AES
ENERPAC REGULAR
ENERPAC LO VIS
ENER ZAN
ENER-G
AES
AES
AES
AES
AES
ENER BLACK
ENERPLUS
EXP 413
FLR PLUS
GXM
AES
GXM PLUS
AES
AES
AES
AES
MULTIFIBER
PERMASEAL
POLYPRO G
PURE CHECK
AES
AES
PUREBASE
PUREMUL
AES
AES
AES
AES
PURESTAR
PURETHIN
PUREVIS
PUREWET
AES
AES
AES
AES
AES
AES
AES
AES
AkzoNobel
PX CHEK
PXL BLUE
SEAL ALL
SHALETEX G
SHALETEX II
SILVERSEAL
TRU VIS
X OUT
GABROIL HV
GABROSA EHV TECH

GABROSA HV TECH
GABROSA LV TECH
STAFLO EXLO
STAFLO REGULAR
ALL ANTIFOAM
ALL CASE
ALL CMS
ALL DEFOAM
ALL DRILL FW
ALL DRILL P
ALL FA HIB 30
ALL FLOC
ALL FOAM 475B
ALL IDB 60
ALL LIQUA THIN
ALL LUBE
ALL PAC
ALL POLY LUBE
ALL SEAL
ALL SHALE HIB
ALL SURFAK S
ALL TROL
BLACK FURY
CELL-U-SEAL
CLEAN SPOT
DRILL BEADS
FORM-A-SET
FORM-A-SQUEEZE
PA-10
QUICK SLIDE
RAPID SWEEP
SACK BLACK
TRACER BEADS
Liquid Gilsonite
Liquid PHPA
Cross linked LCM
HPHT additive for invert systems to 400F
Engineered aspect ratio graphite used as a
mechanical lubricant
High performance crystalline graphite
designed for mechanical lubrication.
Cellulosic fiber
Mineral fiber
Polyglycol shale inhibitor
HPHT additive for EPA compliant synthetic fluid
EPA compliant synthetic-based fluid
EPA compliant synthetic fluid primary
emulsifier
Salt free synthetic mud system
EPA compliant synthetic fluid dispersant
EPA compliant synthetic fluid viscosifier
EPA compliant synthetic fluid oil wetting agent
Carboxymethyl starch
Non-ionic polyacrylamide
A blend of coarse lost circulation materials
Treated gilsonite
Sulfonated asphalt
Sized LCM blend
Synthetic mud viscosifier
CO2 suppressant
Polyanionic cellulose, tech grade, high
viscosity
Polyanionic cellulose, tech grade, low
viscosity
Polyanionic cellulose (PAC), tech grade, high
viscosity, DS > 1
Polyanionic cellulose (PAC), tech grade, low
viscosity, DS > 1
Carboxymethyl cellulose (API 13A)
Carboxymethyl cellulose (non-API)
Polyanionic cellulose (PAC), pure grade
Anti-foamer
Sized LCM
Modified polymer
Defoamer
Polymer viscosifier
Polymer viscosifier
Corrision inhibitor
Cationic flocculant
Brine foamer
Biocide
Low MW polymer thinner
water-soluble ester
Polyanionic cellulose
Mineral oil
Cellulose particles
Shale inhibitor
Surfactant
Water dispensible gilsonite
Liquid dispersed gilsonite
Cellulose fiber
Environmentally safe spotting fluid
Copolymer plastic beads
Cross link polymer squeeze pill
High fluid loss squeeze pill
Lubricant ROP enhancer
Lubricant bead suspension
Polymer stick
Coupled gilsonite
Macro-pourous translucent beads
= Alkalinity (pH control)

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
AkzoNobel GABROIL LV
AkzoNobel GABROIL PAC HIVIS
AkzoNobel GABROIL PAC LOVIS
AkzoNobel
AkzoNobel
AkzoNobel
AkzoNobel
AkzoNobel
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alliance
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
Alpine
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
X X X
LU
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X X
LO
TH
FR
X X
FR
X X
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
Am. Gil.
LO
LO
X LU
X X
X X
X X
X X
TH
X X
X X
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X X
FR SH
FR SH
V
LO LU
SH LU
SH WBC
LO
FR LO
X X X
X X X
LU
FR
X X X
X X X
LU
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
LO
LO
SH
FR
LU
FL
SH
SB
FR
X
X
X
SB
TH
V
E
SH
SU
FR
FL
LO
SH
SH
LO
V
X CO
SH
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X X X
X X X
FR
SH
X X X
FR
SH
LU
X X X
FR
SH
X X X
FR
SH
LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
= Corrosion inhibitors
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X X X
FR
FR
FR
FR
TH
X
FR
V
X
FR
V
X
FR SH
X
X FR SH
X
X FR
V
X
D
X X X
LO LU
X
FR
X
D
V RDF
X
V
X
CO
X
FL
X FO
X
B
X
TH
X
LU CO
X
V
FR
X
LU
X
LO FR
X
SH SU
X
SH SU
X X X
SH HS
X
X SH HPHT
X X X X LO
X
X P
LU
X X X X LU
X X X X MLCM
X X X X MLCM LO
X
X LU SH
X
X LU HPHT
X
X WBM
X X X X SH HPHT
X
X WBM
SH
SH
LU
LU
SH
WBC
FR
LU
HPWB
WBM
WBM
TE
Am. Gil.
GilSONITE DG-P
GILSONITE GM-P
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
ANCO BAR
ANCO BX
ANCO CI-300A
ANCO COAT WS
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
ANCO DD
ANCO DEFOAM A
ANCO DEFOAM S
ANCO DF-150
ANCO DF-450
ANCO DMS
ANCO DRILL A
ANCO DRILL N
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
ANCO FIBER
ANCO GEL
ANCO GEL HT
ANCO GEL PREMIUM
ANCO K 59
ANCO LIG
ANCO LW 200
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
Anchor
ANCO MICRO-BLEND
ANCO MUL FA
ANCO MUL OW
ANCO MUL P
ANCO MUL S
ANCO MUL T
ANCO MUL VIS
ANCO MUL VIS HT
ANCO MUL VIS P
ANCO PAC LV
ANCO PAC R
ANCO PHALT
ANCO PHALT S
ANCO PHPA
ANCO PINE FIBER
ANCO PIPE FREE
ANCO QWIK LUBE
ANCO ROPE
ANCO SACK SPOT
ANCO SALT GEL
ANCO SCAV 100
ANCO SORB
ANCO SPERSE
ANCO SPERSE CF
ANCO STARCH W
ANCO THIN HTL
ANCO THIN L
ANCO TORKBUSTER
PLUS
ANCO TROL
ANCO WASH
ANCO WT-10
ANCO ZAN
FOAM TREAT
Aqua-Clear
Aqua-Clear
Aqua-Clear
ASAP
ASAP
ASAP
ASAP
ASAP
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
AIRFOAM AP-50
AIRFOAM B
AIRFOAM HD
ASAP -R- VIS
ASAP- R- STARCH
ASAP- R-WHITE
ASAP- R- LUBE
ASAP- R- BUFFER
AQUAMUL 854
AQUET 943C
AQUET TD500K
ARDRIL CLA-BAN
ARKLEAR 4043X
ARLOX HS700
ARLOX HS82112E
CRO80671
CRW-132
CRW80669
DFW80521
DRILLAID 100
DRILLAID 101
DRILLAID 103
DRILLAID 104
DRILLAID 105
DRILLAID 106
DRILLAID 108
DRILLAID 201
DRILLAID 2903
HPHT = High pressure/high temperature

HPWB = High performance, water-based
HS
= Hydrate suppressant
LO
= Lost circulation additives
LU
= Lubricants
MLCM = Massive lost circulation material
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
Description
of material
Water-dispersible, environmentally safe shale
control agent, microtox passed
Natural, environmentally safe filtration control
agent for non-aqueous fluids
Barite
Bentonite extender
Alkyl phosphate with scale inhibitor
water-soluble filming amine corrosion
inhibitor
Drilling detergent
Alcohol-based defoamer
Silicone-based defoamer
Foaming agent-fresh water
Foaming agent-fresh water or brine
Drilling mud surfactant
Liquid PHPA shale stabilizer/viscosifier
Low-viscosity PHPA shale stabilizer/
viscosifier
Fibrous cellulose bridging material
API-grade bentonite
Sepiolite clay
Wyoming bentonite (untreated)
Potassium acetate
Lignite
Polymer surfactant blend for mud weight
reduction
Blend of micronized fibers bridging material
Asphaltic filtration control agent
Oil wetting agent/emulsifier
Primary emulsifier
Secondary emulsifier/oil wetter
Thinner/degellant
Organophilic bentonite clay
Organophilic hectorite clay
Sulfonated polystyrene
Pure PAC, low viscosity
Pure PAC, regular grade
Asphaltic stabilizer
Sulfonated residuum shale stabilizer
Dry PHPA shale stabilizer/viscosifier
Sized wood fiber
Emulsifier blend pipe-freeing agent
Polyglycol blended lubricant
Rate of penetration enhancer
Oil-based spotting fluid concentrate
Attapulgite clay
Stabilized liquid oxygen scavenger
Polymeric lost circulation material
Chrome lignosulfonate
Chrome-free lignosulfonate
Pre-gelatinized white starch
Liquid high temp. stable, polymeric thinner
Liquid polymeric thinner
Ester-based lubricant for water-bsaed mud
Gilsonite fluid loss control agent
Surfactant blend for rig cleaning
Bactericide
Xanthan gum polymer
Surface-active shale stabilizer for air, mist
and foam
Freshwater, mild saltwater foaming agent
Saltwater foaming agent
Oil foaming agent
Solid Free Viscosifier
Modified Starch
Sized Ground Marble
Non Damaging Lubricant
pH Buffering Agent
Emuslifier and wetting agent
Amphoteric foaming agent
Anionic foaming agent
Cationic Polyamine Shale Stabilizer
Cationic polyamine shale stabilizer
Hydrogen sulphide scavenger
Filming amine corrosion inhibitor
Packer fluid corrosion inhibitor
Corrosion inhibitor
Defoamer
Defoamer
Lubricant for water-based mud
Spotting fluid additive
Spotting fluid additive
Lubricant for water-based mud
Brine lubricant
Drilling fluid detergent
Completion brine non-emulsifier
High temp. emulsifier
= Pipe-freeing agents
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Shale-control agents
= Surface-active agents
= Tracers
SH
FR
LU
X X
FR
SH
LU
X X X
W
V
X CO
FL
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X
X SU
D
D
X FO
X FO
SU
X SH
X X
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
LO
V
V
V
SH
TH
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X CO
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FO
TE
V
FR
FR
TE
FR
TE
FR
FL
FR
FO
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X LO
X
FR
X
E
E
E
TH
X
V
X
V
X
V
X FR
X FR
X
SH
SH
SH
X
LO
X X X
P
X
LU
SU
X X X
P
X
V
X
X CO
X
LO
TH
X
TH
X
FR
X
TH
X
TH
X
X X
X X
X
X
Secondary
CALCARB MIX
DEFLOC 2000
DURATEC
DURATEC ER
Available Product
from:
tradename
Secondary
BLUE MAX
AES
AES
AES
AES
Secondary
AES
Secondary
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Fluids 2014
AES
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Available Product
from:
tradename
AES
Product
Function
Primary
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
SH
SU
LU
FR
SH
V
LU
LU
V
SH
TE
TE
LU
FR
FR
FR
FR
TE
LU
SH
FR
SU
B
X V
TE
FR
X SH
FO
SU
V
FR
LO
LU
A
FR
SU
X FO
X FO
X FO
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
X
E
X FO
X FO
X SH
X SH
CO
CO
X CO
X CO
CO
D
D
LU
X
P
X
P
LU
LU
X X X SU
SU
X
E
LO
FL
FL
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
FR
= Temperature stability agents

= Thinners, dispersants
= Viscosifiers
= Weighting materials
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
TE
Your systems are smarter

than ever. How about your steel?
Were not just making steel. Were making
it smarter. Every day, you push the limits of
whats possible digging deeper, moving
faster and reaching further than ever
before. We know. Were pushing those
same limits; creating stronger, cleaner steel
to make your vision a reality. At TimkenSteel,
we believe every solution starts with,
Yes. Its possible.
timkensteel.com
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ashland
Ava
Ava
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
DRILLAID 600
Rheology modifier
DRILLAID 701
Concentrated dispersant
DRILLAID 900
Fluid loss control additive
KD-40
Corrosion inhibitor
KD-700
Corrosion Inhibitor
KD-740
Corrosion inhibitor
MAGNACIDE 575
Biocide
MAGNACIDE 575S
Biocide
OSW80490
Oxygen scavenger
PETROSWEET HSW700 Hydrogen Sulphide Scavenger
PETROSWEET
Hydrogen Sulphide Scavenger
HSW82112
SCW83263
Completion brine scale inhibitor
TD-500K
Anionic Foaming Agent
X-CIDE 102
Aldehyde-based biocide
X-CIDE 102W
Winterized aldehyde-based biocide
X-CIDE 207
Solid biocide
XC-80102
Aldehyde Based Biocide
XC-80207
Solid Biocide
AQUAFLO HV
High viscosity standard polyanionic cellulose
AQUAFLO LV
Low viscosity standard polyanionic cellulose
AQUALON AQU D-3536PLow MW anionic cellulosic polymer
AQUALON AQU D-4022 Thermally stable thickener for potassium
formate brines
AQUALON AQU D-4423 High solids, low MW anionic cellulosic
suspension
AQUALON AQU D-4754 High viscosity dispersible polyanionic
cellulose
AQUAPAC LIQUID
Eco-friendly anhydrous suspension Aquapac
polyanionic cellulose
AQUAPAC LV
Low viscosity premium polyanionic cellulose
AQUAPAC REGULAR
High viscosity premium polyanionic cellulose
AQUAPAC ULV
Ultra-low viscosity premium polyanionic
cellulose
ECODURA CRA 3536 High solids, low Mw anionic cellulosic
solution
ECODURA FLA 3962
PLONOR aqueous suspension of Natrosol
250 LR
ECODURA FLA 3962P PLONOR suspendable powders of Natrosol
250 LR
ECODURA FLA 4053
250 JR
ECODURA FLA 4451
250LR
ECODURA FLA 4641
180GXR
ECODURA TA 4283
210 HHX
GALACTASOL 251
High viscosity straight guar
GALACTASOL 252
Straight guar
GALACTASOL 267
Diesel slurriable guar
GALACTASOL 271
Self-hydrating dispersible straight guar
GALACTASOL 283
Fast hydrating high viscosity guar
GALACTASOL 284
Diesel slurriable fast hydrating high viscosity guar
GALACTASOL 467
Diesel slurriable hydroxypropyl guar
GALACTASOL 474
High viscosity hydroxypropyl guar
GALACTASOL 476
Buffered high viscosity hydroxypropyl guar
GALACTASOL 477
Self hydrating dispersible hydroxypropyl guar
GALACTASOL 638
Fast hydrating high viscosity carboxymethyl
hydroxypropyl guar
GALACTASOL 650
Carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar
GALACTASOL 651
Carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar
GALACTASOL 653
Diesel slurriable carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar
KLUCEL H OIL
Suspension agent for solvent-based systems
NATROSOL 180 GXR
Low viscosity hydroxyethyl cellulose
NATROSOL 210 HHX
Ultra-high viscosity and fast hydrating
hydroxyethyl cellulose
NATROSOL 250 EXR
NATROSOL 250 GXR
NATROSOL 250 HHR-P Ultra-high viscosity hydroxyethyl cellulose
NATROSOL 250 JR
NATROSOL 250 LR
NATROSOL HI-VIS
Ultra-high viscosity hydroxyethyl cellulose
NATROSOL LIQUID
Eco-friendly anhydrous suspension of NatroHHR-P
sol 250 HHR-P
NATROSOL LIQUID HHX Eco-friendly anhydrous suspension of
Natrosol 210 HHX
NATROSOL LIQUID MR Eco-friendly anhydrous suspension of
Natrosol HI-VIS
XXTRADURA DFA 3767 Dry synthetic high temperature fluid loss
additive for drilling fluids
XXTRADURA FLA 3766 Liquid universal fluid loss additive - anionic
synthetic copolymer
XXTRADURA FLA 3767 Dry universal fluid loss additive - anionic
synthetic copolymer
XXTRADURA GMA 4176 Liquid synthetic gas migration control
additive
XXTRADURA GMA
Liquid synthetic gas migration control
4176HD
additive
XXTRADURA GMA
Dry synthetic gas migration control additive
4176HDP
XXTRADURA GMA
Dry synthetic gas migration control additive
4176P
AVA AS-1
Scale inhibitor
AVA BRIDGEPAK C/M Blend of granular and fibrous bridging agents

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X X
X X
X X
TE
Ava
Ava
Ava
AVA DEFOAM
AVA EXTRADRILL
AVA FASTDRILL
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
AVA K142
AVA LST-MD
AVA MB-HS38
AVA PHPAGUNK
AVA QUICKDRILL
AVA X-PRIMA
AVABENTOIL ECT
AVABENTOIL HY
AVABENTOIL RM
AVABENTOIL SA
AVABEX
AVABIOBENT
Ava
AVABIOCARB
Ava
Ava
Ava
AVABIOFIL
AVABIOFIL HT
AVABIOIL
Ava
Ava
AVABIOLUBE
AVABIOMOD
Organic compounds for shale inhibition
Blend of organic/inorganic compounds for
shale inhibition
Potassium acetate brine
Liquid sulfonate asphalt
Microbubbles of borosilicate glass
PHPA powder
Blend of natural compounds
Lost circulation squeeze
Organophilic hectorite
High-yield organophilic bentonite
High-yield organophilic bentonite
Low-yield suspending agent
Bentonite extender
Low-yield suspending agent for AVALAO
system
Organic compounds and potassium
carbonate
Lignite polymer for fluid loss control
Synthetic polymer for fluid loss control
AVALAO linear and polyalphaolefinesbased oil
Natural polymer shale stabilizer
Rheology modifier for AVALAO system
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
CO
CF
CF
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CO
X FO
X B
X B
X B
X B
X B
X FR
X FR
TH
V
SH
FR
SH
LU
SH
CF
SH
SH
SH
X X X
RDF
LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CF
TH
FR
SH
X X
X FR
LU
X FR
SH
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X FR
X FR
SH
V
SH
SH
X FR
SH
SH
TH
FR
SH
X X
X FR
RDF
SH
X X
X FR
RDF
CF
X X
X FR
RDF WBM
X X
X FR
RDF WBM
X X
X FR
RDF WBM
X X
FR WBM
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
V
V
V
V
FR WBM
FR WBM
FR WBM
FR CF
FR CF
X X
FR
CF
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
V
V
V
FR
FR
FR
FR
SH
SH
SH
SH
FR
X
X
X
X
V
V
FR
FR
SH
SH
FR
SH
V
X FR
RDF
SH
SH
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CF
SH
FR
FR
V
FR
FR
V
RDF
RDF
CF
RDF
RDF
CF
SH
SH
LU
LU
LU
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
CF
SH
X X
CF
SH
X X
CF
SH
X X
X FR HPHT SH
X X
X FR HPHT SH
X X
X FR HPHT SH
X X
X FR HPHT
X X
X FR HPHT
X X
X FR HPHT
X X
X FR HPHT
X X X
X CA
MLCM
CF
Ava
AVABIOPRI
Ava
AVABIOSEC
Ava
Ava
AVABIOTHIN
AVABIOVIS
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
AVABIOWET
AVABUFFER
AVACARB ME
AVACELL LQD
AVACID 50
AVACID F/25
AVACLAYBLOCK
AVACLAYBLOCK ACT
AVADEFOAM
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
AVADEG 327
AVADES 100
AVADETER
AVAENION
AVAEXTEMP
AVAFLUID G71
AVAFLUID NP
AVAFOAM S1
AVAFOAM S2
AVAFREE 2
AVA-FS
AVAFULFLOW
Ava
AVAFULFLOW/UB
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
AVAGEL HY
AVAGEL PLUS
AVAGILS
AVAGLYCO
AVAGLYCO HC
AVAGLYCO II
AVAGLYCO LC
AVAGRAPH
AVAGRAPH SEAL
AVAGREENLUBE
AVAGREENLUBE SIL
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
AVAGUM
AVAK157
AVALIG
AVALIG C
AVALIG K
AVALIG NE
AVALTD 2000
AVAPERM
AVAPOLY A
AVAPOLY HT
AVAPOLY PGL
AVAPOLYMER 5050
AVAPOLYOIL
AVAPOLYPAK LV
AVAPOLYPAK RG
AVAPOLYSIL
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
AVAPOLYTEMP
AVAREX
AVASHALESTOP
AVASHALESTOP ACT
AVASIL

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
AVALAO primary emulsifier for low oil cutting retentions

AVALAO secondary emulsifier for low oil
cutting retentions
Thinner for AVALAO system
High-yield suspending agent for AVALAO
system
Wetting agent for AVALAO system
Alkaline buffer
Metamorphic calcium carbonate
Liquid hydroxyl ethyl cellulose
Liquid biocide
Liquid biocide
Organic compound for shale inhibition
Inorganic compounds for shale inhibition
Liquid defoamer based on alcoholic
components
Multifunctional surfactant
Mud detergent
Non-ionic emulsifier
Liquid temp. extender
Modified Fe-Cr lignosulfonate
Foamer for AVATRASFOAM system
Salt-resistant foaming agent
No oil-free pipe and cake removal agent
Bituminus/bentonite fluid loss additive
Blend of polymers and sized calcium
carbonate
Polymers, sized calcium carbonate and glass
microspheres
High-yield bentonite
Wyoming bentonite
Water-dispersible gilsonite
Glycol-based lubricity aid
High-Cloud point glycol
High-Cloud point glycol
Low-Cloud point glycol
Natural graphite
Natural graphite
Ester-based vegetable LU
Ester-based LU for silicate and potassium mud
Modified guar gum
Potassium formate brine
Modified chrome lignite
Modified causticised lignite
Modified potassium lignite
Humalite
Dispersant for lime muds and KLM system
Amine-based shale stabilizer
Polymer compound
Polymer compound
Polyglycerol
Powdered shale inhibitor
Shale stabilizer
Potassium PAC regular
Potassium PAC low viscosity
Organic compound and potassium salts
shale inhibitor
Pure grade filtrate reducer for Avafulflow
Modified polymer for extreme high temp.
Organic compound for shale inhibition
Inorganic compounds for shale inhibition
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X
X
X
D
SH
FR
X X
SH
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
SH
SH
W
MLCM
SH
X
MLCM
X X
V
X X
V
X X
V
X
V
X
X V
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X X
X X X
FR
FR
E
E
SU
SU
SB
X SH
V
E
FR
FR
X X
TH
FR
X X
FR
SU
A
X X X
W
X
X V
B
B
X
SH
X
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X
SU
CO
X SU
X E
TE
TH
TH
X FO
X FO
X
X P
X X
FR
TE
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
LU
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
SU
HPHT
FR
FR
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
FR
FR
FR
X X
X
W
FR
RDF HPHT
SH HPHT
X SH
X X
X X
Secondary
Description
of material
Secondary
Secondary
Available Product
from:
tradename
V
TH
FR
X CO
X CO
X CO
B
B
CO
CO
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Secondary
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Aquaness
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Fluids 2014
Available Product
from:
tradename
Product
Function
Primary
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
LO
CF
FR
FR
X
X
X
HPHT
LU HPHT
SU
FR
FR
E
E
SH
SH
RDF
RDF
FR
LU
FR
HS
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V HPWB HS
V HPWB HS
SH FR HS
X
X SH LU
X
SH LU
X
X SH LU FR
X
SH LU
X X X
LU LO
X X X
LO LU CF
X
X LU SH HPHT
X X X
X LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
FR HPHT
V
HPHT
W SH HPHT
TH FR CA
TH FR
TH FR
W SH
TH FR LU
SH
FL
HPWB
FR HPHT FR
SH HS
SH FR LU
X SH LU SH
X V
SH SH
X FR SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
SH
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
FR
X TE
SH
SH
X D
TE
FR
FR
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
X
X
X
X
X

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
Base product for AVASILIX system

Base product for AVASILIX system
AVASINTOIL system ester-based biodegradable oil
AVASINTOIL FC
Fluid loss control agent for AVASINTOIL
system
AVASINTOIL PE
AVASINTOIL system primary emulsifier
AVASINTOIL SE
AVASINTOIL system secondary emulsifier
AVASINTOIL TN
Thinner for AVASINTOIL system
AVASINTOIL VS
High-yield suspending agent for AVASINTOIL
system
AVASINTOIL WA
Wetting agent for AVASINTOIL system
AVASTAT 350
Antistatic agent for section milling
AVATEMPEX
Temp. extender
AVATENSIO
Free-pipe agent
AVATENSIO LT
Low-toxicity pipe-freeing agent
AVATEX
Sodium sulfonate asphalt
AVATHIN
Acrylic acid graphed lignosulfonate
AVATRACER
Potassium iodide tracer
AVATRASFOAM
Foamer for AVATRASFOAM system
AVAVIS-MMH
Polymer for MMH system
AVAWASH 500
Cake removal agent
AVAWASH OBM
Casing cleaner for oil-based mud
AVAWASH OBM/LT
Casing cleaner for low-toxicity oil-based mud
AVAWASH WBM
Casing cleaner for water-based mud
AVAZR 5000
Chrome-free HPHT thinner
AVOIL FC
Lignite-based fluid loss reducer
AVOIL FR/HT
Asphalt-based fluid loss reducer
AVOIL FR/ND
Non damaging liquid polymeric fluid loss
reducer
AVOIL PE
Primary emulsifier
AVOIL PE/LT
Primary emulsifier
AVOIL SE
Secondary emulsifier
AVOIL SE/LT
AVOIL TN
OBM thinner
AVOIL TN/LT
Low-toxicity OBM thinner
AVOIL VS
Rheology modifier
AVOIL VS/LT
Rheology modifier
AVOIL WA
Wetting agent
AVOIL WA/LT
Wetting agent
DE BLOCK S/LT
Low-toxicity weighted mud-free P
DE BLOCK S/WB
Water-based P
DEOXI SS
Oxygen remover
DEOXY DEHA
Oxygen remover
DOLSAL
Sepiolite clay
DOLSAL B
Attapulgite clay
DYNA RETARDER
Retarder for DYNAPLUG
DYNAPLUG
Fibers, polymers and cross-linker
ECOL LUBE
Biodegradable LU
ECOL LUBE HT
LU for geothermal wells
ECOL LUBE SIL
LU for silicate and potassium mud
ECOLUBE LG
Non-toxic lubricant
GRANULAR F/M/C
LCM-based on vegetable shell, F,M,C
INCORR
Water-dispersible CO
INCORR 2275
Amine-free CO and scale inhibitor
INCORR AC
CO in acid environment
INCORR AC/HT
CO in HT acid environment
INCORR HT
Water-dispersible HT CO
INCORR OS
Oil soluble CO
INTAFLOW
Acid soluble marble flour
INTASOL 10
Specially-ground calcium carbonate
INTASOL 5
INTASOL C4000
INTASOL F/M/C
Specially-ground calcium carbonate, F,M,C
INTASOL FLAKE F/M/C Specially sized flake calcium carbonate
INTASOL ME F/M/C
Metamorphic calcium carbonate, F,M,C
POLICELL RG
Technical grade PAC regular
POLICELL SL
Technical grade PAC low vis
POLIFLUID
Synthetic chrome-free TH
POLIVIS
Modified liquid PHPA
POLIVIS PWD
Encapsulated polymer (powder)
SAND SEAL F/C
Sealing agent for pay zone LO, fine, coarse
STEARALL LQD
Defoamer compound for dispersed muds
TCS 30
Non ionic drilling mud surfactant
VICTOMOD
High temp. modified starch
VICTOSAL
Modified resistant starch
VICTOSAL MMH
Modified resistant starch for MMH system
VISCO 83
Pure PAC regular
VISCO 83 EHV
Pure PAC extreme high viscosity
VISCO 83 LQD
Liquid polyanionic polymer
VISCO 83 SL
Pure PAC super low
VISCO 83 XLV
Pure PAC extreme low
VISCO ACT
Biopolymer
VISCO DIF
Blend of biopolymer for DIF
VISCO EXHV3000
Extremely high viscosifiers for spud mud
VISCO WEL
High temp. low-end viscosifier
VISCO X
Biopolymer
VISCO XC
Biopolymer
VISCO XC84
Pure xanthan gum polymer
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
FR
X
X
X
E
E
TH
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
E
FR TE
E
FR TE
E
FR SU
E
FR SU
TH FR
TH FR
V
E
V
E
SU
E
SU
E
P
P
CO CF TE
CO CF TE
V
V
TE
LO WBC
LO WBC
LU FR
LU FR
LU FR CF
LU SH
LO
HPHT
CO CF CF
CO CA
CO CF
CO CF
CO HPHT
CO
LO RDF
LO RDF
LO RDF
LO RDF SH
LO RDF
LO RDF FR
LO RDF HPHT
V
FR HPHT
FR SH
TH TE
SH
V
TE
SH
V
LO FR
D
SU LU SH
FR
SH
FR
SH
FR SH
V
FR
V
FR RDF
V
FR RDF
FR SH
FR SH
V
SH
V
FR
V
SH
V
V
SH SH
V
SH
V
SH
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SU
TE
Available Product
from:
tradename
Description
of material
Ava
Ava
Ava
Ava
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
VISCO XCD
VISCOMED
VISCOPLUS
VISCOTRON
ACCOLADE BASE
ADAPTA
AK-70
AKTAFLO S
ALDACIDE G
AQUAGEL
AQUAGEL GOLD SEAL
AQUA-LATE
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
AQUATONE-S
ATC
BARABLOK
BARABLOK 400
BARABRINE DEFOAM
BARABRINE SI
BARABUF
BARACARB
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
BARACARB-DF
BARACAT
BARACOR 100
BARACOR 450
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
BARACOR 700
BARACOR 700E
BARACOR 95
BARACTIVE
BARA-DEFOAM 1
BARA-DEFOAM HP
BARA-DEFOAM W300
BARAFILM
BARAFLAKE
BARAFLOC
BARAFOS
BARAKLEAN
BARAKLEAN DUAL
Baroid
Baroid
BARAKLEAN FL
BARAKLEAN FL PLUS
Pure disperable xanthan gum polymer

Medium viscosity pure PAC
Low-viscosity pure PAC
High temp. viscosifer for water-based mud
Synthetic olefin/ester blend-based fluid
Copolymer for non-aqueous fluids
Asphaltic blend
Non-ionic surfactant
Glutaraldehyde solution
Wyoming bentonite
Untreated Wyoming bentonite
Non-aqueous spacer for water activated
products
Non-ionic surfactant
Modified fatty acid ester
Powdered hydrocarbon resin
High temp., powdered hydrocarbon resin
Brine defoamer
Scale inhibitor for clear brines
pH buffer
Sized calcium carbonate-5, 25, 50,150,
600, 1200
Sized calcium carbonate-5, 25, 50,150, 600
Cationic polymer solution
Corrosion inhibitor
High temp. corrosion inhibitor for highdensity brines
Corrosion/scale inhibitor
Corrosion/scale inhibitor
Corrosion inhibitor
Polar activator
Defoamer
Defoamer
Defoamer
Filming amine
Flake calcium carbonate
Flocculant
Sodium polyphosphate compound
Cleaning, degreaser compound
Surfactant/solvent blend for displacement
spacers
Surfactant blend for displacement spacers
Concentrated surfactant blend for displacement spacers
Sized magnesium oxide
Modified lignin polymer
Oil-soluble polymer
Sized salt-20, 50, 6/300
Oil viscosifier
Powdered oxygen scavenger
Liquid oxygen scavenger
Surfactant for wellbore cleanup
Cellulosic filtration aid
Organic mud thinner
Non-ionic hydroxyethyl cellulose polymer
Iron carbonate powder
Xanthan gum
Dispersion-enhanced xanthan gum
Premium dispersion-enhanced xanthan gum
Xanthan suspension
Hematite
Seepage-loss additive - regular, coarse
and superfine
Oil wet seepage-loss additive
Barite
Barite 4.1 specific gravity
Synthetic paraffin-based oil
Sulfurized oil mixture
Baroid
BARAKLEAN GOLD
Baroid
BARAKLEAN NS PLUS
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
BARAMAG 10
BARANEX
BARAPAK
BARAPLUG
BARARESIN-VIS
BARASCAV-D
BARASCAV-L
BARASCRUB
BARASORB
BARATHIN-PLUS
BARAVIS
BARAWEIGHT
BARAZAN
BARAZAN D
BARAZAN D PLUS
BARAZAN L
BARODENSE
BAROFIBRE
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
BAROFIBRE O
BAROID
BAROID 41
BAROID ALKANE
BAROID CONCENTRATE 111
BAROID F10
Barite 10 micron average diameter
BAROID RIG WASH
Cleaning, degreaser compound
BAROLIFT
Hole-cleaning aid
BARO-LUBE GOLD SEAL Surfactant/lubricant blend
BAROMUL 290
Oil mud emulsifier for diesel fluids
BAROMUL 303
Oil mud emulsifier
BARO-SEAL
Sized LCM blend-classic, fine, medium
and coarse
BARO-TROL PLUS
Enhanced shale stabilizer
BORE-HIB
Liquid inorganic salt blend
BORE-HIB DP
Dry powder inorganic salt blend
BORE-HIB II
Liquid inorganic salt blend
BORE-PLUS
Polymer blend
BORE-VIS II
Modified bentonite
BRINEDRIL-VIS
Biopolymer
BROMI-MUL
Brine-in-oil emulsifier
BROMI-VIS
Pre-dispersed polymer suspension
BXR
Borehole stabilizer
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X V
SH
X FR
V
X FR SH
V HPHT HPHT
X
SB
X X
FR
X X
SH FR
TE SU
X
B
HPHT
X
V
FR
X
V
FR LU
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
LO
X X X
X
X
LO
SH
CO
W
FL
CF
CO
TE
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X
X
SU WBC
SU WBC
X X
SU WBC
X X
SU WBC RDF
X X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
LO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
LO
W
W
SB
X X X
LU
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
W
SU
V WBC
LU
E
SU
E
SU
X X X
LO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X X
SH
SH
SH
SH
V
V
V
E
V
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
X
X
FR
LO W
FR TE
V
LO W
V
CO
CO
SU WBC
CF
TH FR
V
FR
W
V
V
V
V
W
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SU WBC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CF
X X
X
X
X
FR
FR
X X
X X
X
X
SU
X CO
X CO
CO
A
X X
V
FR
D
SU
D
D
X CO
X X
LO FR
FL
TH CA
SU WBC
X X
X
X
LU
SH
SH
CF
CF
FR
X X
X X X
X X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
LO
TE
TH
FR
FR
D
CO
A
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Secondary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Secondary
Secondary
FR
SU
E
SU
HPHT
TE
FR
X P
X P
SH FR
V
TH HPHT
X FO
WBC SH
SU
FR
SU
SU
SU
HPHT
SU
HPHT
TH HPHT SU
FR
E
SU
FR SU TE
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
FR
FR
X X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
SB
X
X
X
X
TE
TE
X
X
X
X
X
X
SH
SH
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Description
of material
AVASILIX 22
AVASILIX 39
AVASINTOIL

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Fluids 2014
Available Product
from:
tradename
Product
Function
Secondary
Recommended for
these systems
Primary
World Oils
LU
FL HPWB
HPWB
HPWB
HPWB
FR
HPWB FR
SU
E
CF
LU

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
DURATONE E
DURATONE HT
ENCORE BASE
ENVIRO-THIN
ENVIRO-TORQ
EP MUDLUBE
EXTENSOL
EZ GLIDE
EZ MUL
EZ MUL NS
EZ MUL NT
EZ SPOT
EZ-CORE
EZ-FLOC
EZ-MUD
EZ-MUD DP
EZ-MUD DPE
EZ-MUD GOLD
Baroid
EZ-PLUG
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
FACTANT
FILTER-CHEK
FLO-CLEAN MD
FLO-CLEAN Z
FOAM-ZAPPER
FORMULADE
FORTI-MUL
FUSE-IT
GELTONE
GELTONE II
GELTONE IV
GELTONE V
GEM CP
GEM GP
GEM GPE
HYDRO-PLUG
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
HYDRO-PLUG NS
IMPERMEX
INHIBI-TAR
INNOCLEAR
INVERMUL
INVERMUL NT
IRON-THIN
LE BASE
LE SUPERMUL
LIGNOX PLUS
LIQUI-DRIL
LIQUITONE
LIQUI-VIS EP
LUBRA-BEADS
N-DRIL HT PLUS
N-FLOW 325
Baroid
N-FLOW 408
Baroid
N-FLOW 412
Baroid
N-FLOW 457
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
NO BLOK C
NO BLOK Z
NO-SULF
N-PLEX
N-SEAL
N-SOLATE 275 VIS
North Sea LCM blend

Pre-gelatinized starch
Inorganic salt blend pill to stabilize tar zones
Refined n-alkane-based fluid
Oil mud emulsifier
Oil mud emulsifier
Iron lignosulfonate water-based mud thinner
Olefin-based fluid
Emulsifier for synthetic fluids
Lime mud thinner
ROP enhancer
Oil mud filtration control additive
Polymer dispersion
Copolymer bead lubricant
Modified starch
Time and temp. controlled wall-cake
removal product
removal product
removal product
removal product
Non-emulsifier for calcium brines
Non-emulsifier for zinc-based brines
Zinc compound for sulfide scavenging
Activator for N-Squeeze
Inorganic LCM
Synthetic polymer for thermal insulating
packer fluid system
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
SH
TH
SH
SH
LU
TH
SU
SH
FL
SU
FR
FR
FR
FR
LO
FR
LU
SU
LO
LO
LO
FR
FR
HPWB
HPWB
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X
X X
E
SU
SH
TH
SH
SH
SH
SH
E
MLCM
MLCM
FR HPHT
FR HPHT
SB
X
TH FL
X
LU
X
LU
X
TE
X
LU SU
X
E
SU
X X
E
SU
X
E
SU
X
P
LU
X X
E RDF
X
X FL
X
X SH
X
SH
X
SH
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
SH
X X X
LO MLCM
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X X X
X
X
X
E
FR
FR
V
FL CF
FL CF
D
SU
E
E
LO MCLM
V
FR
V
FR
V
V
FR
SH
SH
LO MLCM
LO MLCM
FR
V
SU LU
X
X
X X X
X X X
E
E
TH
X
SB
X
E
TH
X
LU
X X
FR
X
X V
X X
LU
X
FR
X X X
X X X
WBC
X X X
X X X
WBC
X X X
X X X
WBC
X X X
X X X
WBC
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X X
SU
SU
CO
LO
LO
X X X
X X X
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
X X
X X
X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
SU
SU
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
SU
FR
RDF
CF
CF
RDF
RDF
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Description
of material
N-SOLATE 275 XLINK
Inorganic cross linker for thermal insulating

packer fluid system
packer fluid system
N-SOLATE 400 XLINK1 Inorganic cross linker for thermal insulating
packer fluid system
N-SOLATE 400 XLINK2 Inorganic cross linker for thermal insulating
packer fluid system
N-SOLATE 600 VIS
packer fluid system
N-SOLATE BASE
Base fluid for thermal insulating packer
fluid system
N-SOLATE BASE BR
fluid system
N-SOLATE BASE CS
fluid system
N-VIS
Biopolymer
N-VIS HI
Bentonite extender
N-VIS HI PLUS
Mixed metal hydroxide
N-VIS L
Liquid xanthan gum
N-VIS O
Organophilic clay
N-VIS P PLUS
Blend of polymers
NXS-LUBE
Synthetic extreme-pressure lubricant
OMC
Oil mud conditioner
OMC 2
Oil mud conditioner
OMC 3
Oil mud conditioner
OMC 42
Oil mud conditioner
OXYGON
Oxygen scavenger
PAC-L & LE
Low-viscosity polyanionic cellulose
PAC-R & RE
Regular polyanionic cellulose
PERFORMATROL
Shale-stabilizing polymer
PETROFREE ESTER
Ester-based fluid
PIPESCRUB
Pipe dope cleaning mixture
PLUG-GIT
Processed cedar fiber
PLUG-GIT H
Processed wood fiber
POLYAC PLUS
Low-viscosity polyacrylate
QUIK-FOAM
Foaming agent
QUIK-FREE
Spotting fluid
QUIK-FREE NS
North Sea compliant spotting fluid
QUIK-GEL
QUIK-MUD
Liquid anionic polymer
QUIK-THIN
Ferrochrome lignosulfonate
QUIK-THIN PLUS
RHEMOD L
Modified fatty acid
RHEOBOOST
Liquid mud viscosifier
RM-63
Polymeric rheology modifier
SF BASE
Olefin-based fluid
SOURSCAV
Hydrogen sulfide scavenger
STARCIDE
Biocide
STEELSEAL 50, 100, Specially sized dual-composition carbon
400, 1000
material
STICK-LESS 20
Glass spheres
SUSPENTONE
Organophilic clay
SWEEP-WATE
Sized barite
TAU-MOD
Amorphous/fibrous material
TEMPERUS
Modified fatty acid
THERMA-CHEK
High temp. filtrate reducer
Thermatek LC
Settable LCM
THERMA-THIN
High temp. deflocculant
THERMA-VIS
Synthetic inorganic viscosifier
TORQUE-LESS DI -170 Glass spheres
VIS-PLUS
Organic viscosifier
WALL-NUT
Ground nut shell-coarse, medium, and fine
XLR-RATE
ROP enhancer
XP-07
Linear alkane-based fluid
X-TEND II
Bentonite extender
ZEOGEL
Attapulgite
ABLUBE
Ecological lubricant (-based on vegetable
oils)
ABLUBE VS
Eco lubricant (-based on synthetic esters) high pH resistant
ABSPERSE 200
Dispersant acrylic poliymer
BIOGUM P
Dispersible guar product
CARBOGUM CXK
Xanthan gum-based polymer
CARBOGUM XK
Xanthan gum
DEFOAMER S
Defoamer
DETERDRILL DE
Drilling detergent
GELOGUM CMC/L
Carboxymethylcellulose - slurry (ready
to use)
GELOGUM HC15000
HydroxyEthylCellulose
GELOGUM HC15B
GELOGUM HC30000
GELOGUM HC300B
GELOGUM HC6000
GELOGUM HEC/L
HydroxyEthylCellulose - slurry (ready to use)
GELOGUM HVS
Carboxymethyl cellulose-semipurified
GELOGUM HVT
GELOGUM LVS
Carboxymethyl cellulose-semipurified
GELOGUM LVT
GELOGUM PAC LV
GELOGUM PAC ULV
GUARFIX P
Guar gum-based polymer
N-SOLATE 400 VIS

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
SB
X X X
X X X
SB
X X X
X X X
SB
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V RDF RDF
V
RDF
V RDF
V RDF
X
V
FR
V
FR
LU
TH
X
TH
E
X
TH
V
X
TH
CO
X FR SH
X FR SH
SH HPWB
X
SB
SU WBC
LO
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
FR
X FO
P
P
V
V
TH
TH
V
V
V
SB
CO
B
V
SH
LU
LU
FR
FR
FR
LO
X
X
X
X
X
LU
V
HPHT
W
V
V
HPHT
FR
V
X
LO
TH HPHT
V
FR
X X X
LU
X X
V
X X X X LC
X
LU
X
SB
V
X
V
LU
X
X
X
TH
V
V
V
D
WBC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
LU
SH
LU
X X
FR
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
FR
X FR
X FR
V
SH
SH
SH
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
Secondary
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Borehole stabilizer suspension

Lignite/Leonardite
Clay inhibitor
Clay inhibitor
Lubricant for non-aqueous fluids
Rheological additive
Mud detergent
Water-soluble surfactant blend
Liquid cationic polymer
Wetting agent
Modified and bacteria-stabilized starch
Modified starch
Crystalline synthetic polymer
Pregelatinized starch
ROP enhancer
Oil-wetting agent
Bimodal distribution LCM
Acid soluble Bimodal distribution LCM
Compressive strength additive for DUOSQUEEZE systems
Synthetic olefin-based oil
Broad-spectrum lubricant
Extreme-pressure lubricant
Salt crystal growth inhibitor
Proprietary blend of surfactants
Oil mud emulsifier for Diesel fluids
Oil mud emulsifier for North Sea
Oil mud emulsifier
Spotting fluid concentrate
Fatty acid emulsifier
Polymer emulsion
Shale-stabilizing polymer emulsion
Powdered shale-stabilizing polymer
Powdered shale-stabilizing polymer
Low-viscosity powdered shale-stabilizing
polymer
Blend of acid soluble lost circulation control
materials
Concentrated invert emulsifier
Fermentation-resistant modified starch
Flocculant for calcium brines
Flocculant for zinc brines
Defoamer
Emulsifier for non-aqueous fluids
Emulsifier for INTEGRADE fluids
Polymer-based LCM
Organophilic clay
Organophilic clay
Organophilic clay
Organophilic clay
Polyglycol
Polyglycol
Polyglycol
LCM blend
Available Product
from:
tradename
Secondary
BXR-L
CARBONOX
CLAY GRABBER
CLAY SYNC II
CMO 568
COLDTROL
CON DET
CON DET E
CRYSTAL-DRIL
DEEP-TREAT
DEXTRID
DEXTRID E
DEXTRID LT
DEXTRID LTE
DIAMOND SEAL
DRILL STARCH
DRIL-N-SLIDE
DRILTREAT
DUO-SQUEEZE H
DUO-SQUEEZE R
DUO-SQUEEZE SA
Secondary
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Baroid
Secondary
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Fluids 2014

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Available Product
from:
tradename
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
Product
Function
Primary
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
LU
LU
LU
ADIDET-DD
ADIE-KLEEN
BCI
ADIKLEEN-RW
BCI
BCI
BCI
ADILUBE
ADIMOD-RM
ADIMOD-S
BCI
BCI
BCI
ADIMUL-P
ADIMUL-S
ADIPACK
BCI
BCI
BCI
BCI
BCI
BCI
BCI
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
Primary oil mud emulsifier

Oil mud emulsifier and wetting agent
3-in-1 mixture of CO, biocide and oxygen
scavenger
ADIPLUG
Ground nutshell
ADIPOLY-AC
Rheology modifier and stabilizer for HPHT
and deepwater applications
ADISPACER
Nano-emulsion biodegradable wellbore
spacer and cleanup additives
ADITROL
Filtration control agent
ADIVIS
Oil mud viscosifier
ADIZAN-L
Liquid-suspended xanthan gum for immediate yield
ADIZAN-LG
Green-based liquid-suspended xanthan gum
660-L
Polymeric thinner liquid
BALL-BUSTER-L
Anti-bit-balling lubricant
BT-250
Guar gum liquid
DRILL-ZAN-L
Xanthan gum liquid
BX-1
Bentonite extender
CI-323
Corrosion Inhibitor
CMC HV
Carboxymethyl cellulose polymer
DEFOAMER-A
Liquid defoamer
DESCO
Organic mud thinner
DIASEAL-M
LCM Squeeze additive
DRILL BEADS (DENSE) Mechanical lubricant, 3.0 SG
DRILL BEADS (LIGHT) Mechanical lubricant, 1.1 SG
DRILLING DETERGENT Surfactant and anti-bit-balling additive
DRILL-ZAN-D
Xanthan Gum, dispersible
DRISPAC REGULAR
Premium PAC polymer
DRISPAC SUPERLO
Premium PAC polymer
F-500
Foamer
FLORIGEL HY
Attapulgite, API spec
G-325 GEL
Wyoming NT bentonite exceeding API spec's,
180-barrel yield
GIISONITE-NT
Untreaded gilsonite
GILSONITE-ST
Treated gilsonite
GL-100
Polyol blend
GL-150
Gilsonite liquid

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X FO
X FO
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
SU WBC
X X X
X X X X SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
V
V
V
FL
TH
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
FL
SU
SU
SH
TH
LU
LU
D
CF
LU
V
FR
TH
V
B
B
LO
TH
D
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FL
FR
FL
TE
LU
SH
FR
TE
TE
W
FR
X X
X X
X
SH
SH
SH
TH
V
TH
Available Product
from:
tradename
Description
of material
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BCIDF
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
GRAPHITE
HEC-L
MAGMA-FIBER
MMX-1
MMX-2
MMX-3
MMX-4
MUD-LINER FIBER
MUD-LINER G
MUD-WISER FC
PHPA 35-L
PIPE SPOT DFT-L
PREMIUM GEL
Q-SEAL LCM
Q-SEAL LCM FINE
RESIN-PLEX
RESIN-TEMP HT
SF-1
SI-585
SOLTEX
ST-6
ST-7
STABIL-FLO SPA
STARLOSE
STARPAK II
SUPER DEFOAMER II
SUPERLIG
SUPERTREAT
TRUE LUBE M/O
WELL-PAC, HI-VIS
WELL-PAC, LO-VIS
Z-GARD
ZINC CARBONATE
ALL-TEMP
ALL-TEMP XPR
AMPLI-FOAM
AMPLI-FOAM FW
AMPLI-FOAM SW
AQUA-COL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
BHI
AQUA-COL B
BHI
AQUA-COL D
BHI
AQUA-COL S
Amorphous graphite
Hydroxyethyl cellulose liquid
Mineral fiber, LCM, acid soluble
Bentonite complexer, to 200F
Attapulgite complexer
Seepage and LCM control
Special graphite blend
Anionic polymer liquid
Oil surfactant
Wyoming bentonite, API spec
Blend of flakes, granules, fibers
Blend of flakes, granules, fibers
Modified lignin polymer
Contaminant tolerant polymer for HT muds
Nonionic flocculant
Scale Inhibitor
Sulfonated asphalt
Organic thinner
Organic thinner
Sodium polyacrylate
Drilling starch, pre-gel, pre-preserved
Complexed starch
Liquid defoamer
ND lignite
Treated ND lignite
Borehole Lubricant
Premium PAC dispersible grade polymer
Premium PAC dispersible grade polymer
Hydrogen sulfide gas scavenger
Hydrogen sulfide gas scavenger
Synthetic high-temperature deflocculant
High-temperature liquid deflocculant
Foaming agent for mist & stiff foam drilling
Drilling Foaming Agent for freshwater
Drilling Foaming Agent for saltwater
Cloud-point glycol for shale control in fresh
and low-salinity systems
Cloud-point glycol for shale control in
medium-salinity systems
Cloud-point glycol for shale control in highsalinity systems
Cloud-point glycol for shale control in saturated salt systems
Oil-free differential sticking preventative
Differential sticking preventative

WB casing cleaning system for removal of
WB and OBM contaminants
A casing cleaning system and stabilzer for
Baker Clean 5 in a viscosified system
Single sack lost circulation solution
Wetting agent
Bit balling preventor
Modified polysaccharide that resists bacterial
degradation
High performance organic derivative FR
High performance fluid loss control
biopolymer
Premium non-hydrocarbon-based spotting fluid
Non-hydrocarbon-based spotting fluid
Course calcium carbonate for DIF's and fluid
control pills
Fine calcium carbonate for DIF's and fluid
control pills
Medium calcium carbonate for DIF's and
fluid control pills
Premium spotting fluid, pre-mixed
Premium spotting fluid, pre-mixed in environmentally acceptable based oil
Premium spotting fluid, pre-mixed in lowtoxicity mineral oil
Premium spotting fluid, non-asphaltic
Premium spotting fluid, sack concentrate

Completion fluid corrosion inhibitor
3-in-1 corrosion inhibitor - multi-use
Corrosion Inhibitor for solids-free fluids
Premium organoclay viscosifier
Organoclay viscosifier
Emulsifier and wetting agent
High temp. emulsifier and wetting agent
High temp. emulsifier and wetting agent
for Norway
Low temp. emulsifier and wetting agent
Modified hydrocarbon LCM for sealing
High temp. emulsifier
Supplemental emulsifier and viscosifier
Low temp. supplemental emulsifier
Supplemental emulsifier
FR with minimal effects on rheology
BHI
AQUA-MAGIC
X X X
X X X X SU
X X X
BHI
BHI
AQUA-MAGIC XPR
BAKER-CLEAN 5
BHI
BAKER-CLEAN 6
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BAKER-SQUEEZ
BIO-COTE
BIO-DRILL
BIO-LOSE
BHI
BHI
BIO-PAQ
BIO-PAQ AR
WBC
BHI
BIO-SPOT
BHI
BHI
BIO-SPOT XPR
SEAL C
BHI
SEAL F
BHI
SEAL M
SH
BHI
BHI
BLACK MAGIC
BLACK MAGIC CLEAN
FR
BHI
BLACK MAGIC LT
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BLACK MAGIC PHALT

FREE
BLACK MAGIC SFT
BRINE-PAC 250
BRINE-PAC 3N1
BRINE-PAC XTS
CARBO-GEL
CARBO-GEL II
CARBO-MUL
CARBO-MUL HT
CARBO-MUL HT N
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
CARBO-MUL LT
CARBO-SEAL
CARBO-TEC
CARBO-TEC "S"
CARBO-TEC LT
CARBO-TEC S
CARBO-TROL
LU
V
X X
X X
X X
X X
E
E
SU
CO
X X X
LO
X X
X X
X X
FR
V
FR
SU
X X
RDF
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
TH
LU
V
V
V
CO
FR
D
TH
MLCM
LU
LU
SH
V
FR
FR
FO
V
RDF
TE
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X FR
X
SH
X
LU
X X X
LU
LU
FR
SH
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
TE
LO
SU
SH
LU
LU
V
SH
LO
LU
FR
FR

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
LU LO
X
X V
FR
X X X
LO
V
V
SH
V
SH
V
SH
V
V
SH FR
X X X X LO FR
X X X
LO LU
X
FR SH
X
X SH
V
X X
P
TH
X
X V
FR
X X X X LO
X X X X LO
X
TE FR TE
X
TE FR
X
X FL SH
X
CO
TE
X X X X SH LU
E
X
TH FR
X
TH FR
FR TH
E
X
FR SH
E
X
FR SH
X
D
SH
X X
FR TH LU
X
FR TH
X X
LU
X
FR
V
X
FR SH
X
CO
X
CO
X
TH HPHT
X
TH HPHT FR
X FO
X FO
FR
X
X FO
FR
X X X
SH
LU
X X X
SH
FR
X X X
SH
LU
Secondary
BCI
BCI
Foaming agent
Foaming agent
Powdered shale inhibitor polymer
Cationic-shale inhibitor polymer-low viscosity
PHPA
PHPA
PHPA - liquid emulsion
Liquid-grade cationic coagulant
Rheological control for water base fluids
cationic flocculent beads
Non-ionic powder flocculent
cationic flocculent powder
Powder-grade cationic flocculant
Liquid-grade high MW cationic coagulant
High MW total FL liquid
anionic flocculent powder
Wetting agent
Cleaning agents
Glycol shale inhibitors
Polyacrylate thinner
Lubricants
Lubricants
Defoamer for well service fluids
Non-ionic surfactants
Lubricants
Attapulgite
High temp. stable fluid loss polymer
High temp. deflocculant, TH
MMH viscositifer
Biocide, Glutaraldehyde 25% sol.
Biocide, Glutaraldehyde 50% sol.
Silicone-based defoamer for brine
Alcohol-based defoamer and anti-foam for
water-based fluids
Biodegradable mud detergent
Nano-emulsion-based biodegradable multipurpose degreaser
Oil mud thinner/dispersant
HPHT rheology stabilizer
Suspended HEC viscosifier for completion
and workover fluids
Aqueous-based biodegradable low-foam
degreaser
Esther-based lubricant for water-based mud
Polymeric rheology modifier
Premium polymeric rheology modifier
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
PERFOAM AS
PERFOAM HP
POLYFIX CM55
POLYFIX K-210
VISCODRILL 140
VISCODRILL 190
VISCODRILL E5
ALCOMER 7125
ALCOMER 74L
Alcomer 752
Alcomer 755
Alcomer 758
ALCOMER 80
Alcomer 811
Alcomer 812
Alcomer 814
ALCOMER 819
ALCOMER 889
ALCOMER 90L
Alcomer 90P
ALCOMER D1235
BASOCLEAN TYPES
BASODRILL TYPES
BASOGAN DR 130
BASOPEG TYPES
BASOPLUR TYPES
BASOPUR DF 5
BASOSOL
BASOTRON KS1
DC-150
POLYDRILL
POLYTHIN
PolyVis II
Myacide GA 25
Myacide GA 50
ADICARB
ADICFL
ADIDEFOAM SC
ADIDEFOAM SP20
Secondary
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
Barzaghi
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BASF
BCI
BCI
BCI
BCI
Secondary
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Fluids 2014
ADIE-THIN
ADIHDF 373
ADIHEC-L
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Available Product
from:
tradename
BCI
BCI
BCI
Product
Function
Secondary
Recommended for
these systems
Primary
World Oils
X X
SH
LU
X X X
LU
FR
WBM,
SB
WBC
WBC
X X X
X X X
X
X
LO MLCM HPHT
SU TH
LU
X X X
FR
X X X
FR
W
W
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
FR
LO
FR
LO
FR
LO
X X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
P
CO
CO
CO
V
V
E
E
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
X
X
X
X
FR
E
LO
E
E
E
E
FR
CF
FR
TE
SU
SU
TE
SU
FR
V
FR
FR

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
CHEK-LOSS COARSE
BHI
CHEK-LOSS PLUS
BHI
BHI
BHI
CLAY-TROL
CLEAN-THREAD
DEEP SWEEP
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
DEFOAM
DELTA-TROL
DRY-FIX 115
DRY-FIX 120
ECCO-BLOK
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
ECCO-GLYCOL
ECCO-MUL E
ECCO-MUL R
ECCO-PAQ LV
BHI
BHI
Filtration control additive for freshwater

systems
FC 30
Blend of sized and flaked calcium carbonate
FLOW-CARB SERIES
Multiple grind size series of calcium
carbonate
GeoPACK
Oil based gravel pack carrier system
HYCAL I
Liquid calcium chloride (to 11.6 ppg)
HYCAL II
Liquid calcium chloride/bromide (to 15.1 ppg)
HYCAL III
Liquid calcium chl./bromide/zinc bromide
(19.2 ppg)
HYCAL IIISB
Liquid calcium/zinc bromide (to 19.2 ppg)
HYCAL IISB
Liquid calcium bromide (to 15.3 ppg)
INFUSE HEC
Liquid HEC in an enviromentally friendly base
INFUSE XAN
Liquid xanthan gum polymer in an enviromentally friendly base
KD 740
Corrosion and scale inhibitor
KD-740
water-soluble CO
KEM-SEAL
Copolymer for high-temp. filtration control
KEM-SEAL PLUS
Copolymer for FR in extreme high-temp
KOMPRESS
Single sack lost circulation solution
LATIBASE
Multifuctional base product for LATIDRILL
system
LATIMAGIC
Wellbore stabilizer and lubricant
LATIRATE
Rate of penetration enhancer and lubricant
for water-based fluids
LATILUBE
High temperature lubricant
LATIHIB
Carbon dioxide scavenger
LC-GLIDE
Spherical synthetic graphite for torque and
drag reduction
LC-LUBE PLUS
Sized, synthetic graphite
LC-LUBE
LC-LUBE FINE
LD-8
Non-hydrocarbon defoamer for waterbased fluids
LD-9
Defoamer for both fresh and saltwater
drilling fluids
LD-10
Low Cost Silicon Defoamer
LIGCO
Ground leonardite
LIGCON
Causticized leonardite filtration reducer
LUBE-622
Water-based mud LU
LUBRI-GLIDE COARSE Spherical CPC friction reducer
LUBRI-GLIDE FINE
Spherical CPC friction reducer
MAGMA-GEL
Viscosifier for extreme HPHT emulsion
systems
MAGMA-GEL SE
Suspension enhancer for extreme HPHT
emulsion systems
MAGMA-SEAL
Fluid loss additive for extreme HPHT
applications
MAGMA-TROL
Polymeric fluid loss additive for extreme
HPHT emulsion systems
MAGMA-VERT
Emulsifier for extreme HPHT emulsion
systems
MAX-GUARD
High performance clay hydration suppressant
MAX-PLEX
Aluminum/resin shale stabilizer for high
performance WBM
MAX-SHIELD
Deformable sealing polymer for high performance WBM
MAX-TROL
HTHP filtration reducer for high performance WBM
MD
Biodegradable drilling fluid detergent
MD II
Detergent/rig wash for general cleaning
purposes
MF-1
High molecular weight non-ionic selective
flocculant
MICRO-CURE AF E2
Acid-free mesophase remediation
MICRO-CURE E2
Mesophase remediation
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
MIL-BAR
MIL-BAR 410
MIL-BAR UF
MIL-BIO NS
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
Barite meeting API specs

Barite with 4.1 specific gravity
Ultra fine grind barite
Phosphonium sulfate biocide
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X X X
X X X
LO
X X X
SH
X X
FR
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X X X
SH HPWB
X X X
X X X
X X X
LO
X X X
X
X
D
FR
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
X X X
SH
FR
X X X
X X
X
SH
E
E
LU
SU
BHI
BHI
BHI
FR
LO
FR
X
X
X
SB
W
W
SH
SH
SH
W
W
V
SH
SH
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
W
RDF
BHI
X X X
X
X
X
BHI
BHI
LO
BHI
TE
CF
X X
X
X
X
X
X
LO
FR
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
X
CO
X
X CO CF
X
FR TE HPWB
X
FR TE
X X X
LO MLCM HPHT
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
SH
LU HPWB
X
X
X
X
LU HTHP MLCM
CO HPWB
X X X
X X X
LU
LO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
LO
LO
LO
LU
LU
LU
X X X
BHI
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
BHI
BHI
X X
X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
LU
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
FR
FR
LU
LU
LU
TH
T HPHT
HPHT
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
X X
FR HPHT
BHI
X X
FR HPWB
BHI
BHI
X X
FR HPHT HPWB
X X
FR HPHT HPWB
X X
SH
BHI
BHI
FR
BHI
SH
FR
BHI
X X X
SH
LO
FR HPHT
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
X X X X SU
X X X
WBM
FL
WBC
WBC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X X X
X X X
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
X X X
BHI
FR HPHT
FR TE
FR
V
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
W
W
W
B
RDF
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
Description
of material
MIL-CARB SERIES
Multiple grind size series of calcium

carbonate
Shredded cedar bark
Water-soluble, biodegradable detergent
concentrate
MIL-CLEAN E
Biodegradable cleaner/degreaser
MIL-CLEAN SEA
North Sea approved rig wash detergent
MILFLAKE
Shredded cellophane
MIL-GARD
H2S extractor (basic zinc carbonate)
MIL-GARD L
Sulfide scavenger
MILGEL
Wyoming bentonite meeting API specifications
MILGEL NT
Untreated (naturally high-yielding), API-spec
Wyoming bentonite
MIL-GLIDE
Spherical copolymer bead lubricant for
torque and drag reduction
MIL-GLIDE CP
Spherical glass bead lubricant for torque and
drag reduction--avail in fine/coarse
MIL-GLIDE CP FINE
Fine spherical co-polymer drilling bead
MIL-GLIDE FINE
Fine grade spherical glass drilling bead
MIL-GRAPHITE
Natural graphite
MIL-LUBE
Vegetable oil-based boundary and extreme
pressure LU
MILMICA
Muscovite mica
MIL-PAC LV
MIL-PAC LVT
Low-viscosity tech-grade polyanionic
cellulose
MIL-PAC PLUS
Polyanionic cellulose that meets API
specifications
MIL-PAC PLUS LV
Saltwater tolerant low-viscosity polyanionic
cellulose that meets API specifications
MIL-PAC PLUS R
Saltwater tolerant polyanionic cellulose,
regular viscosity
MIL-PAC R
Polyanionic cellulose, regular viscosity
MIL-PAC T
Technical grade polyanionic cellulose, regular
viscosity, API spec
MIL-PAC ULV
Ultra-low viscosity polyanionic cellulose
MIL-PLUG
Ground nut shells
MIL-SEAL
Blended LCM product available in 3
grind sizes
MILSTARCH
Pre-gelatinized starch that meets API spec
MIL-TEMP
Contamination-resistant HPHT rheological
stabilizer for WBM, > 500F
MP-COTE
Wetting agent for the MPRESS system
MP-HOLD
Organoclay suspension agent in the MPRESS
system
MP-LIFT
Rheology modifier for the MPRESS system
MP-LIFT UL
Rheology modifier for the MPRESS system in
select applications
MP-MUL
Emulsifier for the MPRESS system
MP-TROL
Fluid loss control additive for the MPRESS
system
MUDZYME S
Enzymes to degrade starch in filter cakes
MUDZYME X
Enzymes to degrade xanthan gum in
filter cakes
MUL-FREE RS
Non-emulsifying surfactant
NANOSHIELD
Polymer for extreme wellbore stability
NEW-DRILL LV STICKS Low Visocity PHPA polymer in stick form
NEW-DRILL STICKS
PHPA polymer in stick form
NEW-DRILL
Liquid high molecular weight PHPA for
encapsulation and shale control
NEW-DRILL HP
Powdered high molecular weight PHPA for
encapsulation and shale control
NEW-DRILL LV
Low-viscosity, powdered PHPA
NEW-DRILL NY
Cuttings encapsulant approved for use
in Norway
NEW-DRILL PLUS
Concentrated, powdered high MW PHPA
NEW-THIN
Synthetic deflocculant
NEW-TROL
Sodium polyacrylate filtration reducer
NEW-VIS
A polymeric viscosifying agent for freshwater
and brines
NEXT-SEAL
HTHP Filtration/seepage loss control agent
for emulsion drilling fluids
NEXT-COTE
Wetting agent for the NEXT-DRILL system
NEXT-HOLD
Organoclay suspension agent in the NEXTDRILL system
NEXT-LIFT
Rheology modifier for the NEXT-DRILL
system
NEXT-LIFT UL
Rheology modifier for the NEXT-DRILL system in select applications
NEXT-MUL
Primary emulsifier for the NEXT-DRILL
system
NEXT-TROL
Fluid loss control additive for the NEXTDRILL system
NF2
Gas hydrate inhibitor
NOCAL I
Liquid sodium chloride (to 10.0 ppg)
NOCAL II
Liquid sodium chloride/bromide (to 12.8 ppg)
NOCAL IISB
Liquid sodium bromide (to 12.8 ppg)
NOCAL K
Liquid potassium chloride (to 9.7 ppg)
NOXYCOR
Corrosion inhibitor for water based and air/
mist/foam drilling applications
NOXYGEN L
NOXYGEN NA
Liquid oxygen scavenger - sodium bisulfite
NOXYGEN XT
Organic oxygen scavenger
OHR AC
Acid corrosion control for the MICRO-WASH
System
OHR ACE
Acid corrosion control for MICRO-WASH environmentally safe
OMNI-COTE
Wetting agent
MIL-CEDAR FIBER
MIL-CLEAN

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X X X
X X X
LO
FR
X X X
LO
X X X
X X X X SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X P
X X X X SU
X
LO
X X
CO
X
CO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
FR
X X X
FR
X X X
X X X
LU
X X X
X X X
LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
LU
X X X
LU
X X X X LU
LO
X X
LU
RDF
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
LO
FR
FR
FR
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
FR
LO
X X X
LO
X X
FR
X X
TE
FR
TH
SU
X
X
X
X
FR
V
FR
FR
FR
FR
CF
BR
SB
BR
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
SU RDF
HPWB SH
SH WBM
SH WBM
X X
SH
X X
SH
X X
SH
X X
SH
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
SH
X TH
FR
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
FR
X X
FR
LO
TH
SU
X
X
Secondary
BHI
Non-asphaltic/polymeric HPHT FR
FR for HPHT applications
FR for extreme HPHT applications
Organophilic clay V for solids suspension
Seepage-loss control, diff. sticking preventative
Coarse, complexed cellulosic for loss of
circulation
High-lignin cellulosic LCM particularly
for OBM/NAF with less adverse effect on
PV and ES
Clay swelling and hydration suppressant
HPHT FR and rheological stabilizer for fresh
or seawater applications
Clay swelling and hydration suppressant
Economy pipe dope remover
Coarse ground barite to improve hole
cleaning
D for drill-in systems and completion fluids
New HT Starch for PERFFLOW system
Product for drying and solidifing cuttings
Product for drying and solidifing cuttings
Resinous shale stabilizer and HPHT filtration reducer
Glycol for shale control
Emulsifier for invert-emulsion systems
Available Product
from:
tradename
Secondary
CARBO-TROL A-9
CARBO-TROL HT
CARBO-TROL XHT
CARBO-VIS
CHEK-LOSS
Secondary
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
Secondary
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Fluids 2014
CHEK-TROL
CHEMTROL X
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Available Product
from:
tradename
BHI
BHI
Product
Function
Primary
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
FR
X
X
X
X
X
SU
W
W
W
W
X CO
X
X
X
CO
CO
CO
SH
SH
CO
CO
X X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
SU
TH

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
SH
OMNI-VERT
PACK-MUL
PENETREX
PENETREX NS
PENETREX XPR
PERFFLOW CM
PERFFLOW DIF
PERFFLOW LD
PERMA-LOSE HT
PLUG-LIFT
BHI
PLUG-DRILL FR
BHI
BHI
PLUG-DRILL LX
PLUG-DRILL FR HT
BHI
BHI
PLUG-DRILL LUBE
PLUG-GARD
BHI
BHI
POTASSIUM FORMATE
PRIME 200HT
BHI
BHI
BHI
PRIME 759
PRIME 770
PRIME VIS HT
BHI
BHI
BHI
PRIME-100
PROTECTOMAGIC
PROTECTOMAGIC M
BHI
PYRO-TROL
BHI
BHI
BHI
QUICK VIS
QUICK VIS HT
RHEO-CLAY
BHI
BHI
RHEO-CLAY PLUS
RHEO-SWEEP
BHI
SHALE-BOND
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
SHALE-PLEX
SODIUM FORMATE
SOLUFLAKE
SOLUFLAKE D COARSE
BHI
SOLUFLAKE D FINE
BHI
SOLUFLAKE D MEDIUM
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
SOLU-SQUEEZE
SS-10
SULFATROL
SUPER INSULGEL
BHI
BHI
BHI
SUPER-COL
SURF-COTE
TECHNI-CLEAN 4570
BHI
BHI
TECHNI-CLEAN+C2603
4575
TEKPLUG XL
BHI
TEKPLUG XL HD
BHI
BHI
TEQ-LUBE II
TERRA-COAT
BHI
BHI
BHI
TERRA-RATE
THERMO PLUG II
ULTRA SATURATED SALT
DKD FLUID, 16 PPG
220 SALT
ULTRA SATURATED SALT
DKD FLUID, 16 PPG
110 SALT
ULTRA VIS
Liquid HEC V for non-formate brines
UNI-CAL
Highly effective thinner for fresh and salt
systems
UNI-CAL CF
Lignosulfonate with no chrome added
W.O. 21 LE PLUS
Liquid HEC in environmentally friendly base
W.O. 21L
HEC viscosifier for workover fluids
W.O. 21LE
Liquid HEC - environmentally safe
W.O. 21LE PLUS
High-yield liquid HEC for workover fluids
- enviro.
W.O. 30
Sized, ground calcium carbonate (fine,
med, coarse)
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
RDF
LU
LU
E
E
V
FR HPWB
X X
FR
TE HPWB
E
SU
FR
SU
LU
LU
X X
X X
SU
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
LU
RDF
RDF
RDF
FR
X
X
WBC
LU
X X
BHI
BHI
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
TE
SU
TE
FR
FR
V
SH
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
LO
X X X
X
X
Boysenblue
Bri-Chem
Cabot
Cabot
Cabot
Carless
Carless
Carless
Carless
Cebo
Cebo
Cebo
Cebo
Cebo
Cebo
Cebo
Cebo
Cebo
Cebo
Cebo
Cebo
Cebo
Cebo
Cesco
Cesco
CESIUM ACETATE
CESIUM FORMATE
POTASSIUM FORMATE
CLAIRSOL 350M HF
CLAIRSOL 370
CLAIRSOL NS
CLAIRSOL NS-P
CEBO PG 63
CEBOBAR
CEBODOL
CEBOFLAKES
CEBOGEL API
CEBOGEL OCMA
CEBOGEL WYOMING
CEBOMICA
CEBONUTSHELLS
CEBOSALT
CEBOSEAL
CEBOSWDC
CEBOThinner
CEBOBAR UF
CESCO CG
CESCO COUPLER
X
X
X
Cesco
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
CESCO GILSONITE
Jet Base 360
Jet Base 400
Jet Ceramic Beads
Jet Lube 22
Jet Lube 175
Jet Lube 185
Jet Lube 275
Jet Lube 280
Jet Lube EN28
Jet Lube I
Jet Lube II
Jet Lube V
Jet Lube VP
Chemjet
Jet Lube X
Chemjet
Jet Lube XL
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
Black Earth
Boysenblue
Boysenblue
Boysenblue
Boysenblue
TE
WBC HTHP
WBC
WBC
X X X
Boysenblue
Boysenblue
LU
BHI
BHI
BHI
LU
W.O. 30 SUPERCOARSE Calcium carbonate

W.O. DEFOAM
Alcohol-based compound for defoaming
water-based fluids
W-313
Polymer additive to PERFFLOW system
WELL WASH 100
Displacement surfactant to remove waterbased fluids
WELL WASH 120
Displacement surfactant to remove waterbased fluids
WELL WASH 2000
Surfactant blend to remove oil-based and
synthetic-based fluids
WELL WASH 2020
Dispacement surfactant for oil and syntheticbased fluids
WIN-LUBE
Lubricant for brine drilling fluids
XAN-PLEX
Xanthan gum polymer meeting API-spec
for viscosity
XAN-PLEX C
Clarified xanthan gum polymer
XAN-PLEX D
Xanthan gum polymer with dispersant meeting API-spec for viscosity
XAN-PLEX L
Liquid xanthan gum polymer for fast mixing
XCD POLYMER
Dry xanthan biopolymer
X-CIDE 102
Glutaraldehyde bactericide
X-CIDE 102
Biocide
X-CIDE 105
Glutaraldehyde bactericide concentrate
X-CIDE 207
Isothiazolone-based biocide-powder
XL STABILIZER
Drill-in/Completion fluid buffer
X-LINK
Cross-link polymer system
BLACKEARTH HUMALITEWeathered sub-bituminous coal, similar to
leonardite or weathered lignite
BLEN-CARB
Calcium carbonate
BLEN-FYBER
High-strength micronized cellulose fiber to
prevent/cure seepage loss
BLEN-NO FOAM
Defoamer
BLEN-PLEX
Multivalent ion, polymer crosslinking agent
BLEN-PLUG
Mixed coarse cellulose fibers
BLEN-SEAL
Preabsorbed, high-strength micronized cellulose fibers with low-toxicity lubricnat
BLEN-SQUEEZE
Cellulose LCM w/crosslinkable polymer
BORESEAL
Mineral fiber blended with pore blocking
material
FRAC-PAK
High-solids, high fluid-loss LCM
HYDRASWELL
After spotted, material swells to seal fractures and voids
MEGA-SLIDE
Glass beads specifically for use in slide and
horizontal drilling (1420 mesh)
SPUD-SEAL
Selected size cellulose fibers blended with
non-damaging water-soluble polymers
SUPER-SLIDE "F"
Spherical glass beads (170325 mesh) to
reduce torque and drag
SUPER-SLIDE "M"
Spherical glass beads (2040 mesh) to
reduce torque and drag
WALL-GUARD
Water-soluble additives
BHI
D
HTHP HPHT
WBC
SH LU
SH
LU
FR
TE
V
V
FR
FR
Boysenblue
Boysenblue
Boysenblue
Boysenblue
Boysenblue
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X X
X X
X
X X X
X X X
LO WBM
X X X
LO WBM
X X X
LO WBM
X X X
X X X
X
X
LO
CO
SH
X X
SH
HTHP
X
X
X
X
X
LU
HS
TE
V
TH
FR
X X
WBC SU
X X
WBC SU
X X X
LO
X X X
LO
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X
X
LU
RDF
SH
LO
SU
LO
LU
V
FR
X
X
X X
SB
HPWB SH SB
W TE SB
LO MLCM
X X X
Boysenblue
Boysenblue
Boysenblue
WBC
CF
TH
FR
CF
X
X
TH
V
CF
CF
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
CF
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X X X
X X X
RDF
LO
Description
of material

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
HPHT well suspension brine to 19.3 ppg

Drill-in and completion brine to 19.3 ppg
Drill-in and completion brine to 13.1 ppg
Low-toxicity oil-based (low viscosity)
< 1% aromatic oil-based
Very Low-toxicity oil-based
Ultra low aromatic oil-based
Hematite
Barite
Dolomite
Calcium carbonate flakes
European bentonite
European bentonite
Wyoming bentonite
Mica
Nutshells
Salt
Sealant
Saltwater drilling clay
Calcium lignosulfonate
Barite, ultra fine
Pre-treated gilsonite
Surfactant wetting agent for gilsonite and
asphalts
Natural safe SH
Highly-Refined Drilling Fluid Base Oil
Olefin-Ester -0- BTEX Synthetic Base Fluid
Secondary
BHI
BHI
BHI
Synthetic based drill-in fluid

EP LU for emulsion systems
Lubricant for invert emulsion drilling fluids
Non-ionic E and secondary wetting agent
Emulsifer for synthetic drilling fluids
High-performance, anionic, synthetic polymer
Anionic E
Temp-stable, organophilic lignite used for
filtration control
Supplemental emulsifier
Wetting agent for OMNI-PACK system
ROP enhancer and anti-bit balling/accretion additive
ROP enhancerdesigned for North Sea
applications
ROP enhancer formulated for offshore use
Drill-in fluidcustomized bridging
Drill-in fluid
Low Density Drill-in Fluid
Non-fermenting API-spec starch for FR
Multi-stage composite frac plug drill-out
system
Plug Drill-Out System (Plug Lift) Friction
Reducing Additive
Plug Drill-Out System (Plug Lift) Viscosifier
Plug Drill-Out System (Plug Lift) Friction
Reducing Additive for high temps
Plug Drill-Out System (PLUG Lift) Lubricant
Plug Drill-Out Sytem (Plug Lift) H2S
Scavenger
Liquid or dry potassium formate (to 13.3 ppg)
Wellbore cleaning product for high temperature displacements
Wellbore spacer additive
Wellbore spacer additive
Viscosifier for high temperature displacements
Wellbore clean-up additive
Oil-soluble, air-blown asphalt used w/oil
Water-dispersible, air-blown asphalt for shale
stability and lubrication
FR and lubricant in HPHT water-based
applications
Liquid HEC V for non-formate brines
Viscosifier for completion fluids
Fast yielding organophilic clay for the RHEOLOGIC system
Temperature-stable organophilic clay
Viscosifier for use in invert emulsion hi-vis
sweeps
Water-dispersible, naturally-occurring
asphalt
Aluminum complex for shale stability
Liquid or dry sodium formate (to 11.0 ppg)
Flaked calcium carbonate
Graded flaked calcium carbonate for control
of lost circulation
of lost circulation
of lost circulation
Acid-soluble, high fluid loss squeeze
H2S remover/stabilizer
Sulfonated asphaltic material
Thermal insulating packer fluid (blend of
fluids and additives)
Extra-High-yield bentonite
Wetting agent
Temp. fluid-loss control agent for completion fluids
Temp. fluid-loss control agent for high density completion fluids
Water-soluble LU
Deformable sealing polymer for shale stability in the TERRA-MAX system
ROP enhancer for the TERRA-MAX system
Temp. fluid-loss control agent
Available Product
from:
tradename
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
OMNIFLOW DIF
OMNI-LUBE
OMNI-LUBE V2
OMNI-MUL
OMNI-MUL 2
OMNI-PLEX
OMNI-TEC
OMNI-TROL
Secondary
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
Secondary
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Available Product
from:
tradename
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
BHI
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Fluids 2014
BHI
Product
Function
Secondary
Recommended for
these systems
Primary
World Oils
X X
RDF
WBC SU
X X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
RDF
X X X
RDF
X X X
RDF
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V RDF
WBC V
X B
B
X B
TH
X B
A
FR
X X
LO MLCM
X X X
LU
TE
X X X
X X
LO
X X X
X X
LO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X X
D
LO
LO
X X X
X X
LO
X X X
LO
LU
X X X
X X X
LO
X X X
X X X
LO
X X X
X X X
LU
X X X
LO
X X X
X X
LU
X X X
X X
LU
LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
WBC
WBC SU
WBC
LU
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P
FR
SH
V
HPHT
HPHT
FR
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
CF HPHT
CF RDF
CF RDF
LU
LU
LU
LU
W
W
W
LO
X V
FR
X V
FR
X V
FR
LO
LO
SH
LO
FR
V
LU
TH
FR
W
X
SH LU
SU
X
X
X
SH
SH LU
SB HPHT
SB HPHT
Ester Lube for Brine Water

Ester Lube for Fresh Water
ROP Rate of Penetration Enhancer
Drilling Lubricant for Water Based Fluids
Drilling Lubricant for Water Based Fluids
(higher temp)
Horizontal Drilling Lubricant for "Bakken" Brines
Extreme Condition Horizontal Drilling Lubricant for "Bakken" Brines
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
Chemjet
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
LU
SH
SH
X X X
X X X
X CO
X X
X X
E
E
SU
SU
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
X
FR
X
FR
X
X V
X
X V
X
A
X X X
P
X
A
FR
V
V
FR
X X X
SH
LU
CO
CO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X X
X X X
LU
CA
A
X
X
X
SU
SB
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X X X
SH
V
SH
V
X X
LO LCM
X X X X SH LU
X
FR
V
LU
LU
FL
X
X
SH
SH
Description
of material
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
ChemSol
Chemstar
Chemstar
Chemstar
Chemstar
Chemstar
Chemstar
Chemstar
Chemstar
Chemstar
Chemstar
Chemstar
PAC SOL R
PAC SOL THV
PAC SOL TLV
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
SAPP
SHELL-FILL
SHELL-FILL W
SODIUM THIOCYANATE
SOLPHALT
SOLPHALT L
STARSOL CM
STARSOL M
STARSOL UN
THIN - SOL CFLS
THIN - SOL CLS
THIN - SOL FCLS
UCARCIDE
DRILSTAR HT
DRILSTAR P
DRILSTAR Y
EXSTAR
EXSTAR HT
GLUCODRIL-IN
STARLOSE
STARLOSE C-100
STARLOSE P-100
STARPAK
STARPAK DP
Chemstar
STARPAK EXTREME
Chemstar
Cinicola
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
STARPAK II
ULTRAGEL 7C 90
ANTIMUSSOL FN
ANTIMUSSOL TIP
ANTIMUSSOL TW
CORRTREAT 2807
DISPERSOGEN 4362
DISPERSOGEN R5
DISSOLVAN 3252
DISSOLVAN 4411
DODIGEN 5594
DODIGEN 5594
DODILUBE 4861
DODILUBE 4940
ECOTREAT 9397
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
Clariant
GENAPOL LRO
GENAPOL PF 10
HORDAPHOS MDAH
HORDAPHOS MDIT
HOSTADRILL 4706
HOSTADRILL 5448
HOSTAMER 4707
HOSTAPUR OS
HOSTAPUR OSB
HOSTMER 5487
Clariant
Clariant
Coatex
Coatex
Coatex
Coatex
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
SURFTREAT 9167
SURFTREAT 9173
COATEX FP 100
COATEX FP 101
COATEX FP 30 S
COATEX FP 31 S
KLAY CL-II
PRODUCT 2003
PRODUCT 2008
PRODUCT 2016
PRODUCT 2047
PRODUCT 2069
PRODUCT 2077
PRODUCT 2078
PRODUCT 239
PRODUCT 269
PRODUCT 300
PRODUCT 47
PRODUCT 5014
PRODUCT 6016
PRODUCT 6050
PRODUCT 6055
PRODUCT 6064
PRODUCT 6099
PRODUCT 6172
PRODUCT 6178
PRODUCT 63
PRODUCT 7012
PRODUCT 71
SPECIAL PLUG
High-viscosity premium PAC

High-viscosity tech grade PAC
Low-viscosity tech grade PAC
Shale stability/control
Sodium acid pyrophosphate
Fine, medium, coarse, ground pecan
Fine, medium, coarse, ground walnut
Corrosion inhibitor
75% min. soluable sulfonated asphalt
30% liquid solfonated asphalt
Modified yellow starch, fluid loss reducer
Natural yellow starch, fluid loss reducer
Ferro chrome lignosulfonate
Biocide
Pre-gel white starch
Pre-gel white potato starch
Pre-gel starch
High TE starch for brine-based fluids
V and fluid-loss control in brine, silicates
Non-ionic starch ether
Non-fermenting pre-gel starch
Polyionic starch ether
Hydroxyalkylated, complexed, polyionic
starch ether
Hydroxyalkylated, complexed, polyionic
starch ether for high temp.
Complexed, polyionic starch ether
Bentonite OCMA/API specs
Anti-foam - PPG-based
Defoamer - Phosphate ester
Anti-foam - biodegradable
Acid corrosion inhibitor
Dispersant/anti sludge agent
PNS type dispersant in powder form
Non-emulsifier
Non-emulsifier
Corrosion inhibitor - water-soluble
Brine corrosion inhibitor
Lubricant - fatty acid derivative
Lubricant - fatty acid derivative
Environmentally friendly OBM single
emulsifier
Foamer - Sodium laureth sulphate
Eo/po block polymer
Lubricant - phosphoric acid derivative
Lubricant - phosphoric acid derivative
Synthetic HPHT fluid loss additive
HPHT fluid loss additive
Fluid loss additive
Foamer - biodegradable liquid
Foamer - biodegradable flake
Liquid fluid loss additive and gas migration control
OBM Inverse emulsifier
Glycol blend shale inhibitor
Acrylic polymer, high temp. dispersant
High temp. dispersant for high-density muds
High temp. TH for high-density muds
High temp. TH for high-density muds
Temporary clay stabilizer
Packer fluid CO
Solid-tolerant oxygen inhibitor
Low-end rheology modifier
Water-dispersible CO
H2S scavenger
CO for high O2 environment
Atmospheric filming CO
Clay stabilizer for shale control
Foaming agent
Corrosion inhibitor
Foaming agent / resists contamination
Iron-control sequestering agent
Primary oil mud E
Oil mud primary emulsifier
Concentrated pipe-freeing material
Drilling fluid lubricant
Drilling mud surfactant
Oil mud primary/ secondary emulsifier
Temporary clay stabilizer
Corrosion inhibitor
Concentrated Defoamer
Oxygen scavenger
Fluid loss additive

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
FR
V
FR
V
FR
V
W SH
TH
LO MLCM
LO MLCM
CO
SH FR
SH FR
E
FR SH
E
FR SH
E
FR SH
TH FR
E
TH FR
V
TH FR
E
B
V
FR SH
FR SH
FR SH
E
TE FR
E
V
FR
E
V
V
FR SH SH
FR SH SH
FR SH SH
FR SH FL
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
FR
X X X
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
V
D
D
D
X CO
X FO
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
RDF
HPHT HPWB
D
D
X FO
X
X
X
X
X
Secondary
Secondary
Available Product
from:
tradename
Secondary
Secondary
Pipe on Pipe & Drilling Lubricant/Ester-Based

for WBM/OBM/SBM
Jet Lube G-EP (I, II, & III) Effective and Economical Fresh Water
Lubricant
Jet Slide 250
Pipe on Pipe, Multi-Phase Beaded Lubricant
for Coiled-Tubing
Jet Slide 750
Pipe on Pipe, Multi-Phase Beaded Lubricant
Jet Black
Shale Stabilizer/Lubricant for Water Based
Drilling Fluids
Jet Hib 5000
Hydrogen Sulfide Scavenger
Jet Hib 5049
Hydrogen Sulfide Scavenger
Jet Hib 5426
Corrosion Inhibitor
Jet Hib 5434
Jet Hib 5560
Medium to High Temp Acid Corrosion
inhibitor
Jet Hib 5431
Corrosion Inhibitor
Jet Mod Gel
Yield Point Elevating Gellant for Invert Emulsion Muds
Jet Mod LE-TA
Low End Rheology Modifier
Jet Mul 101
Primary Emulsifier for OBM
Jet Mul 102
Secondary Emulsifier for OBM
Jet Mul 111
Primary Emulsifier for SBM
Jet Mul 112
Secondary Emulsifier for SBM
Jet One Mul
All-in-One Emulsifier
Jet Floc 20-A
Environmentally Friendly Water-Base Additive
for Drill-In & Completion Fluids
Jet Floc 1980
Anionic Flocculant
Jet Floc Plus
Anionic Organic Flocculant
Jet Floc Dry
Anionic Organic Flocculant
Jet Floc Pro
Cross-Linked High Molecular Weight Cationic
Flocculant
Jet Organo Clay 300
Drilling Fluid Viscosifier for OBM
Jet Organo Clay 400
Drilling Fluid Viscosifier for SBM
Jet Trol Plus
Sulphonated Asphalt
Jet Black
Shale Stabilizer/Lubricant for Water Based
Drilling Fluids
Jet Wet 104
Wetting Agent for OBM
Jet Wet 114
Wetting Agent for SBM
Jet Thin
Thinner for Oil-Based Drilling Fluids
Jet Syn Thin
Thinner for Synthetic-Based Drilling Fluids
Jet Defoam Si
Premium Silicone Defoamer
Jet Nofoam
Premium Glycol Defoamer
Jet Nofoam A
Premium Alcohol Defoamer
Gilsocol GP
General Purpose gilsonite
Gilsocol DG
Dispersable Grade gilsonite
Super G
Extreme High Temperature gilsonite
Jet Cide 250
Gluteraldehyde-Based Organic Micro-Biocide
Jet Graphite F
Fine Amorphous Graphite
Jet Graphite M
Medium Amorphous Graphite
Jet Graphite C
Coarse Amorphous Graphite
Jet Kleen 550
Environmentally Friendly Well-Bore Cleaner
Jet Kleen 500
Rig Wash
Jet Kleen Spot
Water-Disbersible Pipe-Freeing Agent
Jet Spot
Spotting Fluid
Jet Hib 5432
Water-Soluble Oxygen Scavenger
Jet Max Concentrate KCL Substitute / Clay Stabilizer
Jet EB HT
Hi-Temp Encapsulated Breaker
Jet EB LT
Low-Temp Encapsulated Breaker
Jet Bor 11
Crosslinker / Buffer
Jet Bor 13K
Borate Crosslinker for Fracturing
Jet Buf II
pH Control Agent
Jet Drill MD
Drillling Mud Detergent
Jet Foam 35
Drilling Foamer
Jet FR 8012
Rapid Hydration Anionic Polymer
Jet Drill Beads (F&C) Polymerized Round Spheres
Jet Dym 40
Trimer Acid
Jet Dym 90
Dimer Acid
Jet Xan L
Liquid Xanthan Gum
Jet Gel 4.0
Liquid Guar Slurry
CARBOXSOL HV
High-viscosity carboxymethyl cellulose
CARBOXSOL LV
Low-viscosity carboxymethyl cellulose
CHEM SPA
Sodium polyacrylate fluid loss reducer
CHEM ZAN D
Dispersible xanthan gum
CHEM ZAN D PLUS
High purity dispersible xanthan gum
CHEMSOL CAUSTIC
Caustic soda beads, alkalinity control
CHEMSOL DRILL BEADS Polymer, ceramic, glass, drilling beads
CHEMSOL KOH
KOH, alkalinity control, potassium ion source
CHEMSOL PPG
Non-toxic glycol-based shale inhibitor and
lubricant
CHEMSOL-AS
Aluminum stearate defoamer
CHEMSOL-BICARB
Bactericide, calcium reducer, alkalinity
control
CHEMSOL-CITRIC ACID Alkalinity control, polymer stabilizer
CHEMSOL-EDTA
Chelating agent for scale removal and
stimulation
CHEMSOL-NA4
Chelating agent for scale removal and
stimulation
DYNADRILL AN
Dry PHPA
DYNADRILL L
30% liquid PHPA
FINE SEAL
Fibrous nutshell fines for seepage control
GLYSOL LUBRICANT
Enviro-safe lubricant, glycerin-based
PAC SOL LV
Low-viscosity premium PAC
Primary
Jet Lube XPG
Chemjet
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Chemjet
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Fluids 2014
Available Product
from:
tradename
Product
Function
Primary
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
X
X
X
SU
TH FR
TH FR
TH HPHT
TH HPHT
SH
CO
CO
E
CO
CO
SU CO
CO SU
CO SU
SH
FO
E
CO
FO SU
SU CO
E
E
P
LU SU
SU
E
SH
CO
D
TE
FR

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
CorsiTech
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Croda
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
Fluid loss additive

Green low temperture acid inhibitor
Green high temperture acid inhibitor
Environmental friendly lubricant
Drilling mud lubricant
high performance non-emulsifier
environmental friendly clay stabilizer
high performance flowback aid
Friction Reducer
Scale Inhibitor
Dispersant for metal oxides, hydroxides and
carbonates
HYPERMER A-70
E for oil-based muds
HYPERMER B-246
E for oil-based muds
HYPERMER LP6
Dispersant for organics and polymers
MONA NF-10
Non-foaming alkaline cleaner
MONACOR 4000
water-soluble CO
MONACOR BE
Non-foaming water-soluble CO
MONACOR TEH
Oil soluble CO
MONALUBE 205
Lubricant
MONALUBE 215
Lubricant
MONAMID 716
Foam stabilizer
MONAMID CMA
Foamer
MONAWET MO-70
Wetting agent
MONAWET SNO-35
Salt tolerant wetting agent
MONAZOLINE CY
CO intermediate
PRIFER 6813
Environmentally friendly solvent (d-limonene
replacement)
PRIOLUBE 3986
Extreme pressure CO enhancer
SPAN 80
Oil spill dispersants
SYNPERONIC A11
Wetting agent
SYNPERONIC LF/RA 280 Low foam wetting agent
SYNPERONIC LF/RA 310 High temp. low foam wetting agent
SYNPERONIC NCA 850 Environmentally friendly low foaming wetting agent
TWEEN 80
TWEEN 85
ZEPHRYM PD 2206
Nonionic dispersant for oil-based muds
ZEPHRYM PD 7000
Cationic dispersant for water-based systems
ZEPHRYM SD 1121
Anionic dispersant for water-based systems
BIO 3
High molecular filming amine
BIO SOLV
Non-terpene displacement and pipe pickling
solvent
BLUE MAX
Surfactant surface cleaner
BP 101
Wellbore displacement solvent
BP 24
Silcone D
BP 4620
Mixture of non-ionic surfactants and solvents
BP 9125
Mixture of non-ionic surfactants
BP 9140
BP 9755
BP 9846
Mixture of solvents
BP PREFLUSH
Sulfonated copolymer
BP SPACER MIX
A mixture of dispersant and polymer
CEMENT RETARDER
Sodium Lignosulfonate
CFL 500 L
Cement fluid loss agent
DSC 300
Hetercyclic filming amine
DSC BF30
Thiocarbonate bactericide
DSC CIDE
Organic sulfur antimicrobial agent
DSC H.T. 450
CO to 450F
DSC INSOL
Asphaltic inhibitor and dispersant
DSC OS-50
Sulfite-based oxygen scavenger
DSC VIS
Non-ionic pure hydroxyethyl cellulose
GOLD CLEAN
Solvent/surfactant surface cleaner
GOLD FLUSH
Pipe pickling solvent and cleaner for
greases, oils
GOLD FLUSH CM
Solvent cake remover, cleaner for Cement
Spacer
GOLD FLUSH II
Wellbore displacement solvent
GOLD FLUSH II UK
OCNS E-rated solvent
GOLD FLUSH R
Solvent for riser cleaning
GOLD FLUSH SA
Solvent for open hole displacements and
perf. cleanup
GOLD FLUSH SB
Wellbore displacement additive
GOLD SURF
Water wetting surfactant
GOLD SURF 11-W
OCNS E-rated surfactant
GOLD SURF C
Non-ionic surfactant for Cement Spacer
GOLD SURF II
Wellbore displacement surfactant, cleaner
GOLD SURF S
Non-ionic surfactant for open hole displacements
GOLD VIS
Gelling agent for all GOLD FLUSH solvents
HEC LINEAR GEL E
OCNS E-rated liquid HEC
HYDRO MAG
pH buffer for fresh and brine waters
KO 1200
Water-soluble zinc chelate for H2S
LIQUID GUAR E
Liquid V using unmodified guar
LIQUID XA-E POLYMER Liquid polymer
PINK POWER
SI 120
Prevents deposition of alkaline earth
metal scales

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X SU
X X
SU
D
X X
SU
X X
SU
X X
SU
X X
SU
X X
SU
TH
TH
TH
FR
CO
B
B
CO
SU
CO
V
X X
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
SU
X X X
X X
SU
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
SU
SU
SU
X X X
X X X
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SU
SU
SU
SU
SU
X X X
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
A biodegradable lubricants
A blend of biodegradable lubricants
A blend of natural fibers
Organically modified clays
Polyanionic cellulose polymer
Selectively sixed pecan shells
Water-soluble copolymer
X
X
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
FR
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X X X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
V
V
A
SU
V
V
SU
SU
SU
FR
Drill. Spec.
FR
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
SPACER VIS
SUNCO FIBER S
SUNCO GRAPHITE
SUNCO GRAPHITE
COARSE FLAKE
SUNCO LIGNITE
SUNCO LINGO
SUNCO LINGO CF
SUNCO LIQUID
GRAPHITE
SUNCO LUBE
SUNCO LUBE 100
SUNCO OBM-LCM
SUNCO ORGANOCLAY
SUNCO PAC
SUNCO PECAN SHELLS
SUNCO POLYACRYLATE
THINNER
SUNCO POMA SEAL
SUNCO PRESERVED
STARCH
SUNCO SEAL
SUNCO SHIELD
SUNCO SI
SUNCO SPOT (DRY)
SACK FISHING TOOL
TYPE
SUNCO SPOT (LIQUID)
SUNCO SQUEEZE
SUNCO SULPHONATED
ASPHALT
SUNCO SULPHONATED
ASPHALT (LIQUID)
SUNCO TAN THIN
SUNCO TAN THIN CF
SUNCO UNTREATED
GILSONITE
SUNCO VARISEAL
SUNCO WALNUT SHELL
SUNCO WHITE STARCH
SUNCO XANTHAN GUM
SUNCO XANTHAN GUM
(TECH GRADE)
SUNCO YELLOW
STARCH
SUPER HOT STUFF
WD-24
WELL WASH I
X X X
X X X
V
LO
LO
X X X
X X X
LO
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
FR HPHT
TH FR
TH FR
X X X
LU
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
LU
LU
LO
V
V
LO
A blend of plant fibers and carbon

Potato starch
X X X
X X X
LO
FR
A selectively sized carbonaceous material

Polyols blend of surfactants
Liquid gilsonite
A blend of emulsifiers
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
P
LO
X X X
SH
FR
X X X
SH
FR
Chrome-activated tannin
Chrome-free tannin
Naturally hydrocarbon resin
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TH
TH
A blend of lost circulation additives

Lost circulation additive
A gelatinized corn starch
A Biopolymer
A Biopolymer
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
SU
X X X
X X X
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Oil-based fluid
Diatomaceous earth-based fiber
Sulphonated asphalt
Aqueous sulphonated asphalt
A gelainized corn starch

Silcone D
Surfactant and mixed alcohol, water-based
dispacement
WELL WASH II
Surfactant and solvent for wellbore displacement
ALKATERGE
Cationic surfactant
ANTISOL FL 30,000
High-viscosity polyanionic cellulose
CARBITOL
Glycol ether solvents
CARBOWAX PEG-400 Polyethylene glycol
CARBOWAX PEG-600 Polyethylene glycol
CELLOSIZE HEC-10
Hydroxyethyl cellulose
CELLOSIZE HEC-10HV Hydroxyethyl cellulose
CELLOSIZE HEC-25
CELLOSIZE HEC-25HV Hydroxyethyl cellulose
CELLOSOLVE
DOWANOL
DOWFAX
Anionic surfactants
EMBARK RHEOLOGY
Biopolymer
MODIFIER 160
TERGITOL
TRITON
Anionic surfactants
TRITON
UCON FLUIDS
Polyglycols
CLARIZAN
Clarified xanthan gum biopolymer
DSCO DEFOAM
Liquid defoamer
DESCO CF DEFLOCOrganic mud thinner
CULANT
DESCO CF DEFLOCOrganic mud thinner
CULANT II
DESCO DEFLOCCULANT Organic mud thinner
DIASEAL M LCM
Blended high-solids squeeze materials
DRILL PAC HV
Purified polyanionic cellulose
DRILL PAC LV
Purified polyanionic cellulose
DRILL-THIN THINNER Chrome-free tannin mud conditioner
DRILLZAN D BIOXanthan gum biopolymer
POLYMER
DRISCAL D POLYMER Synthetic polymer for HPHT filtrate control
DRISPAC LIQUID
Liquid polyanionic cellulose
POLYMER
DRISPAC PLUS REG
Polyanionic cellulose polymer self dispersing
POLYMER
DRISPAC PLUS
Polyanionic cellulose polymer self dispersing
SUPERLO POLYMER
DRISPAC REGULAR
Polyanionic regular viscosity polymer
DRISPAC SUPERLO
Polyanionic low viscosity cellulose polymer
DRISTEMP POLYMER Synthetic polymer LV for HPHT control
DYNARED FIBER
Seepage loss additve and loss circulation
COARSE
additive
DYNARED FIBER FINE Seepage loss additve and loss circulation
additive

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X X
X X
X
X
X X
FR
X X X
X X X
X
LO
LO
FR
V
V
FR
X X
SU
D
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
LU
V
LU
LU SH
HPHT SH HPHT
X
X
Secondary
X
X
X
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Secondary
Secondary
CO
CO
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Deep South
Deep South
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
SU
TH
SU
SU
TH
TH
TH
CO
X
X
X
X X
An amine treated lignite

A ferro-chrome activated lignosulphonate
A chrome free lignosulphonate powder
Aqueous dispersion of graphite
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
X X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
CO
SU
SU
SU
SU
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Deep South
X
X
Polymer
A blend of three fibers
A amporphous graphite
A amporphous graphite
SU
X
X
X
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
Deep South
X X
X X
X X
X
X
FR
CO
CO
LU
LU
SU
SU
X SH
X SU
X E
X
X
Description
of material
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Available Product
from:
tradename
E
E
TH
SU
CO
CO
CO
LU
LU
SU
SU
SU
SU
CO
X
X
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Description
of material
SPECIAL SEAL
X-Corr LT
X-Corr HT
Torq Free EF
Torq Free HD
X-Mul AP
X-Mul HD
Klay Safe CC
Product 1203
Product 6191
Flo Free SW
Product 8086
ALTOX LP1
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Fluids 2014
Available Product
from:
tradename
Product
Function
Secondary
Recommended for
these systems
Primary
World Oils
HPHT
TE
SH
E
V
WBC
WBC
WBC
V
V
V
V
WBC
WBC
X SU
L
FR
TH
TH
TH
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
TH
TH
FO
X X
CF
CF
CF
CF
E
V
E
RDF
CF
X X X X SU
X SU
X X X X SU
LU
X
X V
X
D
E
FO
E
SH
FR
FR
LU
FR
FR
CF
SH
X X X
TH
TE
SH
X X X
TH
TE
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TH
X X X
MLCM
X
X FR
X
X FR
X
TH
TE
LO
V
FR
TE
FR
X X X
FR
SH
X X X
X HPHT FR
SH
X X X
X FR
SH
X X X
X FR
SH
X X X
X FR
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X FR
V
X FR SH
X HPHP FR
X X X
X X X X LO
FR
X X X
X X X X LO
FR
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drill. Spec.
Drillchem
Drillchem
Drillchem
Drillchem
Drillchem
Drillchem
Drillchem
Drillchem
Drillchem
Drillsafe
Drillsafe
Drillsafe
Drillsafe
Drillsafe
Drillsafe
Drillsafe
Drillsafe
DSC
DSC
DSC
DSC
DSC
DSC
DSC
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
X X X
X X X X LO
FR
LU
X X X
X X X X LO
FR
LU
X X X LO
FR
SH
FR
LU
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
V
V
FR
FR
WBC
WBC
X X X
X FR
CF
Liquid xanthan gum biopolymer

Liquid Synthetic polymer for friction
reduction
Pure HEC in non-setting Liquid suspension
Synthetic water-soluble copolymer
Pure HEC in non-setting Liquid suspension
X X X
FR
WBC
X X X
X LU
FR
CF
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X V
X V
X LU
X V
X HTHP
X V
FR CF
FR CF
FR WBC
FR HPHT
FR SH
FR
X X X
X LU
FR
TE
Sulfonated residum
Sulfonated residum
X X X
X X X X SH
FR
LU
X X X
X X X X SH
FR
LU
X X X
X X X X LO
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X X X LO
X X X
X X X X LO
X X X
X X X
LO MLCM
X X X
X X X
LO
LO
X X X
X X X
LO
LO
X X
FR
LU
LU
SH
SH
SH
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
FR
SH
X X X
X X X X MLCM LO
FR
X X X
X X X X LO
SH
X X X
X X X X LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X LU
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
FL
FL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LU SH
LO FR
LO FR
B
B
CO
D
SU
FR
V
LU TH
FR
V
FR
V
V
SH
LU
P
SH
LO MLCM
SH FR
TH TE
V
SH
SH
X
SU
X
TH
X
SU
X
X D
X
FR
X X X
FR
X
FR
X X X
LO
X X
V
X X X
SU
X FO
P
X
SH
X
SH
X
SH
X
FR
X X
V
X X
E
X
FR
X
SH
X
V
X
FR
X
FR
X
V
SH
SH
SU
SH
FL
SH
FR
SH
SH
LU
A
BR
CF
A
LU
LU
LU
TH
SH
FR
FR
SH
V
FR
V
V
FL
FL
Description
of material
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Ecofluids
Elementis
Elementis
Elementis
Elementis
Elementis
Elementis
Elementis
Elementis
Elementis
Elementis
Elementis
Elementis
Elementis
ECOSFT
ECOSPERSE
ECOSTARCH
ECOSTARCH W
ECOSTARCH-HT
ECOSTARCH-M
ECOSTARCH-P
ECOSULFONATE
ECOTEX
ECOTHIN-E
ECO-VIS-HT
ECOWET
EF-100N
GUMBOTROL
K-SUB
MUD-SAVE F
MUD-SAVE M
MUD-SAVE SF
PAC-LV
PAC-R
STRATA DRILL
STRATA DRILL CF
STRATABEADS
STRATALUBE
STRATASEAL
SUPERALL
VULCATROL
BENTONE 128
BENTONE 150
BENTONE 155
BENTONE 160
BENTONE 34
BENTONE 38
BENTONE 42
BENTONE 905
BENTONE 910
BENTONE 920
BENTONE 990
BENTONE CT
THIXATROL D45
Elementis
Elementis
THIXATROL DW
THIXATROL DW50
Elementis
THIXATROL DW100
Elkem
ESM D2
Elkem
Elkem
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
MICRODENSE
MICROMAX
BIOPOLY-E
BIOPOLY-K
BLACK SHALE
BRINE VIS
EMEC BAR
EMEC Bridge
EMEC BUF
EMEC BU Latex
EMEC CARB
EMEC CIDE-L
EMEC CIDE-P
EMEC CMC-HV
EMEC CMC-LV
EMEC COAT-B
EMEC COAT-D
EMEC CON
EMEC DETERGENT
EMEC DISPERSANT
EMEC ECOSAFE-E
EMEC ECOSAFE-O
EMEC FLC (HT)
EMEC GEL
EMEC LIG
EMEC LUBE
EMEC MIL
EMEC MUL
EMEC MUL NT
EMEC NO FOAM
EMEC PAC-R
EMEC PAC-SL
EMEC RESIN
EMEC SEAL
EMEC SOAK O
EMEC SOAK W
EMEC SPOT
EMEC SURF
EMEC TEX
EMEC TEX-A
Spotting additive
Oil mud thinner
Pre-gelatinized starch high temp.
Pre-gelatinized starch medium temp.
High temp. thinner
Sulfonated asphalt
High temp. thinner
HPHT viscosifying polymer
Glycerol inhibitor
Gumbo inhibitor
KCL substitute/inhibitor
Thermoset rubber LCM (10100 mesh)
Thermoset rubber LCM (620 mesh)
Thermoset rubber seepage loss additive
Filtrate reducer
Filtrate reducer
Amine-based clay inhibitor
Organic salt-based clay inhibitor
Glass beads mechanic lubricant
Glycol-based high performance lubricant
Specialty LCM
OB cutting treatment agent
HPHT filtration control polymer
Easy-dispersing organo-bentonite
Rapid, high-yielding organo-bentonite
High-yielding mud plant organo-bentonite
Vegetable oil-based fluid
Organo-bentonite
Organo-hectorite high temp.
Organo-hectorite ultra high temp.
Economy organo-bentonite
Economy organo-bentonite
Economy, easy-dispersing organo-bentonite
Amino-attapulgite suspending agent
Specialty hectorite
Polymeric flat RA for land LSRR and ECD
control
Polymeric deep water
Polymeric flat RA for deep water and
ECD control
Biodegradable (OECD 306 - 43%) polymeric
flat rheology modifier for deep water and
ECD control
Deflocculant/stabiliser especially for
HPHT app's
Microfine weighting material
Ultrafine weighting material
Xanthan biopolymer
Xanthan biopolymer
Sized gilsonite, glycol, surfactant blend
Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
Barium Sulfate (API specs)
Resin-based bridging material
pH buffer for solids water-based muds
Styrene Butadiene Latex
Calcium Carbonate; acid soluble
Liquid biocide, preservative
Powder biocide, preservative
Pure grade high viscosity polymer
Pure grade low-viscosity polymer
Amine-based corrosion inhibitor
Sulphurized Tall Oil
Surfactant rig wash dispersant
Ester-based alternative for mineral oil
Olefin-based alternative for mineral oil
Modified anionic polymer
OCMA Bentonite
Causticized lignite
Lubricant for water-based fluids
MMH viscosifier
Primary emulsifier
Low toxicity primary emulsifier
Polyanionic cellulose; high viscosity
Polyanionic cellulose; low viscosity
Hi-Temp synthetic resin
Granular flakes and fibrous material (F,M,C)
Solvent and surfactant wash
Soaking agent for removing filter cake
Alcohol-based pipe freeing agent
Blend of SU for enhanced ROP
Modified asphalt, gilsonite and lignite
Sulfonated asphaltite

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X X X
P
TH
V
V
V
V
V
TH
FR
TH
V
E
SH
SH
CF
LO
LO
LO
FR
FR
HS
HS
LU
LU
LO
SU
FR
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
TE
SH
TE
FR
Secondary
X
X
Loss prevention material for wellbore

strengthening
TORQUE-SEAL ADDITIVE Lost circulation material for casing and
horizontal drilling
WELL-SEAL LCM
Lost circulation material for oil and gas
COARSE
drilling
WELL-SEAL LCM FINE Lost circulation material for oil and gas
drilling
WELL-SEAL LCM
Lost circulation material for oil and gas
MEDIUM
drilling
DRILL-SURE OBM
Filtrate control & torque & drag reducer
ADDITIVE
SHALE-X
Sulfonated asphaltite blend
HYDROFORCE
Shale Control Additive
SURF-COAT
Surface Active Agent
BLOCKADE
High Solids/ High Fluid Loss LCM squeeze,
"Squeeze-While-Drilling"
COMBAT
Sealant and FCS enhancer
DRILL-BEADS
Drill pipe and casing lubricant in horizontal
wells
DRILL-LUBE
EP lubricant
F.I.T.
FIRST STRIKE
DSB-200
Biodegradable biocide
DSB-301
Water-soluble, biodegradable biocide
MULTI-DF
Fresh and saltwater D
MULTIDRILL
Modified starch polymer
MULTILUBE B
Non-toxic, biodegradable LU
MULTIMAG
Modified (magnesium) starch polymer
MULTISAL
Carboxymethylated polymer
MULTIVIS S
High MW polysaccharidic polymer
BOREASE
Lubricant - non-damaging; non-hydrocarbon
HIBEASE
Inhibitor - replaces KCl f/inhibition
SEALEASE
LCM - proprietary blend of LCM
SHALEASE
Shale stabilizer and inhibitor
THINEASE
Blended deflocculant/dispersant
TORKEASE
Lubricant - non-damaging; temp. stable
(>600F)
VISCEASE
Viscosifier/flocculant - hole sweep
CLAYDRILL
Non-Ionic floccculant
CLAYKILL
Low molecular weight shale inhibitor
DRILLFAST
Penetration enhancer
ECOCFL-II
Dispersant chrome free lignosulfonate
ECO-DD
Drilling detergent
ECO-DEFOAM-X
Defoamer
ECODRILL
High temp. filtrate reducer
ECOFCG II
Gilsonite filtrate reducer
ECOFCL
Amine lignite filtrate reducer
ECOFIBER
Cellulose fiber (<100 mesh)
ECOFLO
Xantham gum
ECOFLUID
Well wash
ECOFOAM G
Foaming agent
ECOFREE
Spotting fluid
ECOGLYCOL-H
HMW lubricant/shale inhibitor
ECOGLYCOL-L
LMW lubricant/shale inhibitor
ECOGLYCOL-P
Lubricant/shale inhibitor
ECOLIG
Lignite
ECOMOD
Viscosifier
ECOMUL
Primary emulsifier
ECONEX
Resin-based filtrate reducer
ECONITE
Liquid gilsonite
ECO-OBGEL
Organophilic clay
ECOPAC LV
ECOPAC R
ECO-PBGEL
Organophilic clay
ECO-PHPA
PHPA
ECO-PHPA-L
PHPA liquid

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
Available Product
from:
tradename
Secondary
Seepage loss additve and loss circulation

additive
Seepage loss/lost circulation additive for
oil-based muds
oil-based muds
oil-based muds
Xanthan gum biopolymer
Liquid xanthan gum biopolymer
Liquid polyanionic cellulose
Secondary
Drill. Spec. DYNARED FIBER

MEDIUM
Drill. Spec. DYNA-SEAL OBM
FIBER FINE
Drill. Spec. DYNA-SEAL OBM FIBER
ULTRA FINE
Drill. Spec. DYNA-SEAL OBM FIBER
MEDIUM
Drill. Spec. FLOWZAN BIOPOLYMER
Drill. Spec. FLOWZAN LIQUID
Drill. Spec. GREENBASE DRISPAC
POLYMER
Drill. Spec. GREENBASE FLOWZAN
Drill. Spec. GREENBASE HE 150
POLYMER
Drill. Spec. GREENBASE HEC
Drill. Spec. HE-100 POLYMER
Drill. Spec. HEC LIQUID
Drill. Spec. LIQUID HE-150
POLYMER
Drill. Spec. SOLTEX ADDITIVE
Drill. Spec. SOLTEX ADDDITIVE
POTASSIUM
Drill. Spec. SURE-SEAL LPM
Secondary
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Fluids 2014
Drill. Spec.
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Available Product
from:
tradename
Drill. Spec.
Product
Function
Primary
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
TE
LU
SH
SH
V
SH
SH
TE
BR
V
FR
X X
X X
X X
V
TH
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
W
W
V
V
SH
V
W
LO
A
SH
LO
B
B
FR
FR
CO
CO
E
LU
SU
SB
SB
FR
V
TH
LU
V
E
E
FO
FR
FR
FR
LO
WBC
WBC
P
SU
SH
SH
TE
LU
FR
FR
FR
FR
W
SH
V
SH
SU
FR
WBC
FR
FR
TE
TE
SH
FR
FR
SH
LU
TH
V
SH
TE
SH
LU
LU
LU
FR
FR

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
Ester carrier fluid

Ester carrier fluid
Green solvent, cleaner
Ester carrier fluid
Ester carrier fluid
HT Emulsifier, environmental friendly
Primary emulsifier
Surfactant, wetting agent
Cleaner
Cleaner, environmental friendly
Cleaner, microemulsion
Cleaner
Rheology modifier
Viscosity improver
Dispersant
Laminate LCM
Synthetic hole cleaning agent
Catalyzed friction reducer
Rapid filtration loss circulation pill
Bentonite-base grout
High M. W., V & shale inhibitor
Oil mud E
Oil mud E & oil wetting agent
Non-asphaltic high temp. fluid loss additive
Oil-base viscosifier
Oil wetting surfactant
Asphaltic fluid-loss additive
Liquid deflocculant-TH
Polymer LO bridge
Sized carbonate drill-in fluid
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TH
V
FR
FR
W
V
V
W
SU
SU
FR
FR
TH
TH
FR
LO
LU
CO
CO
FR
TH
FR
D
CO
CO
LO
A
D
V
FR
FR
LU
FR
FR
B
CO
FL
WBC
CO
CO
P
P
WBC
V
SH
SH
LO
FR
E
V
LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X X
GPC
SU
FR
E
E
TH
TH
FR
FR
LO
SH
Gumpro
FR
RDF RDF
TE
TE
FR
RDF
FR
RDF
RDF
WBC
SU
FR
FR
SU
FR
V
V
Gumpro
LU
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X
E
SU
SU
X X
SU
X X
SU
X X
SU
X X
V
X X
V
X X
TH
X X X
MLCM
X X X X WBC
X
LU
X X X
LO
LO
V
X
E
X
E
X
FR
X
V
X
E
X
FR
TH
X
X
LO
X
FR
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
FR
FR
LU
LU
GPC
GPC
GPC
GPC
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
FR
E
LO
LO
FR
SH
FR
FR
TE
SU
SU
FR
V
TE
FL
SH
SH
SH
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Description
of material
CONTROL 1920
Deflocculant, calcium-control agent for

lime muds
Natural white starch
Flash dried white starch
Liquid alkaline potassium starch polymer
Derivatized crosslinked starch
Drilling Mud Corrosion Inhibitor
Film Forming Organic Amine
Organophosporus compound
Oxygen Scavenger
Liquid Oxygen Scavenger Sulphur Free
Corrosion Inhibitor for Heavy Brine
H2S Scavenger
Stearate Based Solid Defoamer
Alcoholic Defoamer
Glycol Based Defoamer
Silicon Based Liquid Defoamer
Poly Anionic Cellulose Low-viscosity
tech. Grade
GEL PAC RG
Poly Anionic Cellulose high-viscosity
tech. Grade
GEL CMC LV
Carboxy Methyl Cellulose Low viscosity
GEL CMC HV
Carboxy Methyl Cellulose, High viscosity
GEL STARCH CM
Carboxy Methylated Starch
GEL LIGNITE
Powdered Lignite
GEL RX
Lignite Polymer
GEL STARCH HT
High Temperature Pregel Starch
GEL STARCH
Pregel Starch
GELTEX CP
Biodegradable Polysaccharide
GEL HEC
Hydroxy ethyl cellulose
GEL ZAN
Xanthan Gum
GEL BEN
API Grade Bentonite
GEL LC SEAL T
Treated Fibres for OBM
GEL-LC-SEAL
Micronised Cell Fiber
GEL CHIPS
Marble Chips
GEL MICA
Muscovite Mica
GEL-K-SEAL
Blend of Fibers, Granules and Flakes
GEL CARB
Ground Lime Stone
SUREPILL
Non Damaging Polymeric Plug
THERMOGEL
Non Damaging Polymeric Plug
GEL NUT PLUG
Walnut Shells
GEL SEAL M
High Loss Plug
GEL FLAKE
Flaked Calcium Carbonate
GEL SS 20
Non Invading Fluid Additive
GEL SORB
Polymeric Plug
GEL-ASPHATEX
Sulphonated Asphalt
GEL CPG LC
Polyglycol - Low Salinity Cloud Point Glycol
GEL CPG MC
Polyglycol - Medium Salinity Cloud Point
Glycol
GEL CPG HC
Polyglycol - High Salinity Cloud Point Glycol
GEL PA
Polyamine Based Shale Inhibitor
GEL PHPA
Partially Hydrolysed Polyacrylamide
GEL PHPA L
Partially Hydrolysed Polyacrylamide Liquid
GEL FREE W
Environmental Friendly Weighted Spotting Fluid
GEL FREE N/W
Environmental Friendly Non-Weighted
Spotting Fluid
GEL BAR
Baryte
GEL LIG
Processed Lignite
GEL CR
Chrome Lignite
GEL CFD
Chrome Free Deflocculant
GEL HT THIN
Polymeric Deflocculant for High Temperature
GEL THIN- W
Polymeric Deflocculant
GEL K LIG
Potassium lignite
GEL RIG WASH
Tank Cleaner
GEL DET
Mud Detergent
GEL EP TORQUE
Environmentally friendly Universal EP
REDUCER
lubricant
GEL SIL EPL
Environmentally friendly LU for silicate
mud system
GEL EBL
Esterified Lubricant
GEL LUBE
Environmentally friendly Universal Lubricant
GEL BIO AM
Amine Based Biocide
GEL CIDE
EPA Approved Biocide
GEL BIO AL
25% Glutaraldehyde
SODIUM CHLORIDE
Sodium Chloride
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Calcium Chloride
SODIUM BROMIDE
Sodium Bromide
CALCIUM BROMIDE
Calcium Bromide
ZINC BROMIDE
Zinc Bromide
POTASSIUM FORMATE Potassium Formate
SODIUM FORMATE
Sodium Formate
CESIUM FORMATE
Cesium Formate
GEL SOLV
Solvent Based OBM Cleanup
GEL SURF
Surfactant for casing cleaning
GEL CLAY
Organo clay
GEL MOD
Rheology Modifier
GEL MUL Ai1
Primary Emulsifier and Wetting Agents and
Rheology Modifier
GEL MUL Ai1 HT
High Temperature Primary Emulsifier and
Wetting Agents and Rheology Modifiers
CONTROL I-100
CONTROL I-10F
CONTROL I-166
CONTROL I-99F
GEL CI
GEL CI- A
GEL CI -P
GEL NOX
GEL NOX SF
GEL HIB
Zinc Carbonate
GEL DEFOAM S
GEL DEFOAM A
GEL DEFOAM G
GEL DEFOAM S
GEL PAC LV

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Secondary
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
Available Product
from:
tradename
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Oil-based mud thinner

Low-end rheological modifier
Asphaltic additive for FR
Non-asphaltic additive for FR
Micronized Barite
Organophilic clay
Organophilic clay for low-toxicity oil mud
Iron Oxide (Hematite)
Wetting agent for oil-based fluids
Low toxicity wetting agent
Pregelatinized starch
Non-fermenting starch
Ferro-chrome lignosulfonate
High melting point resin
Blended fiber, granule, platelet LCM
Zinc Carbonate H2S scavenger liquid
Zinc Carbonate H2S scavenger powder
Modified organic polymer
Deflocculant for Potassium-based fluids
Polymer/bridging particle blend
Deafoamer for water-based fluids
Liquid bisulfite oxygen scavenger
Powder sulfite oxygen scavenger
Sized Calcarb bridging material
Magnesium Oxide buffering agent
Thixatropic biopolymer
Fermentation resistant starch
HEC viscosifier
Spherical polymer beads
Fermentation resistant starch
Hi-Temp non-fermenting starch
Aldehyde-based biocide
Non-toxic corrosion inhibitor
Flocculant for improved productivity
Solvent/Surfactant blend
Liquid H2S scavenger
Surfactant-based pipe-freeing agent
Surfactant-based pipe-freeing agent
Surfactant/Solvent blend for WBC
Attapulgite clay viscosifier
PHPA liquid shale stabilizer
PHPA powder shale stabilizer
Cellulose fiber LCM
Asphaltic resin for filtration control
Emulsifier
Wyoming Bentonite
Lubricant
Lubricant
Lubricant
Lubricant
Lubricant
Secondary
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
EMEC
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Secondary
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Fluids 2014
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
Forta
Forta
GEO
GEO
GEO
GEO
GEO
GEO
GEO
GEO
GEO
GEO
GEO
GEO
GEO
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Available Product
from:
tradename
EMEC THIN
EMEC THIX
EMEC TONE
EMEC TONE II
EMEC TRUE WATE
EMEC VIS
EMEC VIS II
EMEC WATE
EMEC WET
EMEC WET NT
EMELOY
EMELOY NF
FC-10
FC-8
FLR-170
FRAC SEAL
HP LUBE
HSS-L
HSS-P
HT POLYMER
POTASSIUM LIGNITE
MAGIC SEAL
NO FOAM
OSL
OSP
PERM BRIDGE
PERM BUF
PERM DEFOAMER
PERM DRILL
PERM SEAL
PERM VIS
POLYBEADS
POLYTREX
POLYTREX-HT
SAFE CIDE
SAFE COR
SAFE FLOC
SAFE HOLE CLEAN
SAFE H-SCAV
SAFE O-SCAV
SAFE SPOT
SAFE SPOT (W)
SAFE SURF
SALTKLAY
SHALE DRILL-L
SHALE DRILL-P
STRATA HEAL
TONE 400
TRUE OIL EMULSIFIER
WATER GEL
DEHYLUB 1037
DEHYLUB 1316
DEHYLUB 1324
DEHYLUB 1757
TERRADRIL 1407 /
DEHYLUB 639 W
OMC 1000
OMC 1049
OMC 1199
OMC 233
OMC 586 XL
TERRADRIL EM 1120
TERRADRIL EM 392
TERRADRIL O 10
TERRADRIL S 1053
TERRADRIL S 1118
TERRADRIL S 1310
TERRADRIL S 853 B
TERRADRIL V 1075
TERRADRIL V 300
TERRADRIL V 988
PHENO SEAL
SUPER SWEEP
CFR
GEO STOP LOSS
HOLE PAK
LP 701
MUL I
MUL II
MUL TEMP
MUL THIK
MUL TREAT
MUL TROL
OMNIPOL II
POLYBLOC
POLYCARB
Product
Function
Secondary
Recommended for
these systems
TH
SH
SH
FL
FL
FL
FL
CO
X CO
X CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
D
D
D
D
V
V
A
V
Primary
World Oils
CF
CF
CF
X X X
FR
SH
LU
X X X
FR
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SH
LU
FR
LU
FR
X
X
X
SH
SH
X SH
X SH
FR
V
FL
LU
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR SH LU
FR
V
SH
FR
FR TH
X
FR TE TH
X
FR
V
X
FR
V
X
V
X
V
X
X V
FR
V
FR LU
X X
LO MLCM
X
LO
X X X
LO
X X X
LO
X X X
LO
X X X
LO FR RDF
X X X
LO
X X X
LO
X X X
LO
X
LO
X X X
LO
X X X
LO MLCM
X
LO MLCM
X
SH FR
SH FR LU
X
X
X
X
X
W
TH
TH
TH
TH
TH
TH
X X X X SU
X SU
X X
X X X
LU
X X
LU
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
LU
X X X LU
X
B
X
B
B
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
X
X
X
X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
X
X
X
X
CF
WBC
WBC
V
V
X X
X X
LO
FR
TE
TE
SH
FR
FR
LU
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
HPHT
HPHT
HPHT
HPHT
HPHT
HPHT
RDF HPHT
SU
FR HPHT
HPHT
FR
HPHT FR

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Hychem
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Ibex
Impact
Impact
Impact
Impact
Impact
Impact
Impact
Impact
Impact
Impact
Impact
Impact
Impact
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
Concentrated Primary Emulsifier

Secondary Emulsifier and Wetting Agents
Primary Wetting Agent and Emulsifier
Gilsonite
High Softening Point Gilsonite
Polymeric Fluid Loss Reducer
High Temperature Liquid Fluid Loss Reducer
Aminated lignite
OBM Thinner
Baryte Suspender for SOBM
Spotting Fluid for SBM/OBM Mud
Solid Free Viscosifier
Modified Starch
Sized Ground Marble
Non Damaging Lubricant
pH Buffering Agent
Crosslinked polyacrylamide, liquid, super
absorbant
HYPERDRILL AD 859 50% active, dispersion PHPA shale inhibitor
HYPERDRILL AE 843
Anionic total flocculant emulsion
HYPERDRILL AE 853
Emulsion PHPA shale inhibitor
HYPERDRILL AE 856
LMW emulsion PHPA shale inhibitor
HYPERDRILL AE 974
Oil mud viscosifier
HYPERDRILL AF 204
Anionic total flocculant powder
HYPERDRILL AF 204 RD Dispersible anionic total flocculant powder
HYPERDRILL AF 207
Anionic PHPA shale inhibitor powder
HYPERDRILL AF 207RD Dispersible anionic PHPA shale inhibitor
powder
HYPERDRILL AF 247
LMW PHPA shale inhibitor powder
HYPERDRILL AF 247 RD LMW dispersible PHPA shale inhibitor powder
HYPERDRILL AF 249
HPHT fluid loss additive in powder form
HYPERDRILL AF 250
Dry sodium polyacrylate fluid loss additive
HYPERDRILL AF 251
Dry polyacrylate bentonite extender
HYPERDRILL AF 257
Very LMW PHPA shale inhibitor powder
HYPERDRILL AF 260
HPHT fluid loss additive in bead form
HYPERDRILL AF 289
HPHT fluid loss additive in powder form
HYPERDRILL AP 200 A Crosslinked polyacrylamide, super absorbant
HYPERDRILL CE 809
Cationic flocculant emulsion
HYPERDRILL CP 905 Cationic flocculant powder
HYPERDRILL DF 2010 Liquid polymeric thinner
HYPERDRILL DF 2010D Dry polymeric thinner
HYPERDRILL DF 2020 High temp., contaminant tolerant, liquid
thinner
HYPERDRILL DF 2020D High temp., contaminant tolerant, dry thinner
HYPERDRILL NE 823 Nonionic, polyacrylamide selective flocculant emulsion
HYPERDRILL NF 201 Nonionic, polyacrylamide selective flocculant powder
XTRA-CONTROL HM
High-melt gilsonite
XTRA-DEFLOC
Drilling fluid deflocculant
XTRA-DEFOAM
All-purpose defoamer
XTRA-DEFOAM PLUS Premium multi-system defoamer
XTRA-DME
Drilling fluid emulsifier
XTRA-EP
Oil mud emulsifier
XTRA-ESW
Secondary emulsifier/wetting agent
XTRA-FOAM PLUS
All-purpose foaming agent
XTRA-LINER G
Surfactant-treated gilsonite
XTRA-LINER L
Polyol-blend for shale inhibition
XTRA-LINER RG
Untreated gilsonite
XTRA-LUBE
Environmentally-safe lubricant
XTRA-LUBE XP
XTRA-OIL SPOT
Oil-based spotting fluid
XTRA-SPOT
Glycol-based spotting fluid additive
XTRA-SURF
Drilling fluid surfactant
XTRA-SYNSOLV 100
Asphalt solvent
XTRA-THIN
Polymeric thinner
XTRA-WET
Wetting agent for gilsonite and asphalt
XTRA-WET CONCEN- Wetting agent for gilsonite and asphalt
TRATE
FLC2000
Wellbore Stabilization/invasion control
StAR FLH
Wellbore Stabilization/invasion control
StAR HIB L
Shale control /clay inhibitor
StAR HIB S
Shale control/clay inhibitor
StAR HIB CF
StAR HIB SF
StAR HIB PLUS
StAR SEAL 4000
Sand or Gravel Sealant
LCP2000
Lost circulation treatment
StAR Sand Seal F
Seepage control and Lost circulation
treatment
StAR Sand Seal C
treatment
StAR Thermoset F
treatment
StAR Thermoset M
treatment
BRINESHIELD
Brine additive to protect human tissue
EZE-VIS-LT
Liquid V
EZ-VIS-OLS
Envr. liquid V
MAGNA-LUBE
Vertical reach LU/enhancer
MINERAL-LUBE
ROP enhancer

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
E
SU
SU
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
TH
SB
P
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
FR
V
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X SH
X SH
FR
FR
V
X SH
FR
FR
LO
FL
FL
TH
TH
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
SH
V
FR
LO
LU
A
LO
X
X
X
X
LO
V
FR
FR
V
TE
TE
TH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TH
FL
FL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
WS
WS
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
MLCM
MLCM
P
FL
FR
FR
LO
LO
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
MLCM LO
X X X
X X X
MLCM LO
X X X
X X X
MLCM LO
X X X
X X X
MLCM LO
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LU
FR
SU
X
X
V
V
LU
LU
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
X X
X
X
X
X
Integrity
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
ISP
TE
TE
FR SH
TH FR
X
D
X
X
D
X
E
SU
X
E
FR
X
E
SU
X FO
X
SH FR
X
SH LU
X
SH FR
X
LU
X
X
LU SH
X
P
SH
X
P
X
SU
E
X X X
SU WBC
X
TH
X
SU
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
ISP
ISP
TH
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
Integrity
ISP
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kelco
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Description
of material
PETRO-SORB
RUST-X
SAFE-SPOT
SAFEVERT FL-G
SAFEVERT I
SAFEVERT II
SAFEVERT SUPERWET
SAFEVERT TWA
SAFEVERT VISCOSIFIER
SULFA-TONE
SYNVERT FL-G
SYNVERT I
SYNVERT II
SYNVERT TWA
SYNVERT VISCOSIFIER
THERMABREAK
THERMACOAT
THERMASOLVE
Oil absorbent
Rust converter and primer
Spotting fluid
Oil mud gilsonite
Primary E
Secondary E
Oil mud wetting agent
Oil mud TH
Organoclay
Sulfonated asphalt
Synthetic FR
Synthetic primary E
Synthetic secondary E
Synthetic TH
Synthetic V
Internal breakers
Metal treatment for bits, stabilizers
Promotes destruction of filter cake, emulsions and water wets solids
ULTRA LUBE
ROP enhancer
ULTRA LUBE II
Offshore extended-reach LU
X-VIS-LT
Xanthan gum suspension, passes LC-50 and
static sheen tests
X-VIS-OLS
Xanthan gum suspension, passes LC-50 and
static sheen oil and grease tests
NUOSEPT 78 AND 7850 Hexahydro hydroxyethyl-s-triazine
NUOSEPT 91
Hexahydro hydroxyethyl-s-triazine
PVP K-90
Poly vinyl pyrrolidone
SBR 1006
Emulsion styrene butadiene rubber
SBR 1011
SBR 1012 HIGH VISEmulsion styrene butadiene rubber
COSITY
SBR 1013
SETLEZE 3000
Vinyl pyrrolidone di-methyl amino propyl
methacrylamide
SURFADONE LP 100
N-octyl-2-pyrrolidone (NOP)
TECHWAX AQUA 1140 Acrylic homopolymer
TECHWAX AQUA 510 Acrylic copolymer
TECHWAX AQUA 512 Acrylic copolymer
TECHWAX AQUA
Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide inhibitor
8022RD
TECHWAX EM 125
Polyamides
TECHWAX EM 348
Cross-linked fatty amides
TECHWAX EM 40
Polyamides and modified fatty acids
TECHWAX EM 466
Polyamides and esters
TECHWAX EM 492
Polyamides, esters and modified fatty acids
TECHWAX EM 503
Polyamides and modified fatty acids
TECHWAX FLA 12
Cryogenically ground and finely ground ESBR
TECHWAX GSL
Lignite-based with SBR
TECHWAX LUB 92
Modified natural oil
TECHWAX TH3
Fatty oligomer and imidazoline-based
TECHWAX AQUA
Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide inhibi7312RD
tor powder
TECHWAX EM 343
Oxidized natural oils, fatty acids, modified
amidoamine
BEN-EX
Bentonite extender and selective flocculant
BIOZAN
Welan gum
CELPOL ESL
Polyanionic cellulose, extremely lowviscosity Gr.
CELPOL R
Polyanionic cellulose, regular viscosity Gr.
CELPOL RX
Premium Gr., polyanionic cellulose, high
viscosity
CELPOL SL
Purified PAC low viscosity
CELPOL SLX
Premium purified PAC, low viscosity
FINNFIX BOL
Middle viscosity tech CMC
FINNFIX H
Purified, CMC high viscosity Gr.
FINNFIX HC
high-viscosity tech CMC
FINNFIX L
Purified, CMC low viscosity Gr.
FINNFIX LC
Low-viscosity tech CMC
FINNFIX RC
Middle viscosity tech CMC
GEOVIS XT
Diutan gum
KELZAN L
Drilling grade xanthan gum
KELZAN XC POLYMER Xanthan gum
KELZAN XCD POLYMER Dispersible xanthan gum
KWIKSEAL
LO material
MF-1
Non-ionic polyacrylamide
MF-55
Non-ionic polyacrylamide emulsion
WL-100
Sodium polyacrylate
XANVIS
Completion grade xanthan gum
XANVIS L
Completion grade liquid xanthan gum
XANVIS L (X)
Completion grade xanthan slurry
X-PEL-G
Water-dispersible gilsonite
AMA-310
10% MBT
AMA-320
20% solvent based thione
AMA-324
24% caustic based thione
AMA-331
30% carbamate
AMA-3725
25% gluteraldehyde
AMA-3750
50% gluteraldehyde
AMA-390
10% bronopol
AMA-398
99% dry Thione1lb dissolvable bags, 50lb
& 200lb loose granular material

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
Secondary
FR
LU
HPHT
Available Product
from:
tradename
Secondary
HPHT
E
FR
LO
HPHT
HPHT
HPHT
TH
FR
V
X SH
FL
X SH
X SH
X X
V
FL
FL
X SH
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Secondary
GEL MUL P
GEL WET
GEL MUL S
GELTROL
GEL TROL HT
GEL TROL P
GEL TROL L HT
GELTROL AL
GEL THIN- O
GEL IS
SBM STUCK FREE
GEL -R- VIS
GEL- R- STARCH
GEL- R-WHITE
GEL- R- LUBE
GEL- R- BUFFER
HYPERDRILL AD 200
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Secondary
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Gumpro
Hychem
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Fluids 2014
Available Product
from:
tradename
Product
Function
Primary
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
X X
X
LU
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
LU
LU
SU
X X X
SH
SH
X
X
X
X X X
CO
P
FR
E
E
SU
TH
V
SH
FR
E
E
TH
V
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
B
B
SH
FR
FR
X X
FR
X X X
SH
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X X
X X
X X X
SU
TH
TH
TH
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
E
E
E
E
E
E
FR
FR
LU
TH
X X
X X X
FR
TE
FR
TE
TE
TE
SH
X X
X
X
LU
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
SH
FR
FR
TE
TE
LU
TH
LU
X X
TE
TE
E
X
SH
X
V
FL
SH
SH
X X X
X FR
X X X
X FR
X X X
FR
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SH
SH
V
FR
FR
SH
SH
V
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
FR
FR
V
V
FR
FR
FR
V
V
V
V
LO
FL
SH
FR
V
V
V
SH
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
X X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SH
SH
FL
LU
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
Kemira
KemDrill 8500
99% dry bronopol1lb dissolvable bags,

50lb & 200lb loose granular material
Dual action water-based defoamer
Highly Effective Silicone Emulsion Defoamer
Liquid high MW anionic polymer
Polycarboxylate thinner
Polycarboxylate thinner, dry product
Liquid Polycarboxylate formulation, TH for
fresh water
Liquid Polycarboxylate formulation, TH for
salt water
Liquid low MW polyacrylate
Liquid PHPA
Liquid high MW anionic polymer
Dry high MW anionic polymer
Powder PHPA
Sodium polyacrylate, HPHT, fluid loss
Dry high MW nonionic polyacrylamide
Dry high MW nonionic polyacrylamide
Dry low MW nonionic polyacrylamide
Silicone emulsion defoamer
Effective cleaner/spacer
Effective washer/spacer
Environmental washer/spacer
Environmental friendly washer/spacer
Cleaner/Spacer for grease residues
Effective washer/spacer
Solvent-based pipe cleaner
Phosphonate-based scale inhibitor
Mixed scale inhibitor
Polymer-based scale inhibitor
Xanthan derivative polymeric viscosifier
Liquid xanthan viscosifier
Biopolymer derivative viscosifier
API grade, high viscosity CMC
Technical grade, high viscosity CMC
API grade, low-viscosity CMC
General purpose biocide
General purpose biocide
Low-viscosity PAC
High-viscosity PAC
General purpose silicone-based D
Effective alkylene oxides defoamer
Long chain hydroxy compound, D
General purpose, high MW alcohol-based D
Surfactant-based D
Highly concentrate general purpose D
Environmental friendly defoamer
Defoamer in powder form
PHPA shale inhibitor
ROP enhancer, anti accretion
Drilling fluids surfactant
Anti sticking / Anti bit balling
Superwetting agent for invert muds
Liquid fluid loss reducer
Liquid OBM FLR for North Sea
High efficiency thinner and dispersant
Emulsifier for HT conditions
Primary E for invert muds
Concentrated primary emulsifer for all kind of
invert emulsion systems
Primary emulsifier for synthetics
Low shear rate rheology modifier for
North Sea
Rheology modifier for invert muds
Rheology modifier for OBM
Secondary E for invert muds
Concentrated secondary emulsifer for all kind
of invert emulsion systems
Secondary emulsifier for synthetic muds
High-yield organoclay/gelling agent
Organoclay/gelling agent
Wetting agent
Lubricant for oil based systems
Wetting agent for synthetic muds
Salt tolerant foaming agent
High performance foaming agent
Top range lubricant for brines
Top range, ester based lubricant
Lubricant for oil based systems
Chloride free neutralized polyamine
Neutralized polyamine hydration suppressant
Amine derivative-based SH
Amine derivative SH in powder form
Amine derivative-based SH
High temp. polymeric FR (up to 300F)
Polymeric FLR for North Sea
High temperature polymeric FLR
Corrosion inhibitor for brines
Lamberti
Lamberti
EMULAM PE/S
EMULAM REO1
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
EMULAM RM
EMULAM RM 77
EMULAM SE
EMULAM SE/CONC
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
EMULAM SE/S
EMULAM V PLUS
EMULAM VIS
EMULAM WA
EMULUBE OBM
EMULAM WA/S
FOAMEX SAL
FOAMEX TX
FRONLUBE 100
FRONLUBE 200
FRONLUBE OBM
HYBSTAR CFA
HYBSTAR HS
HYBSTAR L
HYBSTAR PW
HYBSTAR R
HYSOPOL FL
HYSOPOL FLN
HYSOPOL HT
INICOR 220
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CF
X
X
X
X
X
D
D
V
TH
TH
SH
TH
TH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
SH
SH
V
SH
FL
FL
FL
FL
FR
FR
FL
TE
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
CF
CF
CF
SU
CF
CF
CF
FR
FR
V
V
V
SH
SH
LU
FR
LU
E
E
TH
E
E
FL
SU
FR
SU
SU
SU
E
E
X X
FR
FR
X X
FR
X X
X X
X X
V
V
E
FR
FR
TE
FR
X X
TE
E
TE
V
V
SU TH
LU
SU TH
X FO
X FO
LU
P
LU
P
X
LU
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
FR HPHT
FR
FR HPHT
CO
LCM
LCM
LCM
LCM
LCM
LCM
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
LCM
LCM
LCM
LCM
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TH
SH
V
V
SH
FR
V
V
V
D
WBC
WBC
WBC
E
WBC
WBC
WBC
CA
CA
CA
V
V
V
FR
FR
FR
B
B
FR
FR
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
SH
SU
WBC
SU
SU
FR
FR
TH
E
E
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
LCM
LCM
LCM
LCM
LCM
LCM
LCM
LCS
LCS
Liquid Csg.
Liquid Csg.
Liquid Csg.
Liquid Csg.
Liquid Csg.
Liquid Csg.
Liquid Csg.
Liquid Csg.
Liquid Csg.
Liquid Csg.
Liquid Csg.
Liquid Csg.
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
Description
of material
INICOR W882
INICOR BN
INICOR MF27
INICOR W303
INICOR W481
K PAC LOVIS
K PAC REGULAR
LAMGUM 200
LAMOX NA
LAMOX TR
LAMOX TR/O
LAMPAC CHL
LAMPAC CHR
LAMPAC EXLO
LAMPAC LOVIS
LAMPAC NFE-L
Corrosion inhibitor Organo-phosphate

Corrosion inhibitor, water-soluble
Corrosion inhibitor, oil soluble
Amine-based CO, water-soluble
Environ. friendly CO, water-soluble
HPWBPotassium low-viscosity PAC
HPWBPotassium high viscosity PAC
High-viscosity guar gum
Oxygen scavenger
Organic H2S scavenger
Oil Soluble H2S scavenger
Premium grade, low-viscosity PAC
Premium grade, high-viscosity PAC
Extremely low-viscosity PAC
API grade, low-viscosity PAC
Highly dispersible (no fish eyes) - Premium
grade, low viscosity PAC
LAMPAC NFE-R
Highly dispersible (no fish eyes) - Premium
grade, high viscosity PAC
LAMPAC REGULAR
API grade, high-viscosity PAC
LAMSPERSE 100
Chrome free dispersant, synthetic TH
LAMSPERSE 300
High-temp. copolymer TH
LAMSPERSE TH II
Chrome free powder thinner for HT
LUBRICANT 29
Cost effective, envitonmentally friendly LU
LUBRICANT 45
General purpose environmental friendly
LUBRICANT 73
Effective water-soluble LU
LUBRICANT CBR 600 Environmentally friendly brine soluble
LUBRICANT CD
Effective all purpose LU
LUBRICANT EHB
Environmental friendly LU for salt water
muds
LUBRICANT EP
Extreme pressure LU
LUBRICANT ER
For dispersed system
LUBRICANT F/458
High temp. LU
LUBRICANT SL
Lubricant for silicate fluids
PAG 102
PAG 211
Polyglycol SH (Medium Cloud Point)
PRESANTIL
P for unweighted spotting fluids
PRESANTIL FDP
Environmental friendly pipe-freeing agent
PRESANTIL OBM
Effective OMB pipe-freeing agent
PRESANTIL W
P for weighted spotting fluids
PRESANTIL WNF
P for weighted spotting fluids
RHEOMATE
Patented dispersant for HT
BAUX BEADS
Bauxite Beads (3.2 SG) casing running beads
BLUE MAXX
rig detergent
CALCARB
Sized Calcium carbonate3,10,50,100,
200, 325
ECOGLYCOL
Blended PPG for bit balling and shale
inhibition
ENVIROLUBE 40
Low-toxicity mineral oil blend for ROP
enhancement
GX LUBE
Lubricating graphite
GX SEAL
Proprietary blended carbon seepage agent
LC COARSE SEAL
Fibrous, granular and flake blend for massive lost circ.
LC FIBER SEAL
Blended cellulose fibers; fine, medium
LC WALLPLUG
Ground walnut hulls; fine, medium and
coarse
LC SQUEEZE
High solids, high fluid loss squeeze
QUAD SEAL
Blended fine seepage loss additive
RIG CLEAN
Rig wash
SWN 1
Fayetteville shale specific lost circulation
material
TERRA TROL
Untreated gilsonite
TORQUE TROL Plus
Copolymer drilling beads graphite coated
TRIPLE SEAL
Blended acid-soluble mineral fiber and
bridging agents
MAGMA FIBER COARSE Acid-soluble mineral fiber LCM
MAGMA FIBER FINE
Acid-soluble mineral fiber LCM
FL-1000
Carboxymethylated polysaccharide
FL-1000 HV
Carboxymethylated polysaccharidebiopolymer
LIQUID CASING COARSE Micronized polycrystalline material
LIQUID CASING FINE
Micronized polycrystalline material
LIQUID CASING II
Micronized polycrystalline material, <
170 mesh
XP-1000
Derivitized polysaccharide/biopolymer blend
XP-2000
Derivitized polysaccharide/biopolymer blend
Cross-linker 2000
Cross-Linking Fracturing
W.O.3000
work-over fluid
CHVCMT#1
Cement Fluid loss
W.O.1000
ALBISOL OE
ALBISOL OP
BIOLAM K
CLEAN RIG
DEFOMEX EG110
DEFOMEX SB
DEFOMEX TA
DRILTAL DD
EMULAM AK

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
Work/Over /Completion &well killing

Solvent-based pipe cleaner
Surfactant-based spacer/cleaner
Rheology modifier/viscosifier
Effective surfactants and wetting agents
blend
Aluminum stearate-based D
All purpose effective D
Alcohol-based concentrated D
Drilling detergent
Primary emulsifier
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X CO
CO
X X
CO
X
CO
X
CO
X SH
X SH
X
X V
X
CO
X
CO
X X
CO
X
X FR
X
X FR
X
X FR
X
X FR
SH
SH
SH
SH
Secondary
KemFoamX 1951
KemFoamX 8508
KemFlow A-4358
KemDrill 8111
KemDrill 8111 LD
KemDrill 8155
Available Product
from:
tradename
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
AMA-499
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Secondary
Kemira
Secondary
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Fluids 2014
KemDrill 8237
KEMDRILL A-1355
KEMDRILL A-1363
KEMDRILL A-2352
KEMDRILL A-2353
KEMDRILL A-2703
KEMDRILL N-1141
KEMDRILL N-2141
KEMDRILL N2144
KemFoamX 8800
ALBISOL AT
ALBISOL DM
ALBISOL E
ALBISOL F10
ALBISOL K100
ALBISOL MCS
ALBISOL OE
ANTISCALE AC/1
ANTISCALE AC/137
ANTISCALE AC/58
BIOLAM XG
BIOLAM XG LS
BIOLAM XT
CARBOCEL EHV
CARBOCEL HV
CARBOCEL LV
CARBOSAN 135/TR
CARBOSAN EF
CEPAC LOVIS
CEPAC REGULAR
DEFOMEX
DEFOMEX 200
DEFOMEX 42
DEFOMEX 610/L
DEFOMEX 620
DEFOMEX DR5
DEFOMEX G9
DEFOMEX TM
DRILLAM EL
DRILQUICK AC
DRILTAL 131
DRILTAL DK
EMULAM ASB
EMULAM FC
EMULAM FC/NS
EMULAM HP120
EMULAM HT
EMULAM PE
EMULAM PE/CONC
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Available Product
from:
tradename
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Kemira
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Lamberti
Product
Function
Secondary
Recommended for
these systems
Primary
World Oils
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X FR
SH
FR
X X X
X FR
SH
FR
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X FR
TH
TH
TH
LU
LU
X LU
LU
X LU
SH
TE
TE
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
LO
LU
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
FR
V
CF
V
V
LU
X LU HPWB FR
LU
X
X LU SU
LU
X
SH FR
X
SH LU
X
P
LU FR
X
P
LU FR
X X
P
LU
X
P
LU LU
X
P
LU FR
X
TH TE
X X X
LU
X
X SU
E
X X X
LU
SH
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
LU
LO
LU
X X X
X X X
LO
X X X
X X X
LO
X X X
X X X X LO
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X X LO
X X X
LO
SU
LU
LU
FR
X X X
X X X
LO
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
SH
LU
FR
FR
X X X
X X X
LO
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
LO
LO
FL
V
V
SH
LU
LU
X X X
FR
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X X LO
X X X X LO
SH
SH
X X X
X X X X LO
SH
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
WBC CF
WBC CF
V
FR
WBC CF
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
FR
X X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
FR
D
D
D
SU
E
LU
CF

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
L-USA
M&D
M&D
M&D
M&D
M&D
M&D
M&D
M&D
M&D
M&D
M&D
M&D
M&D
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
MASI
Mayco
Mayco
Mayco
Mayco
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
Super wetting agent

Emulsifier for direct emulsion
Liquid OBM fluid loss reducer
Imidazoline-based emulsifier
Primary E for diesel-based muds
Primary E for mineral oil-based muds
Primary E for synthetic systems
Rheology modifier/suspending agent
Rheology modifier/suspending agent
Secondary E for diesel-based muds
Secondary E for mineral oil-based muds
Secondary E for synthetic systems
TH/Superwetting agent for invert muds
Organoclay, V for invert muds
Organoclay, V for invert muds
Wetting agent for invert emulsions
Wetting agent for invert emulsions
Foaming agent
Shale Inhibitor
Imidazoline-based corrosion inhibitor
Water-soluble CO
Viscosifier
Polyacrylate-based, chrome free, HT
dispersant
LAMSPERSE TH
Modified tannin-based HT thinner,
chrome free
LUBRICANT 73
All purpose LU
LUBRICANT EPS
Extreme pressure LU, sulphurised-based
LUBRICANT GP479
Ready biodegradable non-toxic LU
LUBRICANT ROP
Rate of penetration enhancer
PAG GP
General purpose glycol-based shale inhibitor
PRESANTIL USP
Free P agent for unweighted spotting fluids
PRESANTIL WSP
Free P agent for weighted spotting fluids
RHEOMATE
Zirconium complex de-gelling agent and
HT dispersant
DRILL XPRESS
Liquid viscosifier for water-based fluids
LIQUID BRIDGE PLUG Resin-based lost circulation pill
POLY PLUG CLEAR GEL Solids free crosslinking polymer
POLY PLUG ULTRADe-watering crosslinking polymer
SQUEEZE
ULTRA SEAL-C
Sized cellulosic fibers for lost circulation
ULTRA SEAL-PLUS
Fibrous, granular and flake material for
massive lost circ.
ULTRA SEAL-POLY PLUG Single-sack blend of sized fibers and crosslinking polymer
ULTRA SEAL-TG
Tech grade cellulosic fibers
ULTRA SEAL-XLA
Crosslink polymer, temp. accelerator
ULTRA SEAL-XLD
Crosslink polymer, mixing enhancer
ULTRA SEAL-XLR
Crosslink polymer, temp. retarder
ULTRA SEAL-XP
Specific blend of micronized cellulose fibers
ULTRA SPACER
Non-invasive mud spacer
ACTIGUARD
Shale and clay inhibitor
ACTIPAC
One sack fluid
ACTIVATOR I
Thermal stabilizer for the AphronICS fluid
ACTIVATOR II
pH and alkalinity additive
ACTIVIS LSR
Rheological enhancer
APHRONICS FLUID
At-balance polymer viscosified drilling and
completion fluid
APHRONIZER A
Aphron shell enhancer
APHRONIZER B
Aphron shell enhancer
BIO-CIDE
Microbialcide
BLUE STREAK
Mud conditioner and air micro-encapsulator
for the AphronICS fluid
GO-DEVIL II
Provides LSRV for AphronICS fluid
HY TONE
HPHT additive for water-based fluids
HYSSTER FLUID
At-balance clay viscosified drilling and
completion fluid
MICRO SEAL
Micronized fiber
MICRODYNE L
Aphron generator and stabilizer
MICRO-LUBE
Pollution-free LUliquid
NATURE-FLOC
Natural polymer flocculant
PAK N' PLUG
Blend of organic fibers
PASSIVATOR I
Defoamer
PLASTICIZER
Aphron shell stabilizer
POLY-MUL
Invert emulsifier
POLYPHRONICS FLUID At-balance water in oil-based drilling and
completion fluid
POLY-Q
LSRV booster/PolyphronICS enhancer
POLY-VIS
Primary rheological modifier for PolyphronICSoil-based fluid
POLY-WET
Oil wetting agent
POSISQUEEZE
High solids, high fluid loss LCM squeeze
PRONTODRILL
One sack drilling fluid
SWEEP N' SEAL
Cellulose fiber/oil mud seepage loss
TRICON HT
High temp. stabilizer for biopolymer fluids
TRI-VIS CP+
Rheological modifier for PolyphronICS
oil-based fluid
MAYCO-CALWATE
Calcium carbonate
MAYCO-CARB
Non-thixotropic polymeric blend, graded and
sized carbonates
MAYCO-CORCIDE
CO, oxygen scavenger, biocide
MAYCO-DEFOAM
All-purpose D
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
TH
E
FR
E
E
E
E
V
V
E
E
E
TH
V
V
TH
E
X FO
SH
CO
CO
V
Mayco
Mayco
FL
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
V
X X X X LO
X X X
MCLM LO
SH
X X X
X X X
MCLM LO
LU
X X X
X X X
MCLM LO
X X X
X X X
MCLM LO
X X X
X X X
MCLM LO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TH
TE
X LU
LU
LU
LU
SH
P
P
LU
LU
LU
TH
TE
FL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
X X
X HPWB
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
SU
SU
X B
X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
FR
HPHT FR
LO
SU
LU
FL
LO
D
SU
SU
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
SU
LO
V
LO
TE
X X
X
SU
Messina
Messina
FR
SH
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
FR
X X X
X X X
X
X
B
D
CO
X X
X
X
X
X
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
SU
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
E
SH
X X X
X
X
Mayco
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
X HPWB
X X
FL
LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
X X LO SH
X
MCLM LO
X X D
X
MCLM LO
X X LO SH
X
LO
X SH LU
HPWB FR
TE SU
A
TE
HPWB V
Mayco
Mayco
Mayco
Mayco
Mayco
Mayco
Mayco
Mayco
LU
FL
Mayco
Mayco
Mayco
Mayco
E
TH
TH
V
W
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Description
of material
MAYCO-FLC
Blend of selected non-ionic polymers for

fluid loss control
Blend of selected polymers, lignosulfonates
and sized calcium carbonates
MAYCO-HELP
Polymeric temp. extender
MAYCO-KLAYTROL
Blend of rigid non-ionic polymer, chloride
free, potassium and ammonium salts
MAYCO-LIVIS
Liquid HEC polymer
MAYCO-MAD SEAL
Acid-degradable blend of granules, flakes
and fibrous material
MAYCO-MAPP
Blend of non-ionic drilling polymers
MAYCO-pH BUFFER
Magnesium oxide
MAYCO-SEAL
Graded and sized calcium carbonates
MAYCO-SEAL COARSE Graded and sized calcium carbonates
MAYCO-SEAL MEDIUM Graded and sized calcium carbonates
MAYCO-SLURRY
Polymers, lignosulfonates and graded/sized
calcium carbonates
MAYCO-TREAT
Surfactants for emulsion and water block
prevention
MAYCO-VIS
Thixotropic polymers and sized calcium
carbonates
MAYCO-VIS EXTRA
Free-flowing HEC
BIOVIS
Standard drilling grade biopolymer
BIOVIS-D
Dispersible biopolymer
BIOVIS-P
Premium xanthan biopolymer
BORE-SWEEP
Hole sweep/cleaning agent
BORE-TROL
Shale inhibitor and mud conditioner
CELTROL-LV
Organic polymer
CELTROL-SP1
Tech-grade CMC
CIDE-COR
Corrosion inhibitor and biocide
CIDE-COR-II
Corrosion inhibitor, oxygen scavenger
and biocide
CIDE-COR-PLUS
Corrosion inhibitor, oxygen scavenger
and biocide
CLA-STAB
Shale control/clay stabilizer
CLA-STAB-II
Concentrate shale control and lubricant
CLA-STAB-III
Clay stabilizer/KCl substitute
DIAPLUG
High-filtration lost circulation squeeze
DRILL-PEN
ROP enhancer/bit-balling surfactant
FERRO-SPONGE
H2S remover
FILTRACEL
Tech-grade CMC
FILTROL
Modified polysaccharide
FILTROL-LV
Carboxymethylated polymer
FILTROL-PLUS
Premium modified hydrocolloid
FOAM-FREE-A
Alcohol-based Liquiduid defoamer
FOAM-FREE-ALS
Powdered defoamer
FOAM-FREE-PG
Glycol-based defoamer
FOAM-FREE-TB
Phosphate-based anit-foam/defoamer
FOAM-FREE-V
Vegetable oil-based Liquiduid defoamer
FOAM-FREE-WF 9
Silicone-based Liquiduid antifoam agent
GB-SEAL
Blended cementitious gunk squeeze
H2LESS
Liquiduid H2S extractor
HI-THIN
New generation organic thinner
HI-THIN-II
HI-THIN-III
HI-WATE
Galena
HOLE-SEAL-II
Fibrous LCM
HOLE-SEAL-OB
Fibrous LCM
HOTGEL
Sepiolite
HYDRO-WET
Surfactant wetting agent/dispersant
KLEEN-BAR
Barium carbonate
KLEEN-BLOCK
Sized carbonates
KLEEN-BLOCK-X
Maximum-sized carbonates
KLEEN-BRIDGE
Oil-soluble resin
KLEEN-CON
Environmentally friendly invert emulsifier, E
KLEEN-CON (HT)
Environmentally friendly invert emulsifier,
E, HPHT
KLEEN-DRIL
Polymer blend
KLEEN-DRIL-II
One-bag drlg polymer blend
KLEEN-DRIL-X
High performance 1-bag drill-in fluid system
KLEEN-LUBE
Drilling lubricant
KLEEN-MUL-L
Environmentally friendly invert emulsifier, E
KLEEN-MUL-L (HT)
Environmentally friendly invert emulsifier,
E, HPHT
KLEEN-OIL
Low-toxicity, and synthetic-based oils
KLEEN-PIL
Polymer blend
KLEEN-PPG
Glycol-based shale control
KLEEN-SAL
Sized salt for drill-in fluids
KLEEN-SEAL
Polymer/carbonate blend
K-STAB
Environmentally friendly potassium source,
KCl substitute
KLEEN-SWEEP
Brine clarifier
KLEEN-THIN
Surfactant; for low-toxicity and synthetic
invert muds
KLEEN-TROL
Fluid loss additive for drill-in fluid
KLEEN-VIS
KLEEN-VIS-2
Low residue polysaccharide
KLEEN-VIS-X
Non-damaging polymer
KLEEN-VIS-XL
Liquiduid non damaging polymer
KLEEN-WATE
Heavy clear brines
KLEEN-WET
Wetting agent; low-toxicity and synthetic
invert muds
KLEEN-ZAN
Viscosifier for drill-in fluids
MAYCO-FLOW

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X X X
FR
FL
X X X
FR
TH
X X X
TE
X X X
SH
X X X
X X X
X X
LO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
V
A
LO
LO
LO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
LO
X X X
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
V
V
V
V
V
SH
FR
FL
CO
Secondary
Available Product
from:
tradename
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
E
TH
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FL
SU
SU
SU
E
E
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Description
of material
EMULAM ASB
EMULAM DE1
EMULAM FLC
EMULAM IT209
EMULAM PC
EMULAM PM
EMULAM PS
EMULAM RM3
EMULAM RMD
EMULAM SC
EMULAM SM
EMULAM SS
EMULAM TH3
EMULAM VIS
EMULAM V-PLUS
EMULAM W1
EMULAM WC
FOAMEX
HYBSTAR HPF
INICOR IT
INICOR W303
LAMGUM G7F
LAMSPERSE 200

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Fluids 2014
Available Product
from:
tradename
Product
Function
Primary
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
LU
FR
LO
FR
SH
SH
B
X X
CO
CO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
SH
SH
SH
LO
LU
CO
FR
FR
FR
FR
D
D
D
D
D
D
LO
CO
TH
TH
TH
W
LO
LO
V
SU
CO
LO
LO
FL
E
X X
SU
V
V
V
X X
FR
FR
RDF
LU
E
FR
X X
FR
LO
FR
LU
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LU
V
SU
SH
FR
FR
FR
RDF
FR
W
FR
FR
FR
LO
SU
FR
TE
TE
X X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
LO
SH
RDF
LO
X X X
SH
FL
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
TH
SU
FR
V
V
V
V
W
V
FR
FR
FR
FR
SU

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
OILVIS-PLUS
OILWET
PERMATROL-LV
POLY-BEN
POLY-FLOC
POLY-PLUG
POLY-SEAL
POLY-SEAL-HT
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
POLY-SEAL-RESIN
POLY-SLICK
POLYSPERSE
POLYSPERSE-XHT
POLYTHERM-FL
Messina
Messina
POLYTHERM-FX
POLYTHERM-FX2
Messina
POLYTHERM-FX3
Messina
POLYTHERM-FX3L
Messina
POLYTHERM-FX5
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
POLYTROL
POLYTROL-1000
POLYTROL-L
PUREGEL
REDI-COAT
REDI-COAT-PLUS
REDI-COAT-XL
REDI-DRIL
REDI-FLO-NHV
REDI-FLO-NLV
REDI-pH
REDI-THIN
REDI-X10
RHEOTHIN
RHEOTHIN-CF
RHEOTHIN-CF-III
RHEOTHIN-HT
SLICKPIPE
SLICKPIPE-EP-II
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
SLICKPIPE-NT
SOLUBLE-WATE
SORB-OX-L
SORB-OX-P
STARFIX
STARFIX-PLUS
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X X X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
W
LO
LO
W
V
V
TH
TH
X
LO
X
LO
X FO
X
V
TH
TH
X
LO
X
LO
X
V
X
LO
X
CO
V
SH
X
SH
SU
SU
X
V
X
V
X X X X CO
X X
E
X X
E
X
LO
X
P
X
P
X
P
X X
TH
X X
FR
X X
FR
X X
V
X X
X X
X X
V
SU
FL
V
FL
MLMC
LO
FR
FR
E
TE
LU
LU
FR
E
LU
E
FR
FR
SH
E
LU
FR
LU
LO
LU
E
FR
FR
B
FR
FR
LU
LU
E
LU
FL
SU
TE
TE
SU
E
E
FR
LO
FR
X
X
X
LO
LU
TH
TH
TE
TE
SH
SH
SH
X X
FL
TE
SH
X X X
TE
FL
SH
X X X
TE
FL
X X X
TE
FL
X X X
TE
FL
X X X
TE
FL
LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
V
FR
FR
V
V
V
FR
FL
FL
FR
FL
FR
E
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
LU
W
CO
CO
FR
FL
X
X
X
X
X
X
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
THERMO-TROL-FL
THERMO-TROL-X
TRU-OIL
ULTRACEL
VISFLO
VISPAC
WELCIDE-52
WELCIDE-522E
WELCIDE-75
WELCIDE-HT
WELCIDE-L
ACTI-BUILD
ACTIMUL RD
ALPINE SPOTTING
BEADS
ANTI-FOAM XLRT
ASPHASOL
ASPHASOL D
ASPHASOL SUPREME
BAR-NONE
BLOK-R 750
BUBBLE BUSTER
CALOSPERSE
Spotting fluid surfactant

Environmentally safe spotting
Spotting surfactant
Potassium shale stabilizer
Complex dry powder formulation
Acid-soluble LCM
Nonionic mud surfactant
Asphaltic shale stabilizer
High temp. filtration control polymer,
HPHT, HPWB
High temp. filtration polymer, HPHT, HPWB
High temp. stabilizer, cond., HPHT, HPWB
Oil mud basic package
High-purity CMC
Polyanionic cellulosic polymer
Tech grade polyanionic cellulosic polymer
Liquiduid bactericide concentrate
Liquiduid bactericide
Liquiduid biocide, CO, O2 scavenger
Thiocarbamate-type B
Liquiduid bactericide
Polar activator for Eastern Hemisphere
Solid emulsifier
Lubricating beads
Defoamer
Sulfonated organic resin blend
Sulfonated organic blend
Sulfonated asphalt
Barium sulfate scale dissolver
Wellbore strengthening additive
Low toxicity defoamer
Unique blend of polymeric and organic
chrome-free thinners specially formulated
for improved rheology control of water-based
drilling fluids
Thinner for high temp. water-based drilling fluids
Liquid anionic acrylic copolymer designed to
provide rheological stability in HTHP waterbased drilling fluids
Specially formulated product designed for
use as a fluid-loss reducing and rheology
stabilizing agent in water-based drilling fluids
Specially formulated fluid-loss control
agent and viscosifier in HTHP water-based
drilling fluids
Causticized lignite
Surfactant cleaner
Oil-based perforating system
Water-based perforating system
Water-dispersible blended amine
Persistent filming amine
Brine-soluble filming amine
Corrosion inhibitor
Medium-sized,carbon-blend plugging agent
Fine-sized, carbon-blend plugging agent
Drilling detergent
Displacement chemical
Displacement chemical
All purpose defoamer
Complexer for the DIPRO system
Viscosity enhancer and stabilizer for
DIPRO LD
Viscosity enhancer and stabilizer for
DIPRO LD
Filtration control agent for the DIPRO system
Glycol-based packer fluid
High-performance LU, antisticking agent
Anti-bit balling agent
Anti-bit balling agent
MMO viscosifier
MMO viscosifier for high temp. applications
MMO viscosifier for low temp. applications
ROP enhancer designed for use in GOM
ROP enhancer
ROP enhancer designed for use on land
ROP enhancer designed for use in the
North Sea
Brine-soluble chelating agent for BREAKDOWN and FAZEBREAK systems
Neutral to slightly basic chelant
Dry chelant breaker for polymer filtercakes
Low-pH chelating agent for BREAKDOWN
systems
High density chelant for FloPro NT, DiPro and
FazePro filtercake removal
Low-pH chelating agent for BREAKDOWN
systems
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO CALOVIS HT
X
X X X
X X
X X X
V
SH
V
V
SH
SH
SH
V
X V
X V
A
TH
TE
TH
TH
TH
TH
LU
STUCKBREAKER
STUCKBREAKER-ES
STUCKBREAKER-W
SUPER-BORE-TROL
SUPER-STOP
SUPER-STOP-AS
SURF-ACT
THERMO-SEAL
THERMO-TROL-50
M-I SWACO CALOVIS FL

TH
SH
FL
SH
LO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
M-I SWACO CALOTHIN
X
X
X
X
Description
of material
M-I SWACO CALOSPERSE Zr
Available Product
from:
tradename
TE
LU
FL
FR
FR
FR
E
E
E
FL
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
CAUSTILIG
CLEAN UP
CLEANPERF OB
CLEANPERF WB
CONQOR 101
CONQOR 202B
CONQOR 303A
CONQOR 404
C-SEAL
C-SEAL F
D-D
DEEPCLEAN
DEEPCLEAN NS
DEFOAM AL
DEFOAM NS
DEFOAM PLUS NS
DEFOAM-A
DEFOAM-X
DI-BALANCE
DI-LOK
M-I SWACO DI-PLEX

M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
DI-TROL
DOWFROST MI
DRILFREE
DRIL-KLEEN
DRIL-KLEEN II
DRILPLEX
DRILPLEX HT
DRILPLEX LT
DRILZONE
DRILZONE II
DRILZONE L
DRILZONE NS
M-I SWACO D-SOLVER

M-I SWACO D-SOLVER 7
M-I SWACO D-SOLVER D
M-I SWACO D-SOLVER EXTRA
M-I SWACO D-SOLVER HD
M-I SWACO D-SOLVER PLUS
V
LU

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X X
X X X
X
X X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
P
P
P
SH
MCLM
MCLM
SU
SH
X
X X
FR
V
TE
LU
FL
SH
TE
TH
E
V
V
V
SH
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X X LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
TH
X X
TH
FR
X X
FR
X X
FR
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TH
X X X X SU
X X X
CF
X
CF
CO
X
X CO
X
CO
X
X CO
X X X
LO
X X X
LO
X
X SU
X X
SU
X X
SU
X
D
X
D
X
D
X
X D
X
X D
X
V
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
D
SH
SH
SH
BR
FR
D
TE
LU
X
X
X
FR
CF
LU
SU
SU
V
V
V
SU
SU
SU
LU
SU
E
E
SH
SH
SH
SU
BR
X X
X X
BR
BR
X
X X
X X
FR
FR
FR
X X
X X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
TH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
E
TE
FL
TE
X
V
X
FR
X
FR
X
X
FR
X
X B
X
X B
X
X
X B
X
X B
X X
X X
E
X
X
X
X
X
X
SH
FR
TE
X
X
X
X
X
Secondary
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Hematite
LCM crosslinker
Polymer LCM
Barite
OCMA bentonite
Special drilling clay
Causticized lignite
Chrome causticized lignite
Fibrous LCM
Cellophane flakes
Foaming agent
API bentonite
Potassium humate
Lignite
Mica LCM
Ground nut shells
Attapulgite
Blended LCM
Powdered H2S remover
Extended bentonite
Liquiduid shale stabilizer, mud cond.
HT filtration control/borehole stabilizer
Non-ionic detergent blend
Blended surfactant
Natural guar polymer
CO series, corrodion inhibitors
Invert emulsifier
Invert emulsifier
Sized resinous particles
Weighted spotting fluid
Oil mud TH
Asphaltic blend
Non-asphaltic fluid loss additives
Organophilic clay
Organophilic clay for low-toxicity and synthetic systems
Low end rheology modifier
Wetting agent, dispersant
Tech-grade CMC
Bentonite extender
Flocculant
Reversible cross-linked polymer plug system
Formation/water control agent
High temp. LCM and water/formation
control agent
Resin sealant
Copolymer beads
Polymeric deflocculant/TH
High performance polymeric deflocculant
High temp. liquid filtration polymer, HPHT,
HPWB
High temp. filtration polymer, HPHT, HPWB
HPHT, HPWB
HPHT, HPWB
High temp. filtration control polymer (Liquid),
HPHT, HPWB
HPHT, HPWB
Liq. polymer, non-damaging V
Liq. PHPA
Liq. polymer non-damaging V
Premium untreated API bentonite
Encapsulating polymer
Encapsulating polymer
Encapsulating polymer, low viscosity
Full-function drilling polymer
Selected cellulosic ether polymer
Selected cellulosic ether polymer
Buffered A agent
Polymeric thinner
Polymer thermal stabilizer
Modified lignosulfonate
Modified, chrome-free lignosulfonate
Polymer-modified lignin
Lubricity agent
Environmentally-safe extreme pressure
lubricant
Environmentally-safe lubricant
Calcium carbonate
Powdered oxygen scavenger
Stabilized polysaccharide
Premium preserved hydrocolloid
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
MARITE
MEGA-LINK
MEGA-SEAL
MESUCO-BAR
MESUCO-BEN
MESUCO-BEN-M
MESUCO-CL
MESUCO-CRCL
MESUCO-FIBER
MESUCO-FLAKE
MESUCO-FOAM
MESUCO-GEL
MESUCO-KL
MESUCO-LIG
MESUCO-MICA
MESUCO-PLUG
MESUCO-SALT-CLAY
MESUCO-SEAL
MESUCO-SORB
MESUCO-SUPER-GEL
MICRO-SEAL
MICRO-SEAL-II
MUDDET
MUD-MUL
MUDUP
MUDUP-PLUS
OILAID-CI
OILCON
OILMUL-L
OILSEAL
OILSPOT-FT
OILSPOT-L
OILSPOT-P
OILTHIN
OILTONE-1
OILTONE-2, 3, 4
OILVIS
OILVIS-2
Secondary
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Secondary
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Fluids 2014

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Available Product
from:
tradename
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
Product
Function
Secondary
Recommended for
these systems
Primary
World Oils
BR
BR
X X X
BR

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
Mixed surfactant solution used in BREAKDOWN and FAZEBREAK systems

Coated internal oxidizer breaker for waterbased RDF filter cakes
M-I SWACO D-STRUCTOR
Organic acid percursor used in AWAY or OUT
breaker systems
M-I SWACO D-STRUCTOR
Organic acid percursor used in FAZE-AWAY
or FAZE-OUT breaker systems
M-I SWACO DUAL-FLO
Fluid-loss additive
M-I SWACO DUAL-FLO HT
Fluid-loss additive for high-temp. applications
M-I SWACO DUO-TEC
Xanthan gum
M-I SWACO DUO-TEC NS
Xanthan gum, non-dispersible, clarified for
North Sea use
M-I SWACO DUO-VIS
Xanthan gum
M-I SWACO DUO-VIS L
Liquified xanthan gum, non-clarified
M-I SWACO DUO-VIS NS
Xanthan gum, non-dispersible, non-clarified
for North Sea use
M-I SWACO DUO-VIS PLUS
Xanthan gum, dispersible, non-clarified
M-I SWACO DUO-VIS PLUS NS
Xanthan gum, non-dispersible, non-clarified
for North Sea use
M-I SWACO DURALON
Filtration control high temp. polymer
M-I SWACO DUROGEL
Sepiolite clay, meets API specs
M-I SWACO ECOKLEEN
Anticrete for tar applications
M-I SWACO ECOTROL L
Liquid filtration control additive for parafinns,
mineral and synthetic oils
M-I SWACO ECOTROL 717D
Filtration control resin for diesel
M-I SWACO ECOTROL HT
Filtration control resin for HTHP applications
M-I SWACO ECOTROL RD
Filtrate reducer for the PARALAND system
M-I SWACO EMUL HT
HPHT E
M-I SWACO ENVIROBLEND
Salt for ENVIROVERT system
M-I SWACO FAZE-MUL
Emulsifier for FAZEPRO system
M-I SWACO FAZE-MUL CW
Emulsifier for FAZEPRO system in cold
climates
M-I SWACO FAZE-WET
Wetting agent for FAZEPRO system
M-I SWACO FAZE-WET CW
Wetting agent for FAZEPRO system in cold
climates
M-I SWACO FER-OX
Hematite, meets API specs
M-I SWACO FILTER FLOC
Chemical filtration aid
M-I SWACO FLO-PLEX
Fluid-loss additive for DRILPLEX system
M-I SWACO FLO-PLEX PLUS
Fluid-loss additive for DRILPLEX system
M-I SWACO FLO-TROL
Starch derivative
M-I SWACO FLO-VIS L
Liquid dispersible, clarified xanthan gum
M-I SWACO FLO-VIS NT
Non-dispersible, non-clarified xanthan gum
M-I SWACO FLO-VIS PLUS
Premium-Gr., dispersible, clarified xanthan gum
M-I SWACO FLO-WATE
Sized salt material
M-I SWACO FLOW-BAK
Surface Tension Reducer
M-I SWACO FLOXIT
Clay flocculant
M-I SWACO FORM-A-BLOK
High strength pill for water and oil-based
applications
M-I SWACO FORM-A-PLUG ACC
Accelerator for FORM-A-PLUG II system
M-I SWACO FORM-A-PLUG II
Acid-soluble lost ciruculation plug
M-I SWACO FORM-A-PLUG RET
Retarder for FORM-A-PLUG II system
M-I SWACO FORM-A-SET
M-I SWACO FORM-A-SET ACC
Accelerator for FORM-A-SET system
M-I SWACO FORM-A-SET AK
M-I SWACO FORM-A-SET AKX
Polymeric lost circulation material containing
calcium carbonate
M-I SWACO FORM-A-SET RET
Retarder for FORM-A-SET system
M-I SWACO FORM-A-SET XL
Crosslinker for FORM-A-SET system
M-I SWACO FORM-A-SQUEEZE
High Fluid loss pill
M-I SWACO GELEX
Bentonite extender and selective FL
M-I SWACO GELPLEX
V for the DRILPLEX system
M-I SWACO GLYDRIL 100
Polyglycol blend
M-I SWACO GLYDRIL DG
Water-miscible glycol
M-I SWACO GLYDRIL GP
Polyalkylene glycol
M-I SWACO GLYDRIL HC
Polyalkylene glycol
M-I SWACO GLYDRIL LC
M-I SWACO GLYDRIL MC
Glycerol/glyceride blend
M-I SWACO G-SEAL
Graphite plugging agent
M-I SWACO G-SEAL FINE
Fine-grind graphite plugging agent
M-I SWACO G-SEAL HRG
High resiliency graphite
M-I SWACO G-SEAL HRG FINE
High resiliency graphite
M-I SWACO G-SEAL PLUS
Coarse-sized plugging agent
M-I SWACO G-SEAL PLUS COARSE Blend for lost circulation and wellbore
strengthening
M-I SWACO HIB-933
shale inhibitor
M-I SWACO HIBTROL
Fluid loss additive and secondary shale
inhibitor
M-I SWACO HIBTROL HV
inhibitor
M-I SWACO HIBTROL ULV
inhibitor, ultra-low viscosity
M-I SWACO HRP
liquid V and gelling agent for oil muds
M-I SWACO HYDRABLOK
Deepwater hydrate inhibitor
M-I SWACO IDCAP D
Polymeric shale encapsulator
M-I SWACO IDLUBE XL
Extreme pressure LU
M-I SWACO IDSPERSE XT
High temp. polymeric dispersant
M-I SWACO INHIBYCOL XT
Wide molecular-weight glocol
M-I SWACO IRONITE SPONGE
H2S scavenger
M-I SWACO ISO-ACT
Viscosifier for ISOTHERM insulating packer
fluid system
X X
M-I SWACO D-STROYER

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X X
X
X X
BR
X X
BR
X X X
FR
X X X
FR
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
V
V
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
FR
V
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
SU
SU
X X X
X X
X X X
W
FL
FR
FR
FR
V
V
X X X
X X
X X
X
X
TE
TE
FR
X X
FR
FR
FR
FR
E
SH
E
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
SH
X X X
LO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LO
LO
LO
LO
LO
LO
X X X
X X X
LO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LO
LO
LO
V
V
SH
TE
SH
SH
SH
SH
LO
LO
LO
LO
LO
FR
SU
FR
FR
FR
FR
LU
LU
LU
LU
LU
X X X
X X X
LO
LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
LU
FL
X X X
FR
SH
X X X
FR
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
LU
LU
LU
LU
SH
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
HS
SH
LU
TH
SH
CO
V
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
KLA-STOP
KLA-STOP NS
KLEEN UP
LIQXAN
LO-FLOSS
LOTORQ
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
LO-WATE
LUBE XLS
LUBE-100
LUBE-167
LUBE-776
LUBE-945
LUBE-1722
LUBE-PLEX
FR
LU
SH
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I 157
M-I 198
M-I BAR
M-I BAR Fine Grind
M-I CEDAR FIBER
M-I CIDE
M-I GEL
M-I GEL SUPREME
M-I GEL SUPREME
WYOMING
M-I GEL WYOMING
M-I LUBE
M-I PAC R
M-I PAC SR
M-I PAC SUL
M-I PAC UL
M-I SEAL
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I WATE
M-I-X II
MUL HTP
MUL XT
MY-LO-JEL
NOBUG
NOVAMOD
NOVAMUL
NOVAPRO P/S
NOVATEC B
NOVATEC F
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
NOVATEC M
NOVATEC P
NOVATEC S
NOVATHIN
NOVAWET
NOVAWET CN
NOVAWET PLUS
NULLFOAM
NUT PLUG
OILFAZE
ONE TROL HT
ONE-MUL
ONE-MUL NS
OPTISEAL I
OPTISEAL II
OPTISEAL III
OPTISEAL IV
OPTITRAK 600
OS-1L
PAD-TROL
PARADRIL B
PARALAND B
M-I SWACO PARAMIX A

M-I SWACO PARAMIX N
M-I SWACO PARAMUL

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
TH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
FL
SH
SH
SH
SH
FR
SH
SH
X X
X X
X
X
SH
SH
SU
X X
X X X
LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
W
LU
LU
LU
LU
LU
LU
LO
SH
FR
SH
SU
SU
LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
E
FR
X X
E
X
LO
X X X
W
X X X
W
X
LO
X
B
X
X V
X
X V
FR
FR
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
LU
X FR
FR
FR
X FR
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
LO
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X
W
LO
E
E
FR
X
X
X
X
V
E
E
TH
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
E
E
TH
SU
SU
SU
D
LO
E
FR
E
E
LO
LO
LO
LO
T
CO
FR
TH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
Secondary
Secondary
Crosslinker for ISOTHERM insulating packer

fluid system
Potassium lignite
Potassium supplement
Acrylamide copolymer shale encapsulator
Hydration suppressant
Hydration suppressant
Low-cost shale inhibitor for floc water drilling
Cationic FL for floc water drilling
Shale stabilizer
Salt-free KLA-GARD
Liquid amine shale inhibitor
Potassium-based shale inhibitor
Shale inhibitor for lignosulfonate muds
on land
Liquid polyamine shale inhibitor
KLA-STOP variant used in the North Sea
Surfactant cleaner
Liquid xanthan
Fluid loss additive for Eastern Hemisphere
Lubricant for FLOPRO NT and FLOPRO
SF systems
Acid-soluble, powdered calcium carbonate
Extreme-pressure LU
Low-toxicity LU
Low-toxicity LU
Lubricant for LSND systems
WBM lubricant
All purpose lubricant
Lubricant for enhanced-performance DRILPLEX system
Single drum emulsifier/wetting agent for the
MEGADRIL system
Fluid loss control additive in Diesel invert
emulsions
Supplemental E
Coarse-ground high-temp. asphaltene
Barite, API spec
Barite, API spec
Shredded cedar fiber
Non-U.S. biocide
Bentonite, meets API spec
Non-treated bentonite, meets API-spec
Non-treated bentonite sourced only from
Wyoming, meets API-spec
Wyoming-sourced bentonite meets API specs
General-purpose LU
Pure PAC polymer, tech Gr.
Semi?pure grade quality PAC
Semi?pure grade quality PAC
Pure PAC polymer, low viscosity
All purpose LO blend esp. suited for fractured
or vugular formations
4.1 SG barite
Ground cellulose LCM and plugging agent
Primary E for negative alkalinity system
HT emulsifier
Biocide
V, gelling agent for syn. fluid emulsion muds
Primary E for syn. fluid emulsion muds
Surfactant
LAO-based fluid
Maleated rosin polymer/glicol ether fluid
loss reducer
Low-end rheology modifier
Primary emulsifier
TH for synthetic system
Wetting agent for syn. fluid emulsion muds
Capped wetting agent
Capped wetting agent
Defoamer
Ground nut hulls
Sacked oil-based concentrate
Primary FR in Non-aqueous drilling fluids
High performance E for invert emulsion fluids
Emulsifier for invert emulsion fluids
Loss prevention material
Carbonate blend for wellbore strengthening
MDT tracer
Special starch
Base fluid for the PARADRIL system
Base fluid linear paraffin for the PARALAND
system
Salt for the PARALAND system
Salt for the PARALAND system
Primary E for OBM and SBM PARA systems
K-17
K-52
KLA-CAP
KLA-CURE
KLA-CURE II
KLAFLOC I
KLAFLOC II
KLA-GARD
KLA-GARD B
KLA-HIB
KLA-PLEX
KLA-SENTRY
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M-I SWACO ISO-LOK

M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
X
X
X
X
X
X
Description
of material
M-I SWACO MEGAMUL
V
W
CF
FL
Available Product
from:
tradename
M-I SWACO MEGATROL
X
X
X
X
X
X
Secondary
BR
Secondary
SU
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X X
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Description
of material
M-I SWACO D-SPERSE
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Fluids 2014
Available Product
from:
tradename
Product
Function
Primary
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
TH
X
X
X X
SH
SH
SU
SH
V
V
SH
SH
FR
FR
FR
FR
SU
LU
TH
FR
FR
SU
E
V
FR
SU
SU
TE

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X
X X
SH
SH
SU
X
FR
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X
P
P
LU
X X X
LU
X
X X
X
X
X
P
P
FR
X FR
X FR
LU
V
V
SH
SH
SH
FL
FL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X FR
SH
FL
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
SH
SH
SH
SH
FR
FR
FR
FL
X X
X SH
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
FR
FR
SH
SH
V
V
V
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
V
E
TE
A
V
AC
LO
FR
FR
FR
V
TH
X X
X
V
V
TH
TH
V
CF
SU
W
W
LO
FR
FR
FR
LO
LO
W
LO
LO
LO
W
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
LU
TE
SH
TH
TH
TH
LU
TE
TE
TE
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
FR
LO
X X X
X X X
FR
LO
X X X
X X X
FR
X X X
X X X
LO
FR
X X X
X X X
FR
X X X
X X X
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LO
LO
B
CO
CO
CO
CO
D
FL
FL
FR
LO
LO
FR
LU
FR
FR
LU
CO
X
X
CO
CO
CO
CO
WBC
SU
SU
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Secondary
Secondary
FL
SU
Available Product
from:
tradename
Description
of material
M-I SWACO SAFE-SURF E
Non-ionic wellbore cleaning agent for OBM

and WBM
Wash chemical
Displacement wash chemical for O/SBM
Displacement wash chemical for WBM
Non-ionic surfactant blend
Displacement wash chemical for WBM
Displacement surfactant
Non-aromatic, high-flash-point pipe dope
solvent
V for brine
Liquid V for brine
Liquid V for high-density brine
Liquid V in highly purified mineral oil carrier
Designed to meet oil and grease testing in
Gulf of Mexico
Attapulgite clay
Prevents accumulation of tar and heavy oil
on shaker screens
Shale and gumbo control additive
Scale inhibitor
Dry sodium silicate
Extreme-pressure LU for SILDRIL system
Potassium silicate version for the SILDRIL
system
Liquid sodium silicate
LU for the SILDRIL system
Sodium polyacrylate
Iron lignosulfonate
Slightly cross-linked CM-starch
LU and ROP enhancer
Extreme pressure LU
Odor control agent and H2S scavenger
H2S scavenger
Extended life H2S scavenger
High-performance V
V, gelling agent for syn. fluid emulsion muds
High performance E for invert emulsion muds
TH for synthetic system
Wetting agent for syn. fluid emulsion muds
Hydrogen sulfide scavenger for cold climates
OBM wetting agent for high brine-content
sys.
Liquid low M.W. polyacrylate
Powdered low M.W. polyacrylate
Ground lignite
Anticrete for heavy oil to thin asphaltenes
Solvent mixture for the SAGDRIL system
Water-wetter for the SAGDRIL system
Liquid V for the SAGDRIL system
Thinner
Carbonate for the FLOTHRU system
Carbonate for the FLOTHRU system
Hydrophobic starch for the FLOTHRU system
Modified starch
V for TRUDRIL system
Encapsulator for the ULTRADRIL system
Biodegradable shale encapsulator
Encapsulator for the ULTRADRIL system
- powder
Polymeric shale inhibitor for the ULTRADRIL
system
ROP enhancer for the ULTRADRIL system
especially with PDC bits
designed for land use
Non-hydrocarbon version of ULTRAFREE
ROP enhancer for the ULTRADRIL system in
the North Sea
Shale inhibitor for the ULTRADRIL system
ULTRAHIB variant for the North Sea
Modified PAC
Modified PAC, ultra-low viscosity
Polysaccharide
Base fluid for the VERSACLEAN system
E for oil mud
E for oil mud
High flash point version of VERSACOAT
Base oil for the VERSADRIL system
Hectorite
Modified lignite for oil muds
Oil-soluble LU
Oil mud gelling agent and V modifier
Basic E package for oil muds
Thermally-activated organic thixotrope
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
SAFE-SURF NS
SAFE-SURF O II
SAFE-SURF W
SAFE-SURF WE
SAFE-SURF WN
SAFE-SURF Y
SAFE-T-PICKLE
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
SAFE-VIS
SAFE-VIS E
SAFE-VIS HDE
SAFE-VIS LE
SAFE-VIS OGS
M-I SWACO SALT GEL

M-I SWACO SCREENKLEEN
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
SHALE CHEK
SI-1000
SILDRIL D
SILDRIL EPL
SILDRIL K
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
SILDRIL L
SIL-LUBE
SP-101
SPERSENE
SPERSENE CF
SPERSENE CFI
SPERSENE I
STABLETROL
STARGLIDE
STEEL LUBE EP
SULFATREAT 410 HP
SULFATREAT DFS
SULFATREAT XLP
SUPRAVIS
SUREMOD
SUREMUL
SUREMUL EH
SUREMUL PLUS
SURETHIN
SUREWET
SV-120
SWA EH
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
TACKLE
TACKLE DRY
TANNATHIN
TARCLEAN
TARLIFT
TARSURF
TARVIS L
THINSMART
THRUCARB
THRUCARB 20
THRUTROL
TROL-PLEX
TRUVIS
ULTRACAP
ULTRACAP NS
ULTRACAP P
M-I SWACO ULTRACAP PLUS

M-I SWACO ULTRAFREE
M-I SWACO ULTRAFREE II
M-I SWACO ULTRAFREE L
M-I SWACO ULTRAFREE NH
M-I SWACO ULTRAFREE NS
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
ULTRAHIB
ULTRAHIB NS
UNIPAC SUPREME R
UNIPAC SUPREME UL
UNITROL
VERSACLEAN B
VERSACOAT
VERSACOAT HF
VERSACOAT NA
VERSADRIL B
VERSAGEL HT
VERSALIG
VERSALUBE
VERSAMOD
VERSAMUL
VERSAPAC

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
Secondary
High-temp. asphaltene
Wetting agent for OBM and SBM
Wetting agent for breaker systems for OB
filter cakes
M-I SWACO PERF-N-PEEL
WBM fluid loss/damage control system for
perforated completions
M-I SWACO PIPE-LAX
Oil-based surfactant for freeing stuck pipe
M-I SWACO PIPE-LAX ENV
Low-toxicity liquid stuck pipe soaking fluid
M-I SWACO PIPE-LAX ENV WH
Western Hemisphere version of PIPELAX ENV
M-I SWACO PIPE-LAX OB
OB spotting fluid
M-I SWACO PIPE-LAX W EXPORT
Oil-based liquid stuck pipe soaking fluid
M-I SWACO POLYPAC ELV
Extra-low viscosity PAC
M-I SWACO POLYPAC R
M-I SWACO POLYPAC SUPREME R Polyanionic cellulose, premium Gr.
M-I SWACO POLYPAC SUPREME UL Polyanionic cellulose, premium Gr., ultralow viscosity
M-I SWACO POLYPAC UL
Polyanionic cellulose, ultra-low viscosity
M-I SWACO POLY-PLUS
Liquid high M.W. PHPA polymer
M-I SWACO POLY-PLUS DRY
Dry PHPA polymer
M-I SWACO POLY-PLUS LV
Low-viscosity PHPA polymer
M-I SWACO POLY-PLUS RD
Readily-dispersible powdered high M.W.
PHPA polymer
M-I SWACO POLY-SAL
Preserved non-fermenting starch
M-I SWACO POLY-SAL HT
Non-fermenting starch deriviative
M-I SWACO POLY-SAL T
Non-fermenting tapioca starch derivative
M-I SWACO POROSEAL
Latex modified starch polymer
M-I SWACO POROSEAL NS
New formulation for use in REACH areas
M-I SWACO POWERVIS
Viscosifier that creates less pump pressure
and thermal convection
M-I SWACO POWERVIS L
Liquid version of POWERVIS
M-I SWACO PRIMO-MUL
Emulsifier for PRIMO-FAZE SYSTEM
M-I SWACO PTS-200
Polymeric temp. stabilizer
M-I SWACO PTS-530
Alkalinity control agent
M-I SWACO RAPID SWEEP
Dissolvable PHPA Stick
M-I SWACO RE-PLEX
Anionic scavenger for DRILPLEX system
M-I SWACO RESEAL
Highly compressive graphite
M-I SWACO RESINEX
Resinated lignite
M-I SWACO RESINEX EH
RESINEX version for Eastern Hemisphere
M-I SWACO RESINEX II
Resinated lignite, tech Gr.
M-I SWACO RHEBUILD
V for RHELIANT system
M-I SWACO RHEDUCE
TH for RHELIANT system
M-I SWACO RHEFLAT
Rheological modifier for RHELIANT system
for GoM & non-CEFAS areas
M-I SWACO RHEFLAT NS
for use in CEFAS areas
M-I SWACO RHEFLAT PLUS
Rheological modifier, Anti-Sag Additive
M-I SWACO RHEFLAT II
M-I SWACO RHEOCHEK
Deflocculant
M-I SWACO RHEOSPERSE
Polymeric high-temp. deflocculant
M-I SWACO RHETHIK
M-I SWACO SAFE-BREAK 611
Non-emulsifier
M-I SWACO SAFE-BREAK CBF
Emulsion preventer for brine
M-I SWACO SAFE-CARB
Sized ground marble
M-I SWACO SAFE-CARB 10
Ground marble; fine grind, D50 = 10 microns
Ground marble; D50 = 1400 microns
Ground marble; very fine grind, D50 =
2 microns
Ground marble; fine grind, D50 = 20 microns
Ground marble; coarse grind, d50 = 250
microns
Ground marble; medium grind, d50 = 40
microns
Ground marble; extra coarse grind, D50 =
500 microns
M-I SWACO SAFE-CIDE
Non-US biocide
M-I SWACO SAFE-COR
M-I SWACO SAFE-COR C
M-I SWACO SAFE-COR EN
Amine-based CO
M-I SWACO SAFE-COR HT
High temp. brine CO
M-I SWACO SAFE-DFOAM
Defoaming agent
M-I SWACO SAFE-FLOC I
Flocculant
M-I SWACO SAFE-FLOC II
Flocculant
M-I SWACO SAFE-LINK
Filtration control agent for CF systems
Cross Linked polymer
M-I Swaco SAFE-LINK 150
M-I SWACO SAFE-LUBE
Water-soluble brine LU
M-I SWACO SAFE-LUBE CW
Water-soluble brine Lubricant for cold
climates
M-I SWACO SAFE-SCAV CA
Oxygen scavenger for calcium and zinc
brines
M-I SWACO SAFE-SCAV HS
Soluble H2S scavenger
M-I SWACO SAFE-SCAV HSW
Soluble H2S scavenger containing methanol
M-I SWACO SAFE-SCAV NA
Oxygen scavenger for sodium and potassium brines
M-I SWACO SAFE-SCAVITE II
Calcium scale preventer
M-I SWACO SAFE-SOLV 148
Displacement solvent
M-I SWACO SAFE-SOLV E
Displacement solvent
M-I SWACO SAFE-SOLV OM
Dispersible solvent for O/SBM
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Description
of material
M-I SWACO PARATROL HT

M-I SWACO PARAWET
M-I SWACO PEN-X
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Fluids 2014
Available Product
from:
tradename
Product
Function
Secondary
Recommended for
these systems
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X X X
SU
X
X
X
X
V
V
V
V
FR
FR
FR
FR
TH
FR
FR
X X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
Primary
World Oils
SU
SU
SU
SU
SU
SU
WBC
X X X
X X X
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
SH
CO
SH
LU
X X
SH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SH
LU
X
X FR
X
TH
X
TH
X
TH
X
TH
X
FR
X
LU
X
LU
X
CO
X
CO
X
CO
X
V
X
V
X
E
X
E
X X
E
X
TH
X
SU
X
CO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
FR
SH
FR
FR
TE
FR
SU
FR
SU
SU
E
X X
SH
X X
SH
X X
SU
LU
X X
SU
LU
X X
SU
LU
X X
SU
LU
X X
SU
LU
X
X
SH
SH
FR
FR
FR
TH
E
E
E
TH
V
FR
LU
V
E
V
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
SH
FR
E
TH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
TH
TH
TH
SH
SU
SU
V
TH
FR
FR
FR
FR
V
SH
SH
X
X
X
SU
FR
FR
FR
SH
LU
SU
SU
SU
LU
FR
TE
TE
TE
FR
LO

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
VERSAVERT B
VERSAVERT BT
VERSAWET
VERT-TROL
VG-69
VG-PLUS
VG-SUPREME
VINSEAL COARSE
M-I SWACO VINSEAL FINE

M-I SWACO VINSEAL MEDIUM
M-I SWACO WARP CONCENTRATE, OB
M-I SWACO WARP CONCENTRATE,
WB
M-I SWACO WARP DRY OB
M-I SWACO WARP HPHT PREMIX
M-I SWACO WARP OB PREMIX
M-I SWACO WARP UF
M-I SWACO WELLZYME A
M-I SWACO WELLZYME III
M-I SWACO XP-20 N
M-I SWACO XP-20K
Montello
HME ENERGIZER
Montello
Montello
Nalco
MON PAC
MON PAC ULTRA LO
ASP 185
Nalco
Nalco
Nalco
ASP 700
ASP 713
EC9349A
Nalco
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
N-9806
CyberCoat
CyberMul
CyberPlus
CyberSeal
CyberTrol
CyberVis DW50
CyberVis RM
DeepDrill Inhibitor
DynaDet
DynaFiber
DynaFree
DynaLose CM
DynaLose W
DynaLose Y
DynaNite
DynaPlex
DynaVert SFT
EvoCon
EvoLube DPE
EvoLube S
EvoMod
EvoTrol
EvoVis
FlexFirm
FlexThin HTZ
GageCon
GageTrol
GageVis
HiPerm
LST-Md
New100N
NewArmor
NewBar
NewBridge
NewCarb (F,M,C)
NewCarb Ultimix
NewEdge
NewFlow
NewGel
NewGel NT
NewLig
NewPac PR
NewPac R
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
High-density colloidial suspension

Dry micronized barite
HPHT premix for WARP systems
OB premix for WARP systems
Dry micronized barite
Enzymatic polymer breaker for water-based
reservoir drill-in fluids
Enzymatic polymer breaker for water-based
reservoir drill-in fluids registered for North
Sea use
Chrome lignite, sodium hydroxide,
neutralized
Potassium chrome lignite
Selective non-ionic SU for wetting asphalt
and asphalt-like prod.
Multipurpose FO; anionic, hydrocarbon
tolerant
High MW V/shale stabilizer
High MW V/shale stabilizer
High MW latex polymer; anionic viscosifier,
shale stabilizer
Shale stabilizer
Wetting agent
Emulsifier
Low-toxicity emulsifier
Lost circulation material
Polymeric rheological modifier
Proprietary HPWB shale inhibitor
Detergent
Micronized cellulose fibers
Unwighted spotting fluid
Modified starch
White starch
Yellow starch
Asphaltite fluid loss control agent
One sack weightable spotting fluid
Fluid conditioner
HPHT drilling performance enhancer
Drilling performance enhancer
HPHT synthetic low-end rheology modifier
Anionic fluid loss control agent
HPHT polymeric viscosifier
Potassium silicate shale stabilizer
Zirconium complexed thinner
Anion surpressor
Fluid loss control
MMO
Amine clay stabilizer
Liquid sulfonated asphalt
Water-activity control agent
Film forming amine corrosion inhibitor
4.2 SG Barite
Sweep/bridging material
Coarse calcite/marble with precise PSD
High-grade humate
Bentonite
Untreated bentonite
Lignite
Premium-grade PolyanionIc cellulose
PolyanionIc cellulose
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X
X
X
TH
X
X
X
SU
FR
FR
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
TH
TH
SU
FR
V
V
V
X X X
X X
FL
X X X
X X
FL
X X X
X X
FL
X X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
W
W
W
W
X X
BR
X X
BR
FR
FR
W
X X
LU
LU
E
FR
FR
FR
X X X
TE
TH
X X X
TE
TH
X X X
SU
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
FR
FR
V
V
SH
FO
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
Newpark
NewPacLV
NewPacPLV
NewPhalt
NewPhase
NewPHPA
NewPHPA D
NewPHPA DLMW
NewPHPA DSL
NewPlug (F,M,C)
NewSeal
NewStabil
NewWate
NewZan D
NoFoam A
NoFoam X
OptiClean
OptiG
OptiLig
OptiMul II
OptiPlus II
OptiThin
OptiTrol
OptiVert
OptiVis RM
OptiWet
TopSpot
X-Prima
NOV
AQUA-FILM CM
NOV
AQUA-FILM HP
NOV
AQUA-FILM HT
X X
Premium-grade PolyanionIc cellulose
X X
Sulphonated asphalt
X X
Water-activity control agent
High-MW anionic polyacrylamide
X X
High-MW anionic polyacrylamide
X X
Low-MW anionic polyacrylamide
X X
Very low-MW anionic polyacrylamide
X X
Nut shells
X X
Sized carbonaceous seepage agent
X X
Alkaline buffering agent
X X
4.1 SG Barite
X X
Xanthum gum
X X
X X
Concentrated defoamer
X X
General purpose cleaning agent
HPHT asphaltite
X X
Amine treated lignite
Primary emulsifier
Organic thinner
Polymeric HPHT FR
Primary emulsifier
Oil wetting agent
Non-toxic organic spotting fluid
X X
One sack high solids, high fluid loss LCM
X X
squeeze
Anionic, carboxymethyl starch filtration
FR V
control additive
Non-ionic hydroxypropyl starch filtration
FR
control additive
Anionic carboxymethyl starch filtration conFR
trol additive for HPHT applications
High purity pre-gelatinized white starch
FR
filtration control additive
Economical yellow pre-gelatinized starch
FR
filtration control additive
Tapioca starch-based filtration control
FR V
additive
Bentonite extender
V FR
Swelling lost circulation material for combatMLCM
ing severe to total circulation losses
Shreaded cedar wood-based lost circulation
material for combating minor to severe
LO
Circulation losses
Chrome lignosulfonate thinner
TH FL
Chrome-free lignosulfonate thinner
TH FL
High temperature Bentonite deflocculant,
TH FL
breaker
De-emulsifier, emulsion breaker
BR
Water clarifier
BR
All-purpose corrosion inhibitor
CO
Filmng amine based corrosion inhibitor
CO
Sodium erythorbate-based oxygen-catalyzed
CO
corrosion inhibitor
Corrision inhhibitor for high temperature
CO
(>300F) applications
Oxidative corrosion inhibitor
CO
Lost circulation material for controling
seepage and regaining mild to moderate
LO
lost circulation
ROP enhancer
SU
Drilling lubricant
LU SH
Fluid loss reducer for synthetic-based
FR V
drililng muds
Primary emulsifier for synthetic-based
E FR
drilling muds
Secondary emulsifier for synthetic-based
E FR
drilling muds
Wetting agent for synthetic-based drillSU E
ing muds
Thinner for synthetic-based drilling muds
TH SU
Oil dispersant
SU
Environmentally friendly drilling lubricant,
LU FR
torque & drag reducer
Lost circulation additive for combating severe
LO
to total losses
Low end rheology modifier for OBM
V
Trimer acid based low end rheology modiV
fier for OBM
NOV
AQUA-FILM W
NOV
AQUA-FILM Y
NOV
AQUA-FILM T
NOV
NOV
Ben-Ex
BORE-SWELL
X SH
X SH
FR
FR
E
SU
NOV
Cedar Fiber
SH
SU
NOV
NOV
NOV
CHEMSPERSE
CHEMSPERSE CF
CHEMTEMP
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV
CLEAR-BREAK
CLEAR-BREAK W
COR-CHEK
COR-CHEK AFM
COR-CHEK CA
NOV
COR-CHEK HT
NOV
NOV
COR-CHEK O2
Cottonseed Hulls
NOV
NOV
NOV
DE-2000 Plus
DL-100
ECO-SYN FLR
NOV
ECO-SYN PE
SH
TH
E
E
LO
FR
V
V
SH
SU
LO
P
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
P
TH
LU
LU
V
FR
V
SH
TH
AC
FR
V
RDF
SH
SH
CO
W
LO
LO
LO
FR
TH
V
V
FR
FR
FR
V
SU
SU
E
SU FR
SU FR
FR
HPHT
E
FR
HS HPWB
FR
V
SH LU
HPHT
HPWB HPHT
SH HPWB
HPHT HPWB
HPHT HPWB
HPWB
TE FR
RDF
SH HPWB
FR HPWB
HS HPWB
WBC
W
W
TH
E
FR
E
FR WBC
FR WBC
TH
E
V
V
NOV
ECO-SYN SE
NOV
ECO-SYN WA
NOV
NOV
NOV
ECO-SYN THIN
ECO-SPERSE
ENVIRO-SLIK
NOV
Enviroplug
NOV
NOV
FLO-MOD LE
FLO-MOD TA
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV
FOAM-OUT A
FOAM-OUT S
FOAM-OUT G
FOAM-OUT B
FRICTION-EZE
HDL Plus
HEC-LINK 11
NOV
HEC-LINK 14
NOV
HEC-VIS L
NOV
NOV
NOV
HEC-VIS
ISO-DRILL
ISO-DRILL Plus

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
Alcohol based defoamer

Silicone based defoamer
Glycol based defoamer
Defoamer for completion brines
General purpose drilling lubricant
Ester based drilling lubricant
Temporary crosslinked HEC fluid loss control
gel for perforation operations
Acid removable crosslinked HEC fluid loss
control gel for completion brines
Liquid HEC dispersion for workover and
completion fluids
Granular HEC
Liquid PHPA (30%) dispersion
Liquid PHPA (50%) dispersion
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
MLCM
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X
X X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
TH
HTHP
X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X
X X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
RDF
FR
RDF
RDF
V
X X
SH V LU X X
SH V LU X X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
FR
V
FR
V
SH FR
SU SH
SH
V
LU
SH
V
LU
SH
SH
LO WBC
LO
A
TE
W
V
FR WBC
D
D
SU
FR SH
FR HPHT
E
SU FR
E
SU FR
TH SU
E
FR HPHT
E
SU FR
V
E
FR
SU
E
FR
P
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
D
D
D
D
LU
LU CO
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
Secondary
Description
of material
SH
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
E
TH
Available Product
from:
tradename
Secondary
Primary E for VERSAPRO system

Oil mud dispersant
Version of VERSATHIN made with VERSACOAT HF
Reduces oil retained on cuttings
Naturally occuring asphaltene
High-temp. asphaltene
Lignite/asphaltene blend for HPHT filtration control
Base fluid for VERSAVERT system
Thin version of worker-friendly base oil
Wetting agent for oil mud
Asphaltic fluid-loss additive
Organophilic clay
Organophilic clay
Organophilic clay
Coarse-grind filtration agent and electric
stability agent
Fine-grind filtration agent and electric
stability agent
Medium-grind filtration agent and electric
stability agent
High-density colloidial suspension
Secondary
M-I SWACO VERSAPRO P/S

M-I SWACO VERSATHIN
M-I SWACO VERSATHIN HF
Secondary
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Fluids 2014
VERSATRIM
VERSATROL
VERSATROL HT
VERSATROL NS
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Available Product
from:
tradename
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
M-I SWACO
Product
Function
Primary
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
X X X X
X X X
X X X

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
K-TROL
MAX-SPERSE
MAX-SPERSE CF
Mica
NOV
NOV BAR
NOV
NOV
NOV CARB
NOV FIBER
NOV
NOV
NOV GEL HY
NOV GEL NT
NOV
NOV Graphite
NOV
NOV LIG
NOV
NOV
NOV LIG R
NOV LIG K
NOV
NOV LIG PH
NOV
NOV OBM Seal
NOV
NOV PAC LV
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV PAC R
NOV PAC Plus
NOV PAC Plus LV
NOV PLUG
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV WATE
NOV WATE 4.0
NOV XAN D
NOV
NOV XAN L
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV XAN ND
XC Polymer
XanVis Liquid
NOV
PAVE-BLOK
NOV
PAVE-PLEX
NOV
NOV
PAVE-TEX
PERM-CON
NOV
NOV
PETRO-MUL I
PETRO-MUL I HT
NOV
PETRO-MUL II
NOV
PETRO-MUL II HT
NOV
NOV
PETRO-WET
PETRO-WET T
NOV
NOV
PETRO-THIN
PETRO-SORB
NOV
NOV
PIPE-FILM H
Poly-Plug
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV
POLY-SPA
PREMA-VIS
PREMA-VIS Plus
PREMA-VIS HT
NOV
NOV
PRO-GUARD CA
PRO-GUARD H2S
PRO-GUARD HT
NOV
PRO-GUARD O2
NOV
NOV
RHE-TEMP
SEAL-UP
NOV
Shur-Plug
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV
SALT GEL
STARTROL
STIK-FREE
STIK-FREE W
STIK-FREE ECO
STIK-FREE ECO W
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
LU
X X
LU X X
X X X
X X X
SH
X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
W FL X X
X X X X
FL LU X X
X X X X
FL
FL
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
LU
X X X X
X X
TH TE X X
X X
Description
of material
NOV
NOC
NOV
NOV
STRES-FREE
SUPR-RATE
SURF-FREE CB
TENSION-EZE
NOV
NOV
NOV
TERALINE
TERAPERM
TERAPLUS
NOV
TERASTAY
NOV
TRAXX Block
NOV
TRAXX TC
NOV
TRIPLE A
NOV
NOV
NOV
TRU-FLUSH
TRU-FLUSH A
ULTRA-BEADS CP
NOV
ULTRA-BEADS G
Flow line friction reduer

ROP enhancing additive
SU TH LU
Surfactant package for stimulation treatment SU
Surfactant additive to minimizine solids
SU
accretion
Choline chloride permanent clay stabilizer
SH
Clay stabilizer
SH
Tetramethylammonium chloride + choline
SH
chloride chloride clay stabilizer
Tetramethylammonium chloride clay
SH
stabilizer
Shale control additive for POLYTRAXX
SH HPWB
system
High performance shale control additive, ROP
SH HPWB
enhancing additive for POLYTRAXX
Anti-accretion additive for drilling appliLU FR
cations
Casing wash, surfactant
WBC
Casing wash
WBC
Spherical copolymer bead lubricant, reduces
LU
torque & drag
Spherical glass bead lubricant, torque &
LU
drag reduction
NOV
VAPR G
FL LU X X
X
NOV
TH TE X X
X X
TH SH X X
X X
NOV
TH
NOV
X X
FR
V
V
CO
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X
X X
X X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
LO
X X
X X X X
V
LO HTHP
P
P
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
Oleon
Oleon
Oleon
Oleon
Oleon
Oleon
Oleon
Oleon
Oleon
Oleon
X
X
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV
V
LO FL
X X
X X
X X
Primary emulsifier for PETROS diesel muds E FR

Primary emulsifier for high temperture PETE FR
ROS diesel muds
Secondary emulsifier for PETROS diesel
E SU
invert muds
Secondary emulsifier for high temperture
E SU
PETROS diesel muds
Wetting agent for PETROS diesel muds
SU E
Concentrated wetting agent for PETROS
SU E TH
diesel muds
Thinner for PETROS diesel inverts
TH SU E
Absorbant solid for aqueous and nonaqueous spills
Filming amine corrosion inhibitor
CO
X
Crosslinking LCM for moderate to severe
MLCM
X
lost circulation
HTHP fluid loss control additive
FR
HTHP
Organophilic bentonite
V FR E
High perforamnce organophilic bentonite
V FR E
Organophilic hectorite for high temperature
V FR HPHT
applications
Sodium erythorbate-based oxygen scavenger CO
X
Hydrogen sulfide scavenging additive
CO
X
Anti oxidant package for high temperature
CO HTHP
X
applications
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X X
Barite weighting material (SG = 4.1)

W
Barite weighting material (SG = 4.0)
W
Granular high molecular weight xanthan gum
V RDF
plus dispersant
High molecular weight xanthan gum disperV RDF
sion for adding viscosity and suspension
Granular, non-dispersiable xanthan gum
V
Readily dispersible granular xanthan gum WBC V FR
High purity, clarified, readily dispersible
WBC V RDF
granular xanthan gum
Non-damaging, carbon-based lost circulation
material for treating seepage and minor to LO
severe lost circulation
Sulfonated asphalt/causticized lignite blend
for controlling filtrate losses and enhanced FR SH
wellbore stability
Shale stabilizer, filtrate control additive
SH FR
De-emulsifier, emulsion breaker, wettBR SU
ting agent
Sodium metabisulfite-based oxygen

scavenger
Rheology modifier
Blended lost circulation material for controlling seepage as well as moderate to severe
lost circulation
Ground hardwood for controlling seepage and regaining mild to moderate lost
circulation
Attapulgite, saltwater gel
HPHT fluid loss reducer and shale stabilizer
Diesel based spotting fluid
Weightable diesel-based spotting fluid
Environmentally safe spotting fluid
Weightable, environmentally safe spotting fluid
Available Product
from:
tradename
Oleon
Oleon
Oleon
Pacer
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
Clouding glycol shale control agent for salinities up to 150,000ppm

VAPR P
Clouding glycol shale control agent for salinities >150,000ppm
VAPR S
Clouding glycol shale control agent for salinities <150,000ppm
Walnut Shells
Ground and sized walnut shells for regaining
lost circulation
WASH-UP
Liquid surface cleaner/degreaser
WASH-UP ECO
Environmentally friendly liquid cleaner/
degreaser
WASH-UP Dry
Granular cleaner/degreaser
Gilsonite Dispersion
Gilsonite suspension in synthetic oil
Gilsonite
Granular, sized Gilsonite for controlling
filtrate losses
RADIAGREEN BDMF
Environmentally friendly synthetic-based
RADIAGREEN BDMF VLV Environmentally friendly synthetic-based
RADIAGREEN CLO
Stimulation additive and mud cake breaker
RADIAGREEN CLW
Surface and cased hole cleaner
RADIAGREEN EBL
Ester-based LU for water-based muds
RADIAGREEN EBO
Multi purposes environmentally friendly LU
and ROP enhancer
RADIAGREEN EME SALT Environmentally friendly LU for heavy brines
RADIAGREEN EMUL
Oil mud emulsifier
RADIAGREEN RA
Reservoir enhancer
RADIAGREEN SL
Environmentally friendly LU for high ph
water-based (silicate muds)
E-24
Blend of emulsifying & wetting agents
EMS 6+
Rheology modifier
Drilling Lube
Lubricant for OBM
LCM MICA
Fine, Medium and Coarse mica
ANTIFOAM HD
Defoamer for high density fluids
BRINE VIS HB
Rheology modifier for heavy brines
DENSE CORR
CO for high density fluids
DFT BAR
API Barite
DFT BIPOLY
Xanthan gum
DFT BRINE VIS
Hydroxyethylcellulose
DFT CARB
Calcium carbonate
DFT C-BRIDGE
Biodegradable cellulosic LCM
DFT CFL
Chrome free lignosulfonate
DFT CIDE L
Bactericide
DFT CIDE P
Granular bactericide
DFT CON
DFT CORR (B)
Brine soluble filming amine
DFT CORR (D)
Corrosion inhibitor for drilling fluids
DFT DETERGENT
Drilling detergent
DFT DI TROL
Modified starch for drill-in fluids
DFT DRILL-IT ACC
HPWBM ROP enhancer, DRILL-IT system
DFT DRILL-IT CAP
HPWBM encapsulator, DRILL-IT system
DFT DRILL-IT INHIB
HPWBM shale inhibitor, DRILL-IT system
DFT FLOC
Well-bore clean-up flocculant
DFT GEL
API/OCMA Bentonite
DFT GILSONITE (WD) Water disperisble gilsonite
DFT GLYCOL
Wide range molecular weight glycol
DFT HSS
Hydrogen sulfide scavenger
DFT LCM PLUG
Massive lost circulation material
DFT LIG
Causticized lignite
DFT LIGNITE
Lignite
DFT LUBE
Lubricant for WBM
DFT MgO
Magnesium oxide for alkalinity control
DFT MUL
Primary emulsifier
DFT PAC R
Polyanionic cellulose high vicosity
DFT PAC SL
Polyanionic cellulose low viscosity
DFT PHPA D
Phpa dry
DFT PHPA L
Phpa liquid
DFT PLUG SQUEEZE
Polymeric LCM squeeze pill
DFT PLUG XLA
Accelerator for Plug Squeeze
DFT PLUG XLR
Retarder for Plug Squeeze
DFT RESIN
Resinated lignite
DFT RINSE
Well-bore clean-up surfactant

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X X
Secondary
NOV
NOV
NOV
NOV
Readily dispersible granular PHPA

SH
Low moluecular weight granular PHPA
SH
Heavy metal free polymer based liquid thinTH
ner/deflocculant
Potassium-based inhibitor
V
Chrome containing tannin based thinner
TH
Chrome free, tannin based thinner
TH
Lost circulation material, best performance
LO
when used in conjunction with other LCM
Barite weighting material meeting API
W
specs (sg=4.2)
Acid soluble calcium carbonate, sized
LO
Ground and sized cellulosic lost circulation
material for controlling seepage up to moder- LO
ate or severe lost circulation
Polymer extended, API spec. Wyoming
V
Bentonite
Treated, high yeild Bentonite
V
Non-treated, premium Wyoming bentonite,
V
API spec.
Sized amorphous graphite for treating lost
circulation and for spotting to reduce friction, LO
torque & drag
Lignite-based dispersant/filtration control
FL
additive
Resinated lignite
FL
Potassium hydroxide containing lignite filtraFL
tion control additive/dispersant
Causticized lignite filtration control additive/
FL
dispersant
Lost circulation additive specifically for diesel
LO
and synthetic based drilling fluids
Low viscosity polyanionic cellulose filtration
FR
control additive
Polyanionic cellulose - regular
FR
Polyanionic cellulose filtration control additive FR
Polyanionic cellulose filtration control additive FR
Ground and sized nut shells for controlling
LO
seepage and mild to severe lost circulation
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
ISO-DRILL RD
ISO-DRILL LV
LIQUI-THIN
Secondary
NOV
NOV
NOV
Secondary
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Fluids 2014
NOV GEL
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Available Product
from:
tradename
NOV
Product
Function
Secondary
Recommended for
these systems
Primary
World Oils
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
X X
X X X X
SH LU
SH LU
SH LU
LO FR
SU
SU
SU
FR SH
FR SH
X
X
X X
X
LU
LU
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X X X
SB
SB
SU
SU
LU
X X X
LU
X X X
LU
E
SU
P
SU
X X X
X X
X
X X
LU
X X X
E
V
LU
LO
D
V
CO
W
V
V
LO
LO
TH
B
B
E
CO
CO
SU
FR
SU
SH
SH
FL
V
SH
SH
CO
MLMC
TH
TH
LU
A
E
FR
FR
SH
SH
MLMC
MLMC
MLMC
FR
SU
LU
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
TH
TH
FR
FR
W
FR
LU
SU
E
V
LU
FR
FR
LU
LU
TE
TE
FR
FR
SH
FR
V
SH
FR
FR
FL
FL
TH
TE

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
PICO
QMax
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
RAPID QO 200
Quantum EF emulsifier
Rapid
RAPID QW 100F
Rapid
RAPID QW 150
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
RAPID S PHALT
RAPID SEAL
RAPID SHALE-FIX
RAPID SHALE-FIX RD
RAPID SPERSE
RAPID SPOT
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
RAPID SUPER SEAL

RAPID SURF 300
RAPID SURF 400
RAPID SURF 500
Sulfonated asphalt
LCM Fiber, fine, medium, coarse
PHPA polymer
PHPA polymer powder
Asphalt/Gilsonite coupler
Synthetic stuck pipe spotting fluid concentrate
Squeeze and seepage graded material
Well cleaning synthetic solvent
Well cleaning Surfactant
Flocculating Surfactant
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
DFT SOLV PD
DFT SPOT
DFT SPOT W
DFT STARCH NF
DFT SURF
DFT SYNTONE
DFT THIN
DFT THIN X
DFT THIX
DFT TONE
DFT VIS
DFT VIS PLUS
DFT WET
DFT XANTHAN GUM
DRILL HIB
DRILL TROL
GLY DENSE
NO FOAM
CBMax

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
SU
P
P
FR
SU
FL
TH
TH
V
FR
V
V
SE
V
SH
FR
V
D
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
FR
FR
E
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM
Roquette
Roquette
Roquette
Roquette
Roquette
Roquette
Roquette
LU
E
E
FR
SB
FR
LO
E
V
SH
SH
SH
SH
TH
TH
SH
FR
LU
LU
LU
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X MLCM
X
SU WBC
X
SU WBC
X
SU WBC
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X
X
X
X
FR
LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
SB
SH
X
LU
FR
FR
Roquette
Roquette
Roquette
Scomi
RC PAK-3
RC PDR-4000
RC PDR-6000
RC PIGOUT-404
PROTECTOL C
RC RIGFOAM-3
RC RIGVIS-EH
RC RIGXAN-L plus
RC VERSAFLOC LHD
RC VERSAFLOC LHD+
RC-3
RC-4
RC-7
RC-8
TREAT O CLA
AMIDON MDF 12
AMIDON M-SE 180P
AMIDON M-ST 380
AMIDON M-ST 380 P
CLEARGUM CO 01
GLUTEN DE MAIS
POLYSORB 70/12
- HYDROGENATED
GLUCOSE
POLYSORB 75/05/75
SODIUM GLUCONATE
TACKIDEX N-735
AS100
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
BREAK-FREE
BREAK-FREE NW
CDEEP-BAR
CDEEP-MOD
CDEEP-MUL
CDEEP-RM
CDEEP-THIN
CDEEP-THIN ll
CDEEP-TROL
CIRRUS CPG
CONFI-BIO SURF
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
CONFI-EMUL P
CONFI-EMUL S
CONFI-GEL
CONFI-GEL PLUS
CONFI-GEL HT
CONFI-GEL ll
CONFI-GEL XHT
CONFI-KLEEN
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
CONFI-LUBE
CONFI-MOD
CONFI-MOD HT
CONFI-MOD XHT
CONFI-MUL HT
CONFI-MUL XHT
CONFI-MUL P
CONFI-MUL S
CONFI-MUL SA
CONFI-PLEX
CONFI-RM
CONFI-RM HT
CONFI-RM XHT
CONFI-SEAL
CONFI-SPOT
CONFI-SPOT PLUS
CONFI-SURF
CONFI-SURF PLUS
CONFI-TEC P
CONFI-TEC HT
CONFI-TEC XHT

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
X X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X
X X X
X X X
WBC SU
X X X
X X X
WBC SU
X X X
X X
X WBC SU
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
CO CF
SU
SU
TH
X
SU
X FO
X
V
LO
X
X V
LO
X
FL WBC
X
FL WBC
X
SU
X X X
SU
X X
SU
X X
SU
X
SH
E
FR
FR
FR
E
E
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
D
SU WBC
CF
CF
HPHT LU
HPHT CO
V
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
P
P
W
V
E
V
TH
TH
FR
SH
X X
WBC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
E
E
V
V??
V
V
V
X X
WBC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
FR
LU
LU
FR
X X
X X
X
X
Polyols in solution
Crystalline powder
Pea starch
Acid generating product for use in breaker
fluids
Non weighted spotting fluid
Fine grind barite for CONFI-DEEP system
Flat rheology modifier for CONFI-DEEP
Emulsifier for CONFI-DEEP
Secondary rheology modifier for CONFI-DEEP
TH for CONFI-DEEP
TH for CONFI-DEEP
FR for CONFI-DEEP
Low-Cloud point glycol for shale control
Well Bore clean up with low environmental
impact
Primary emulsifier
Organophilic clay
Organophilic clay
Organophilic Hectorite clay
Organophilic clay
HPHT V for NAF
Blend of surfactants and solvents designed
to suspend solids
Ester-based lubricant
Viscosifier for OBM
Viscosifier for OBM
Viscosifier for OBM for ultra HT
Primary emulsifier for HT
Primary emulsifier for Ultra HT
Primary emulsifier
Low temp. rheology
Synthetic polymer viscosifying agent for OBM
Viscosifier for OBM
Viscosifier for OBM for HT
Viscosifier for OBM for Ultra HT
Organophilic lignite
Spotting agent for SBM
Well Bore Clean up for SBM
WBC fluid
WBC fluid
Emulsifier for low density systems
Secondary emulsifier for HT
Secondary emulsifier for Ultra HT
SU WBC
E
TE
E
SU
V
FR
FR TE
SH LU
SH
V
TH
E
SU WBC
SH FR
X
X
X X
X
Secondary
Well cleaning Surfactant

Primary emulsifier
Organo-bentonite
Oil mud gilsonite
Polymer drill fluid system
Polymer for TopHole system
Oil wetting agent
Synthetic biodegradable solvent
Gilsonite slurry in a glycol-glycerol carrier
Surfactant blend, wellbore and displ.
clean-up
clean-up
clean-up
Silicone emulsion D
Biodegradable general purpose cleaner
concentrate
Packer fluid CO
Pickling solvent
Pickling solvent
Oil soluble pipeline cleaner
Surface cleaner and protectant
Foamer
Environmentally-safe HEC suspension
Environmentally-safe XC suspension
FL polymer, wellbore and displ. and cleanup
FL polymer, wellbore and displ. and cleanup
Neutral cleaner concentrate
Cleaner concentrate for synthetic muds
General purpose cleaner concentrate
General purpose cleaner concentrate
Clay Stabilizer
OSA starch
CWS starch
CWS starch
CWS starch
OSA starch
Vegetal protein
Polyols in solution
RAPID SURF 600

RAPID SV I
RAPID SV II
RAPID SV VISCOSIFIER
RAPID SV-G
RAPID TOPHOLE
RAPID TOPHOLE THV
RAPID TWA
RAPID WELL FLUSH
RAPID BLACK
RC CC-1250
RIG-CHEM RC D&D3
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
Rapid
RIG-CHEM
RIG-CHEM RC DEFOAMER W1
RIG-CHEM RC GREEN MAGIC
X
X
X
X
X
Description
of material
RIG-CHEM RC CC-1250M
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CO
CO
HPWX
BM
LU
LU
LU
LO
TH
SU
TH
D
CO
LU
LO
X MLCM
V
FR
FR
X FR
E
HPWBM
HPWBM
HPWBM
HPWBM
SH
LO
V
X
E
Available Product
from:
tradename
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
FR
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X X
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Description
of material
Well-bore clean-up solvent

Spotting fluid
Non-fermenting starch
Displacement surfactant for OBM clean-up
FR for SBM
OBM dispersant
Acrylate copolymer
OBM LSRV modifier
Gilsonite for OBM/SBM
Organophilic clay
High-viscosity organoclay for OBM/SBM
OBM wetting agent
Clarified xanthan for drill-in fluids
Shale inhibitor for heavy brine fluids
FR for heavy brine fluids
Viscosifier for heavy brines
Defoamer
Proprietary blend for BHS /seepage control
for CBM drilling
Filtravis
Proprietary Fluid Loss Reducer
MicroVis
Enhanced foam viscosifier
Mud Lite
Enhanced foam surfactant
Q'AAL
Bitumen Antiaccretion Agent
Q'Block
Non damaging seepage control/bridging
material for SAGD Drilling
Q'Break
Polymer/Filter cake breaker
Q'Clean
Bitumen Cleaner
Q'Core
Proprietary Blend for Coring in Reactive
Formations
Q'Core II
Proprietary Blend for Coring
Q'EL
Shale Encapsulating Water Soluble Polymer
Q'Flow
Antiphase Trap Additive
QM II
Blended Silicate Salts
Q'MaxDrill
Chloride free shale inhibitive amine
Q'MUL C
Combined Emulsifier for OBM
Q'MUL I
Primary emulsifier for OBM
Q'MUL II
Secondary emulsifier for OBM
Q'PAC LV
Polyanionic cellulose - Low Viscosity
Q'PAC R
Polyanionic cellulose - High viscosity
Q'PLUG II A
Polymer Cross-linker
Q'PLUG II HMW
High Molecular Weight Cross-linking Polymer
Q'PLUG II LMW
Low Molecular Weight Cross-linking Polymer
Q'Star ENV
Modified Starch for LWD
Q'Strip
Solids Flocculant for Mud Stripping
Q'STOP C
Sized Cellulose Fiber - Coarse
Q'STOP F
Sized Cellulose Fiber
Q'Wet
Oil Wetting Agent
Q'Wet XL
Oil Wetting Agent
Q'Xan XCD
Xanthan Gum
Smart Seal
LCM/Seepage Control Product
ENERHIB PF4100
Packer fluid inhibitor (concentrate)
ENERHIB PF4135
Packer fluid inhibitor
QUANTUM EF
Plant dervied water-based drilling fluid
system
RAPID BEADS C
Ceramic beads
RAPID BEADS G
Glass beads
RAPID BEADS P
Plastic beads
RAPID CARB
RAPID CFLS
Chrome-Free ligonsulfonate
RAPID CLEAN 600
Degreaser/detergent
RAPID CLS
Chrome ligonsulfonate
RAPID DEFOAM 10
Drilling fluid defoamer
RAPID DRILCORE 1600 Corrosion inhibitor while drilling
RAPID ENERLUBE
Synthetic extreme pressure lubricant
RAPID FIBER
Cellulose fiber LCM blend
RAPID FRACSEAL
Squeeze and seepage graded material
RAPID GEL
RAPID HUMIDRILL
High humic acid lignite
RAPID LIG
Ground leonardite
RAPID PAC LV
Low vis. polyanionic cellulose
RAPID PLEX
Spotting fluid emulsifier
RAPID QDF 130
Quantum EF defoamer
Q'Max
QMax
QMax
QMax
QMax
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Fluids 2014
Available Product
from:
tradename
Product
Function
Primary
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
LU
FR
FR
FR HPHT
FR
FR
FR
FR HPHT
HPHT
LU
FR HPHT
HPHT
E
E
E
E
V
V
V
V
V
FR
P
WBC
WBC
WBC
E
E
E
FR
FR
FR
FR HPHT
E HPHT
HPHT
HPHT
FR
FR
FR

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
TH for NAF systems

FR for NAF
VHT softening point gilsonite
UHT softening point gilsonite
Liquid FR for NAF
HT softening point gilsonite
Proprietary FR and RM for OBM/SBM
Filtration and suspension control - Liquid
Filtration and suspension control - Liquid
Filtration and suspension control for HT
Filtration and suspension control for Ultra
HT systems
CONFI-TROL XHT L
CONFI-TROL XHT Lll
Filtration and suspension control forHT
systems
CONFI-TROL L
CONFI-TROL Lll
Filtration and suspension control for Ultra
HT systems
CONFI-VIS
HPHT V for NAF
CONFI-VIS PLUS
HPHT V for NAF
CONFI-WET
Oil-wetting agent
COR-MUSCLE
Three-in-one corrosion inhibitor
CS200
Chelator for use in breaker fluids
CUMULUS CPG
Cloud point glycol
DRILL-BAR
API barite
DRILL-GEL
API bentonite
DRILL-GEL UA
API non-treated Wyoming bentonite
ES400
Enzyme fo use in breaker fluids
FERRO-THIN
Iron lignosulphonate
FIBRO-SEAL
Seepage loss control
FIBRO-SEAL C
FORM-8 C
Caesium formate brine
FORM-8 K
Potassium formate (dry)
FORM-8 N
Sodium formate (dry)
Glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde biocide
GUAR GUM
Guar gum
HEC
HYDRAMINE
Water-dispersible filming amine
HYDRO-BUFF
pH buffer and polymer extender
HYDRO-CAP L
Liquid, high molecular weight, PHPA polymer
HYDRO-CAP RD
Readily dispersibleHMW PHPA
HYDRO-CAP SC
Low MW PHPA
HYDRO-CAP XP
HMW PHPA
HYDRO-CHECK
Co-Polymer as deflocculant
HYDRO-DEFOAM
Multi purpose D
HYDRO-DEFOAM A
HYDRO-DEFOAM S
Low-toxicity D
HYDRO-FILM
Filming amine
HYDRO-FLOCC
Bentonite extender
HYDRO-HIB
Shale inhibitor
HYDRO-KLEEN
Bio-degradable detergent
HYDRO-LIG
Lignite
HYDRO-LIG C
Causticized lignite
HYDRO-LUBE
WBM lubricant
HYDRO-LUBE SL
WBM lubricant for silicate muds
HYDRO-LUBE SL PLUS Premium WBM lubricant for silicate muds
HYDRO-MAX
Manganese tetraoxide
HYDRO-MD
Mud detergent
HYDRO-PAC LV
HYDRO-PAC PLUS LV Premium polyanionic cellulose
HYDRO-PAC PLUS R
Premium polyanionic cellulose
HYDRO-PAC R
HYDRO-PAC UL
HYDRO-PLAST
Sulphonated asphalt
HYDRO-PLAST PLUS Premium sulphonated asphalt
HYDRO-PLUG
Nut shells
HYDRO-POL
Sodium polyacrylate
HYDRO-REZ
Polyanionic, lignin resin
HYDRO-SEAL G
Graphite bridging agent
HYDRO-SEAL G FINE Graphite bridging agentfine size
HYDRO-SIL K
Potassium silicate liquor
HYDRO-SIL S
Sodium silicate liquor
HYDRO-SPERSE
Chrome lignosulphonate
HYDRO-SPERSE CF
Chrome-free iron lignosulphonate
HYDRO-SPERSE HT
TH and TE for HT environments.
HYDRO-SPERSE RS
HYDRO-STAR CMS
HYDRO-STAR CMS PLUSModified polysaccharide
HYDRO-STAR HT
Modified starch
HYDRO-STAR NF
Non fermenting, polymerized starch
HYDRO-STARCH
Pregelatinised corn starch
HYDRO-TAN CF
Chrome-free, modified tannin
HYDRO-THERM
HT filtration control
HYDRO-THERM II
AcrylamideAMPS copolymer
HYDRO-THIN
Liquid, low-molecular-weight anionic
polymer
HYDRO-THIN HT
TH for HT environments
HYDRO-THIN HT ll
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
FR HPHT
X X
FR HPHT HPHT
X X
FR HPHT HPHT
X X
FR HPHT
X X
FR HPHT
X X
X X
X X
V
V
TH
CO
FR
FR
SH
W
X V
X V
LU
X X
TH
LO
X X
LO
SH
X X
SH
X X
SH
X B
V
V
X
X CO
CO
X
SH
X
SH
X
SH
X
SH
X
TH
X
D
X
D
X
D
X
CO
V
X
SH
X X X X SU
X
TH
X
FR
X
LU
LU
LU
X X X
W
X
SU
FR
FR
FR
X X
X TH
X X X
X X X
X
X
TH
TH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
FR
FR
RDF
RDF
RDF
HPHT
FL
TH
SH
SH
SH
SH TE
FR
FR MLCM
Description
of material
Scomi
Scomi
HYDRO-THIN HT L
HYDRO-THIN L
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
HYDRO-WASH
HYDRO-ZAN
HYDRO-ZAN L
HYDRO-ZAN PLUS
HYDRO-ZAN PLUS RD
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
HYDRO-ZAN RD
HYDRO-ZAN T
HYDRO-ZAN TRD
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
HyPR-ACP
HyPR-BAR
HyPR-CAP
HyPR-CAP HM
HyPR-CSP
HyPR-STAR
HyPR-DRL
HyPR-HIB
HyPR-LUBE
HyPR-PLEX
ISOTHIAZOLIN
KXP-019
KXP020
KXP-022
KXP-026
KXP-029
LUBRI-GREEN
LUBRI-GREEN II
MY-PAC LV
MY-PAC R
NIMBUS CPG
OPTA-CARB
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
OPTA-CARB 5, 20,
50, 100
OPTA-LUBE CB
OPTA-MUL
OPTA-PAC
OPTA-SAL M
polymer
WBC fluid
Xanthan gum
Xanthan gum, liquid
Xanthan gum, premium grade
Xanthan gum, premium grade readily
dispersible
Xanthan gum, readily dispersible
Xanthan gum, technical grade
Xanthan gum, technical grade readily
dispersible
Co-Polymer as encapsulator and dispersant
Fine grind barite
Terpolymer for HPWBM
Co-Polymer as encapsulator and flocculant
Aminic Shale Inhibitor
Fluid Loss Control Agent for HPWBM
Bit and BHA balling preventer
Ammonium salt inhibitor for HPWBM
WBM lubricant
Shale inhibitor for WBM
Isothiazolin-based biocide
HT Emulsifier
HT Fluid Loss additive
Deepwater Rheology Modifier
Ultra HT Emulsifier
Amine for use in HPWBM
Tech grade PAC
Tech grade PAC
Cloud point glycol for saturated salt systems
Acid-soluble calcium carbonate bridging agent
Custom-sized bridging material
Scomi
OPTA-SAL M
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
Scomi
OPTA-SAL UL
OPTA-STAR
OPTA-STAR PLUS
OPTA-VIS
OPTA-ZAN
OPTA-ZYME S
OX-SCAV
OX-SCAV CA
OX-SCAV S
RE-VERT
RHEO-PLEX
SCALE-HIB
Scomi
Scomi
Shrieve
Shrieve
SEA-GEL
SS300
BIO-ADD 1000
BIO-ADD 1107
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
BIO-ADD 1200
BIO-ADD 1239
BIO-ADD 2000
BIO-ADD 2200
BIO-ADD 2300
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
BIO-ADD 2400
BIO-ADD 2600
BIO-ADD 2700
BIO-ADD 2850
HPHT
HPHT
FR
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
BIO-ADD 3100
BIO-ADD 3213
BIO-ADD 3220
BIO-ADD 3230
BIO-ADD 3500
BIO-ADD 378
BIO-ADD 4100
FR
FR
FR
Shrieve
Shrieve
BIO-ADD 4110
BIO-ADD 4130
TE HPHT
HPHT
HPHT
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
BIO-ADD 4145
BIO-ADD 4148
BIO-ADD 4500
FR
FR
Shrieve
BIO-ADD 4510

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
Lubricant for brine fluids

Emulsifier For NAF DIF - OPTA-VERT
FR for DIF and Formates
Specially sized salt with anti caking properties used as bridging agent in RDF
Specially sized salt used as bridging
agent in RDF
One sack LCM for DIF
High purity non-fermenting starch for DIF
Proprietary starch for OPTA-FLO
DIF high quality viscosifier
Clarified xanthan
Enzyme breaker for DIF
Oxygen scavenger for calcium brines
Powder oxygen scavenger
Emulsion prevention for completion fluids
MMH
LMW acrylic polymer for scale inhibition
in WBM
API attapulgite
Solvent for us in OPTA-SOLVE breaker system
Pipe freeing agent
Solid sodium asphalt sulfonate filtrate
reducer
Clay inhibitor-liquid KCl replacement
Permanent clay stabilizer
Water insoluble corrosion inhibitor
Water-dispersible corrosion inhibitor
Water-dispersible/alkaline stable brine corrosion inhibitor
Phosphated ester corrosion inhibitor
Amide concentrate-surfactant pourable for
formulating as corrosion inhibitor
Defoamer glycol-based
Highly effective wellbore cleaner
EP lubricant
Lubricant/surfactant
Defoamer silicone-based
Anti-Accretion ROP enhancer for WBM
Amphoteric rheology modifier-general
purpose
Rheology modifier
Fatty acid derivatives low-end rheology
modifier
Cationic rheology modifier
Rheology modifier - cationic
Medium charge, high MW, polyacrylamide
emulsion
Medium charge, medium MW, polyacrylamide emulsion
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X X X
TH
X X
X TH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X X X
RDF
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
V
V
RDF
RDF
X X X
RDF
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
FR
WBC
V RDF
V RDF
V RDF
SH
X
W
SH
SH
SH
FR
SU
SH
LU
SH
X B
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
HPWB
FR HPWB
FR HPWB
LU
LU
LU
FR
FR
SH
LU
X X X
LO
FR
X X X
RDF
FR
RDF
LO
FR
X X
FR
RDF
X X
LU
E
FR
X X
LO
RDF
X X
LO
RDF
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
X X X
X X X
X
X
LO
FR
FR
V
V
RDF
CO
CO
CO
CF
V
Secondary
Available Product
from:
tradename
SH
LU
LU
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Secondary
TH
FR
FR
FR
FR HPHT
FR
FR
V
FR
FR
FR HPHT
FR
SH
SH
LO
FR
FR
LO
LO
SH
SH
TH
TH
TH
TH
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
TH
FR
FR
X
X
X
X
Secondary
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Description
of material
CONFI-THIN
CONFI-TROL
CONFI-TROL 400
CONFI-TROL 450
CONFI-TROL F
CONFI-TROL HT
CONFI-TROL VT
CONFI-TROL EHT
CONFI-TROL FHT
CONFI-TROL HT
CONFI-TROL XHT

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Fluids 2014
Available Product
from:
tradename
Product
Function
Secondary
Recommended for
these systems
Primary
World Oils
LU
X X X
X X X
FR
X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
SH
SH
CO
CO
X X X
CO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
CO
CO
CO
X X X
CO
X X X
V
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
D
WBC
LU
LU SU
D
SH LU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X
V
V
SU
X X
TH
X X
TH
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
SH
TE

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
Shrieve
BIO-BASE 168
Shrieve
BIO-BASE 200
Emulsion of partially hydrolized high MW

polyacrylamide
Primary emulsifier
Wetting agent / low cost primary emulsifier
Lubricant for brines, all density
Resinated lignin
Extreme pressure lubricant
Spotting fluid for freeing stuck pipe
General purpose lubricant
Well clean up/micellar surfactant
Drilling detergent for heavy gumbo
General purpose lubricant
Synthetic C15-18 Isomerized olefinbased fluid
Synthetic C16-18 Isomerized olefinbased fluid
Linear alpha olefin blend-based fluid,
C1618 LAO
Linear alpha olefin blend-based fluid,
C141618 LAO
C16 linear alpha olefin
Synthetic C11-13 paraffin, linear
Synthetic C11-16 paraffin-based fluid, linear
and branched blend
Vegetable ester-based fluid
Olefin-paraffin blend-based fluid for onshore
applications
C11-14 paraffin-based fluid blend
Air Drilling Corrosion Inhibitor
Phosphate ester Corrosion Inhibitor
Corrosion Inhibitor
Emulsifier
Rheology modifier
Rheology modifier
Low-MW polypropylene glycol mixture
High-MW polypropylene glycol mixture
Mid-cloud point glycol ether
High-cloud point glycol ether
Low cost glycol ether mixture
Wetting agent for WBM-cleaner for displacement from SBM to Brine
Biocide
Highly effective non-aldehyde biocide
Highly effective non-aldehyde biocide
Lubricant for water-based muds
High temperatuer filtration control agent
Synthetic 11-13 Linear and C8 - C26
Linear olefin blend-based fluid, C141618LAO
and C8 -C26
C8- C26 Distillates
Lub for water-based muds and coil tubing
Lubricant for water-based muds
Lubriant for water-bsed muds
High Temperature Secondary Emulsifier
High Temperature Primary Emulsifier
Wetting Agent - Corrosion Inhibitor
Shale Inhibitor
Biocide
Biocide
High Temperature Acid Corrosion Inhibitor
Filtercake Carbonate Dissolver
Microemulsion Solvent for Acidizing
Alkanes, Linear and Branched, light paraffins
Self Buffering Crosslinker
Encapsulated lube/targeted friction inhibitor
BIO-BASE 250
BIO-BASE 260
BIO-BASE 300
BIO-BASE 360
Shrieve
Shrieve
BIO-BASE 410
BIO-BASE 550
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
BIO-BASE 560
BIO-COR 1014
BIO-COR 2300
BIO-COR 2899
DME 101
DME 102
DME 301
DME 401
DRILL COL 699
DRILL COL 700
DRILL-COL 240
DRILL-COL 340
DRILL-COL 705
MEGA-SURF 100
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
OMEGA 5150
SHRIEVE-CIDE 500
SHRIEVE-CIDE 505
BIO-ADD 770
BIO-ADD 7200
BIO-BASE 540
BIO-BASE 557
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Solazyme,
Inc.
So. Clay
So. Clay
BIO-BASE 625
Bio-Add 757
Bio-Add 706
Bio-Add 706A
Bio-Add 5001
Bio-Add 6001
Bio-Cor 1002
Bio-Add 1244
Busan 1058
KBAC 1020
Bio-Cor 1011
Bio-Add 910
Bio-Add 8605
Bio-Base 365
Bio-Cross 101
Encapso
CLAYTONE 3
CLAYTONE AF
So. Clay
So. Clay
CLAYTONE ER
CLAYTONE II
So. Clay
So. Clay
CLAYTONE IMG-400
CLAYTONE-EM
So. Clay
CLAYTONE SF
So. Clay
Garamite 7303
So. Clay
Garamite 1958
So. Clay
Garamite 7305
So. Clay
Laponite RD
Strata
Strata
FOAM-BLAST
FRAC-ATTACK
Strata
Strata
Strata
STRATA-FLEX - F&M
STRATA-LCM
STRATA-LUBE
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
E
E
E
LU
TH
LU
P
LU
SU
SU
LU
SB
SB
SB
SB
X
X
SB
SB
SB
SB
X CO
CO
CO
E
E
TH
TH
SH
LU
SH
SH
SH
LU
SH
FR
FR
FR
SU
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
B
B
B
LU
FR
SB
SB
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
FL
FR
FR
LU
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
LO
V
MLCM
FR MLCM
X X X
X X X
X X X X MLCM
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X
LO
LO
LU
MLCM
FR
FR
BLACKNITE
C-MUL
COASTAL SPOT
COASTALUBE
DRILLCON-D
EK-2000
EZESLIDE
FOAMBUSTER
GUMBO-SHIELD
LIQUIBEADS
LUBRA-GLIDE
LUBRAMAX
SX-PLUS
ANTI-FOAM HD
AO-ACTIVATOR
AO-EPC
AO-EW
AO-FLA-L
AO-FLA-LC
AO-SYSTEM
BORECLEAN
BREAKE C
BRIDGECARB-ULTRA
BRIDGECARB-ULTRA
FINE
BRIDGESAL-ULTRA
BRIDGESAL-ULTRA SF
CIB
CL FREE
DEFOAM 2
FL-7 PLUS
FL-7 PLUS L
FORMATE STABILIZER
FORMATROL
FORMAVIS ULTRA
FRACSAL FR-143
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
X X X X
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
Sun
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
Fine grade blend of cellulose fibers

Precoupled gilsonite and select resins
PKG lost circulation pill-on-a-pallet mixed
in drilling mud
Multi-particle well bore strengthener
PAOROP enhancer
PAO environmentally safe spotting fluid
PAO-based LU/ROP enhancer
Liquid shale inhibitor
Degreaser
Lubricant/friction reducer
Defoamer
Gumbo shale inhibitor stablizer
Liquid mechanical LU
Copolymer bead-solid LU
Nanocomposite HT/HP Bead - solid LU
Carbon seepage loss agent
Defoaming agent
Viscosifier
Clay
Emulsifier
Organo lignite suspension
Copolymer/organo lignite suspension
Oil-based mud system, all-oil fluid
High molecular weight glycol
Calcium peroxide
Polymer and sized calcium carbonate blend
Polymer and sized calcium carbonate blend
TBC
TBC
X X
X X X
STRATA-SCM
STRATA-TROL
STRATA-VANGUARD
TBC
X X
X
Strata
Strata
Strata
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
SB
LU
LU
LU
E
SU
E
SU
CO
SH
B
B
CO
WBC
WBC
SB
V
X
X
X X
X X
X
FL
SB
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FR
SB
X
X
X
X
X
X
FL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SU
SU
SU
X X
X
X
X
X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X
X X
X X
X X
Economic organoclay, suspension aid/gellant

Activator free organobentonite, viscosity and
suspension control
Superior high-yield organobentonite
Economy organo-bentonite viscosity,
susp. Aid
High-yield organo bento-nite, viscosity aid
Rapid dispersing organo-clay gellant,
susp. aid
Superior high-yield organobentonite for
synthetic fluids used in drilling fluids and
frack slurries
High performance mixed mineral suspension
aid for low polarity fluids
aid for medium polarity fluids
aid for medium polarity fluids
High performance synthetic suspension aid
X
for water-based systems
X
PKG lost circulation pill-on-a-pallet mixed
X
in drill water
Elastomeric sealant
X
Medium Gr. blend of cellulose fibers
X
Liquid lubricant for drilling and sliding
X
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X X
Description
of material
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
FR
LU
TBC
TBC
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
LO FR
HPHT SH
X X X
X X X X MLCM
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
SH
LU
P
LU
SH
X X X
X LU
D
SH
X LU
X X X LU
X X
LU
X X
LO
D
X
SU
X
V
X
SU
X
FR
X
FR
X
OBM
SH
X
WBC
LO
FR
SH
LU
SH
SU
LU
FR
FR
TH
TH
TH
WBC
SU
FR
LO
FR
LO
LO
CO
SH
D
FR
FR
TE
FR
V
FR
FR
Polymer and sized salt blend

Polymer and sized salt blend
Corrosion inhibitor
Organic amine
Defoaming agent
Derivatized starch
Derivatized starch suspension
Low molecular weight polyglycol
Derivatized starch
Cationic, high molecular weight polyacrylamide
FRACSAL I
Borate salt crosslinking suspension
FRACSAL II
FRACSAL III
FRACSAL NE-136
Nonionic, ethoxylated polyglycol blend
FRACSAL NE-137
Nonionic, ethoxylated polyglycol blend
FRACSAL ULTRA
FRACSAL WATERBASE Borate salt crosslinking suspension
GLYSOL
Derivatized starch
GLYSOL SF 400M
High molecular weight polyethylene glycol
HYSAL C
Blend of polymers, buffers and CaCO3
HYSAL HD
Polymer and sized salt blend for high
density brines
HYSAL HT
Blend of polymers, buffers and sodium chloride for high temp. and densities
HYSAL SUPERFINE
Polymer and sized salt blend for high
density brines
INHIBISAL ULTRA B
Low molecular weight polyglycol
INHIBISAL ULTRA SI-141Alkylenepolyamine phosphonic acid-based
scale inhibitor
LUBETEX
Lubricant
OSS PILL
Polymer and oil soluble resin blend
OSS PILL ULTRA
Polymer and oil soluble resin blend
PBS PLUG 2000
Polymer and inorganic salt blend
PBS PLUG 500
Polymer and inorganic salt blend
PBS PLUG ACTIVATOR Inorganic salt blend
PBS PLUG RETARDER Inorganic salt blend
PLUG-SAL
Sized sodium chloride
PLUG-SAL X
PLUG-SAL XC
POLYTEX AHT
Organic polymer
POLYTEX AHT-L
Organic polymer suspension
SANHEAL PILL
SLUGGIT
Coarse calcium carbonate
SLUGGIT CM
SLUGGIT PLUS
SOLUBRIGE
Oil-soluble bridging agent
SOLUBRIGE COARSE Sized oil soluble resin
SOLUBRIGE FINE
Sized oil soluble resin
SOLUBRIGE MID
Sized oil soluble resin
SOLUVIS
Oil-soluble polymer and organic salt blend
THIXQUIK-L
HEC suspension
THIXSAL-ULTRA
Biopolymer derivatized starch blend
THIXSAL-ULTRA
Drill-in fluid, sized sodium chloride
SYSTEM
ULTRA BREAKE M
Magesium peroxide
ULTRA PF SYSTEM
Drill-in fluid - high temp. sized calcium
carbonate
X X X
WBC SU
X X X
RDF
ULTRACARB 12
ULTRACARB 2
X
X
X X X
X X X

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T

= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CF
CF
CF
SU
SU
CF
CF
FR
TE
LO
V
V
FR
X X X
LO
FR
X X X
LO
FR
X X X
LO
FR
X X X
SH
TE
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
L
LO
LO
MLCM
MLCM
MLCM
MLCM
LO
LO
LO
FR
FR
LO
LO
LO
LO
LO
LO
LO
LO
LO
V
FR
FR
FR
W
W
W
V
V
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
FR
FR
V
RDF
LO
LO
W
W

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
Secondary
BIO-ADD 5000
BIO-ADD 6000
BIO-ADD 6030
BIO-ADD 702
BIO-ADD 7300
BIO-ADD 751
BIO-ADD 7550
BIO-ADD 777
BIO-ADD 8605
BIO-ADD 940
BIO-ADD 945
BIO-BASE 100LF
Available Product
from:
tradename
Secondary
BIO-ADD 4520
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Secondary
Shrieve
Secondary
Description
of material
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Fluids 2014
Shrieve
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Available Product
from:
tradename
Shrieve
Shrieve
Shrieve
Product
Function
Primary
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LO
LO
LO
RDF
LO
LO
LO
LO
V
V
A
V
B
V
V
B
B
B
B
A
A
CF
CF
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LO
LO
LO
FR
CO
FR
FR
CO
CO
CO
CO
W
W
X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
A
A
CF
A
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CF
CF
LU
FO
TH
CO
A
BR
CO
CF
CF
CF
A
A
HS
W
HS
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
CO
CO
TE
LO
CA
RDF
LO
RDF
LO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
RDF
FR
SU
SU
CA
CA
SH
LU
HS
V
V
V
V
A
WBC
WBC
WBC
WBC
WBC
WBC
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
LO
LO
X
X X
X X
X
W
W
SU
SU
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
FR
FR
LO
LO
LO
LO
FR
FR
FR
FR
SU
SU
SU
SU
LO
W
W
W
W
W
Description
of material
TETRA DEFOAM HB
Defoamer
TETRA DIRT MAGNET Flocculant
TETRA EXPRESS
Premium Gr. calcium chloride anhydrous
TETRA H2S SCAVENGER T Hydrogen sulfide scavenger
TETRA H2S SCAVENGER ZF Hydrogen sulfide scavenger
TETRA MAGMAFIBER FINE Fine-Gr., acid-soluble, fibrous LCM
TETRA MAGMAFIBER
Medium-Gr., acid-soluble, fibrous LCM
REGULAR
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
TETRA OMD
Oil mud detergent
TETRA O-SOL
Wellbore cleanup chemical surfactant
TETRA PREFLUSH
WBM prewash sweep
TETRA SMARTSEAL
Fluid loss control
TETRA SMARTSEAL PAD Fluid loss control
TETRA SS COARSE
Selected PSD-range blend of ground NaCl,
1,00010,000 microns
Tetra
TETRA SS FINE
Selected fine grind NaCl, 1800 microns
Tetra
TETRA SS MEDIUM
Selected PSD range blend of ground NaCl,
1001,500 microns
Tetra
TETRA SS PRIME
Fine-grind, broad PSD range NaCl, 95% <
74 microns
Tetra
TETRA SS ULTRA
Ultra-fine grind, narrow PSD range NaCl,
95% < 44 microns
Tetra
TETRA TEMPERATURE Thermal stabilizer for polymers
EXTENDER
Tetra
TETRABAN N 501
Corrosion inhibitor
Tetra
TETRACARB
Acid-soluble bridging agents
Tetra
TETRACARB COARSE Highly acid-soluble, coarse grind CaCO3
blend, 1,0003,500 microns
Tetra
TETRACARB FINE
Highly acid-soluble, select grind CaCO3,
10500 microns
Tetra
TETRACARB FLAKE
Flaked calcium carbonate
Tetra
TETRACARB MEDIUM Highly acid-soluble, select grind CaCO3,
851,200 microns
Tetra
TETRACARB PRIME
Highly acid-soluble, coarse grind CaCO3
blend, 2150 microns
Tetra
TETRACARB ULTRA
Ultra-fine grind, narrow PSD range CaCO3,
95% < 15 microns
Tetra
TETRACIDE D
Broad spectrum biocide
Tetra
TETRACLEAN 103
Flocculant
Tetra
TETRACLEAN 105
Surfactant wash
Tetra
TETRACLEAN 106
Wellbore cleanup surfactant extender
Tetra
TETRACLEAN 107
Surfactant wash
Tetra
TETRACLEAN 109
Surfactant wash
Tetra
TETRACLEAN 110
Surfactant wash
Tetra
TETRACOR NA
Corrosion inhibitor
Tetra
TETRAFLEX 110
Gelled polymer
POLYMER
Tetra
TETRAFLEX 135
Gelled polymer
POLYMER
Tetra
TETRAFLEX CATALYST Catalyst
Tetra
TETRAFLEXPH STAY
pH Buffer
Tetra
TETRAGLIDE CT
Lubricant
Tetra
TETRAHIB
Corrosion inhibitor
Tetra
TETRAHIB PLUS
Corrosion inhibitor
Tetra
TETRASOL
Solvent
Tetra
TETRASOL PDR
Pipe dope remover
Tetra
TETRASOL PDR PLUS Pipe dope remover
Tetra
TETRAVIS
HEC polymer, dry
Tetra
TETRAVIS BREAKER
Viscosity breaker
Tetra
TETRAVIS EXTENDER Temp. extender
Tetra
TETRAVIS L PLUS
Liquid HEC, double strength
Tetra
TETRAVIS-L
HEC polymer, liquid
Tetra
TETRA-XCD
Dry biopolymer
Tetra
TETRAZYME S1
Filter cake breaker
Tetra
TETRAZYME X1
Filter cake breaker
Tetra
THERMAFIX
Insulating packer fluid
Tetra
ZNBR2 PURE SOLUTION Pure zinc bromide solution
Tolsa
BERKBENT DM
Fresh water drilling bentonite
Tolsa
BERKBENT GDM
Wyoming bentonite
Tolsa
PANGEL B10
Organosepiolite
Tolsa
PANGEL B20
Organosepiolite
Tolsa
PANGEL B5
Organosepiolite
Tolsa
PANGEL FP
Sepiolite clay rheological additive
Tolsa
SMECTAGEL SWC
Attapulgite salt water clay
Turbo-Chem E Z SQUEEZE
Turbo-Chem PREMIUM SEAL (REG, Cellulose fiber sealant
FINE)
Turbo-Chem SWEL LCM
Gelled, swelling/sealing agent, LCM
Turbo-Chem SYN-SEAL
Cellulose fiber resin blend sealant
Turbo-Chem TURBO-PHALT
Coupled gilsonite/resin blend
Turbo-Chem FIRST RESPONSE
Single sack particulate blend
Venture
VEN-ALK
Causticized lignite
Venture
VEN-BHC (BOREHOLE- Poly Hydroxy silicate, rheology modifier
CONTROL)
Venture
VEN-BLOCK
Polymer LCM system
Venture
VEN-BREAK 12
Defoamer
Venture
VEN-BREAK 15
Enzyme breaker for VEN-BLOCK system
Venture
VEN-CHEM 208
Oil-based fluid loss additive
Venture
VEN-CHEM 215
Venture
VEN-CHEM 222
Venture
VEN-DELTA P
Micronized fiber
Venture
VEN-DET I
Water mud detergent
Venture
VEN-DET II
Oil mud detergent
Venture
VEN-FLOC
Natural flocculant
Venture
VEN-FREE I
Liquid nonaqueous spotting fluid concentrate
Venture
VEN-FREE II
Liquid nonaqueous spotting fluid additive
Venture
VEN-FREE III
Solid stuck pipe additive

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
X X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
D
FL WBC
CF W
X X X
MLCM LO
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
WBC
WBC
WBC
LO
LO
MLCM LO
Secondary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Secondary
Secondary
W
W
W
W
FR
FR
Available Product
from:
tradename
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
Tetra
W
W
W
CO
X X
X X
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Description
of material
ULTRACARB 20
ULTRACARB 30
ULTRACARB 5
ULTRACARB SYSTEM Drill-in fluid, sized calcium carbonate
ULTRASAL 10
ULTRASAL 20
ULTRASAL 30
ULTRASAL 5
VIS ULTRA
VIS ULTRA-L
Xanthan gum biopolymer suspension
ACETIC ACID
pH control
ACTIVIS
Liquid HEC, environ. friendly
BIOCIDE
Bactericide
BIOPOL L
Select, readily-dispersible biopolymer
BIOPOL L
Liquid, dispersible biopolymer
BIORID 20L
Bactericide
BIORID B-102
Bactericide
BIORID B-71
Bactericide
BIORID P-15
Bactericide
BUFF-10
pH control
BUFF-6
pH control
CABR2
Anhydrous calcium bromide
CALCIUM FREE BRINE Calcium-free brine solution
CAPHIB WELLHEAD
Corrosion inhibitor system
TREATMENT PACKAGE
CAUSTIC POTASH
pH control
CAUSTIC SODA
pH control
CHLORIDE FREE BRINE Chloride-free brine solution
CITRIC ACID
Citric acid
CORSAF 16D
Corrosion inhibitor
CORSAF CR-D
Thiocynate-free inhibitor
CORSAF CR-I
CORSAF NS
Corrosion inhibitor
CORSAF SF
CORSAF ZHD
Corrosion inhibitor
CSCOOH SOLUTION
Cesium formate solution
CS-KCOOH SOLUTION Cesium/potasium formate solution
CT 200 FR
Friction reducer
CT FOAM
Foaming agent
EGMBE
Mutual solvent
FERROBAN
Iron control agent
HYDROCHLORIC ACID pH control
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Oxidizer
IR-1000
Iron control agent
KCL
Potassium chloride
KCOOH
Anhydrous potassium formate
KCOOH SOLUTION
Potasium formate solution
LIME
pH control
MAGNESIUM OXIDE
High-purity alkaline earth oxide
METHANOL
Hydrate suppressant
MGCL2
Anhydrous magnesium chloride
MONO ETHYLENE GLYCOLHydrate suppressant
NABR
Anhydrous sodium bromide
NaCl
Anhydrous sodium chloride
NACOOH
Anhydrous sodium formate
NACOOH SOLUTION
Sodium formate solution
NA-KCOOH SOLUTION Sodium/potassium formate solution
NA-ZN BRINE SOLUTION Sodium zinc bromide solution
NH4CL
Ammonium chloride
OXBAN
Oxygen scavenger non-calcium-based brines
OXBAN HB
Oxygen scavenger calcium-based brines
PAYZONE 750
Temp. stabilizer
PAYZONE CLEANSEAL Fluid loss control
PAYZONE CMT-X
Magnesium chloride treatment for cement
contamination
PAYZONE DF-CC
Brine-based drill-in fluid with calcium carbonate
PAYZONE DF-SS
Saturated NaCl brine-based drill-in fluid
with sized salt
PAYZONE FLUIDS
CBF-based drilling fluid
PAYZONE HPS
Chemically-modified high-performance starch
PAYZONE NE 200
Emulsion preventor
PAYZONE NE 300
Emulsion preventor
PAYZONE SI 139
Scale inhibitor
PAYZONE SI 250
Scale inhibitor
PAYZONE STAY CLAY Clay stabilizer
PAYZONE STRATAGLIDE Lubricant
PROPYLENE GLYCOL
Hydrate suppressant
PSEUDOPOL
Synthetic polymer
PSEUDOPOL D
Synthetic polymer
PSEUDOPOL HT
Synthetic polymer high temp.
PSEUDOPOL HT LIQUID Synthetic polymer high temp.
SODA ASH
pH control
TDSP I
Weighted spacer
TDSP II
Surfactant wash
TDSP II OMD
Surfactant wash
TDSP II O-SOL
Surfactant wash
TDSP II O-SOL PLUS
Surfactant wash
TDSP III
Spacer-viscous sweep
TETRA 11.6
38% calcium chloride solution
TETRA 12.4
Sodium bromide solution
TETRA 14.2
53% calcium bromide solution
TETRA 19.2
Calcium bromide zinc bromide solution
TETRA 20.5
High-density zinc/calcium bromide solution
TETRA CO2X
Carbon dioxide scavenger

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Fluids 2014
Available Product
from:
tradename
Product
Function
Secondary
Recommended for
these systems
Primary
World Oils
FR
FR
SU
SU
SU
FR
FR
V
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
LO
LO
LO
X X X
LO
FR
X X X
LO
FR
TE
X
X X X
CO
LO
X X X
FR
W
FR
FR
X X X
X X X
LO
FR
X X X
X X X
LO
FR
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
MLCM LO
LO
X X X
X X X
LO
X X X
X X X
LO
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
B
FL
WBC
WBC
WBC
WBC
WBC
CO
CO
WBC
SU
MLCM LO
MLCM LO
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
LO
A
LU
CO
CO
WBC
WBC
WBC
V
BR
TE
V
V
V
BR
BR
HPHT
CF
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
LO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X X X
SU
SU
SU
FR
FR
TE
LO
FR
LO
LO
LO
FR
FR
FR
W
FR
FR
TE
SH
FR
TE
HPHT
X X X
X X X
LO
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LO
LO
SH
LO
TH
V
TE
FR SH
FR HTHP
LO LO
FR
RDF
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X MLCM
D
X BR
FR
FR
FR
LO
SU
SU
FL
X P
X P
P
TE
LO
E
TH
TH
TH
LU
LU
LU

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
Venture
ViChem
X X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Weatherford KLEEN RINSE

Weatherford KLEEN SOLV
Weatherford PLIOLITE
Weatherford SODIUM SILICATE
Weatherford WEL-OX CA
Weatherford WEL-BAR
Weatherford WEL-BAR 4.1
Weatherford WEL-BAR FG
Weatherford WEL-BLEND
Weatherford WEL-BREAK E
Weatherford WEL-CAP
Weatherford WEL-CAP C
Weatherford WEL-CAP D
Weatherford WEL-CAP L
Weatherford WEL-CARB
Weatherford WEL-COAT
Weatherford WEL-COL A
Weatherford WEL-COL B
Weatherford WEL-COL C
Weatherford WEL-CON FR
Weatherford WEL-CON T
Weatherford WEL-CON TWA
Weatherford WEL-CORR
Weatherford WEL-DEFOAM A
Weatherford WEL-DEFOAM G
Weatherford WEL-DEFOAM LT
Weatherford WEL-DEFOAM S
Weatherford WEL-DET MD
Weatherford WEL-DENSE
Weatherford WEL-DMS
Weatherford WEL-DRL ROP
Weatherford WEL-EX
Weatherford WEL-FIBER
Weatherford WEL-FILM
Weatherford WEL-GARD 3
Weatherford WEL-GARD PH
Weatherford WEL-GEL
Weatherford WEL-GEL NT
Weatherford WEL-GEL SW
Weatherford WEL-HIB 40
Weatherford WEL-HIB A
Weatherford WEL-HIB C
Weatherford WEL-LIG
Weatherford WEL-LIG C
Weatherford WEL-LIG K
Weatherford WEL-LIG NAF
Weatherford WEL-LUBE CF
Weatherford WEL-LUBE E
Weatherford WEL-LUBE NAF
Weatherford WEL-LUBE S
Weatherford WEL-LUBE ULTRA
Weatherford WEL-MOD
Weatherford WEL-MOD FR
Weatherford WEL-MOD LE
Weatherford WEL-MOD SA
Weatherford WEL-MUL
A
AC
B
BR
CA
CF

= Anionic control
= Bactericides
= Breakers
= Calcium removers
= Completion fluid
CO
D
E
FR
FL
FO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LO
V
V
FR
FR
LU
LU
E
E
E
E
LO
LO
LO
LO
LO
FR
MLCM
MLCM
SH
V
V
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
TH
E
E
E
E
SH
SH
FR
FR
FR
FR
A
A
TH
SH
SH
LO
LU
FR
FR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X X X
X
X
B
V
V
B
X X
WBC
X X
WBC
X X
WBC
X X
FR HPHT
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X X X
SH
CO
W
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
W
W
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
RDF
SH
X SH
SH
SH
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
HPWBM
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LO
X CO
SH
SH
SH
TH
TH
TH
CO
D
D
D
D
SU
W
SU
SU
V
LO
CO
CO
CO
X V
X V
V
SH
SH
SH
FR
FR
TH
FR
LU
LU
LU
LU
LU
V
V
V
E
RDF
HPWBM
FR
FR
FR
FR
LU
LU
LU
HPWB
LU
FL
HPWB
FR HPWB
FR HPWB
TH
TH
FR
HPWB
FR
Description
of material
Weatherford WEL-MUL D
Weatherford WEL-MUL DME
Weatherford WEL-MUL E
Weatherford WEL-MUL FR
Weatherford WEL-MUL HT
Weatherford WEL-OX L
Weatherford WEL-OX P
Weatherford WEL-PAC LV
Weatherford WEL-PAC LVT
Weatherford WEL-PAC R
Weatherford WEL-PAC RDF
Weatherford WEL-PAC RT
Weatherford WEL-PAC SUPER LV
Weatherford WEL-PAC SUPER R
Weatherford WEL-PAC SUPER UL
Weatherford WEL-PLEX
Weatherford WEL-PLUG
Weatherford WEL-POL SP
Weatherford WEL-REX
Weatherford WEL-SCAV HS
Weatherford WEL-SEAL GR
Weatherford WEL-SEAL GR FINE
Weatherford WEL-SPERSE
Weatherford WEL-SPERSE CF
Weatherford WEL-SPERSE FE
Weatherford WEL-SPERSE HT
Weatherford WEL-SPOT
Weatherford WEL-SPOT NAF
Weatherford WEL-SPOT W
Weatherford WEL-SQUEEZE
Weatherford WEL-STAB
Weatherford WEL-STAB PLUS
Weatherford WEL-STAR
Weatherford WEL-STAR CMS
Weatherford WEL-STAR HP
Weatherford WEL-STAR NF
Weatherford WEL-STAR PLUS
Weatherford WEL-STAR RDF
Weatherford WEL-STAR RDF PLUS
Weatherford WEL-STAR Y
Weatherford WEL-TEC
Weatherford WEL-TEC D
Weatherford WEL-TEMP
Weatherford WEL-TEMP ll
Weatherford WEL-THIN
Weatherford WEL-THIN HT
Weatherford WEL-THIN HT L
Weatherford WEL-THIN L
Primary emulsifier for Diesel systems

Emulsifier for direct emulsion WBM fluids
Emulsifier for low density systems
Emulsifier for deep water system
Primary emulsifier for HT
Powder oxygen scavenger
Synthetic polymer viscosifier for NAF
Nut shells
Sodium polyacrylate
Polyanionic, lignin resin
Liquid H2S Scavenger
Graphite bridging agent
Graphite bridging agent - fine size
Chrome lignosulphonate
Chrome-free lignosulphonate
Iron lignosulphonate
Non-weighted spotting fluid
Spotting agent for SBM
Sulphonated asphalt
Premium sulphonated asphalt
Pregelatinised corn starch
Hydroxypropyl Starch
Non fermenting, pregelatinised starch
HT modified starch
High purity starch for RDIF
Premium RDIF starch
Modified starch derviative
Secondary emulsifier - synthetic-based
Secondary emulsifier - diesel-based
Polyacrylate anionic polymer
Liquid TH for HT environments
polymer
Weatherford WEL-THIX MMO
MMH
Weatherford WEL-TONE
Organophilic lignite
Weatherford WEL-TROL
FR for NAF
Weatherford WEL-TROL F
Liquid FR for NAF
Weatherford WEL-TROL FR
Fluid loss control in flat rheology systems
Weatherford WEL-TROL HT
HT softening point gilsonite
Weatherford WEL-VIS
Organophilic clay
Weatherford WEL-VIS 38
Organophilic Hectorite clay
Weatherford WEL-VIS 42
HPHT organophilic clay
Weatherford WEL-VIS ll
Organophilic clay
Weatherford WEL-WASH
Biodegradeable rig wash
Weatherford WEL-ZAN
Xanthan gum - API/ISO Spec
Weatherford WEL-ZAN CL RDF
Clarified xanthan for RDF
Weatherford WEL-ZAN D
Xanthan gum, readily dispersible - API/
ISO Spec
Weatherford WEL-ZAN L
Xanthan gum, liquid
Weatherford WEL-ZAN PLUS
Xanthan gum, premium grade
Weatherford WEL-ZAN PLUS D
Xanthan gum, premium grade readily
dispersible
Weatherford WEL-ZAN T
Xanthan gum, technical grade
Weatherford WEL-ZAN TD
Xanthan gum, technical grade readily
dispersible
Well Flow K+FERROUT
Scale dissolver
Well Flow K+HDC
Pipe-release agent
Well Flow KOPLUS LL
Pipe-release agent
Well Flow KOPLUS LO
Non-aromatic mud displacement intermediary
Well Flow NO-PHALT
Asphaltine dispersant
Well Flow RINSE AID
Biodegradable surfactant to water-wet
tubulars
Well Flow RINSE AID 2000
Environmenyally-friendly surfactant powder
Well Flow SUPER PICKLE
Non-aromatic biodegradable pipe dope and
mud remover
Well Flow SUPER PICKLE C
Environmentally-friendly pipe dope and
mud remover
Well Flow SUPER PICKLE T
Non-aromatic biodegradable pipe dope and
mud remover
Wyo-Ben DRILL-X
Drilling detergent
Wyo-Ben EXTRA HIGH-YIELD GEL Extended bentonite
Wyo-Ben HYDROGEL
API drilling fluid
Wyo-Ben NATURAGEL
API drilling fluid
Wyo-Ben PLUGZ-IT
Lost circulation material
Wyo-Ben THINZ-IT
Polymeric thinner
Wyo-Ben UNI-DRILL
Liquid polymer for mud conditioning
Wyo-Ben WY0-FOAMER
Foaming agent
Wyo-Ben WYO-VIS
Polymer V (PHPA)
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
E
E
E
E
E
CO
CO
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
V
LO
FR
FR
CO
LO
LO
TH
TH
TH
TH
P
P
P
LO
SH
SH
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
E
E
FR
FR
X TH
TH
TH
X X
X TH
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
V
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
V
V
V
V
WBC
V
V
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X X
X X X
X
X
V
V
X X X
X X X
X X X
X
X
X
FR HPHT
FR
FR
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
MLCM
LU
LU HPHT
FR
FR
FR
FR
RDF
RDF
FR
FR HPHT
HPHT
FR
FR
HPHT
HPHT
FR
FR
FR
FR
RDF
HPWBM
CO
P
P
SU
SU
X X X
X X X X SU
X X X
X X X
SU
X X
SU
X X
SU
X X
SU
LU
V
V
V
LO
TH
FR
X FO
V
SU
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
FR
FR
V
SH
E
FR

HS
LO
LU
= Lubricants
P
RDF
SB
SH
SU
T
= Drill-in fluid
= Synthetic-based
= Tracers
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
SH
V
X X
X X
Secondary
Available Product
from:
tradename
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
SH
X X
= Defoamers
= Emulsifiers
= Filtrate reducers
= Flocculants
= Foaming agents
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X
Water-based mud system
Oil-based mud system
Glutaraldehyde biocide
Guar gum
Isothiazolin biocide
Displacement surfactant / solvent for use
with oil/synthetic muds
Blend of ionic and non-ionic surfactants, flocculants and high-flash-point solvents
Blend of surfactants and solvents designed
to suspend solids
Fluid Loss and suspension control for NAF
HPHT Systems
Sodium silicate liquor
Oxygen scavenger for calcium brines
API 4.2 barite
API 4.1 Barite
Fine grind barite
Blend of fibrous and granular materials for
lost circulation
Enzyme breaker for RDF
PHPA polymer HMW
Cationic Encapsulator
Readily dispersible HMW PHPA
Liquid, high molecular weight, PHPA polymer
Acid-soluble calcium carbonate bridging agent
Water-dispersible filming amine
Low-Cloud point glycol for shale control
Medium cloud point glycol
Cloud point glycol for high salt systems
TH for flat rheology system
TH for NAF systems
Oil-wetting agent
Potassium salt of a glycol phosphate ester
Glycol-based defoamer
Low-toxicity defoamer
Mud detergent
API Hematite
Surfactant for WBM
ROP Enhancer
Bentonite extender
3-in-1 corrosion inhibitor
pH buffer and polymer extender
API bentonite
API non-treated Wyoming bentonite
API Grade Attapulgite
Cationic Shale inhibitor
Polyamine-based inhibitor for HPWBM
Encapsulating polymer for HPWBM
Lignite
Lignite - causticised
Potassium Lignite
Leonardite
Lubricant for brine fluids
NAF Ester-based lubricant
WBM lubricant for silicate muds
High performance WBM Lubricant
Viscosifier for OBM
Flat rheology modifier for deepwater system
Viscosifier for OBM
Low temp. rheology
Primary emulsifier
LO
LO
X X
X X
Product
Function
Water-based fluids
Primary
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
Description
of material
VEN-Fyber 201
Cellulose fiber/oil mud seepage loss
VEN-FYBER SEAL
Micronized cellulose fibers, LCM
COARSE
VEN-FYBER SEAL FINE Micronized cellulose fibers, seepage
loss/LCM
VEN-GEL 413
Organoclay
VEN-GEL 420
Organoclay suspension additive
VEN-K
Potassium lignite
VEN-LIG
Oxydized lignite
VEN-LUBE I
Pollution-FREE liquid lubricant
VEN-LUBE II
Solid Lubricant
VEN-MUL 906
Relaxed oil mud emulsifier
VEN-MUL 907
Oil mud wetting agent
VEN-MUL 912
Basic oil mud emulsifier
VEN-MUL 930
Oil mud low end rheological modifier
VEN-PAK
Blend of organic fibers
VEN-PEL
Expandable, fibrous LCM
VEN-PLEX I
Liquid complexer
VEN-PLEX II
Solid complexer
VEN-PLUG
Polymer LCM
VEN-REZ II
Derivatized lignite
VEN-SEAL 700
Polymer LCM
VEN-SQUEEZE
VEN-TROL 401
Shale-control/fluid Loss additive
VEN-VIS 501
Liquid polymer viscosifier
VEN-VIS 503
Liquid polymer viscosifier
MHA
Hybrid EBM/WBM
ViChem
Maxim-100
ViChem
EBM
Weatherford GLUTARALDEHYDE
Weatherford GUAR GUM
Weatherford HEC
Weatherford ISOTHIAZOLIN
Weatherford KLEEN FLOC
Recommended for
these systems
Water-based fluids
Fluids 2014
Available Product
from:
tradename
Product
Function
Primary
Recommended for
these systems
Non-dispersed
Dispersed
Calcium-treated
Polymer
Low solids
Saturated salt
Oil-based
Synthetic-based
World Oils
TE
TH
V
W
WBC
WBM

= Viscosifiers
= Wellbore cleanout
= Water-based mud
SH
Supported by
THE WORLDS FASTEST

GROWING OIL & GAS EVENT
NOW 87% SOLD OUT
NEW SHOW FEATURES
OFFSHORE & MARINE AREA
WOMEN IN INDUSTRY
IT@ADIPEC
MIDDLE EAST PETROLEUM
CLUB BRIEFINGS
ACT NOW! BOOK YOUR STAND VISIT WWW.ADIPEC.COM

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION
ORGANISED BY
CONFERENCE ORGANISER
Whats new in well logging and formation evaluation

rect position in a wellbore, determined by
the length along the center of the drilled
hole from a surface reference point (e.g.
rotary table or kelly bushing) to the relevant reference point, typically a measuring point of the logging sonde. TAH is
obtained from drill pipe (drillers) depth
or wireline (logging) depth after applying relevant corrections. The discrepancy
between drillers depth and logging depth
can be significant, and the corrections required to obtain a TAH depth from drillers
data can be an order of magnitude larger
than those for wireline depths.1
LOGGING-WHILE-DRILLING (LWD)
Part 1: Logging-whiledrilling (LWD) and openhole

wireline logging. New LWD
developments include an
update on recent telemetry
methods, improvements in
directional survey accuracy,
and LWD nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR). New
developments in openhole
wireline include a new logging
cable design, openhole tool
conveyance in highly rugose
boreholes, a multi-frequency
tri-axial induction tool, NMR
logging, borehole imaging,
formation testers, and
downhole uid analysis.
STEPHEN PRENSKY, Consultant, Silver

Spring, Maryland
The Reservoir Characterization eXplorer

(RCX) service from Baker Hughes is able
to acquire samples in high-pressure,
high-temperature formations, where
conventional logging systems cannot.
The purpose of this article, which is

based on published technical papers and
publicly available literature, is to inform
readers of new and potential technologies
in well logging and formation evaluation. It
does not endorse or promote any particular technologies or service providers. Some
of the technologies may be available commercially, while others may still be in the
development or test phases.
LOGGING DEPTH
Depth measurement is fundamental

to most operations associated with well
construction, completion and production.
Accurate depth measurements are critical in drilling and well placement, logging
(wireline and LWD), formation testing,
geological and geophysical evaluation,
and for optimizing the completionpoor
depth control can result in higher operational costs, and can lead to errors in well
placement and completion that result in
uneconomic wells and suboptimal field
development.1, 2 Depth accuracy, quality
control and management are ongoing issues that are often overlooked, or may not
receive adequate attention.
One suggestion to improve depth control, made in a recent paper, is the introduction of a new concept, true along hole
(TAH) depth, which is the true and cor-
The next several sections highlight

recent advancements in LWD telemetry
methods.
Mud-pulse telemetry. As the most
widely used telemetry method deployed
in LWD/MWD, mud-pulse telemetry has
a low bandwidth that severely limits the
amount of data that can be transmitted to
surface in real time. Data reduction and/or
compression techniques can increase the
effective speed and data volume transmitted uphole for use in real-time applications,
e.g., drilling performance and well placement (geosteering).
Real-time transmission of high-quality
borehole images, which are used in geosteering, is significantly impacted by the
low bandwidth of mud-pulse telemetry.
The compression rate determines the image resolution and must be adjusted to the
detail required in the transmitted image.
The loss in image quality can impact the
value of the data in geosteering or other applications. Baker Hughes has developed a
simulation tool for planning imaging jobs,
that allows users to maximize the information transmitted in real time for a particular
imaging application. The simulator uses a
parameter set, based on offset-well data or
simulated memory data, to model the expected real-time image and the level of detail required by the specific application. A
flexible compression algorithm allows the
user to optimize telemetry usage for a parWorld Oil/JUNE 2014127
Fig. 1. Schematic of XACT acoustic telemetry transmitter tool.8
ticular application, i.e., define compression

and drilling parameters, in real time, to account for changes in geology or to permit a
different image application in a particular
borehole section.3
The mud-pulse signal suffers attenuation and degradation while traveling uphole to surface, and this affects data transmission in deep and ultra-deep wells. By
studying and accounting for the various
elements that influence the mud-pulse
signal, Schlumberger has developed the
next-generation MWD data transmission platform (DigiScope). This service,
which can offer six times improvment
on MWD transmission data rates, up to
36 bit/sec, complements the latest datacompression platform (Orion II), which
has increased the effective transmission
speeds seven-fold, up to 140 bit/sec,
through development of a new modulation algorithm.4 Drilling with a treated,
micronized, barite drilling fluid system
can improve MWD signal strength by an
order of magnitude.5
Electromagnetic telemetry. Electromagnetic telemetry (EMT) uses a
downhole transmitter in the BHA to generate electromagnetic waves that carry
encoded drilling and logging data to the
surface through the intervening rock
formations. EMT offers a real-time alternative to mud-pulse telemetry that is
widely used in onshore wells and in underbalanced drilling, where the use of
compressible fluids precludes the use of
mud-pulse telemetry (see World Oil June
2011, p. 85). EMT allows direct two-way
communication between the BHA and
surface. EMT typically achieves data rates
similar to mud-pulse telemetry, between
6 and 15 bit/sec, depending on formation
resistivities and transmission frequencies.
Although EMT is not restricted to specific
types of borehole fluids, the signal attenuation can limit the operational range and
effectiveness, particularly with depth, and
formation resistivities that limit signal
injection potential.
Weatherford has introduced a wired

downhole casing antenna (EM CasingLink), designed to extend the operational
depth range of its conventional electromagnetic telemetry service by significantly
boosting the downhole signal i.e., improving the signal-to-noise ratio. A typical installation consists of an insulated, 0.5-in.,
coaxial electrical cable, run along the outside of casing and terminated onto a joint
of intermediate casing at a predefined
depth. The downhole antenna directly induces a signal in the receiving equipment,
which decodes the EM signal. There are
two types of antenna deployments: anchor
wells and satellite wells. The well in which
the antenna is deployed serves as the anchor, and a satellite well is an offset that can
take advantage of the downhole hardware
in an anchor well, such as those drilled on a
multi-well drill pad. In addition to increasing the depth range for EMT, the downhole
antenna allows the EMT system to bypass
highly resistive or attenuating formations
that adversely affect conventional EMT
systems. Geophysical and offset logging
data are used to determine the best depth
location for the antenna.6, 7
Acoustic telemetry uses the drill pipe
to transmit drilling and logging data to
surface (see World Oil March 2002, p. 63,
and see World Oil March 2006, p. 69), and
offers an alternative to conventional mudpulse and EMT systems in high-noise drilling environments, independent of fluid
type, fluid flow or water depth. Acoustic
telemetry is particularly suited for use in
wells where an incompressible drilling
fluid is not usede.g. air drillingand
in offshore use, where EMT is unsuitable.
After extensive field testing (see World Oil
March 2008, p. 89), a new system designed
for use with drilling systems has been commercialized. To date, this telemetry system (XACT AT) has proved reliable and
robust in a wide range of drilling environments, where it enables faster operational
decision-making, reducing drilling risk and
increasing drilling efficiency.8, 9
The XACT AT network uses multiple

openhole, collar-based repeater nodes
to achieve effective transmission rates
of 30 bit/sec at any depth. The network
comprises an acoustic transmitter tool
(repeaters, Fig. 1), isolator, phase tuner
and receiver. The repeater nodes, are
spaced at predetermined locations within the drillstring, to provide optimum
signal strength and transmission speed,
depending upon the angle of the boreholetypically 5,000 ft to 6,000 ft in
low-angle borehole sections, and 2,000
ft to 3,000 ft in high-angle and horizontal borehole intervals. Each tool repeats
the acoustic signal from the tool below,
and each tool can be configured to acquire different real-time measurements
along the drillstring at preprogrammed
time intervals while drilling. Data transmission time to surface can vary between
10 sec and 40 sec, depending on well
depth, profile and the number of tools
deployed. At surface, the acoustic data
are decoded, using a small accelerometer
package, and then transferred wirelessly
to a computer at the wellsite.
Wired pipe. BP reported on its experiences using the NOV Intelliserv
wired-pipe system in a range of borehole
environments. They found that the high
data transmission provided by the current
system (57 kbit/sec), which offers memory-quality data in real time, offered significant advantages in operations related
to wellbore stability, wellbore placement
(relative to the formation), hole cleaning,
shock and vibration management, drilling
optimization, annular pressure monitoring, downhole tool control, LWD formation pressure testing, and downhole tool
reliability. One of the primary drawbacks
limiting more widespread use is the lack
of tools specifically designed for use with
this system.10 The capability for highspeed bi-directional data transfer can: a)
reduce operational risk by enabling more
rapid updating of earth models, improving drilling efficiency through improved
real-time monitoring of tool condition
and performance, and more rapid response to well-placement decisions; and
b) improve project economics through
reduced NPT.11 A second-generation system capable of transmitting at rates up to
2 Mbit/sec (see World Oil June 2011, p.
85) has undergone field-testing. During
the test, the network achieved a maximum data rate of 240 kbit/sec from a
200-ft BHA of 12 tools.12
Wellbore survey accuracy. Gyrodata

has introduced a new three-axis gyrowhile-drilling (GWD) survey tool that can
operate at any attitude during the drilling
process. Two-axis tool systems provide accurate estimates of azimuth in near-vertical
wellbores, but the accuracy of these estimates decreases as wellbore inclination
increases. Three-axis tools can measure
the full horizontal earth rate signal in all
wellbore geometries, and are well-suited for
applications, such as high-inclination kickoffs, infill drilling and relief wells. The new
tool employs three mutually orthogonal,
single-axis linear accelerometers, and two
new purpose-designed, highly sensitive,
dual-axis rate gyroscopes, Fig. 2. The three
accelerometers provide measurements of
the specific force, due to gravity along their
respective axes, which are used to derive
inclination and high-side toolface angles.
The two gyroscopes, which are mounted
perpendicular to each other, provide measurements of turn rate in all three axes that
are used to calculate true azimuth, and a
redundant measurement provides quality
control. The GWD tool is run centralized
in a collar, can be placed anywhere in the
BHA, and can be run in conjunction with

LWD and RSS tools. Borehole inclination,
azimuth, high-side gyro toolface angle and
quality control data are transmitted to surface in real time, via the host LWD/MWD
telemetry system. A memory multi-shot
capability can provide reliable, highly accurate well surveys from TD to surface while
tripping out of the hole.13
LWD NMR. Halliburton introduced a
slimhole while-drilling NMR tool (MRILWD 4). The 4.75-in. tool is designed for
borehole sizes ranging in diameter from
5.875 in. to 6.25 in. The low-field tool
measures T1 while drillingthe maximum logging speed is 75 ft/hrand T1 or
T2 while wiping or sliding. The diameter
of investigation is 8.5 in., axial resolution is
4 ft while logging, or 1.8 in. in stationary
mode, and vertical resolution is 23 in., with
new processing. The slimhole NMR tool
has maximum temperature and pressure
ratings of 302F and 20,000 psi, respectively.14
Azimuthal spectral gamma ray.
Weatherfords new azimuthal spectral gamma-ray sensor (SpectralWave) provides
KUTh measurements, as well as total gam-
ma ray, in real-time and memory mode. In

addition to conventional geosteering applications in unconventional reservoirs, these
measurements can also enhance identification of sweet spots by enabling advanced
clay typing for estimation of reservoir
Fig. 2. Schematic of Gyrodatas new GWD
tool.13
Industrial Bolting Systems Advanced Tensioning Systems Hydraulic Torque Wrenches Pneumatic Multipliers
Electric Multipliers Hands-Free Safety Time Saving Simplicity Industry-Leading Accuracy Patented Innovations
brittleness (used in stimulation design),

and for quantitative determination of total organic carbon (TOC), using uranium
content as a proxy for TOC.15, 16, 17 The
new tool, which is based on an earlier design, has large (1.5 x 8 in.) gain-stabilized
NaI scintillation detectors mounted on the
outside perimeter of the drill collar, Fig.
Fig. 3. Cross-section through
Weatherfords 6.75-in., azimuthal spectral
gamma-ray tool showing the three large
scintillation detectors in pockets in the
outside of the drill collar.15
3.18 This design minimizes the attenuating

effect of the drill collar on the gamma-ray
signal, thereby increasing the total gammaray count and statistical precision of the
measurement.
The 6.75-in.-diameter tool uses three
detectors, spaced 120 apart around the
tool circumference, while the smaller
4.75-in. tool has a single detector. Magnetometers track the azimuthal position
of the detectors as the tool rotates and
bin the spectral data into four quadrants,

and the total gamma ray into 16 bins, for
real-time and recorded borehole imaging.
The enhanced count rates and statistical
precision allow faster logging speeds,
provide wireline-quality logs, and result
in higher-quality borehole images that allow more accurate geosteering, improved
bedding plane identification and dip determination. The vertical resolution of
both tools is 12 in.19
Fig. 4. Mechanical models illustrating the operating modes of the telebender concept:
compressed bend (top) and retracted.24
US Shale Plays Research

Spears & Associates, Inc. / Oileld Logix Series
Unrivalled Market Intelligence for the North American Shale Industry

Spears & Associates has partnered with Oileld Logix to provide
detailed cost-effective quantications of the oileld equipment
and service markets in the major US land basins. This series
of market and topical reports provide oil companies, service
companies and investors with reliable metrics on market
opportunity, service company performance and operator
buying strength. The regional reports contain comprehensive
data on the major shale plays in the United States and the
topical reports provide an extensive overview on the Cementing,
Directional Drilling and Temperature market segments.
Report
Publish Date
Eagle Ford/South Texas ................................................................ July 2013

Permian Basin .............................................................................. August 2013
MidContinent ....................................................................... September 2013
Rockies ........................................................................................... October 2013
Cementing Market, US Land ........................................ December 2013
Direction Drilling, US Land ............................................ December 2013
Temperature ................................................................................ January 2014

E. Texas/N. Louisiana .......................................................... February 2014
Marcellus/N.E. ................................................................................ March 2014
Eagle Ford Update .......................................................................... April 2014
West Coast ............................................................................................ May 2014
Each report contains approximately 100 pages on individual
US land regional oileld equipment and service markets
and feature:
Comprehensive data sets covering the years 2011 2015
Extensive and reliable metrics on market opportunity
Service company performance and market share
Activity levels, spending levels and trends for each
of the shale plays.
Order
Today!
Order online at GulfPub.com/Spears

or contact JNette Nichols-Davis
at +1 (713) 520-4426.
Formation tester. Weatherford has

reported on field tests of its new family
of formation-pressure testers (PressureWave).20, 21 These tools provide direct,
real-time measurement of formation pressure, which can be made with pumps on
or off. Key test parameters per station
can be transmitted at the end of the test
sequence. With pumps on, one pressure
measurement can be transmitted every 4
sec with 0.5-psi resolution. A communications downlink allows modification of
test parameters, e.g., drawdown, station
time and pad setting force, between stations. The tool is available in three sizes,
4.75 in., 6.75 in. and 8.25 in., for borehole
diameters of 6 in. to 6.25 in., 8.5 in. to
10.25 in., and 12.25 in. to 15 in., respectively. The tools are rated to 302F and
20,000 psi. High-pressure, high-temperature versions of tools are availablethe
8.25-in. tool is rated to 25,000 psi, and the
4.75-in. and 6.75-in. tools are both rated
to 30,000 psi. All three tools have temperature ratings of 329F.22
conveyed logging operations in wells with

difficult geometries.
Multi-frequency triaxial array induction tool. Halliburton introduced a
multi-frequency version of its triaxial array induction tool (Xaminer), which uses
multiple frequencies and arrays to measure the full resistivity-tensor data in vertical or deviated wells drilled with oil-based
mud (OBM), or in air-filled wells. The
tool has collocated triaxial and orthogonal
coils (transmitter triad), and six sets of re-
ceiver coils. The tool operates at multiple

frequencies in the range of 12 kHz to 84
kHz by sequentially energizing each of the
coils (X, Y and Z directions) in the transmitter triad, and measuring the signals in
each of the receiver coils. The tool operates simultaneously as a conventional array induction and as triaxial induction
tool. New data-processing software includes a fast algorithm that can accurately
determine formation horizontal resistivity (Rh), vertical resistivity (Rv), dip and
WIRELINEOPENHOLE
Logging cable. The premature breakage of logging cable in high-tension operations, e.g., deepwater, extended-reach and
complex-trajectory wells, can result in very
time-consuming and costly fishing jobs.
Schlumberger has introduced a new composite logging cable (TuffLINE 18000)
that has a crush-proof core design and uses
high-temperature polymer technology to
lock the cable armors to the core.23 This
keeps the cable in a mechanically rigid,
torque-balanced state. The high strength
(27,000 lbf ends-free breaking strength) of
this 0.5-in. cable allows safe instantaneous
pulls of up to 18,000 lbf, without the use
of a tension-relief system (capstan). This
can reduce the risk of sticking, and also enables the use of longer, heavier tool strings
for fewer, more efficient logging runs. The
cable is rated for sustained operating temperatures up to 450F.23
Tool conveyance. Prototypes of a new
wireline logging bottom nose assembly,
designed to enable conveyance of wireline
logging toolstrings through highly rugose
sections of the borehole, as can be found
in Qatars North field, has undergone field
tests.24 When the toolstring contacts a
ledge, a telescoping and retracting feature
(telebender) is activated, and the retraction is used to tilt and/or rotate the tool
away from the ledge, Fig. 4.25 This design
can reduce, or eliminate, the need for pipe-
and take advantage of surface articial lift and

pressure boosting technology. Leistritz Multiphase
Gathering and Wellhead Systems reliably boost
production without separation and lower down
hole pressure without well intervention.
MULTIPHASE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Multiphase Wellhead & Gathering Systems
Multiphase Blow Down Units
Multiphase Annulus Gas Units
Leistritz Advanced Technologies Corp.

(201) 934-8262swww.leistritzcorp.com/pumps
Fig. 5. Schlumbergers NGI nonconductive

mud geological imager.32
strike/azimuth, bed boundaries, three sets

of conventional induction logs, and invasion parameters. The 3.875-in. diameter
tool is designed for use in borehole sizes
ranging from 4.75 in. to 20 in., and is rated
to 300F and 20,000 psi. The tool can be
run at conventional logging speeds (3,600
ft/hr), centralized at the bottom of the
toolstring, and in conjunction with tools
that have a directional package.26
NMR logging. A slimhole low-field
NMR logging sensor is being developed
by Aachen University (Germany) to allow
rapid in-situ measurement of soil moisture
in the shallow vadose zone, to assist in soil
management.27 Because the vadose zone is
relatively shallow in most locations (< 100
m), temperatures and pressures are at nearsurface levels. These reduced conditions
allow logging tool designs that are substantially smaller than oilfield tool designs, and
which can also take advantage stronger, but
temperature-sensitive, magnetic materials.
The current prototype has a penetration
depth of 2 cm and has been optimized to
maximize SNR.28
Schlumberger reported on two new
NMR sensors that have both laboratory
and logging applications. The first is an
ultra-broadband, low-frequency (0.1 MHz
to 3 MHz) MR probe that operates without

using conventional resonant circuits for either transmission or reception. This design
addresses the challenges of low-field NMR,
while, at the same time, simplifying the
probe circuit and allowing robust operation
without probe tuning. Some of the stated
benefits include programmability, flexibility, and robustness and ease of use.29 The
second sensor, also a low-field apparatus,
provides a very high SNR, while operating
at very high temperatures and pressures.
The SNR of the new sensor is 15 times that
of existing commercial systems, and this allows data acquisition rates more than 200
times faster than previously possible.30
Borehole imaging. Inherent in the designs of the current wireline microelectrical imaging devices, which typically have
measurement pads on four or six arms,
only a portion of the borehole circumference (up to 80% in an 8-in. borehole) is
directly imaged by the sensors. Since the
1986 introduction of Schlumbergers original FMS tool, which had imaging pads on
only two arms, logging service companies
have sought to increase borehole coverage
through the addition of more arms, more
measurement pads, or through extrapolation software to fill in the gaps in coverage.
The latest entries include a new tool and
new extrapolation software.
Schlumberger has introduced a new
high-definition nonconductive-mud geological imager (NGI) for use in wells drilled
with oil-based mud. The new tool employs
192 sensors on eight arms to provide 98%
borehole coverage in an 8-in. well, Fig. 5.31
The image quality obtained with previous
OBM tools was typically inferior to that
obtained from WBM tools, because these
OBM tools employed fewer sensors, and
their size was increased to accommodate
the specialized physics needed for the
measurement. In contrast, the individual
sensors (microelectrodes) on the new tool
are actually smaller than those used on
WBM imaging devices, and provide high
spatial resolution. The operating range of
the tool is 0.2 .m to 20,000 .m, and the
tool is rated to 350F and 25,000 psia
high-pressure version is rated to 30,000 psi.
The tool is designed for both downlogging
and uplogging in boreholes with diameters
from 7.5 in. to 17 in.32
Weatherford released new imaging-processing software (Reveal 360) designed to
reconstruct the missing data in the nonmeasured gaps in borehole coverage, using
morphological component analysis.33
Wireline formation testers. Weatherford has introduced a new reservoir evaluation system (RES) that can perform faster
mini-frac tests. The 4.5-in. tool can be deployed with straddle packers or a high-articulation probe pad. The pad conforms to
borehole irregularities to enable accurate
pressure readings up to 8,000 psi. The tool
employs dual high-caliber quartz pressure
gauges, and a larger pump that operates at
a rate of 0.7 gal/min. A new optical fluid
analyzer (Reservoir Fluid Analyzer) has
recently been designed and tested.34,35
Baker Hughes commercialized its latest
downhole fluid characterization and testing service (RCX Sentinel), which is based
on the existing Reservoir Characterization
eXplorer (RCX) platform. This service is
designed for pressure and fluid sampling in
HPHT reservoirs, and features a focused
sampling probe. In focused sampling, the
probe module employs a packer with two
circular fluid inlets arranged concentrically around a common center. When the
packer is extended against the formation,
fluids are drawn separately into each of
the inlets, and maintained separately inside the tool string via two independent
flowlines and pumpout modules. The
separate perimeter inlet acts as a barrier to
the migration of mud filtrate toward the
central inlet. Independent control of separate fluid pumps connected to each inlet
provides an optimum rate of fluid intake
into each inlet. Sample focusing reduces
the time on-station and obtains clean
formation-fluid samples. A multi-tank carrier can convey between 28 and 52 sample
chambers in a single run, and allows for
uninterrupted sampling, thereby reducing the risk of contaminants entering the
flow area. The titanium construction of the
sample chambers ensures integrity in H2S
environments, even at low concentrations.
The ability to open and close tanks on the
fly, (i.e., quickly and without interruption
to the sampling process) ensures that the
pure fluid flow reaches the single-phase
tank without contamination. The service
provides accurate pressure readings, even
in extreme overbalance conditions. Fluid
identification is achieved with a variety of
optical, density, viscosity and fluorescence
sensors. The 4.75-in.-OD tool (5.36 in. at
the probe) is designed for use in borehole
sizes ranging from 5.875 in. to 17 in., and is
rated to 375F and 25,000 psi.36
Downhole fluid analysis. The optical
fluid analyzers used in many of the current
generation of wireline formation testers
separate broadband light into its constituent wavelengths via filters or grating spectrometers. However, these devices typically, use only a few narrow-wavelength
constituents and are generally band-limitedi.e., only a small fraction of spectral
data is used. However, the complex hydrocarbon fluids found in many reservoirs,
particularly in some deepwater reservoirs,
have many chemical constituents and are
optically active over a wide range of optical
wavelengths, over a broad spectral range.
Halliburtons new fluid-analysis technology (ICE Core), designed for use with
the RDT wireline formation testing and
sampling service, is a downhole opticalsensor platform based on multivariate
optical computing (MOC) technology.37,
38 MOC combines chemometrics and pattern recognition with optical computing.
Each integrated computational element
(ICE) comprises optical sensing and computationi.e., a multilayer optical element
encoded with predesigned information,
specific to a particular chemical constituent, such as methane, ethane, propane, saturates, aromatics or water. A multivariate
optical computer may consist of many dif-
ferent ICE sensors designed to detect different chemical constituents or properties.

As reservoir fluids are pumped through a
downhole fluid sampler, light is transmitted through those fluids and sequentially
through a series of ICE sensors that rotate
past the light source, Fig. 6. Each sensor
is programmed to recognize the chemical
nature, or optical fingerprint, of a specific
fluid component. Measuring the intensity
of light passing through a sensor indicates
the presence and proportion of a chemical
component within the overall fluid.
The wide bandwidth response (400 nm
to 5,000 nm) and high spectral resolution
(16 cm-1) of these optical elements enables downhole, laboratory-grade optical
analyses, while their intrinsic simplicity,
small size, passive nature and high SNR offer high reliability. Multiple zones can be
analyzed downhole, providing real-time
lab results regarding fluid stratification in
the reservoir. The answer product is calculated in situ, automatically, and in real time,
thereby enabling key decisions to be made.
This information serves as a valuable
backup, in case physical samples became
lost or damaged, and allows the operator
Fig. 6. Hallburtons new downhole opticalsensor platform includes ICE sensors

embedded in a rotating wheel.39
to make decisions with a higher degree of

confidence. The current tool configuration
(ICS20) is able to accept up to 20 sensors.
Sensors for detection of CO2, asphaltenes,
water and water chemistry, resins, and H2S
are under development.
WEB EXCLUSIVE: Visit WorldOil.com to view the references
for this article.
STEPHEN PRENSKY is a consultant to logging

service companies, with over 40 years of
working experience in petroleum geology
and petrophysics. He previously worked for
Texaco, the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S.
Minerals Management Service. He has served
as the SPWLA V.P. of technology, and as editor
of SPWLAs technical journal, Petrophysics. Mr.
Prensky is also a member of AAPG and SPE.
OPTIMIZE
FROM PORE TO PROCESS
TM
A unique approach for optimized production and increased recovery

INTEGRATE End-to-end solutions from reservoir to surface COLLABORATE Early engagement to anticipate
challenges and improve decisions ENGINEER Optimal system architecture to increase life-of-eld
production CONTROL Continuous monitoring to manage changing reservoir conditions BOOST
Production with scalable processing solutions ENHANCE Financial return over the life of the eld
LEARN more about our unique, unrivaled approach at www.onesubsea.com/engineer
REGULATORY AFFAIRS
While EPA gathers water, prairie

chickens rule the western U.S.
Via the EPA, the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Agency, and
other mechanisms, the
Obama administration
continues to promulgate rules
and regulations that seem
deliberately designed to
impede E&P activity on both
federal and private lands
DAVID BLACKMON, Contributing Editor

American history is filled with wellintentioned laws and regulations that inexorably expand beyond their intended
scope over time and result in unintended
consequences. No presidency resulted in
more clear examples of this than that of
Richard Nixon (1969-1974). It is a littlerecognized fact that virtually all of this
countrys major environmental statutes
the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act,
the Safe Drinking Water Act, and the Endangered Species Actwere either signed
into law by President Nixon or conceived
during his administration and signed by his
successor, Gerald Ford.
Today, four decades later, the oil and gas
industry finds itself under a withering assault of regulatory actions being undertaken by the Obama administration under the
auspices of these Nixon-era statutes. There
are many truisms about the nature of regulatory activities of the federal government,
but none are truer than the following:
Regulations issued under any federal
law will always grow to exceed the
laws original intent
Any federal regulation, no matter
how well-intentioned or misguided
it might be, will always remain on the
books far longer than the life of its
usefulness.
The last few months have seen several
good examples of these truisms coming
to life, and we are going to cover three of
those in this issue.
EPA ISSUES WATERS

OF THE U.S. RULE
We begin with the Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) and its issuance of a new proposed rule on March
25, governing the definition of Waters
of the United States under the Clean
Water Act (CWA).
This proposed rule would greatly expand the definition of waters that will
henceforth fall under the regulatory
oversight of EPA under the CWA, which
currently is defined as any navigable
waterway. EPA claims that this simple
definition has led to great confusion,
thus giving it justification for the proposed redefinition, which expands the
agencys regulatory reach to all tributaries, all adjacent waters and all adjacent
wetlands. Further, this would include
streams that are intermittent, seasonal or
ephemeral, and even some man-made
ditches, Fig. 1.
Oklahoma Senator Jim Inhofe (Republican) reacted quickly to the EPA

proposal, saying that the rule is a massive expansion of power over the nations
water resources. The Clean Water Act is
written to include only navigable waters,
but with this new rule, the agencies are
giving themselves the authority to regulate everything from the nations largest
rivers to small irrigation ditches, found on
family farms in Oklahoma.
Obviously, this proposed rule would
have a major impact on any industry that,
like oil and gas, develops or alters land
and uses water in its operations. But its
not just oil and gasany activity that requires bulldozers to turn earth would now
conceivably be required to obtain an EPAissued permit, were this rule to go into effect. Mining companies, road builders, real
estate developers, reservoir builders, home
builders, timber companiesthe list of affected businesses is almost endless.
Fig. 1. If the EPA has its way, the denition of which U.S. waters would fall under the
purview of the agency would be expanded considerably, from navigable waterways to
every tributary (like the creek in this photo), all adjacent waters and all adjacent wetlands.
REGULATORY AFFAIRS
Fig. 2. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

has stated its intention to list the Lesser
Prairie Chicken as threatened under the
Endangered Species Act, a potential action
that could create additional headaches for
producers (photo courtesy of U.S. FWS).
Even ranchers are worried about the

potential far-reaching impacts of the proposal. This is a step too far, even by an
agency and an administration notorious
for overregulation, said Bob McCan,
president of the National Cattlemens
Beef Association. This proposal by EPA
and the Corps would require cattlemen
like me to obtain costly and burdensome
permits to take care of everyday chores
like moving cattle across a wet pasture
or cleaning out a dugout....This proposed
regulation and the burdensome federal

permitting scheme will only hinder producers ability to undertake necessary
tasks and, in turn, result in an exodus of
ranchers from the field.
Such concern is quite rational, given
the perspective of history. Obtaining an
EPA permit for any action is never a simple process, always time-consuming, and
often prohibitively expensive. The last
several decades are filled with thousands
of examples of businesses being forced
to spend millions of dollars on EPA-enforced environmental impact studies before ever having the opportunity to break
ground on a project.
As it always does, EPA protested that
such concerns were overblown. As an example, EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy
claimed that her agencys proposed rule
was not intended to take away currently
existing agricultural-related exemptions
from permitting.
To detail protections for farmers related to the rule, the EPA and the Army
Corps of Engineers issued a fact sheet
related to agriculture that included the
following clarification: Any normal farm-
Moving Energy Forward
ing activity, that does not result in a point

source discharge of pollutants into waters
of the U.S., still does not require a permit. The proposed rule preserves existing
Clean Water Act exemptions and exclusions for agricultural activities.
Bruce Thompson, President of the
American Exploration and Production
Council, which represents large independent producers in the U.S., was skeptical
of EPA assurances: I think it is safe to
say that the many industries that would
be impacted by this rule would take issue
with the comments of the EPA administrator, to the effect that this proposed rule
does not broaden the scope of the Clean
Water Act.
But, even if such assurances were forthcoming from EPA, the Corps of Engineers or any other arm of the federal government, everyone knows that sidebars
placed around federal regulatory actions
have ways of gradually disappearing over
time, as misguided court decisions are issued, and activist presidential administrations chip away at them to further political
agendas. One stark example of this steady
broadening of federal regulatory purview
Are you new to the oil industry?

Are you teaching new employees
about the oil & gas market?
UNDERSTAND
THE INDUSTRY
FAST
with
Ideal pump solutions for onshore or

offshore, upstream or downstream
As an expert manufacturer of downhole and surface
pumps, we produce oileld pump systems according
to the highest quality standards.
A OVERVIEW OF
AN
THE
T
PETROLEUM
INDUSTRY
I
DVD
D
Series
This DVD Series covers oil and gas fundamentals,

including exploration, drilling and refining
Price: $2,495.00 US* (Order #BR20-D)
Program Review: $25 (Order #PR20)
Order now at
www.GulfPub.com
Questions? Email svb@GulfPub.com
or Phone: +1-713-520-4426
Business Field Oil & Gas

www.netzsch.com
Gulf Publishing Company

*Applicable tax, shipping and handling apply
E N G I N E E R E D C E M E N T I N G S O LU T I O N S
Tight Tolerance.
Isolation Integrity.
Optimum Performance while Centralizing and Cementing
Casing Strings in Tight Tolerance Deepwater Wells.
Blackhawk Specialty Tools new, patent-pending centralizer sub is the tool
of choice for centralizing casing strings in tight tolerance deepwater wells.
The centralizer sub is just one of Blackhawks suite of industry-leading
deepwater tools and its engineered design minimizes torque and allows
drillers to ream down casing.
The rounded bows compress to less than 1/8 annular clearance
and then spring back into under-reamed hole, improving zonal
isolation, reducing sticking and aiding casing running. Standoff
meets or exceeds API Specification 10D requirements after
compression and mitigates risks and costs associated with
secondary cementing.
Improved design. Superior testing. Unmatched performance.
Shouldnt you be one of the select operators who
have relied on Blackhawk for answers to the most
challenging well conditions?
www.BlackhawkST.com/sub
With stringent well integrity

concerns in the Gulf of Mexico,
Blackhawk Specialty Tools
engineered centralizer sub has
become the standard
for cementing
deepwater
wells.
Patent Pending
September
2324, 2014
Houston, Texas
REGISTER NOW AND SAVE
Explore Lower Tertiary HPHT Challenges at the

9th Annual HPHT Drilling and Completions Conference
World Oil and Gulf Publishing Company invite you to take part in the ninth annual World Oil High-Pressure, HighTemperature Drilling and Completions Conference, to be held September 2324, 2014, in Houston, Texas, at the Norris
Conference CentersCityCentre. During the two-day conference, attendees will be provided with both local and global
perspectives on the latest developments and trends in HPHT drillings and completions as well as discover the latest in
new technologies, case studies, new materials and test procedures, and more.
Register Early and Save: Deadline for early bird rates is August 19, 2014.
Register online at HPHTConference.com or call +1 (713) 520-4402.
Exhibit or Sponsor: Contact Lisa Zadok, Events Sales Manager, at +1 (713) 525-4632
General Inquiries: Contact Melissa Smith, Events Director, Gulf Publishing Company, at +1 (713) 520-4475
Youll Hear from HPHT

Experts at these Leading
Companies:
Baker Hughes
Chevron, Gulf of Mexico Business Unit
CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute
C-FER Technologies Inc.
Enventure Global Technology
FastCAP SYSTEMS Corporation
FMC Technologies
Halliburton
Special Metals Corporation
Technetics Group
And more
HPHTConference.com
HPHT Drilling and Completions Conference 2014 Advisory Board:
Grant Affleck
Business Development Manager
of Technology, Global Drilling Services
Robert (Bob) Holicek

Deepwater Theme Manager
Chris Kocurek
Staff Subsea Facilities
Engineer
Pramod Kulkarni
Editor
Charles (Chuck) Pleasants

Wellbore Construction
Technology Director
Ian Penman
Global Advisor, Completion Tools
Brian Skeels
Engineering Technologies Director
Bob Sokoll
Staff Drilling Engineer & Chair
HPHT Drilling & Completions
Conference
Jim Raney
Engineering & Technology Manager
Kaz Javanmardi
HPHT Principal Technical Expert,
PT Deepwater Wells
HPHTConference.com
Michael (Mike) Payne

Senior Advisor
Ramn I. San Pedro, P.E.

Principal
Earl Shanks
OIE Chief Technologist
REGULATORY AFFAIRS
comes in the ongoing EPA efforts to regulate carbon dioxide, an outcome literally
no one envisioned, when President Richard Nixon signed the Clean Air Act into
law in 1970. Yet, 44 years later, the regulation of CO2 is the centerpiece of the
Obama administrations ongoing strategy
to regulate vast swaths of the U.S. economy under that law.
The EPA is accepting comments related
to this proposed rulemaking for 90 days
following the publication of the rule in the
Federal Register.
LESSER PRAIRIE CHICKEN LISTED
The Endangered Species Act (ESA)

is another stark example of a law with
initial good intentions, whose scope and
unintended impacts have expanded dramatically over time. When Nixon signed it
into law in 1973, he and other supporters
touted the ESA as a means of protecting
major, high-profile species, like the Bald
Eagle, the Grizzly Bear and the Grey Wolf.
No one, then, would have envisioned that
the laws would be extended to the point
at which the federal government forces
the State of California to simply flow more
than 95,000 acre feet of river water to the
ocean in a single crop growing season, raising the protection of a subspecies of smelt
over the needs of farmers in the parched
San Fernando Valley. Yet that is exactly
what took place last year in the Golden
State under the auspices of the ESA.
On March 27, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (U.S. FWS) announced it
would list the Lesser Prairie Chicken
(LPC) as threatened under the ESA, Fig.
2. While this designation is a step below
the endangered status under the ESA,
and theoretically provides regulators and
affected parties more flexibility in determining ways to go about protecting this
bird, the potential negative impacts of the
listing on vast swaths of five different states
is very significant.
U.S. FWS Director Dan Ashe acknowledged the decision would not be popular
with governors in the five affected states
Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado and
New Mexicobut said the best available
science dictated the listing. The lesser
prairie-chicken is in dire straits, Ashe said.
The bird is in decline and has been in decline for more than a decade.
The U.S. FWS decision also specified
that oil and gas companies participating
in the Five State Conservation Plan, adopted in 2013, will be able to continue
activities to protect the LPC under that

plan, which will continue to be managed by the states. To date, more than 3
million acres of land in the five affected
states have been set aside by ranchers,
landowners, and oil and gas companies
as habitat to promote the LPCs recovery. The plans goal is to increase the
birds population to 67,000 from its current estimate of 18,000. Companies not
participating in this plan will become
subject to other mitigation and conservation measures developed by U.S. FWS
and related to the listing.
Earlier in the month, Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt filed a lawsuit
related to the Obama administrations settlement of a lawsuit with the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) that resulted in the
requirement that U.S. FWS should make
listing decisions on the LPC, and hundreds
of other plant and animal species under the
ESA, by late 2015. In this suit, the State of
Oklahoma essentially challenges the validity of the so-called sue and settle practice
that U.S. FWS has engaged in with groups
like CBD, Wild Earth Guardians and others over the last 15-plus years.
The Washington Examiner did a good
job of succinctly describing this sue and
settle practice in an editorial published in
May 2013:
First, the private environmental group
sues the EPA in federal court, seeking to
force it to issue new regulations by a date
certain. Then, agency and group officials
meet behind closed doors to hammer out
a deal. Typically in the deal, the government agrees to do whatever the activists
want. The last step occurs when the judge
issues a consent decree that makes the deal
the law of the land. No messy congressional hearings. No public comment period.
No opportunity for anybody outside the
privileged few to know how government
regulatory policy is being shaped, until its
too late.
So, basically, this sue and settle process enables these environmental groups
to force listing decisions by U.S. FWS without having to go through the appropriate
administrative and rulemaking processes
with which all other parties must comply.
This strategy employed by these radical organizations is less about listing species that are truly on the verge of extinctionthe ostensible rationale for the
ESAthan it is about slowing or stopping human progress. Far from being focused on species that are actually rare and
INTEGRATED SERVICES
Fluid
Container Solutions
From Hoover
With advanced
design and
manufacturing
capabilities, turnkey
key
transport options and a robust
selection of certified DNV tanks
and frames; tote tanks (IBCs);
and large format multipurpose
offshore tanks, Hoover is
positioned as a leader in tank and
container solutions. Packaged
as turnkey integrated services,
Hoover offers transportation,
tank cleaning, GPS asset tracking,
tank level monitoring and more.
Onshore or offshore, domestic or
international, Hoover has the fluid
container solution for you.
'-6*%4t$"3(0t8"45&t5&$)/0-0(:t4&37*$&
www.hooversolutions.com/fluids
1.888.603.3480
Behind every bit is a

company that knows
every bit about it.
As a true drilling-focused organization we direct all our resources, expertise and technologies
to deliver the ultimate PDC bit solution to lower your drilling costs. Period.
Contact an Ulterra drilling expert When Every Run CountsTM
www.ulterra.com | 420 Throckmorton Street | Suite 1110 | Fort Worth, Texas 76102 | 1-844-ULTERRA
Copyright 1998-2014 Ulterra | All Rights Reserved. | Ulterra is a registered trademark of Ulterra.
REGULATORY AFFAIRS
Fig. 3. If the U.S. federal government lifts the ban on crude oil exports, it could stimulate
the construction of additional tankers, similar to this recent, new Aframax design by
Finlands Wrtsil (image courtesy of Wrtsil).
INTEGRATED SERVICES
Technology
Solutions from Hoover
in danger of disappearing from the face

of the earth, the strategy, instead, focuses
on suing U.S. FWS to list species that exist in some state of abundance over large
geographic areas, under the theory that
human expansion and industrial projects
are diminishing their natural habitat. The
more abundant the species, the greater its
geographic extent, the greater the negative impact it can have on human progress. In addition to the LPC, good recent
examples of species pursued under this
strategy include the Dunes Sagebrush
Lizard and the Sage Grouse.
Of course, every species has its own
factual situation, and well-intentioned
people can argue the merits of this listing of the LPC either way. But the fact
that this listing was made as the result of
this abusive process, without any consideration of the negative economic and societal impacts that will result, will always
leave a bad taste in the mouths of many of
the affected parties. In the meantime, oil
and gas operators in the affected regions
will have to find ways to conform their
operations to the restrictions imposed
under the listing.
CRUDE OIL EXPORT BAN
There has been a growing amount of

discussion recently about the need for
the U.S. government to allow the export
of more domestically produced crude
oil overseas before it is refined, Fig. 3.
Since were focused on unintended consequences in this issue, one of the unintended consequences of the ongoing oil
and gas boom in the U.S. has been the
creation of a massive new supply of sweet
crude oil from large shale formations like

the Eagle Ford. This supply is threatening
to overwhelm the capabilities of the domestic refining industry.
The existing restrictions on the export
of crude oil date back to 1975. The restrictions were put in place via a bill signed into
law by then-President Gerald Ford that
year, in response to the 1973 Arab oil embargo and the energy crisis that had developed from that event. We sit here 39 years
later in a completely different world, with
a completely different supply-and-demand
picture where crude oil is concerned, but
with the same set of restrictions in place.
Nowhere has the world changed more
than in the area of oil production and refining, and the essential crux of the issue
around oil exports is that there is a growing mis-match between the quality of the
crude oil being produced in the U.S., and
the volumes and types of crude oil that
U.S. refineries are set up to handle.
IPAA President Barry Russell put it
succinctly: Oil production is booming
in the U.S. The use of new technologies,
most notably horizontal drilling and
hydraulic fracturing, have unlocked an
abundant supply of light, sweet crude oil,
which most U.S. refineries are no longer
designed to process.
In the intervening years between 1975
and today, as the U.S. began to import up
to 65% of its daily oil needs, refineries
along the U.S. Gulf Coastwhich handle
the vast majority of crude imported from
overseas supplierswere increasingly set
up to process heavy crudes that come
to the U.S. from countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran and Venezuela. At some point in
From GPS asset tracking and

tank level monitoring, alarms,
and online document storage
Hoover has the technology
solution to keep your
containers inspected, cleaned,
traceable all online. Hoovers
technology options crossover
into all container offerings
fluid, cargo and waste. Onshore
or offshore, domestic or
international, Hoover has the
technology solution for you.
'-6*%4t$"3(0t8"45&t5&$)/0-0(:t4&37*$&
www.hooversolutions.com/service
1.888.603.3480
>> Register Now and Save 10%
JULY 3031, 2014

Norris Conference Centers CityCentre
Houston, Texas
2014
GTLTechForum.com
2014 Conference Features:
Explore CuttingEdge GTL

Technology & Solutions
Join us for the second annual GTL Technology Forum, to be held July 30-31, 2014 in
Houston, Texas, as we explore the latest trends and cutting-edge solutions at work
as GTL usage and products continue to gain momentum.
Advisory Board Member

Mark Schnell
General Manager Marketing,
Strategy and New Business
SASOL
Over the course of two-days, attendees will hear from experts at the forefront of
GTL technology regarding the economics of GTL, market opportunities, the latest
products and developments, case histories, new project announcements and more.
2014 Sessions will Focus on:

Syngas
Whats new in small scale GTL?
Catalysts
The future of non-FT

Emerging technology and future users
Modular construction
Panel Discussions Devoted to:

Modular GTLs
Future uses of GTL
Real-World Case Studies on:

GTL technology development-The optimal path to Micro-GTL commercialization
Renery integration with gasication
George Boyajian, PhD

Vice President
Business Development
Primus Green Energy
Participate in the Conference by:

1. Registering Online at GTLTechForum.com
or offline by contacting Gwen Hood at +1 (713) 520-4402 or Gwen.Hood@GulfPub.com
2. Sponsoring/Exhibiting
Contact Lisa Zadok at +1 (713) 525-4632 or Lisa.Zadok@GulfPub.com for information
3. Presenting
Contact Melissa Smith at +1 (713) 520-4475 or Melissa.Smith@GulfPub.com
with speaker inquiries.
Register Now and Save 10%

Jeff McDaniel
Commercial Director
Velocys
Conference Fees
Early Bird (by July 2)
Regular Admission
Single Attendee
Team of Two
Group of Five
$891
$1,634
$3,787
$990
$1,815
$4,208
Continental Breakfast Sponsor
Peter Tijm
Chief Technology Ofcer
Standard Alcohol Company
REGULATORY AFFAIRS
The oil and gas industry is taking steps for environmentally prudent management of shale
frac water. Photo courtesy of Eagle Ford Water and Disposal company.
INTEGRATED SERVICES
Hoover
Contains
The Solutions
the near future, it is likely that a so-called

blend wall will be hit, with some volumes of light, sweet crude unable to find
a home in the U.S. to be refined, an event
that is likely to create significant instability in oil markets.
Over the last few months, both refiners and producers have been assessing options in dealing with this looming issue,
with few really liking what they see. Thus,
there is growing advocacy in favor of the
federal government to at least lessen, if
not eliminate entirely, the current restrictions on crude oil exports.
Elimination of the statutory restriction would require an act of a highlydivided Congress that has a hard time
acting on anything, along with a presidential signature. However, the current
law is not an outright, comprehensive
ban, and the Commerce Department
does manage a permitting process via
regulation that allows for a relatively
small volume of limited exports. The law
governing the issuance of such permits
leaves the decision largely at the presidents discretion.
Specifically, the Energy Policy and
Conservation Act of 1975 directs the
president to
promulgate a rule prohibiting the export
of crude oil and natural gas produced in
the United States, except that the President may exempt from such prohibition, such crude oil or natural gas exports
which he determines to be consistent with
the national interest and the purposes of
this chapter. The act further provides

that the exemptions to the prohibition
should be based on the purpose for export, class of seller or purchaser, country
of destination, or any other reasonable
classification or basis as the President determines to be appropriate and consistent
with the national interest and the purposes of this chapter.
So, as with the ultimate approval of
the Keystone XL pipeline, and barring an
unanticipated (as of now) act of congress,
the final decision on the issue of expanding exports of crude oil produced in the
United States currently lies on the desk of
President Obama. If he were so inclined,
the President could do what he has done
so often on other matters, and issue an
executive order containing a finding that
permitting the export of additional volumes of U.S. crude oil is in the national interest, and direct the Commerce Department to promulgate regulations to make
that happen.
Alby Modiano, president of the U.S.
Oil & Gas Association, captured his
memberships feelings thusly: This
1970s-era policy has outlived its usefulness, and we hope the President will work
with the Commerce Department and the
Congress to find ways to increase export
licenses before a crisis occurs.
That would be a completely rational
action to take. But, as we have seen so
often, where U.S. energy policy is concerned, rationality rarely becomes the key
factor in making such decisions.
Hoover blends engineering and

manufacturing with technology
and service to bring the oil
and gas industry high quality,
certified tank and container
solutions:
t'MVJE$POUBJOFS4PMVUJPOT
t$BSHP$POUBJOFS4PMVUJPOT
t8BTUF $POUBJOFS4PMVUJPOT
Hoover combines these

container solutions with GPS
asset tracking, liquid level
monitoring, tank cleaning,
reconditioning, certification
and transportation services.
Onshore or offshore, Hoover has
a container solution for you.
'-6*%4t$"3(0t8"45&t5&$)/0-0(:t4&37*$&
1.888.603.3480
BAKKEN/THREE FORKS
DECLINE RATE, GAS FLARING TOP

HIT LIST OF WILLISTON OPERATORS
JIM REDDEN, Contributing Editor
Even with production of the first billion barrels

of oil under their collective belt, operators in the
increasingly stacked Bakken/Three Forks play are
spearheading a technological renaissance, in hopes
of reversing notoriously rapid, and acute, decline
rates. However, shipping any additional crude to refineries represents another matter altogether.
In a play where dry holes are an anomaly, operators are digging deeper beneath the Williston
basin, while also evaluating myriad completion,
stimulation and enhanced recovery technologies to
sequentially increase flowrates. At the same time,
supplementing already record production threatens
to further aggravate lingering takeaway issues. The
problems have snowballed this year, with a series of
railroad derailments and occasional explosions that
has invited federal pressure on the rail transport of
what officials had claimed was ber-volatile Bakken
oil. On top of that, with an unrivaled volume of associated gas being flared, local regulators are being
squeezed publicly to cut back production until the
infrastructure catches up, forcing operators to come

up with alternative gas capture plans.
Nevertheless, projected drilling and completion
expenditures for 2014 suggest that the infrastructure woes have failed miserably to dim the luster
of the sprawling Bakken/Three Forks, which traverses beneath most of western North Dakota, eastern Montana, northern South Dakota and into the
Western Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and
Manitoba. Despite its expansive areal reach, nearly
all activity is centered in Mountrail, Dunn, McKenzie and Williams Counties in the North Dakota fairway and, to a lesser degree, neighboring Montana.
According to a Wood Mackenzie analysis released April 2, Bakken/Three Forks operators are
expected to spend upwards of $15 billion this year
on drilling and completions. The analysis suggests
that they will have little difficulty recouping that
investment, considering the Bakken and its largely
successful sub-plays hold close to $118 billion in remaining value. Jonathan Garrett, Americas upstream
A Continental Resources rig at work within

the operators commanding, 1.2-million-acre
Bakken-Three Forks leasehold. Photo courtesy
of Continental Resources Inc.
World Oil/MONTH 2011145
SHALETECH / BAKKEN/THREE FORKS

research analyst for
Wood Mackenzie,
said in a release
that Bakken/Three
Forks oil production is expected to
average 1.1 MMbpd in 2014, growing to 1.7 MMbpd
by 2020.
Aggregate Bakken oil production
reached the milestone one-billionbarrel mark in the
first quarter, according to IHS
data, with North
Dakota having produced 852 million
bbl and Montana
roughly 151 million bbl through
the first three
months of 2014.
Figures released by
the North Dakota
Industrial Commissions Department of Mineral
Resources (DMR)
showed March oil
production hitting
a record 977,051
bpd, surpassing the
previous high mark
of 976,453 bpd set
last November, before the brutal winter reached its apex. In addition, as of
January, North Dakota producers had
managed to divert a cumulative 30.5 Bcf,
or 983 MMcfd, of gas from flare stacks,
according to state production data
DMR Director Lynn Helms said he expects daily oil production to double to 1.6
MMbbl by 2017. The states chief regulator said February saw a record 10,186 producing wells, with up to 40,000 additional
new wells possibly in the thermally mature area. Toward that end, 183 rigs were
active in the Williston basin, as of May 20,
broken out to 174 in North Dakota, with
the remaining nine in Montana, according
to Baker Hughes data, which showed 190
rigs drilling in the like period of 2013. At
the same time, Baker Hughes documented 707 new wells constructed in the basin
in the first quarter, representing a 21.5%
increase over the 582 new wells construct-
Fig. 1. Detailed lithofacies of the Bakken Formation provide a framework

for the Bakken exploration model and reservoir geo-model.
Fig. 2. The 14-well Hawkinson density drilling

pilot has sustained 150 days of impressive
production results.
1,320 FEL
1,320 FWL 2,640
1,320 ft
68 ft
660 ft
W
UB
MB
LB
TF1
TF2
TF3
TF4
NISKU
2 mile
1 mile
Density test
Existing well
Source: Continental Resources Inc.
ed year-over-year. More evidence that operators are moving ever-closer to meeting

Helms prediction comes from the U.S. Energy Information Administrations (EIA)
latest rig efficiency count, which shows
the Bakken continuing to lead all tight oil
plays, with each rig delivering 498 bpd in
May, which is expected to grow to 505 bpd
per rig this month.
GOING DEEPER
The Bakken-Three Forks generally

is described as a carbonate sandwiched
between two source shales. As currently
delineated, the play includes five discrete
stratigraphic units, comprising the Upper
Devonian and Lower Mississippi-age Bakken petroleum system, which in turn takes
in the uppermost Lodgepole Limestone,
the upper, middle and lower Bakken Shale
members, and the underlying Devonian
Three Forks/Sanish formations, Fig. 1.
Depths can exceed 11,000 ft in the center
of the play and, on average, the Bakken
formation thickness ranges from 80 ft to a
high of about 145 ft in westernmost North
Dakota. However, the average depths seem
to change daily, as operators continue to
explore the lower benches of the underlying Three Forks.
Historically, the primary oil-bearing
Middle Bakken member has been the principal production zone of this petroleum system. Operators, however, continue to push
bits into the deeper three benches of the
underlying Three Forks, which the United
States Geological Survey (USGS) last year
estimated holds 3.73 Bbbl of undiscovered
and technically recoverable reserves.
Bakken pioneer Continental Resources, by far the plays most dominant leaseholder, likewise is credited as the trailblazer for the drive into the once-ignored
Three Forks. The plays pacesetter is credited with initiating the industrys full-field
development of the Middle Bakken, as well
as all three benches of the Three Forks in
the prolific Antelope area.
Last year, Continental recorded what
it termed, encouraging results from 20
exploratory wells, and plans to further
test the lower three benches with up to
24 Three Forks wells this year. Initial results from the 20 LTF (lower Three Forks)
wells show these lower formations could
be commercially viable over a significant
portion of the play. Additional production
data are needed, but we are convinced that
the ultimate resource potential is bigger
than early estimates, venerable, Continen-
The moment of truth:
Where do your fracs (and your well investment) go?

W
REAL WORLD (unpredictable)
PLANNED
K
PLANNED
REAL WORLD (unpredictable)
Dh
PLANNED
REAL WORLD (predictable)
Plug-and-perf simply cannot deliver predictable frac results, and neither can open-hole packers
Dh
right where you plan them and proppant volume in every frac is exactly what you want. Cemented,

>
WZ,^
ncsfrac.com
+1 281.453.2222
info@ncsfrac.com
Leave nothing behind.
2014, NCS Energy Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Multistage Unlimited and Leave nothing behind. are trademarks of NCS Energy Services, LLC. Patents pending.

with 13 of 14 wells
trending, on average, 50% above the
1,200
603-Mboe model
EUR (estimated
Steep declines
1,000
65% 1st yr
ultimate recovery).
35% 2nd yr
The Hawkinson
800
15% 3rd yr
10% thereafter
wells were com600
pleted using Continentals standard
400
completion
designs,
with
100,000
200
lb of proppant for
0
each of the 30-stage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
frac jobs. During
Source: North Dakota Industrial Commission, Department of Mineral Resources.
second-half 2014,
the operator plans
to complete the
Fig. 4. Comparison of Whitings sliding sleeve
three additional density pilots with 660-ft
completions (top) with its new cemented
liner plug-and-perf completion technique,
spacing, testing eight producing wells in a
which yields 120 entry points, as opposed to
single spacing unit within each formation.
the 30 entry points of the earlier-generation
Other prominent players, including
completions.
Marathon Oil and Whiting Petroleum,
have followed suit, with density tests
of their own to optimize multi-horizon
drainage from the Bakken and Three
Forks structures.
Marathon said co-development of the
two formations is progressing, with highdensity pilots delivering strong results in
tests of eight wells per a 1,280-acre drilling spacing unit. Whiting, meanwhile,
plans to initiate a higher-density pilot program in the Sanish field, which if successful, it says could add a total of 191 new
tal Chairman and CEO Harold Hamm told Middle Bakken locations. The operator
said it also intends to re-frac several Saninvestors earlier in 2014.
Coinciding with multi-interval devel- ish wells during the year.
While optimized well spacing and
opment targeting the lower benches of the
Three Forks, Continental is expanding the mega-well drilling pads have contributed
density drilling pilot program that it initi- to sequential decreases in what were once
ated last year with its Hawkinson unit in among the highest well costs among the
Dunn County, N.D., Fig. 2. Continental unconventional plays, the matter of imis operating seven density pilots, including proving sharp decline rates has become the
three additional programs to be completed primary focus. Recovery rates of typical
this year. The operator also is increasing Bakken wells reportedly are in the 4%-touse of mega-pads, with up to 30 wells, 6% range, far below the double-digit recoveach, in its bellwether Antelope complex ery rates seen in other shale plays, which,
in North Dakotas Mountrail, McKenzie, owing to the high-quality sweet crude, opand Williams Counties. Hamm said the erators have been willing to live with. While
inaugural, 14-well, Hawkinson density Bakken wells deliver exceptionally high inipilot entailed 1,320-ft spacing within the tial production (IP) rates, often exceeding
same formation, which, he said, implies 1,000 bpd, declines of up to 65% in the first
the ability to produce four wells in a single year (Fig. 3) have promoted a wholesale
revision of completion and stimulation
spacing unit within each formation.
In what it claims validates full-field de- strategies, including a new multi-variable
velopment and demonstrates vast resource production forecast model that helps oppotential, Continental says the Hawkin- erators customize completions to address
son project has sustained impressive pro- area-specific characteristics and, hopefully,
duction results after more than 150 days increase flowrates and overall recoveries.
Typical Bakken Three Forks performance
Fig. 3. Operators are trying to reverse per-well decline rates that drop
some 65% in the rst year of production.
IMPROVING THE FLOW
As operators transition from optimizing drilling efficiencies to increasing reservoir drainage, basin-wide experimentation
is underway to identify the most effective
completion scenarios. In efforts to isolate
the best strategy for increasing EUR and
maximizing asset value, operators acrossthe-board are testing a variety of completion and stimulation programs.
Since its earliest developments in the
Bakken-Three Forks, Whiting Oil & Gas
has relied on time-expedient sliding sleeve
completions, but recently has begun conversion to cemented liner plug-and-perf
completions, Fig. 4. By comparison, the
former 30-stage methodology afforded
only one frac port per stage, thereby
yielding 30 entry points into the sweet
spot. Cemented liner completions, on the
other hand, allow three perforation clusters for each of the 40 stages, for a total of
120 entry points.
To compare the two approaches,
Whiting pointed to wells drilled in its
Skov unit in the Missouri Breaks area.
The original Skov 31-28-1H well was
completed with sliding sleeve technology and flowed 927 bopd, while two
subsequent wells were completed with
cemented liners and flowed at an average
1,145 bopd.
Whiting further modified the cased
liner completion strategy in April, when
its SKOV 31-28-3H was completed using a new CT-deployed, fracture stimulation technique. Though that well
marked its first use of CT for stimulation deployment, Whiting Chairman
and CEO James Volker said the potential, in tandem with the cemented liner
completions, is undeniable. This was
really an experiment and its still fairly
early, he told analysts in the first-quarter
earnings call.
Oklahomas WPX Energy was one of the
earliest Bakken converts to cemented liner
and typical plug-and-perf completions.
Bryan Guderian, senior vice president of
operations, told Petroleum News Bakken
that the completion technique has proved
to be a best practice in the basin, and our
well results reflect the quality of how were
drilling and completing these wells.
Continental, meanwhile, says it continues to experiment with alternate
completion methods in 20% of its wells,
primarily focusing on slickwater fracture
stimulations, heavier proppant concentrations and more frac stages per well.
(0dXel]XZkliè^
plants throughout
North America.
U.S. owned and operated
]fifm\i,'p\Xij
ASME Stamp Code Vessels
Xe[8G@()=DfefîXdd\[
Production Tanks
JkXk\$f]$k_\$Xik#è$[ffi
jk\\cî`kYcXjkè^#gXèkè^
and coating booths
Add up Dragons more than 50 years of
The companys expansive inventory
building high quality oil eld equipment,
and
a workforce currently 2,500 strong and
comprehensive line of exploration and
growing; plus its 19 manufacturing sites;
production equipment including, tanks,
25 rental and service centersall
trailers, pumps, and rigs and all the parts
family-owned and operated from the
that go with them. Dragon equipment
Beaumont, Texas corporate ofceand
delivers exceptional durability under the
you have a formula that succeeds. This is
harshest conditions and in a variety of
what you get with Dragon. This is why so
applications including well servicing,
many companies in the energy industry
bulk storage, liquid and solids hauling
choose to do business with Dragon.
and many pumping solutions.
product
offering
includes
Experienced personnel and

Zfdd`kk\[?\Xck_#JX]\kp
Xe[<emìfed\ekXcJkX]]
Make it happen.
nnn%[iX^fegif[lZkjck[%Zfd($/..$)*($/(0/
U.S 2014
owned
and
operated
for reserved.
over 50
Copyright
Modern
Group
Inc. All rights
RANCODESERTAD
WORLDOIL 4/14
years.
Copyright 2014 Modern Group Inc. All rights reserved.

According to Halliburton, the comIn a related development, the Energy & cently unveiled its so-called Guideline for
Environmental Research Center (EERC) Completion (GFC) multivariate comple- prehensive and mathematically justified,
at the University of North Dakota in April tion normalization and efficiency metric, regression model analysis has delivered
launched the second phase of an ongoing which considers multiple parameters to extremely close correlations for the speCO2 EOR study. EERC Associate Direc- engineer area-specific completion and cific areas and diverse completion types
tor John Harju told the Bismarck Tribune on stimulation programs for both the Bakken employed within the Bakken/Three Forks,
Fig. 5. In April, Halliburton detailed the
April 29 that the two-year R&D project may and the Three Forks formations.
multifaceted analysis in a
not attain the 15% to 20% repaper presented at the SPE
coveries seen with CO2 EOR
Fig. 5. Distribution of the Bakken and Three Forks wells analyzed as part of
Western North American
in conventional Williston ba- the multivariate production model. At last count, upward of 6,873 wells had
and Rocky Mountain Joint
sin wells, but additional 4%- been evaluated. Image courtesy of Halliburton.
Regional Meeting in Denver.
to-6% recoveries would still
The evaluation dissected
amount to a sizeable increase
in the paper considered some
in production volume.
6,440 wells with full completion and production data,
MULTIVARIATE
representing every operator
PRODUCTION METRIC
active in the Williston basin,
Given the geographical
said Geoffrey Gullickson,
and lithological vagaries of
principal technical profesthe sweeping play, relying
sional for Halliburtons Densolely on one-dimensional rever technology team and lead
gression models and standard
author of the study. The aim
decline curve analysis, to estiof the model, he said, is to
mate production, over time,
evaluate the expected profor different completion and
duction benefits and costs of
stimulation types, often devarious completion designs
livers ambiguous results. So
over different time spacings.
says Halliburton, which re-
Are your wells performing like they should?

Check these numbers.
1
Bakken Shale / North Dakota
Eagle Ford Shale / Texas
Green River Basin / Wyoming
Multiple wells: avg. 9400-ft laterals, 28 stages
30-day cum. avg. rate: 1204 boe/d
Avg. IP: 1447 boe/d
Avg. IP: 9789 mcf/d
180-day cum. avg. rate: 3865 mcf/d
FT{eT_Pac]TaTSfXcW_d\_X]VbTaeXRTb_aêXSTab^]fT[[bX]SXTaT]c
shale plays, delivering high-conductivity results on every job. Operators
continue to choose Rainbow because they know we work side-by-side
with their completions team to maximize every wells performance.
We engineer, manufacture and supply ceramic proppants that meet or
exceed API and ISO quality standards. With distribution and transloading
facilities across major shale plays including the Bakken, Eagle Ford,
Permian Basin, Haynesville and Green River Basin; we supply best-in-class,
cost-competitive proppants used in hydraulic fracturing.
Your success depends on how well the proppant you pump performs.
Let us help pump performance into your next well.
rainbowceramics.com
1.888.618.PROP (7767)
info@rainbowproppants.com

The purpose is to optimize the stimulation and completion program for the
metrics we can control very readily, both
from a system perspective, as well as drilling and wellbore construction perspectives. Essentially, were trying to integrate
the drilling-to-completion side of things,
to optimize production, Gullickson said.
Halliburton said that the multivariate regression analysis considers 15
geographically weighted parameters to
evaluate the effects of various completions throughout the play, some of which
are more significant than others. The parameters include lateral length, proppant
type and density, number of frac stages,
and volume of treatment fluid, as well
as the different completions employed
in the play, from sliding sleeves to open
hole and cemented liner plug-and-perf
completions. According to the authors,
decline curve analysis can be incorporated into the methodology, to assess
the performance of wells throughout any
time period.
Dr. Kumar Ramurthy, Halliburtons
technical manager for the Rockies, West
Coast and Alaska, said the metric is not
intended to provide a blanket recommendation for completions. Different methodologies are being promoted, strictly
from a frac perspective. One company
is promoting slickwater as the way to go,
and another company is advocating larger
(completion) jobs as the way to go. By
doing this type of analysis and normalizing it, we can come up with area-specific
designs that are optimized to make better wells. Were not going to say that this
is the way you should do it across-theboard, but, based on our design, we can
predict production within a very high degree of accuracy, he said.
Owing to the wide variances of the Bakken and Three Forks, including the various
completion types and latent geological
characteristics, the formations are evaluated separately. The Three Forks is a completely different monster, as we also have
to look at which of those benches they are
completing and determine if there is any
communication between the Three Forks
and the Bakken, said Ramurthy.
The multivariate approach, Gullickson said, is particularly beneficial in the
stacked plays intrinsic to the Bakken/
Three Forks, where using standard statistical methodologies does not deliver
reasonably accurate quantification of
production potential. Thats what we
found from doing the geographically
weighted regression, as well as the principal component regression. he said.
We needed a way to show the cumulative interaction of the components that
are readily available and we can mine,
regardless of operator.
Specifically, the reason we are getting
very, very good correlations is because
this is a multivariate approach. Instead
of looking at the typical metric of fluids
in gallons per ft or gallons over 1,000 ft,
or again, proppant in pounds per ft or
pounds over 1,000 ft, we bring in the zone
spacing. Therefore, the mechanically
isolated compartmentalization of these
multi-stage treatments is considered, in
addition to the volumetric input and the
effective proppant volume fraction. Bringing all those components together yields
an extremely component-predictive set,
as opposed to individually comparing the
stimulation inputs from a single variant or
metric-interaction perspective.
Better Proppant.
Better Production.
Our engineered proppant manufactured under strict quality
controls creates superior ow paths for better production.
You can rely on our better proppant supplied from one of the
industrys largest terminal networks to increase conductivity
and prevent proppant owback.
Get more from your wells at Santrol.com.
Propel SSP
CoolSet
PowerProp
SpearProp

NO ACTIVITY SLOWDOWN
Throughout the play, no less than 33

operators delivered production in the first
quarter, according to a May 13 analysis by
the veteran shale observer, Powell Shale
Digest. A sampling of the go-forward activities of a handful of the more active players
suggests that the Bakken-Three Forks is in
no danger of losing its stature as a prime
hunting ground, anytime soon.
Continental Resources plans to drill
287 net (870 gross) wells, including the
24 it is projecting for the lower benches
of the Three Forks, within its commanding 1.2-million-acre position. In the first
quarter, the Oklahoma City operator increased year-over-year production 27%, to
97,500 boed. Continental says it plans to
average 21 rigs in the Bakken-Three Forks
throughout the year.
Whiting Oil & Gas Corp. controls
nearly 685,000 net acres and, in the first
quarter, delivered a company-record
73,325 bopd. Whiting has identified 3,738
gross potential drilling locations within its
holding. The firm kicked off the second
quarter with what it says was its best well
result to date in Cassandra field, Williams
County. While no specific drilling plans
have been announced, Whiting said it
plans to begin a development drilling program, using nine wells per spacing unit in
its prospective Middle Bakken holdings,
as opposed to its original Sanish development plan of three to four wells per 1,280-ft
spacing unit.
EOG Resources holds 110,000 net
acres, 90,000 of which are in the core Bakken fairway, with the remaining 20,000
acres in its Antelope extension. Within its
holdings, EOG plans to run between six
and seven rigs this year, and drill 86 net
wells. EOG says that as it continues to
succeed with 1,300-ft spacing, it plans to
test further reduced spacing this year.
During 2013, EOG said it managed to
increase average flowrates in its leasehold
from 894 bopd to 1,342 bopd, with equal
improvements of 63% in average 100-day
production rates. In a May 5 investor presentation, the operator said it had increased
Bakken production at year-end 2013 by
38% over the year prior, to 86,000 boed.
Oasis Petroleum of Houston, after
divesting non-operated properties in and
around its Sanish project area for $321.9
million to an undisclosed buyer, still holds
506,960 net acres. Oasis reported that its
second-quarter production will increase
to between 43,000 and 46,000 boed. Oasis
said it plans to operate 16 rigs this year. Its

drilling plans include completing roughly
30 wells in the second and third benches of
the Three Forks.
Marathon Oil, which holds 370,000
net acres prospective for the Middle Bakken and lower Three Fork benches, recorded net 43,000-boed production in the first
quarter, a 16% hike over production in the
first three months of 2013. Marathon plans
to run six rigs this year and drill 75 to 85
net wells. This year, Marathon has established a completed well target of $7 million
to $7.8 million.
Hess Corp. controls a Williston basin
leasehold comprising 644,000 net acres,
where it produced 63,000 boed in the first
quarter, compared to an average 67,000
boed last year. The reduction was attributed to Hess curtailment of first-quarter production until the Tioga gas plant expansion
was completed. Nevertheless, during the
initial 2014 quarter, Hess put 30 wells on
production. In 2013, Hess averaged 14 rigs
and drilled a cumulative 195 wells. Meanwhile, on May 19, Hess CEO John Hess
unveiled the operators upgraded Tioga
plant, which he said is intended to reduce
the volume of gas the company flares to as
low as 15%, with an objective of eventually
cutting flaring to as low as 10%.
FLARING, RAIL IN CROSSHAIRS
The timing of Hess Tioga plant expansion could not have been better. North
Dakota regulators face increasing pressure
to reduce flaring, which has accounted for
as much as 36% of associated gas being
burned off on-site. A serious dearth of
pipeline capacity is at the root of the unprecedented volume of flared gas, which
has not only increased public and political scrutiny, but is sending millions of dollars of potential revenue into flare stacks.
North Dakota officials estimate that flaring is costing that state nearly $1 million a
month in production tax revenue.
With the North Dakota Petroleum
Councils (NDPC) Flaring Task Force
taking the lead, the industry recently presented a multi-faceted proposal to the Industrial Commission that it says is aimed
at cutting flaring of associated gas to 10%
within six years.
Among the solutions being promoted
is the so-called CNG in a box developed by GE and Ferus Natural Gas Fuels
LP, which employs a portable compression-and-cooling unit to convert field
gas into fuel for rigs, frac pumps and
other wellsite equipment. Statoil Oil and

Gas LP says that it is using the mobile
CNG system on bi-fuel rigs and other
equipment that it operates.
Blaise Energy, a Bismarck-based company specializing in monetizing stranded gas,
says it is using would-be flared gas in scalable modular systems that provide electrical
power for one operators CNG compressor.
The flaring issue magnifies the pipeline
deficiencies that have led to an estimated
70% of Bakken crude being shipped over
railroads. Over the past year, this takeaway
mode has come under an increasingly hotter fire, due to a string of train derailments,
all carrying Bakken oil. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) responded
by tightening some of the rules regarding
over-rail deliveries, while another agency
proposed that Bakken crude be degasified
before being loaded into tanker cars, a
measure that the industry says would be
economically prohibitive.
In January, the U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
issued the recommendation after a train
loaded with Bakken oil caught fire during
a collision in Casselton, N.D. The NDPC
responded with an all-inclusive Bakken
crude characteristics study, which, in May,
concluded that independent analysis of 152
samples revealed that Bakken oil was no
more combustible than other light, sweet
crudes produced elsewhere in the country.
NO END IN SIGHT
Even while recognizing that operators

must reverse the steep decline rates, an executive of perhaps the leading cheerleader
for the Bakken-Three Forks said those
who may believe the play is about to run
its course have little to stand on. Speaking
at the IHS CERAWeek in Houston, Continental President Rick Bott said the BakkenThree Forks is on pace for at least three
decades of growth. Bott told the Houston
Chronicle that critics are focusing on the
wrong story when they look strictly at the
rapid decline rates in the first year of production. There is a steep decline, but then
there is a very, very long tail. You get flush
production, but its the tail you really count
on. It can be a growth or a long plateau,
based on the price signal. Its only a question of the technology we can apply.
REFERENCE
1. Gullickson, G., K. Fiscus and Peter Cook, Completion
influence on production decline in the Bakken/Three
Forks plays, SPE Paper 169531, presented at the SPE
Western North American and Rocky Mountain Joint
Regional Meeting, Denver, Colo., April 16-18, 2014.
PEOPLE IN THE INDUSTRY

MELANIE.CRUTHIRDS@WORLDOIL.COM
BG Groups board of directors has accepted Chris

Finlaysons resignation as
CEO and as an executive
director of the board for
personal reasons. Until a
permanent replacement is
appointed, Andrew Gould
(pictured), BG Groups
non-executive chairman,
will take over as interim
executive chairman. A
recruitment process to
find an external successor
to Finlayson is underway,
the firm said. Gould will
revert to the role of nonexecutive chairman once
the new CEO is appointed.
Finlayson will not receive
any payment beyond his
contractual entitlement.
Following a 20-yr career

with Nexen Energy, Kevin
Reinhart is departing
from his role as CEO of
the firm, a wholly-owned
subsidiary of CNOOC. Fang
Zhi, executive V.P., CNOOC,
will assume the position
of Nexen CEO. Zhis 30-yr
career with CNOOC will
enable him to lead the
company and collaboratively deliver results for its
parent firm. He has an
in-depth understanding
of Nexen, and has been
directly involved in all
aspects of the integration
process over the past year.
The board of directors of

Franklin Electric Co., Inc.,
appointed Don Kenney
to the roles of V.P. and
president of energy
systems on May 2. Over the
years, Kenney has assumed
increasing levels of responsibility, becoming president
of FE Petro in 2001, and
then president of Franklin
Fueling Systems in 2005.
In 2013, he was promoted
to president of energy
systems, and his responsibilities were expanded to
include leadership of the
artificial lift business unit.
Repsols board of directors has revised the firms executive team structure to provide the leadership for what
it called new challenges and opportunities facing the
company. This undertaking included the appointment
of Josu Jon Imaz San Miguel (left) as CEO, succeeding
current chief executive Antonio Brufau (right). The
board accepted Brufaus proposal following the 99.8%
support of shareholders for the companys management,
obtained at the Annual General Meeting on March 28.
The board also accepted the resignation of Director
Paulina Beato Blanco; the resulting vacancy will be
occupied by the CEO, who was also appointed a member
of the delegate committee.
Continental Resources,
Inc., has announced
leadership changes within
its management team.
Gary E. Gould has been
promoted to senior V.P. of
operations and resource
development; Richard E.
Muncrief current senior
V.P. of operations and
resource development,
has resigned to take the
position of president and
CEO at WPX Energy; and
Eric S. Eissenstats role
as senior V.P., general
counsel and secretary has
expanded to include chief
risk officer. Prior to joining
Continental in 2013, Gould
held management and
technical positions at
Chesapeake Energy and
Burlington Resources,
following his first 10 years
with Exxon Mobil. He
holds BS and MS degrees
in petroleum engineering
from the University
of Kansas.
Subsea engineering
specialist Ecosse Subsea
Systems (ESS) has
appointed Michael Cowie
as its first technical director. Cowie was previously
general manager with Helix
Canyon Offshore, in charge
of seabed drilling, and has
held senior geotechnical
and engineering management roles at Subsea 7. ESS
designs, develops, builds
and operates a range of
subsea equipment used in
the oil and gas sector.
Cairn India reported that

P. Elango, who served as
interim CEO in addition
to his role as director, has
decided to step down
for personal reasons. The
board has accepted his
resignation. CFO Sudhir
Mathur has taken over the
additional responsibility of
leading the organization in
the interim. Tom Albanese,
CEO of Vedanta Resources,
and Mike Yeager, chairman
of Cairn Indias operations
review board, will continue
to work closely with the
leadership team in managing the business under the
boards guidance.
Scientific Drilling
International has appointed
Phil Longorio as president
of the company and its
affiliates. Based at the
corporate headquarters
in Houston, Longorio will
oversee all of Scientific
Drillings disciplines,
focused on technology and
service in the directional
drilling, wellbore surveying
and production logging
markets worldwide.
Longorio has held various
executive management
positions with both major
and independent oil
service companies. He
joins Scientific Drilling
after a six-year tenure as
the senior V.P. for TETRA
Technologies, Inc., where
he was responsible for
the Energy Services and
Chemicals divisions.
AMEC, an international
engineering and project
management company,
has appointed Jeff Reilly
as group president of
strategy and business
development. He will be
a member of the AMEC
group management
team, reporting to Chief
Executive Samir Brikho,
and will be based in
Houston. Reilly joins
AMEC from Phillips 66,
where he led the Projects
organization and was
chief procurement officer.
Ensco plc announced

that Carl Trowell has
been named CEO and
president, while also
joining the firms board.
He succeeds Dan Rabun,
who is retiring after eight
years as CEO. Rabuns
planned retirement was
announced in November
2013. The effective date
for Trowells appointments to CEO, president
and the board of directors
is expected to be June
15. Rabun will remain as
non-executive chairman,
to ensure a smooth transition, and Trowell will be
based at the companys
London headquarters.
ADIL, an independent
energy consultancy, has
promoted Lo Van Wachem
to general manager of
projects and developments. A former COO
of Offshore Installation
Group (OIG) and regional
V.P. of Neptune Marine
Services, Van Wachem
brings more than 25 years
of global experience to the
role. Raffaele Chiandet
has been appointed to
the role of deputy general
manager at ADILs London
office. Mike Fuery, who
has been with ADIL since
2011, has been appointed
general manager of
opportunity management.
Steve Ross has joined

Summit ESP as V.P.
Finance, and will be based
in the companys Tulsa
headquarters. Ross has
25 years of experience
as a CFO with various
international service and
manufacturing companies.
His most recent position
was with GE Oil & Gas ESP
(formerly Wood Group
ESP), where he served
for 15 years as executive
V.P. and CFO. Prior to
that, Ross was the CFO of
Harbison-Walker Inc., an
international manufacturer
of refractory products
located in Pittsburgh, Pa.
Gulfport Energy
Corporations board of
directors announced that
Michael G. Moore has
been promoted to CEO,
joining the companys
board, and that J. Ross
Kirtley has been promoted
to COO. Additionally,
Michael S. Reddin has
been appointed to the
companys board of
directors. Moore, formerly
interim CEO and CFO,
joined Gulfport in July
2000 as CFO, and was
appointed president of the
company in August 2013.
Kirtley joined Gulfport
in May 2013, and was
appointed COO for the
companys Ohio activities
in September 2013. Reddin
is the chairman, president and CEO of Davis
Petroleum Corporation.
IHC Merwede has

appointed Thomas
Agnevall as the new V.P.
of business development, to be based at the
companys Houston office.
He brings several years
of expertise to the role,
and served as V.P. for
Vryhof Anchors for the
past 10 years, where he
was responsible for global
business development.
ADVERTISERS IN THIS ISSUE

Alcoa Oil & Gas ....................................................................24
Its the ONLY

WAY to take
full advantage
of World Oil.
www.AlcoaOilandGas.com
Almansoori Specialized Engineering ............................56

www.almansoori.biz
American Petroleum Institute .........................................37

www.api.org
Ametek Drexelbrook ..........................................................73

www.drexelbrook.com/cutmonitor
Ariel Corporation ................................................................ 10

www.arielcorp.com
Baker Hughes .......................................................................26

www.BakerHughes.com
Bishop Lifting Products, Inc. .......................................... 46

www.BishopLifting.com
Blackhawk Specialty Tools ..............................................137

www.blackhawkST.com/sub
Discover the benets of

a premium subscription
to World Oil and gain
full, unlimited access to
WorldOil.com.
Borets .....................................................................................65
www.borets.com/leader
Bright Automation...............................................................61
www.brightautomation.com
C-FER, Inc. Technologies ................................................ 133

www.cfertech.com/production-operations
C&J Energy Services ......................................................... 40

www.cjenergy.com
Camcon Oil ...........................................................................69

www.camcon-oil.com
Chevron .................................................................................22
www.chevron.com/careers
Circulation Solutions ..........................................................36

www.CirculationSolutions.net
ON / WorldOil.com
OCTOBER 2013 / DEFINING
ION, DRILLING AND PRODUCTI

TECHNOLOGY FOR EXPLORAT
CNPC GWDC ........................................................................57

www.gwdc.com.cn
Cudd Energy Services ...................................................... 49

www.cudd.com
OCTOBER 2013
Deep Casing Tools ..............................................................39
ADVANCES IN
www.deepcasingtools.com
DRILLING
DistributionNOW ................................................................28
www.distributionnow.com/wo
ADVANCES IN DRILLING
Expandable anchor eases

openhole sidetracking
dmg::events Adipec ..................................................... F-125

www.adipec.com
Dragon Products, Ltd ...................................................... 149
SHALETECH: HAYNESVILLE
Signs of life emerging

in venerable shale play
www.dragonproductsltd.com
WHATS NEW IN BIT DESIGN

longer
Dresser-Rand .......................................................................52
DEEPWATER ADVANCES
Dyna-Drill Technologies ....................................................42
Complex formations and

laterals drive innovation
Innovative proppant for fracing

the Lower Tertiary
www.dyna-drill.com/powersection.asp
Extreme Telematics Corp .................................................75

www.ETCorp.ca
COMPANY
GULF PUBLISHING
FMC Technologies................................................................31
www.fmctechnologies.com
Gardner Denver .....................................................................6

www.gardnerdenverpumps.com
GE Oil and Gas .....................................................................70

www.geoilandgas.com/Lufkin
GEA Westfalia Separator Group GmbH .......................85

www.gea.com

www.gulfpub.com
Events - Gas Pro North America ...................................13

www.GasProcessingConference.com
Events - GTL Technology Forum ............................... 142

www.GTLTechForum.com
Events - HPHT ................................................................. 138

www.HPHTConference.com
Events - World Oil Awards............................................ 90

www.Awards.WorldOil.com
SUBSCRIBE
TODAY!
Log on to
WorldOil.com/
subscribe.aspx or call
+1 (713) 520-4440.
GPC-Books Spears .........................................................130

World Oil Marketplace ...................................................157
World Oil Webcast ...........................................................87
www.worldoil.com/webcasts
Halliburton .............................................................................. 8
www.Halliburton.com/Complete1
Hardbanding Solutions By Postle Industries ....... 41, 43

Hoover Container Solutions...................................139, 143

Hoover Container Solutions............................................ 141

www.hooversolutions.com/service
Hytorc................................................................................... 129
www.hytorc.com
Impact Fluids Solutions ................................................F-92

www.impactfluids.net
Industrial Rubber ..................................................................4

www.iri-oiltool.com
ION ..........................................................................................76
www.iongeo.com/ResSCAN
K&B Industries .....................................................................32

www.kb-industries.com
K+S KALI GMBH ..................................................................34

www.kali-gmbh.com
Leistritz Advanced Technologies Corporation .......... 131

www.leistritzcorp.com/pumps
M & D Industries Of Louisiana .....................................F-97

www.DrillLab.com
M-I SWACO, A Schlumberger Company ..................... 20

www.slb.com/hpht
Momentive Specialty Chemicals ..................................150

www.fracline.com
National Oilwell Varco .......................................................63

www.nov.com/wo/artificallift
National Oilwell Varco ......................................................... 2

www.nov.com/DFX
NCS Energy ........................................................................ 147

www.ncsfrac.com
Netzsch ................................................................................ 136

www.netzsch.com
Newpark Drilling Fluids .............................................. F-126

www.newparkdf.com
OneSubsea.......................................................................... 134
www.onesubsea.com/engineer
Packers Plus ..........................................................................18

www.packersplus.com
Parker .....................................................................................38
www.parker.com/underpressure
PCM S.A. ................................................................................68

www.pcm.eu
PGS .........................................................................................55
www.pgs.com
QRI ........................................................................................ 159

www.qrigroup.com
Rainbow Ceramics ............................................................. 151

www.rainbowceramics.com
Santrol .................................................................................. 153

www.Santrol.com
Schlumberger ....................................................................160
www.slb.com/PowerDriveOrbit
Schlumberger .......................................................................14
www.slb.com/multiclient
Sercel CGG ............................................................................78

www.metrolog.com
Smith Bits, A Schlumberger Company ...........................11

www.slb.com/ONYX360
Spirit Global Energy Solutions ........................................72

www.SPIRITenergysolutions.com
Summit ESP ..........................................................................58

www.summitesp.com
Supreme Services, Inc. .................................................... 152

www.supremeservices.com
TAM International ................................................................16

www.tamintl.com
TBC Brinadd .....................................................................F-95

www.tbc-brinadd.com
Tenaris ...................................................................................... 5
www.tenaris.com
Tesco Corporation ..............................................................35

www.tescocorp.com
Timken Steel ....................................................................F-101

www.timkensteel.com
Trade House TMK ................................................................88

www.tmk-group.com
Ulterra Corporation ..........................................................140

www.ulterra.com
Volant Products Inc. ....................................................45, 47

www.volantoiltoolsUS.com
Weatherford ...................................................................12, 67
www.weatherford.com
This index and procedure for securing additional information are provided as a service to World Oil advertisers and a convenience to our readers. Gulf Publishing
Company is not responsible for omissions or errors.
WO1113_Circulation_Trdv.indd 1
11/1/13 10:45 AM
MARKETPLACE
CLASSIFIED@WORLDOIL.COM / +1 (713) 525-4626
CUSTOM
ARTICLE
REPRINTS
FROM
For samples and a

price quote contact
Cheryl Willis
at 713-525-4633 or
Cheryl.Willis@GulfPub.com
Call 972-816-3534
for details about
World Oils
Marketplace
Recruitment
Advertising
Program
Use a combination of print,
recruitment e-newsletter,
plus Website to reach our
total audience circulation of
more than 100,000!
High
Performance
Epoxies
Designed for Downstream
Applications
Maximize corrosion protection
Resist elevated temperatures
Convenient cure schedules
Solvent-free
+DFNHQVDFN1-86$
PDLQPDVWHUERQGFRP
ZZZPDVWHUERQGFRP
INDIA
ADVERTISING SALES OFFICES

Ron Higgins, Publisher
OUTSIDE NORTH AMERICA
2 Greenway Plaza, Suite 1020
AUSTRALIA
Houston, TX 77046 USA

Phone: +1 (713) 529-4301, Fax: +1 (713) 520-4433
Ron.Higgins@WorldOil.com
WorldOil.com
NORTH AMERICA
TX
Don DePugh
Phone/Fax: +1 (713) 520-4435
Don.DePugh@GulfPub.com
TX, AL, DC, FL, IA, IL, IN, GA, KY, MD, MI, MN, OH,
TN, VA, WI, AND WESTERN CANADA
Andy McDowell, Sales Manager
Phone/Fax: +1 (713) 520-4463
Andy.McDowell@GulfPub.com
TX, AR, AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, LA, MO, MS, MT, ND,
NE, NM, NV, OK, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY
Bailey Simpson
Phone/Fax: +1 (713) 525-4660
Bailey.Simpson@WorldOil.com
CT, DE, MA, ME, NC, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, SC, VT, WV
AND EASTERN CANADA
Merrie Lynch
Phone: +1 (617) 357-8190, Fax: +1 (617) 357-8194
Merrie.Lynch@GulfPub.com
Brian Arnold
Phone: +61 (8) 9332-9839, Fax: +61 (8) 9313-6442
Australia@GulfPub.com
BRAZIL
Alfred Bilyk
Brazmedia
Phone/Fax: +55 (11) 23 37 42 40,
Cell: +55 (11) 85 86 52 59
Brazil@GulfPub.com
CHINA, HONG KONG

Iris Yuen
Phone: +86 13802701367 (China)
Cell: +852 69185500 (Hong Kong)
China@GulfPub.com
FRANCE, GREECE, NORTH AFRICA, SPAIN,

PORTUGAL, SOUTHERN BELGIUM, AUSTRIA,
LUXEMBOURG, SWITZERLAND, GERMANY
Catherine Watkins
Phone: +33 (0) 1 30 47 92 51, Fax: +33 (0) 1 30 47 92 40
Catherine.Watkins@GulfPub.com
JAPAN
Yoshinori Ikeda
Pacific Business Inc.
Phone: +81 (3) 3661-6138, Fax: +81 (3) 3661-6139
Japan@GulfPub.com
Manav Kanwar
Phone: +91-22-2837 7070/71/72 Fax: +91-22-2822 2803
India@GulfPub.com
INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, SINGAPORE, THAILAND

Peggy Thay
Publicitas Singapore Pte Ltd
Phone: +65 6836 2272, Fax: +65 6297 7302
Singapore@GulfPub.com
ITALY, EASTERN EUROPE

Fabio Potesta
Mediapoint & Communications SRL
Phone: +39 (010) 570-4948, Fax: +39 (010) 553-0088
Fabio.Potesta@GulfPub.com
KOREA
Young-Seoh Chinn
JES Media, Inc.
Phone: +82 (2) 481 3411/3, Fax +82 (2) 481 3414
jesmedia@unitel.co.kr
PAKISTAN
S. E. Ahmed
Intermedia Communications
Phone: +92 (21) 663-4795, Fax: +92 (21) 663-4795
RUSSIA, FSU
Lilia Fedotova
Anik International & Co., Ltd.
Phone/Fax: +7 (495) 628-10-33
Lilia.Fedotova@GulfPub.com
UNITED KINGDOM, NETHERLANDS,

NORTHERN BELGIUM, SCANDINAVIA
Michael Brown
Phone: +44 161 440 0854, Cell: +44 79866 34646
Michael.Brown@GulfPub.com
CLASSIFIED SALES
Gerry Mayer
Phone/Fax: +1 (972) 816-3534
Gerry.Mayer@GulfPub.com
THE LAST BARREL

KURT S. ABRAHAM, EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Norway balances bright prospects

against cost concerns
Springtime weather in Stavanger, Norway, during mid-May can be fickle. Highs
average 55F, and lows are around 45F. Yet,
there can be significant variationsyoure
as likely to experience rain as sunshine, with
17 days recording some amount of light-tomoderate rain during all of May. The wind
can be light and variable, or come howling
off the North Sea, putting a chill on everyone and everything.
I just finished an eight-day visit to
Stavanger, in mid-May, as a guest of the
Norwegian government. The weather was
exceedingly good, say the locals, with short
periods of rain on just two days, and bright
sunshine otherwise. The good weather
serves as a metaphor for the stout health of
the Norwegian upstream industry. Were
seeing high levels of activity with regard to
exploration and development, said Bente
Nyland, director general of the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate. Activity has
turned upward since the mid-2000s, when
there was a dip.
Indeed, Norway has seen a gain in the
number of operators, and an increase in
the rollover of offshore acreage. The last
few years, we have had several good discoveries, added Ms. Nyland. They will
stop the decline in the oil production rate.
We have replaced some of the earlier oil
production with gas output, so that the
split between the two, in terms of boes, is
about half-and-half.
Exploration has surged since 2005,
peaking at a record 65 wells during 2009.
Last years 59 exploration/appraisal wells
were second only to the record and netted 20 discoveries. Included in recent good
finds that the director general mentioned
are Johan Sverdrup in the North Sea, and
Johan Castberg in the Barents Sea. Jointly
discovered, operated and under development by Statoil and Lundin Petroleum,
Sverdrup is Norways biggest oil find in
many years, and the fifth-largest on the
NCS, at between 2.0 Bbbl and 3.0 Bbbl.
Operated by Statoil, Johan Castberg is
the worlds northernmost oil field, about
60 mi north of Snhvit field. Statoil has
a preliminary development plan that includes a floating production vessel, a pipeline to the North Cape, and a new oil terminal. However, a final investment decision
was delayed until this year and now will be
delayed again, until Statoil drills two more
exploration wells in fourthquarter 2014,
in an effort to boost the projects profitability. Overall, $8.41 billion were spent
last year to drill 142 development wells on
producing fields, representing half of all investment on these assets.
However, just like that wind blowing in
off the North Sea, there is one concern that
both government and companies agree
could chill Norways rosy outlookcost.
There is no doubt that cost poses a challenge, both for developing discoveries and
for projects that can increase recovery from
a field, said Ms. Nyland. For example,
drilling costs have more than doubled during the last 10 years, she explained. Day
rates are running between $500,000 and
$650,000. This cost growth could threaten
the profitability of future projects. Fortunately, officials and companies, alike, recognize the problem and are beginning to
look for ways to solve it.
Mirroring Norways recent E&P
growth, Stavangers population has increased, growing from about 123,000 in
2010, to more than 130,000 currently. In
the Stavanger metro area, population has
exceeded 350,000 and is climbing toward
400,000, including 3,000 expats. Not surprisingly, Stavangers cost of living has
marched steadily upward. Look for more
about Norways E&P in an article authored
by yours truly in the July issue of World Oil.
There will be additional articles on specific
Norwegian topics in later months.
Houstons growing pains. Much like
Stavanger, Houstons cost of living is going
up, due mostly to rapid growth. Thanks to
high E&P activity levels over the last dozen
years, Houston is experiencing a building
boom that was unimaginable just 10 years
ago. High-rise office and condominium
towers are sprouting up everywhere, as
are four-and-five-story, gargantuan, luxury
apartment complexes, both inside and

outside the Interstate 610 Loop. Thats all
well and good, but conditions were already
crowded inside the Loop, and one can only
shudder at the worsening traffic congestion and inevitable gridlock.
Yet, neither city officials, nor their
counterparts in Harris County, seem to
be doing much to address the situation
within the city by widening roads, and/
or proposing and building additional mass
transit projects. Instead, the citys various
civic leaders are busying themselves with
feel-good projects, such as the $58-million
aesthetic/recreational enhancement of
Buffalo Bayou, which includes improved
landscaping and the building of new trails,
sidewalks and pedestrian bridges. That
bayou project also includes the Lunar
Lighting Cycle, whereby lights transition
from white, to blue, to white as the moon
waxes, wanes, and waxes again. Really?
Meanwhile, the Greater Houston Partnership (GHP) continues to blissfully extol to the rest of the U.S., the advantages of
moving to, and living in, Houston. In fact,
the GHP just launched a new image campaign entitled, Houston: The City With
No Limits. So, people are pouring in from
California, Illinois, New York, Florida, etc.,
yet the infrastructure cant keep up with all
the extra population.
By the same token, if U.S. oil production growth continues its current pace, we
could see too much crude on the global
market. If that happens, there could be a
swift oil price reduction, and Houstons
building boom would come to a screeching
halt, leaving us, once again, with too much
capacity and shrinking real estate values
(some of us remember the consequences
of the 1986 oil price collapse). Yet, no one
in Houston is talking about this potential
problem, either. Its not too late for officials
to address these scenariosall the GHP
window dressing wont mean a thing, if
you cant get from Point A to Point B in a
reasonable amount of time.
KURT.ABRAHAM@WORLDOIL.COM
Innovation is your best

guarantee against early
reservoir obsolescence.
In-depth and rapid diagnosis will reveal recovery obstacles
and deciencies in operations. Armed with this knowledge,
you can reduce decline rates and manage your reservoirs
for long-term production stability.
The best minds in the industry

are changing it.
www. qrigroup.com
Dr. Sbastien F. Matringe & Dr. David Castieira

Senior Analysts, Reservoir Management
Innovation Group Leaders
Quantum Reservoir Impact

Intelligent Reservoir Management
PowerDrive Orbit
ROTARY STEERABLE SYSTEM
PowerDrive Orbit RSS helped save 8.8 days drilling

a high-angle well in a single run and increased ROP 100%.
An operator used PowerDrive Orbit* RSS to deliver precise directional control while drilling an 8-in section
in a complex environment with interbedded layers and severe stick/slip. The system, using its newly
developed pad design with metal-to-metal sealing, resisted the formations strong tendency to turn the well.
The desired inclination of 45 was reached in 177 ft and ROP averaged at 16 ft/h, helping the operator save
8.8 days of rig time.
Read the case study at
slb.com/PowerDriveOrbit
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
Showcasing early-stage oil and gas applications

area. Jim Raney, director of engineering for
Anadarko, welcomed the attendees. A total of 17 early-stage companies presented
technologies during the one-day conference and exhibition. Several of these technologies are featured here.
NANOTECH GREEN CHEMISTRY
The Oil & Gas Innovations

Centers 2014 Showcase
presented new developments
across the technology
spectrum, from soluble lms
to remote video collaboration
and nanotechnology-based
chemicals, that may become
practical oileld applications
in years to come.
PRAMOD KULKARNI, Editor
The 17 technologies presented at the 2014

showcase included water-soluble chemical
treatment packaging (left), a video
collaboration system and a mechanical
variable-speed drive.
New ideas are emerging continually, in

disciplines ranging from nanotechnologies to 3D printing and remote monitoring. How do these ideas percolate through
the oil and gas industry, and transition into
practical applications? An oilfield company
could set up a team of technology scouts
to scour new developments underway in
a variety of industries, from computing to
aerospace and biomedical engineering. An
easier avenue is the Oil & Gas Innovation
Center. Under the direction of CEO John
Barratt, the Palo Alto, Calif.-based center
addresses the specific technology needs
of the petroleum industry. Technologies
showcased by the center are either commercially available or close to this threshold.
A large cross-section of oilfield operators, service companies and equipment
manufacturers has joined the Oil & Gas
Innovation Center as either sponsors or
members. Subscribers receive detailed
information about important new technologies without incurring the travel
costs and substantial time commitments
required to independently identify these
promising breakthroughs, explained Barratt. The center is supported entirely by
the annual fees paid by the subscribers,
and does not participate in any commercial transactions between subscribers and
profiled technology companies.
The Oil & Gas Innovation Centers
2014 Showcase was hosted by Anadarko
Petroleum on April 22, 2014, at its Woodlands conference center in the Houston
Based in Yadkinville, N. Car., NanoTechLabs specializes in nanomaterial and

nanocomposite application development.
Petroleum Applications expert Len Wall
presented two green chemistry products
based on nanotechnology. The first product is Petro-Prep, a synthetic acid that is designed to be a safe replacement for hydrochloric acid. Capable of releasing hydrogen
in the presence of mineral salts, Petro-Prep
does not cause chemical burns and is noncorrosive, non-fuming and low-foaming.
According to Wall, Petro-Prep can be left
for up to a month without damaging casing, packers, pumps or seals. Oilfield applications include downhole EOR, frac fluid
treatments, tank or pipeline cleaning, and
water treatment. Another product from
NanoTechLabs is Opti-Floc, a siliconbased flocculating agent that is effective
for removing a wide range of heavy metals
from water streams. It can be used for treating flowback or produced water for re-use
as frac water. It is, however, not effective on
comingled water sources.
DROWSINESS DETECTION SYSTEM
James Gorry, President of Global

Sales for Australia-based Optalert, made
a presentation about the companys early
warning, drowsiness detection system.
The Optalert system detects physiological
warning signs of very early onset drowsiness, often well in advance of the operator
feeling the effects. Optalert is based on the
operator using a pair of glasses that is connected to a remote monitoring system. The
glasses have a built-in LED detector, which
measures the velocity of the operators
eyelid 500 times a second. These measurements are translated into a score measured
on the Johns Drowsiness Scale (JDS),
World Oil/JUNE 2014D161
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
SURGE SEED ACCELERATOR PRESENTS ENERGY STARTUPS

Another source for emerging technologies for the oil and gas industries is
SURGE, a Houston-based company that is identified as a seed accelerator in the lexicon of the Silicon Valley. Specializing in energy and water issues, SURGE provides
an incubation environment for entrepreneurs. SURGE sponsors include operators
such as Shell, Chevron and Statoil and service companies such as Schlumberger,
Baker Hughes and ABB.
Accelerators are for-profit organizations that provide startups with a small amount
of seed capital (recent SURGE startups are receiving $30,000 in operation funding
and support) and access to mentors and potential customers for a small portion of the
equity. At this time, SURGE has access to about 150 mentors in the energy industry.
Since the inaugural class in May 2012, SURGE portfolio companies have raised more
than $25 million in funding and created more than 150 jobs.
On May 21, SURGE Day presented 11 early-stage companies in a theatrical setting
in downtown Houston. Among the presenters included Greasebook, a mobile app
that eliminates the use of paper gauge sheets, and Seisquare, which combines geostatistics and geophysics for planning and monitoring oil and gas reservoirs.
which the operator sees displayed on an
indicator positioned in the cab. As part
of an effective fatigue management plan,
Optalerts fatigue risk profiling allows online and real-time monitoring of the alertness of an entire team of operators.
HT OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES
Zephyr Photonics manufactures hightemperature (up to 175C) optical sensors

and associated devices capable of highspeed data transmission and operation in
downhole applications. Based on VCSEL
technology, these high-temperature components will allow more time for MWD
tools to remain downhole for a longer duration. Duane Louderback, president &
CTO, made the presentation.
ANTI-CORROSION ANOCOATINGS
Tesla Nanocoatings has developed a

protective coating technology, based on
the use of carbon nanocoatings, with sacrificial zinc dust for enhanced durability and
superior corrosion protection. The carbon
nanotubes self-assemble into rope structures, making them highly conductive,
tough and flexible. President & Founder
Todd Hawkins said the two-coat Tesla
product replaces a traditional three-coat
system, resulting in 30% reduced labor
cost, 200% improved life and 900% ROI.
Typical oilfield applications include drilling rigs and offshore platforms, storage
tanks and pipelines.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Additive manufacturing is an alternative

to the conventional methods of removing
D162JUNE 2014/WorldOil.com
materials from a larger work piece, such as

cutting or grinding. Ceralink has identified
laminated object manufacturing, robocasting, and binder jetting as the most effective
AM methods for ceramics. President Holly
Shulman explained that the method of
choice depends on the requirements of the
final product, e.g., dense or porous, feature
resolution, and surface roughness. For example, the ability to directly print ceramic
molds for investment casting is of interest
to foundries, as it would eliminate several
costly steps.
CHEMICAL PACKAGING
The handling and application of chemical treatments can be a challenge in the

oil and gas industry. Jon Gallagher, commercial marketing specialist, described
the technology behind MonoDose watersoluble films from MonoSol. The chemical
is packaged within the soluble film (similar
to the dishwater detergent packs now available). The films can be designed to dissolve faster or slower for the desired activation. Potential oilfield applications include
biocides, corrosion inhibitors, surfactants
and proppants.
BIG DATA SOLUTION
Big data can mean massive, petabytelevel data sets. The SpaceCurve real-time
platform is designed for organizations that
want to quickly transform big data into value. SpaceCurve ingests, fuses and analyzes
Internet of Things, Industrial Internet, spatial, sensor, weather, social media, historical and other data to deliver immediately
actionable intelligence at petabyte scales.
According to Susan Spencer, senior vice

president of marketing, SpaceCurve allows
large volumes, high velocities and wide varieties of data to be immediately fused to
create real-time models of reality. Oilfield
applications include geophysical and geological modeling and reservoir simulation.
REMOTE VIDEO COLLABORATION
Librestreams Onsight video collaboration system provides a real-time solution

that helps overcome the distance and time
that separates field workers from subject matter experts. Onsight enables live
collaboration by streaming video, sharing images, engaging in discussions and
drawing onscreen. This full-collaboration
experience is available, even during ultralow bandwidth conditions. According to
Marieke Wijtkamp, vice president of Marketing & Client Services, oilfield applications include remote offshore and onshore
facilities, such as drilling rigs and production platforms, pipelines, and refineries
and petrochemical plants.
FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM
The LiveWire SparkChaser is a portable wiring tester capable of identifying and

pinpointing the location of wiring faults,
including arc faults, on live and deactivated systems. Based on spread-spectrum,
time domain reflectometry (SSTDR), the
SparkChaser displays and records the type
of fault, distance to fault, fault amplitude,
and time of occurrence. Test results can
also be downloaded for diagnostic purposes and trend analysis. According to James
Stephenson, vice president of Technology
& Innovation, the oilfield applications include subsea power cables.
MECHANICAL VARIABLE SPEED
DRIVE
The Mechatronic VSD is an adjustable speed drive utilizing commercially

available synchronous belts with unique
toothed sprockets that alter the input
output speed ratio by changing the diameter during operation (under load).
According to Paul Bottero, president,
the Mechatronic VSD has a distinct advantage in applications that require high
starting torque, and it opens the possibility for a smaller, lower-cost motor to be
used instead of larger motors, to get difficult loads up to working speeds, quickly
and reliably. Oilfield applications include
rotating equipment on the drill floor and
producing fields.
SOLIDS CONTROL
Vacuum thermal desorption recovery

of drilling uids from cuttings
nal drilling fluidhence, it can be reused
for additional drilling. With an average
energy consumption of only 170230
kWh/t, the VacuDry system is about five
times more energy-efficient than other
thermal desorption systems. This combinationlow energy consumption and
the recovery of drilling fluidsmakes the
process an inexpensive alternative to existing treatment methods.
EXISTING METHODS
As operators contend
with increasingly stringent
regulations and ever-tighter
budgets, a new technique,
vacuum thermal desorption,
offers an economical
approach for removal of
drilling uids from cuttings.
DR. J. ZOLLER, DESTIMET Green

Services GmbH; and R. SCHMIDT, econ
industries GmbH
The VacuDry system offers an economic

way to treat drill cuttings.
Drill cuttings are an ever-increasing

waste stream generated by the upstream
industry. In an attempt to limit the adverse
environmental impact caused by the presence of drilling fluids in cuttings, efforts are
being made worldwide to convert the cuttings to a non-hazardous material, which
significantly eases the disposal process.
At the same time, drilling also requires
large volumes of expensive fluids. In light
of this situation, econ industries decided to
test its VacuDry indirectly heated, thermal
desorption unit for the recovery of drilling
fluids from cuttings. The VacuDry process
has been used for the treatment of a variety
of oil-based wastes for a number of years.
In the following study, laboratory and
field tests applying the batch-wise VacuDry process have been conducted. The
TPH concentrations of the treated drill
cuttings have been reduced, from 12,000
ppm to below 250 ppm, in the lab tests,
and from 300,000 ppm to 640 ppm in the
field tests. It was also discovered that the
recovered oil is comparable to the origi-
A number of drill cutting treatment

technologies are already in use, Table 1.
However, none of these methods provides
completely satisfactory results.
Rotary kilns have been used for the
treatment of oil wastes and drill cuttings
for many years. However, in recent years,
their application has been viewed with
increasing scepticism. Rotary kilns operate with a very low level of energy efficiency. Therefore, the plants consume
vast amounts of thermal energy, which
leads to high operational costs. As a consequence of their inefficiency, rotary kiln
units also produce high levels of emissions. Numerous environmental authorities, worldwide, no longer permit the use
of this type of equipment. A further restriction is that rotary kilns can only deal
with a maximum TPH content of around
3%. Therefore, input material with higher
TPH contents often has to be mixed with
inert material, to reduce the caloric load.
Again, such methods increase the energy
consumption per ton of treated material.
Especially when talking about wastes with
varying consistencies, an exact adjustment of the caloric value of the input material is required but difficult to achieve.
In the past, incorrect adjustment of caloric values, as well as unsafe handling by the
operating staff, has resulted in serious fire
outbreaks and damage.
Hammer mills are often used to treat
drill cuttings. However, their applicability
is restricted by the limited temperature,
around 250C, since the desorption temperature is only achieved through friction
SOLIDS CONTROL
Table 1. Comparison of different technologies for the treatment of drill cuttings.

Recovery of
reusable oil
Rotary kiln
Hammer mills
Bioremediation
Liquid-solid extraction
VacuDry
Treatment
results
-++
-++
Safe
operation
Removal of
heavy oil
in input
Max. oil
content
Low
emissions
Mercury
removal
-+
++
++
++
++
--+
-++
--++
-++
++
++
----++
++
++
Table 2. Composition of the input material from the laboratory tests.

Sample A
16.6 %
3.0 %
0.3 %
80.1 %
2,300 kg/m3
Water content
Oil content (free)
Oil content (bound)
Solids
Powder density
Sample B
7.2 %
10.0 %
2.0 %
79.9 %
1,700 kg/m3
NEW RECOVERY METHOD
Table 3. Evaporation phases during the laboratory tests.

Parameter
Product temperature
Pressure
Thermal oil heating temperature
Water evaporation phase

approx. 100C
approx. 800 mbar(abs)
200C
Oil evaporation phase

up to 300C
down to 50 mbar(abs)
up to 330C.
Table 4. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH)-value (C10-C40) of output material (DIN

ISO 16703).
Sample A output
253 mg/kg dry substance
TPH content
Sample B output
Fig. 1. A comparison of hydrocarbon boiling points under 50 mbar (abs) (vacuum),

atmospheric pressure (simplied).
500
Temperature, C
400
300
Heating temperature
Product temperature
Evaporation range at
atmospheric pressure
200
Evaporation range at 50 mbar (abs) system pressure

100
0
C6
C9
C12
C15
C18
C21
C24
Carbon number, n-Alkane
within the mill. Here again, it must be

considered that desorption of the contaminants takes place under atmospheric
pressure. Due to the low temperature and
the absence of any form of vacuum, this
technology is not suitable for drill cuttings
containing heavier oil fractions, as the
resultant TPH content present after the
treatment is often too high. On the other
hand, the wear on the hammers is significant, and the related maintenance times, as
well as the worn part costs, are high.
A lot of research has been carried out on
the use of bioremediation as a treatment
alternative for drill cuttings. Where only
light fuel oils, up to diesel fractions, are
present, this technology can work under faD164JUNE 2014/WorldOil.com
ardous to water, they have to be separated,

and a sophisticated wastewater treatment
system has to be employed. In addition,
the quality of the final treated material is
often insufficient, especially for fine material containing heavy oil fractions.
C27
C30
C33
C36
vorable ambient conditions. However, due

to the long time required for treatment,
the vast space requirements, and the very
specific demands on the input material and
climate conditions required, this methodology is seen as impracticable. In addition,
the treatment targets are often not met.
In the liquid solid extraction process,
contaminants are extracted by process fluids from the solid matrix. Usually, detergents containing water are used as process
fluid. For drill cuttings with a high oil content, being bound firmly to the soil matrix,
this technology faces many problems. One
of this systems major disadvantages is the
large volume of expensive detergents required. As the detergents are, usually, haz-
For this study, tests have been conducted, using the VacuDry indirect heated
vacuum thermal desorption technology.
In this process, heat and a controlled vacuum are applied to evaporate substances
having a boiling point of up to 450C (under atmospheric pressure), Fig. 1. Due to
the vacuum, the boiling point of substances is considerably lower when compared to
atmospheric pressure. Due to the fact that
the VacuDry system runs in a batch-style
process, each process can be fine-tuned
and is extremely flexible. This allows for
adjustment and optimization of the batch
process to suit the characteristics of each
input material.
To heat up the evaporator, temperatureresistant synthetic oil is circulated inside
the evaporators heating jacket and central
shaft. The rotating shaft, inside the stillstanding cylindrical evaporator vessel, ensures intensive mixing during the process.
Due to this, a highly-efficient heat transfer
to the product can be achieved, and short,
energy-saving batch times can be realized.
Following the vaporization of water
and hydrocarbons, the exhaust stream is
led through a vapor filtering unit, to prevent dust from merging with the vapors.
Specially designed heat exchangers separate the vaporized substances from the
main vapor stream by condensation, using
indirect cooling. For the individual recovery of valuable substances, gradual heating
assures their defined separate evaporation
and condensation.
Laboratory tests. During July 2006,
econ industries carried out laboratory tests,
using two different types of drill cuttings
from the North Sea, Table 2. One hundred
liter samples have been treated batch-style
in a VacuDry 140, at product temperatures
up to 300C and a pressure, inside the vac-
SOLIDS CONTROL
Fig. 2. Processed material (sample A).
Fig. 3. Trial chart laboratory test for sample A.
Project: Drill cuttings-Preliminary studies

Pressure dryer [mbar(abs)]
Table 5. Total petroleum hydrocarbons

(TPH)-value (C10-C40) of output material
(DIN ISO 16703).
TPH content
Output material
Material: Drill cuttings, water
Thermal oil in, C
Agitator speed, rpm
Date: 18, 04, 2006

Power input, A/10
1,200
1,100
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Product temperature, C
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
50
100
200
150
250
300
0
350
Time, min.
uum desorber, of down to 50 mbar (abs).

The required retention time to achieve the
result required by the client was 350 min.
Field tests. A test utilizing 100 tons of
drill cuttings, from German gas fields, was
successfully completed in August 2013.
The plant used was a VacuDry 12,000 x
2. This plant was, originally, designed for
the treatment of grinding swarfs from the
metal industry. And due to the augers extremely high level of torque, the plant is especially suited to treating pasty and sticky
material, such as drill cuttings. Sixteen-ton
batches of drill cuttings have been treated
in one econ VacuDry 12,000-liter evaporator, at product temperatures of up to 250C
and a pressure below 50 mbar (abs).
Fig. 4. Trial chart laboratory test for sample B.
Project: Drill cuttings-Preliminary studies

Pressure dryer [mbar(abs)]
Laboratory tests. During the tests,

two distinct main process phaseswater
evaporation and oil evaporationwere
observed, Table 3.
The results outlined in Table 4 were
achieved. Both samples were processed
for 350 min. within the laboratory plant.
However, the point where only negligible
amounts of liquids were evaporated occurred much earlierafter 248 min. for
sample A and after 269 min. for sample
B. Therefore, shorter batch times are possible, Figs. 2, 3 and 4.
Field tests. During field testing, the results in Table 5 were achieved.
CONCLUSIONS
Both the laboratory and field tests

demonstrated that the VacuDry process
performed extremely well. Drill cuttings,
with different oil and water content,
can be treated in short batch times, less
Thermal oil in, C
Agitator speed, rpm
Date: 19, 04, 2006

Power input, A/10
1,200
1,100
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Product temperature, C
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
RESULTS
Material: Drill cuttings, oil
50
100
200
150
250
300
0
350
Time, min.
than 5 hr, making the technology very

economical. A final TPH content of 250
ppm, from the lab test, was well within
the given limits. The 640-ppm level is
also satisfactory. The recovered oil is
of high quality and can be reused for
drilling applications.
However, there is still room for improvement. During both the laboratory
analysis and the field tests, the heating
temperature was limited to 330C and
270C, respectively. During the lab test,
the heating temperature was limited because of technical reasons. In the field
tests, the operators, who were unfamiliar with the new material, operated the
plant far below its technical capability
of 400C.
Therefore, by increasing the heating
temperature to 400C, the TPH value
of the output material will be lowered
significantly while, at the same time, the

batch time will be reduced considerably.
From an economic standpoint, this will
make the VacuDry system superior for
the treatment of drill cuttings.
DR. JOCHEN P. ZOLLER is
co-founder of DESTIMET Green
Services GmbH. Dr. Zoller
earned a Ph.D. in chemistry
from the Technical University of
Munich and an MBA from the
Open University Business
School in the UK.
REINHARD SCHMIDT is
founder and CEO of econ
industries GmbH. The
companys main emphasis was
turnkey deliveries for bulk
solids, demolition waste, and
refuse divided fuels. Mr.
Schmidt studied at the technical university in
Dortmund, Germany. He is a graduated
engineer in mechanical engineering.
Contact Lee Nichols, Director of

Data Division, at +1 (713) 525-4626
or Lee.Nichols@GulfPub.com to
find the right site license program
for you or to request a free trial.
WORLDOIL.COM
SITE LICENSE PROGRAM
Give your organization the tools to thrive in the upstream oil and gas
industry. Provide your organization with quick-and-easy access to World
Oil's leading technical coverage of the exploration, drilling, completion
and production sectors of the worldwide onshore and offshore oil and
gas industry.
World Oil provides practical solutions to everyday challenges as well as
insights into innovations and emerging trends in the global oil and gas
industry. World Oil Online also produces industry-leading data tables,
statistics and reference materials. A site license program provides
convenient and unlimited access to these resources and more.
Premium Access Includes:

The current issue of World Oil magazine online
An archive of World Oil magazine issues dating back to 1998, searchable
by keywords or topics
Annual Casing Tables Guide
Annual Worldwide Forecast and Review Data
Annual Drilling, Completions, and Workover Fluids Guide
2014 Fracturing Technology Supplements (March and July)
Annual Proppants Tables Guide
Annual Drill Bit Classifier
Annual Tubing Tables Guide
Get Started Today and Discover How Your Organization can Benet
from a Site License Program.
Unlimited Access. Your organization will have convenient access to the latest news and developments
in the global oil and gas industry as well as unfettered access to all archives, research, data and
reference materials.
Cost-Effective Way and Personal Service.
Online site license programs provide the most affordable approach to expanding access to multiple users.
Personal service.
Site license clients work with us via a dedicated professional who works directly with you on all subscription related
activities and inquiries.
Centralized License and Simplied Billing.
There is no better way to streamline numerous subscriptions.
Expand Your Coverage of the Oil and Gas Industry Through These Gulf Publishing Company Options.
World Oil Site License: includes full access to WorldOil.comlocal or global site license
Gulf Publishing Company Site License: includes full access to WorldOil.com, HydrocarbonProcessing.com
and ConstructionBoxscore.comlocal or global site license program
Academic pricing is available. Inquire for details.
Dening Technology in Exploration, Drilling, Completion and Production
Technology and Business Information for the Global Gas Processing Industry
GasProcessingNews.com | MAY/JUNE 2014
GAS PROCESSING CHALLENGES
AND PLANT DESIGN

DESIGN OPTIMIZATION
New projects on the horizon in
Australia, Eastern Mediterranean
BAKKEN SHALE
Operators reduce flaring,
expand infrastructure
GAS COMPRESSION
Determine optimal conditions
for compressor selection
Special Supplement to
Chart Cooler Service Company delivers speed, reliability and a first-class crew dedicated to
meeting your air cooled heat exchanger requirements. We offer a fully streamlined system
for maximum responsiveness from the quotation stage to fast track delivery times.
Contact Chart today and lets build a winning team together.
www.chartcoolerservice.com
Tel: 918 834 0002
achx@chartindustries.com
MAY/JUNE 2014
GasProcessingNews.com
15
SPECIAL REPORT: GAS

PROCESSING CHALLENGES
AND PLANT DESIGN
19
Examine inlet separation

technologies for increased
reliability
D. B. Engel and S. Williams
29
Simplify BOG recondenser

design and operation
Part 1
S. P. B. Lemmers
35
Reduce LPG sulfur

with a rules of thumb
checklist
T. Temur, . Avclar, E. zinan
and M. Karakaya
19
AUSTRALIAN LNG
39
39
Ichthys LNG combines

three mega-projects in one
L. Bon
GAS PROCESSING
IN THE BAKKEN SHALE
43
Bakken midstream
developments offer
solution to laring
J. Stell
EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN GAS
47
Israel seeks options

to export huge gas reserves
G. Cohen
DEPARTMENTS
Gas Processing News .....................................................................................6
Whats New in Gas Processing Technology .............................................. 61
BONUS REPORT:
GAS COMPRESSION
51
COLUMNS
Editorial comment ................................................................................................... 4
S. Zardynezhad
Optimize gas plant design to solve processing challenges
Regional perspective: South America ............................................................... 9

Gran Chaco plant brings production flexibility, financial boon to Bolivia
Boxscore Construction Analysis ................................................................. 13

Is PNG LNG just the beginning for Papua New Guinea?
Executive Q&A Viewpoint ....................................................................................15

Energy Transfer Partners acquires, builds and
repurposes its way to liquids leadership
SHOW PREVIEW
GTL Technology Forum ....................................................................................... 59
Use a hierarchical process

to evaluate sales gas
compressor selection
55
Determine compressor
settling-out conditions
for recycle gas loop design
S. Katkar
Cover Image: Nuevo Midstreams natural gas

processing and treating facility serves producers
in the Delaware basin near Orla, Texas. The facility
is part of the companys Ramsey system and has
a processing capacity of 300 MMcfd. Photo by
Jim Blecha (www.oilandgasphotographers.com)
and provided courtesy of Nuevo Midstream
and the companys private equity partner,
EnCap Flatrock Midstream.
EDITORIAL COMMENT
www.GasProcessingNews.com
Optimize gas plant design

to solve processing challenges
P. O. Box 2608
Houston, Texas 77252-2608, USA
Phone: +1 (713) 529-4301
Fax: +1 (713) 520-4433
Editorial@GasProcessing.com
PUBLISHER
Bret Ronk
Bret.Ronk@GulfPub.com
Gas processing facilities are as varied in design as they

are in function. From liquefaction and regasification
terminals to gas gathering, processing and export infrastructure, gas processing systems across the world are
characterized by geological, geographical, logistical, environmental, mechanical and other challenges.
Some elements are location specific, and some are applicable to many projects of a certain type. This issue of
Gas Processing includes several case studies that address
design and operational considerations, from both regional and global standpoints.
ADRIENNE BLUME,
Consider the source. Gas processing systems must
Managing Editor
be designed to make the best financial use of the source
reserves and the existing and planned infrastructure. The Ichthys LNG project in
Australia, with its huge economies of scale and environmentally sensitive location,
is a prominent example of a gas production and processing project that considers all
of the aforementioned design challenges. Louis Bon, managing director of the Ichthys LNG project, discusses how the operating companies are working to coordinate
three mega-projects while minimizing environmental impact during construction
and operation.
Meanwhile, in the US Bakken shale formation, midstream companies are seeking
ways to reduce associated gas flaring from oil and condensate production, while expanding operations in the play. Additionally, a technical study from the US examines
design optimization for inlet separation systems, which are integral in gas conditioning.
Across the Atlantic Ocean, Israel is considering a number of options for exporting
its share of the vast gas reserves discovered in the Eastern Mediterranean over the last
15 years. Consultant Gina Cohen explains these options, which include gas transport
via pipeline and LNG tanker, along with what the solutions could mean for the energy
security and economic future of the region.
Elements of design. Questions often arise early, during technology selection
and engineering, but they may also come up during operational troubleshooting.
Reviews of different design and operational practices at project sites provide case
studies from which industry personnel can learn and exchange knowledge. One such
study, out of The Netherlands, pursues the best designs for boiloff gas recondensers
at LNG terminals.
Another study, this time at an LPG unit in Turkey, considers ways to reduce sulfur
levels in product LPG. The authors discuss strategies for preserving the operational
integrity of the LPG unit and for maintaining product treatment specifications.
The big squeeze. Expanding on the issues design focus, a bonus report on gas
compression examines the selection and design of different types of gas compressors,
from an engineering perspective. A research study from Canada presents an analytical method for evaluating design elements of reciprocating and centrifugal compressors. Additionally, an analysis from Singapore advises how to determine settle-out
conditions for recycle gas compressors, which influence equipment design alongside
operating conditions. GP
4MAY/JUNE 2014|GasProcessingNews.com
EDITORIAL
Managing Editor
Adrienne Blume
News Editor
Melanie Cruthirds
Associate Editor
Helen Meche
Director, Data Division
Lee Nichols
Editor, Hydrocarbon Processing
Stephany Romanow
MAGAZINE PRODUCTION
Vice President, Production
Sheryl Stone
Manager, Editorial Production
Angela Bathe
Artist/Illustrator
David Weeks
Graphic Designer
Amanda McLendon-Bass
Manager, Advertising Production
Cheryl Willis
ADVERTISING SALES
See Sales Offices, page 62.
Copyright 2014
by Gulf Publishing Company.
All rights reserved.
President/CEO
John Royall
Vice President
Ron Higgins
Vice President, Production
Sheryl Stone
Editor-in-Chief
Pramod Kulkarni
Business Finance Manager
Pamela Harvey
Part of Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC.
Other energy group titles include:
Hydrocarbon Processing, World Oil and
Petroleum Economist.
0HJDDLUVHSDUDWLRQXQLWVIRUWKHZRUOGV
ODUJHVWJDVWROLTXLGV*7/SURMHFWLQ4DWDU
4DWDU6KHOO*7//WGDPHPEHURIWKH5R\DO'XWFK6KHOO*URXS 7KHHLJKWDLUVHSDUDWLRQSODQWVSURGXFHFXELFPHWUHV
DQG4DWDU3HWUROHXPFRXQWRQ/LQGH(QJLQHHULQJVH[SHUWLVH
RIR[\JHQSHUKRXUZKLFKDUHXVHGWRFRQYHUWEDUUHOV
IRU3HDUO*7/LQ4DWDU
RIQDWXUDOJDVLQWROLTXLGK\GURFDUERQV$VVXFK3HDUO*7/LV
WKHODUJHVWLQWHJUDWHGFRPSOH[RILWVNLQGLQWKHZRUOG
,Q/LQGHZDVDZDUGHGZLWKWKHWXUQNH\FRQWUDFWWREXLOG
HLJKWODUJHDLUVHSDUDWLRQSODQWVIRUWKH3HDUO*7/SODQWLQ
:LWKWKLVSURMHFW/LQGHGHPRQVWUDWHVRQFHDJDLQWKDWLWLV
5DV/DDQ,QGXVWULDO&LW\4DWDU:KHQ3HDUO*7/WKHZRUOGV UHVSRQGLQJWRWKHFKDOOHQJHRISURGXFLQJFOHDQHUIXHOVDQG
ODUJHVW*7/IDFLOLW\ZHQWRQVWUHDPLQ4DWDUEHFDPH
HQHUJ\WRPHHWLQFUHDVLQJZRUOGZLGHGHPDQG)XUWKHUPRUH
WKHJOREDO*7/FDSLWDO
WKHFRPSDQ\FRQUPVLWVOHDGLQJSRVLWLRQDVDWHFKQRORJ\
SURYLGHUDQG(3&FRQWUDFWRU
/LQGH$*
(QJLQHHULQJ'LYLVLRQ'U&DUOYRQ/LQGH6WUDVVH3XOODFK*HUPDQ\
3KRQH)D[LQIR#OLQGHOHFRPZZZOLQGHHQJLQHHULQJFRP
GAS PROCESSING NEWS

M. CRUTHIRDS, News Editor
SKF to supply magnetic bearings to Turbogaz

SKF has signed a major
contract to supply SKF S2M
magnetic bearings to Ukrainian
turboexpander manufacturer
Turbogaz, helping improve
reliability and sustainability for
the gas industry. Nine sets of
bearings, incorporating a standard
electronic control cabinet, will
be supplied to Uzbekistan, the
largest producer and consumer of
natural gas in Central Asia.
In turboexpandersi.e.,
turbines through which highpressure gas is used to separate
heavier fractions and drive
a compressorbearings are
constantly in direct contact with gas, and the harsh environment can accelerate wear and failure.
To meet this challenge, the companys magnetic bearings offer an oil-free solution for high-speed natural
gas turboexpanders, enabling Turbogaz to offer units that are low in maintenance needs. This is vital for the
Uzbekistan contract, as the turboexpanders will be installed on remote natural gas treatment plants in the
desert, where accessibility for maintenance is costly.
With more than 40 units, Uzbekistan will have one of the largest fleets of turboexpanders operating on
SKF S2M Magnetic Bearings. Photo courtesy of SKF.
API awards safety

honors to BP
Siluria technology converts gas

into liquid fuels
BPs US pipeline business was

recognized in April for industryleading safety and environmental
performance in 2013 by the
American Petroleum Institute (API)
at its annual pipeline conference.
Don Porter, who leads BPs US
pipelines business, accepted
APIs Occupational Safety and
Environmental Performance award
in the large-operator category on
behalf of the company.
BP earned both awards by
logging the best worker safety
and liquids handling performance
statistics among all pipeline
entrants last year. In 2013, BPs US
pipeline employees and contractors
worked 5.7 million (MM) hours
without an OSHA recordable
incident, achieving a recordable
incident frequency rate of zero.
Since February 2012, BPs US
pipelines business has logged
more than 13 MM work hours
without recording an incident
causing a worker to miss work
due to an injury.
BP was also the top
environmental performer, based
on the two metrics used in the
judging: the number of releases
per mile (mi) of liquid pipeline
operated, and the volume released
per barrel-mi of liquid transported.
BPs 3,705-mi US pipeline
network recorded only five spills
of more than 5 gal in 2013, for a
rate of 0.00135 incidents/mi. This
rate equated to a total released
volume of 3.2 ounces released
for every 100,000 bbl transported.
Siluria Technologies has

unveiled a first-of-its-kind
development unit for producing
liquid fuels from natural gas,
based on its proprietary oxidative
coupling of methane (OCM)
and ethylene-to-liquid (ETL)
technologies. The announcement
was made during a ceremony in
mid-March at Silurias new facility
in Hayward, California, which began
operations in November 2013.
Silurias OCM and ETL technologies form a process for transforming
methanethe principal ingredient in natural gas and renewable
methaneinto gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and other liquid fuels. Unlike
many of the high-temperature, high-pressure cracking processes used to
produce fuels and chemicals, the companys process employs catalytic
processes to create longer-chain, higher-value materials, thereby
lowering operating costs and capital.
Earlier this year, Siluria announced that it will build an OCM
demonstration plant at Braskems site in La Porte, Texas. Siluria
and Braskem have also entered into a relationship to explore
commercialization of this technology. The OCM demonstration plant will
begin operations later this year.
FW wins Kuwait LNG contract

Foster Wheeler (FW) has been awarded the pre-front-end
engineering design (pre-FEED) and the FEED contract by Kuwait
National Petroleum Co. (KNPC) for a new onshore LNG import and
regasification terminal to be built in Kuwait.
FW previously completed conceptual and detailed feasibility studies
for the terminal, to assist in the selection of the most suitable technology
and location for the new terminal.
The new terminal will have a design sendout capacity of
approximately 1,500 MMscfd of gas, with four full-containment LNG
storage tanks, each with a capacity of 180,000 cm. The design will also
allow for future expansion up to 3,000 MMscfd, and the installation of an
additional four LNG storage tanks of the same capacity as the initial tanks.
FW will work with a local partner in executing the project, which
is scheduled to be completed in October 2014. KNPC plans to start
commercial operation of the terminal in 2020.
Gas turbine market

to exceed $29 B
in 2014
More than $29 billion (B)
will be spent for gas turbine and
combined-cycle systems by power
plants, refineries, oil and gas
producers, and other industries
this year, according to a forecast
by McIlvaine Co.
The expenditure for repairs
and replacements will also be
sizable. Over $400 million will be
spent for replacement filters for
the turbine air intakes. Over $1 B
will be paid for replacement parts
and the complete replacements
of pumps and valves.
The amount spent for catalyst
and for ammonia to reduce NOx
emissions will be substantial,
and it is anticipated to grow
significantly, as most new units
are required to meet stringent air
emissions limits. The investment
for treatment chemicals is also
increasing, as most of the new
units are using steam turbines
in combined-cycle operation.
BP awards
work for Khazzan
tight gas
Jacobs Engineering Group
was awarded a contract by BP
for process and infrastructure
work on the greenfield Khazzan
project in Oman. Under the
terms of the contract, Jacobs
is providing engineering,
procurement and construction
management services in relation
to approximately $2 B of gas
gathering and water pipelines,
wellhead production facilities
and export pipelines for the
development of the southern
sector of Block 61.
Jacobs scope of work also
includes detailed design and
program management for the
associated project infrastructure.
The work uses resources from
multiple Jacobs offices in the
Middle East, the UK, India and
the US. Additionally, Jacobs
will utilize local workers and
suppliers in Oman.
In December 2013, the Omani
government and BP announced
a gas sales agreement and an
amended production-sharing
agreement for the development
of the Khazzan field, with BP as
operator. The Khazzan project
represents the first phase in the
development of one of the Middle
Easts largest unconventional tight
gas accumulations.
JULY 3031, 2014

2014

Houston, Texas
GTLTechForum.com
Explore CuttingEdge GTL Technology & Solutions

GTL is an increasingly important part of the North American and global energy industry. The World Bank
estimates that over 150 billion cubic meters (Bcm) of natural gas are ared or vented annually, an amount worth
approximately $30.6 B and equivalent to 25% of US gas consumption, or 30% of EU gas consumption per year.
At the second annual GTL Technology Forum, well discuss new technologies and solutions on how best to
manage liquids extraction from marginalized, conventional and unconventional natural gas reserves, with a
focus on smaller-scale and modular processing facilities.
Youll hear from companies who have GTL projects currently underway, including Velocys and Primus Green
Energy. In addition, conference sessions will explore the technological and operational advancements in GTLs
that are reducing costs, driving market growth and
increasing global activity.
Specic topics to be discussed include: syngas, the future
of non-FT GTL, whats new in small scale GTL, catalysts,
modular construction and emerging technology and
future users.
Save an additional $50

Use code: GP50
>> Who Should Attend

Professionals at engineering & construction, petrochemical, lubricant, rening and process control companies,
as well as, specialized equipment providers and consultants.
>> The 2014 Conference Program is Developed by our Esteemed

Advisory Board, Including:
V.K. Arora
Mark Schnell
Paul Schubert
Director-Process & Operations

Kinetics Process
Improvements, Inc
General Manager-Marketing,
Strategy and New Business
SASOL
Chief Operating Ofcer

Velocys
>> 2014 Conference Sponsors/Exhibitors:
Continental Breakfast Sponsor
About the 2013 inaugural event:
96% rated the conference as good or excellent

11 COUNTRIES were represented
Register to attend the 2104 GTL Technology
Forum and Hear from Experts at the Forefront
of GTL Technology, Including:
George Boyajian, PhD
Paul E Koppel
Thomas Holcombe, PhD
Vice President
Business Development
Primus Green Energy
Vice President
Process Technology
Fluor Enterprises
President & CEO

Green Impact Fuels LLC
Jeff McDaniel
Michael Schultz, PhD
Commercial Director
Velocys
Vice President, Engineering

LanzaTech Inc
Manager Chemicals Technology

Bechtel Hydrocarbon
Technology Solutions Inc
Peter Tijm
Steven P Fusselman, PhD
Ebrahim Salehi
Chief Technology Ofcer

Standard Alcohol Company
Program Manager
Energy Systems
Aerojet-Rocketdyne
Process Engineer
Hatch
Tom Jones
JULY 3031, 2014

2014

Houston, Texas
GTLTechForum.com
2014 Agenda at a Glance:

Wednesday, July 30, 2014
Thursday, July 31, 2014
8:45 a.m.
Keynote Presentation
8:45 a.m.
Keynote Presentation
9:15 a.m.
The Economics of Monetizing North

American Natural Gas
Tom Jones, Manager-Chemicals Technology,
Bechtel Hydrocarbon Technology Solutions Inc
9:15 a.m.
Economics of Ammonia Production

from Off-Gases
VK Arora, Director-Process & Operations,
Kinetics Process Improvements Inc
Session 1: Syngas
10:10 a.m.
Co-processing of Waste CO2 with

Natural Gas to Produce High Value
Transport Fuels
Paul E Koppel, Vice President, Process
Technology, Fluor Enterprises
10:35 a.m.
Autothermal Reforming a Preferred

Technology for Conversion of Natural
Gas to Synthesis Gas in Industrial
GTL Applications
Neils Udengaard, Haldor Topsoe
11 a.m.
Partial Oxidation Gas-Turbine Based

Turbo-POx Syngas Generation
Technology for GTL Applications
Steven P. Fusselman, PhD, Program ManagerEnergy Systems, Aerojet - Rocketdyne
11:25 a.m.
Session 4: Emerging Technology

and Future Users
10:10 a.m.
Mixed Alcohols as an Oxygenate and

Fuel Extender
Peter Tijm, Chief Technology Ofcer, Standard
Alcohol Company
10:35 a.m.
Case Study: Renery Integration

with Gasication
K.S. Balaraman, PhD, Chief Consultant,
Wissenschaftler Consulting Engineers
11:05 a.m.
Panel Discussion: Future Uses of GTL
12:30 p.m.
Lunch
Session 5: Catalysts
1:30 p.m.
Effect of Addition of Zeolite to Iron-Based

Activated-Carbon-Supported Catalyst for
FischerTropsch Synthesis in Separate Beds
and Mixed Beds
Avinash Karre, Process Engineer,
Jacobs Engineering
1:55 p.m.
The New CatFTTM Process

Thomas Holcombe,PhD, President & CEO,
Green Impact Fuels LLC
Lunch
Session 2: The Future of Non-FT GTL

12:25 p.m.
12:50 p.m.
CO2 and CO fermentation: A Route

from Waste to Fuels and Chemical
Building Blocks at Scale
Michael Schultz, PhD, Vice President,
Engineering, LanzaTech Inc
A New Era in GTL: Cost-Effective
Technology Enables Conversion of
Natural Gas to Drop-In Liquid Fuels
at Small Scale
George Boyajian, PhD, Vice President-Business
Development, Primus Green Energy
Session 6: Modular Construction

Presentations TBD
Session 3: Whats New in Small-Scale GTL

2:10 p.m.
Microchannel Fischer-Tropsch Reactors:

Enabling Smaller Scale GTL
Jeff McDaniel, Commercial Director, Velocys
2:35 p.m.
Case Study: GTL Technology

Development The Optimal Path
to Micro-GTL Commercialization
Ebrahim Salehi, Process Engineer, Hatch
3:05 p.m.
Panel Discussion: Modular GTLs
Download the
Complete Agenda
at GTLTechForum.com
Register Early and Save!

Take advantage of Early Bird Savings when you register by July 2. Plus, save an
additional $50 when you use code GP50.
Registration includes two-day conference program (July 3031, 2014) featuring keynote addresses and
technology presentations from GTL technology experts; breakfasts, lunches and refreshment breaks; access to
sponsors and exhibitors throughout the conference and conference proceedings post-event.
>> Remember to use Code GP50 to Save $50 off the Rates Below
Conference Fees
Early Bird (by July 2)
Regular Admission
Single Attendee
$891
$990
Team of Two
$1,634
$1,815
Group of Five
$3,787
$4,208
For more information on registration or to register offline, please contact:

Gwen Hood, Events Manager, +1 (713) 520-4402 or Gwen.Hood@GulfPub.com
>> Dont Miss this Opportunity to Learn from Industry Experts and Connect
with Top Operators and Technology Leaders from Across the Globe.
General Inquiries: Melissa Smith, Events Director, +1 (713) 520-4475 or Melissa.Smith@GulfPub.com
Exhibit or Sponsor: Lisa Zadok, Events Sales Manager, +1 (713) 525-4632 or Lisa.Zadok@GulfPub.com
>> Very benecial with regards
What Attendees
Thought of the 2013
GTL Technology Forum:
[to] establishing contacts in a

nascent industry sector.
Project Manager, major integrated oil and gas company
>> A good technology forum with
useful networking opportunities.

VP of Sales, Energy & Chemicals, E&C company
GAS PROCESSING NEWS

GTL venture eyes

landll gas, biogas
Velocys has entered a

joint venture (JV) with Waste
Management, NRG Energy and
Ventech Engineers to develop
gas-to-liquids (GTL) plants in the
US and other select geographies.
The JV will pursue the
development of multiple plants,
using a combination of renewable
biogas (including landfill gas) and
natural gas. Waste Management
intends to supply renewable gas
and, in certain cases, project sites.
All four members will work
exclusively through the JV to
pursue the intended application
(GTL using renewable gas,
optionally in conjunction with
natural gas) in the US, Canada,
the UK and China.
As its first commercial facility,
the JV is targeting a plant
to be located at Waste
Managements East Oak landfill
site in Oklahoma. Detailed
engineering for this first project
is being completed, while final
draft permitting documents for
the facility have been submitted.
The JV intends to make a final
decision this year to proceed
on the first plant. Development
activities for additional facilities
are expected to commence
shortly. Photo courtesy of Velocys.
Magnolia LNG
to export to
FTA countries
The US Department of Energy
(DOE) has granted authorization
for Magnolia LNG LLC to export
an additional 4 MMtpy of LNG
from its proposed project site
at the Port of Lake Charles,
Louisiana. The authorization
follows the DOEs initial approval,
which was granted in February
2013, to export up to 4 MMtpy
of LNG to Free Trade Agreement
(FTA) countries.
The authorization is valid for
first LNG sales to commence
within 10 years, and then for a
period of 25 years from first LNG
sales. LNG sales are permitted
to all existing, and any future,
countries that have, or enter into,
an FTA with the US.
Atlas expands Permian processing,

Pioneer contract
Atlas Pipeline Partners (APL) announced that Atlas Pipeline
and Pioneer Natural Resources have entered into an agreement to
substantially expand Pioneers commitment to APL in the Permian basin
of West Texas.
The amendment extends the contractual term for an additional 10
years (through 2032), and it extends the area of mutual interest in Martin
and Andrews counties in the rapidly developing northern part of the basin.
Responding to the accelerating pace of activity in this portion of the
play, APL will immediately undertake the construction of a new, 200MMcfd cryogenic processing facility in the northern part of the Permian
basin. The facility is scheduled to enter service in the second half of 2015.
The Pioneer extension is under similar terms as the existing contract.
This plant will be fully integrated with APLs WestTX gathering and
processing system, which has 455 MMcfd of processing capacity and
over 3,600 mi of gathering infrastructure.
The new processing capacity comes on the heels of the Edward facility,
another 200-MMcfd cryogenic plant that was announced in July 2013 and
which is expected to be in service early in the fourth quarter of 2014.
Upon completion of these additions, APL will have 855 MMcfd of
processing capacity in the Permian basin. Construction and installation
costs for the plant are expected to be $100 MM to $120 MM, net to APL.
The majority of the capital will be invested in 2015.
Williams assesses Opal re damage

Williams Partners is deploying safety measures and performing an
initial assessment of damage in a small area of one of the five plants on its
160-acre Opal, Wyoming gas processing facility, which was affected by a
fire in late April.
In coordination with regulatory agencies, the company is assessing
damage and developing preliminary plans to bring the other four plants
back into service in a safe, systematic and timely manner. The capacity of
the four undamaged plants totals 1.1 Bcfd, which is sufficient to handle all
of the natural gas available to the facility.
The facility has been shut down since the incident occurred on
the afternoon of April 23. There were no reported injuries or damage
to property outside the facility. The plants emergency procedures
performed as designed.
The Opal gas processing plant has a capacity to process 1.5 Bcfd
of natural gas via five turboexpander cryogenic gas processing units.
Although the company has not yet made a full assessment of all plant
equipment, the initial visual assessment of damage indicated that the
impact was largely limited to a small area of the TXP-3 unit. At the time
of the incident, it was one of the four units running to handle recent inlet
volumes of approximately 1 Bcfd of natural gas. The fifth unit was idle,
serving as excess capacity for the facility.
Information from the companys visual inspection of the damage area
indicated that there was a release of natural gas that was subsequently
ignited. The focus of the investigation will be on the cause of the release
and the source of the ignition.
Canada approves
Triton LNG exports
Canadas National Energy

Board (NEB) approved an
application for a 25-year natural
gas export license from Triton
LNG to export LNG.
The proposed export points
would be located near either
Kitimat (pictured) or Prince
Rupert, British Columbia, at the
outlet of the loading arm of a
proposed LNG terminal. The
liquefaction terminal has not
been constructed, and it will
require additional regulatory
approval before work can begin.
When evaluating natural
gas and LNG export license
applications, the NEB examines
whether the quantity of gas
proposed for export is surplus
to Canadian requirements, while
taking into account trends in the
discovery of gas in Canada.
Each application is assessed
on its own merits.
In this case, the NEB
determined that the quantity
of gas proposed to be
exported is surplus to Canadian
requirements. Additionally, the
NEB said it is satisfied that the
gas resource base in Canada,
as well as in North America,
is large and can accommodate
reasonably foreseeable Canadian
demand, along with the Triton
LNG export application and
a potential increase in demand.
Photo courtesy of LNG Canada.
Study: Canada could benet from marine LNG

A recent report highlighted the benefits of using LNG as an affordable, lower-emissions fuel for Canadas
marine sector. According to the report, Liquefied natural gas: A marine fuel for Canadas West Coast,
all of the technologies needed to use LNG as a marine fuel are proven and commercially available.
In the near term, coastal vessel operators have the best opportunity to benefit from LNG, according to
the study. For six coastal vessels analyzed, fuel costs were reduced by more than 50%, with five of the ships
having a payback on initial investment in less than six years.
The marine sector can also serve as an important new market for British Columbias extensive natural gas
resources. Under a medium LNG adoption scenario, 150 LNG vessels operating on the West Coast by 2025
would create new demand equal to 8.5% of British Columbias 2012 natural gas use.
New marine regulations, taking effect in January 2015, require a 90% reduction in fuel sulfur content.
Compared to traditional marine fuels, LNG use can reduce sulfur emissions by at least 90%, cut NOx
emissions by 35% or more, decrease particulate matter by at least 85%, and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions by up to 19%.
Jointly funded by Transport Canada and a broad group of industry and other participants, the report
recommends changes to Canadas marine regulatory framework to allow for the review and approval of new
LNG projects. These changes would support new projects moving forward, including the use of three LNG
ferries planned for operation in 2017.
Gas Processing|MAY/JUNE 20147
GAS PROCESSING NEWS

Black & Veatch

technology helps
China air quality
Langzhong Shuangrui
(Meifeng) has selected the Black
& Veatch-Chemtex team to design
and build a new LNG facility in
Langzhong, China. The facility will
produce 35 million standard cubic
feet per day (MMscfd) of LNG,
and it is based on Black & Veatchs
patented PRICO technology.
LNG from the plant will be used
to provide fuel for vehicles and
to spur economic growth in the
region. The project is expected to
be completed in 2016.
A push for smog-free air is
spearheading Chinas role as
one of the biggest players in the
global trade for LNG. In an effort
to curb pollution, the Chinese
government is seeking to reduce
its reliance on coal, and it is
turning to natural gas as a reliable
alternative to generate electricity.
China is the third-largest importer
of LNG, and it consumes 6% of
the global LNG trade. In 2012,
China imported 706 Bcf, a 20%
increase from 581 Bcf in 2011.
SIBUR approves
gas processing
expansion
Russias SIBUR has approved
the Vyngapurovsky gas processing
plant expansion project to launch
the processing of associated
petroleum gas (APG) from
Russnefts fields. New facilities to
be built at the plant will increase
APG processing capacity from 2.8
Bcmy to 4.2 Bcmy.
A 100-km pipeline will be laid
to transport APG from Russnefts
Varieganskaya compressor station
to the Vyngapurovsky processing
plant. The compressor station will
also undergo renovation.
Russneft is an existing
APG supplier to SIBURs
Nizhnevartovskiy and Belozerniy
gas processing plants. In 2013,
SIBUR and Russneft signed a new
long-term agreement for APG
supplies to 2025.
The Vyngapurovsky plant, with
a designed capacity of 2.8 Bcmy
of APG, was built by SIBUR on
the grounds of the compressor
station of the same name, and it
was commissioned in September
2012. At present, the major APG
supplier to the Vyngapurovsky
plant is Gazprom Neft.
Primus conducts second GTL demo plant run

In the fourth quarter of
2013, Primus Green Energy
successfully completed 720
hours of continuous run at its
100,000-gallons-per-year GTL
demonstration plant. Following
plant operations, an independent
engineers report, prepared
by E3 Consulting, concluded
that Primus STG+ technology
exceeded initial expectations.
In the second quarter of 2014,
the company started a second
continuous demonstration plant
run at its Hillsborough, New
Jersey headquarters, which
was expected to run through
the end of May. With this run,
the company aimed to further
improve the plants production
capacity, optimize operation variables and continue accumulating operating hours on the catalysts.
The demonstration plant, which utilizes Primus proprietary STG+ technology, was formally
commissioned in October 2013, making it one of the first advanced alternative fuel plants in operation that
produces gasoline from natural gas. Primus Green Energy plans to break ground on its first commercial
plant later in 2014. Photo courtesy of Primus Green Energy.
Enterprise wins
permit for
PDH unit
The US Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) recently
issued a final greenhouse gas
(GHG) Prevention of Significant
Deterioration construction permit
for the Enterprise Products
operating facility in Mont Belvieu,
Texas.
The permit allows the
company to build a propane
dehydrogenation (PDH) unit
with catalytic reactors, heaters
and gas turbines that maximize
thermal efficiency. The project
will use catalytic reactors to
convert propane into propylene
and hydrogen. The project is also
expected to produce over 1.6 B lb/
yr of propylene.
In June 2010, the EPA finalized
national GHG regulations which
specify that, beginning on January
2, 2011, projects that substantially
increase GHG emissions will
require an air permit.
Texas is working to replace a
federal implementation plan with
its own state program, which will
eliminate the need for businesses
to seek air permits from the EPA.
This action is designed to increase
efficiency and allow for industry
to continue growing in Texas,
according to EPA officials.
The EPA has finalized 35 GHG
permits in Texas, proposed an
additional nine permits, and has
over 30 additional GHG permit
applications under review in
the state.
Shell creates motor oil from natural gas

Shell has announced the
creation of the first-of-its kind
base oil made from natural gas.
Shell PurePlus Technology is a
patented process of converting
natural gas into clear base oil,
which is the main component
of motor oils. The technology
is now being used to create oils
for motorists in the US.
Shell PurePlus Technology base oil is manufactured at the Pearl GTL
facility in Ras Laffan in Qatar, a partnership between Qatar Petroleum
and Shell. Photo courtesy of Shell.
Cameron LNG awards contracts

for export facilities
CB&I and Chiyoda have been awarded a contract valued at
approximately $6 B by Cameron LNG to construct the Cameron
liquefaction project in Hackberry, Louisiana. The scope of work
includes engineering, procurement and construction for the addition
of natural gas liquefaction and export facilities to the existing LNG
regasification facility.
The Cameron LNG project comprises three liquefaction trains
with a nameplate capacity of approximately 13.5 MMtpy of LNG. In
February 2014, Cameron received conditional authorization from the
US Department of Energy (DOE) to export domestically produced
LNG to countries that do not have a free trade agreement (FTA)
with the US, including those in Europe and Asia.
Subject to a final investment decision, finalization of permits and
the securing of financing, Sempra Energy will have an indirect 50.2%
ownership interest in Cameron and the related liquefaction project.
The remaining portion of Cameron and the related liquefaction project
will be owned by affiliates of GDF SUEZ, Mitsubishi (through a related
company jointly established with Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha)
and Mitsui, each with 16.6% stakes.
Additional news items can be found online

at GasProcessingNews.com.
REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE: SOUTH AMERICA
Gran Chaco plant brings production

flexibility, financial boon to Bolivia
M. NOGARIN, Contributing Writer
The construction of the liquid separation plant at Gran Chaco opens a new
chapter in the history of the petroleum
business in Bolivia. For the first time, the
South American country will become
self-sufficient in liquid hydrocarbons,
mainly LPG, therefore guaranteeing its
energy security for the future.
At the same time, it is a major step in
the energy supply integration of the regions Southern Cone, since the excess
production will be exported to neighboring countriesArgentina, Paraguay,
Peru, Brazil and, potentially, others.
Project outline. The turnkey contract for
the Gran Chaco gas separation and liquefaction plant, which includes engineering,
materials, construction and startup, has
an estimated cost of $592 million (MM).
The cost of operating the plant will be approximately $13 MM, which brings total
investment to $605 MM, to be amortized
over a period of 15 years.
The cost of building the facility will
be financed in its entirety by Banco Central de Bolivia (BCB) and state-owned
oil company Yacimientos Petrolferos
Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB). The Gran
Chaco plant is expected to generate an
annual income of $1 billion/year, which
will bring a substantial socioeconomic
benefit to Bolivia.
The new gas separation and liquefaction plant will be located in the town of
Yacuiba, on the border with Argentina,
in the state of Tarija. The liquid separation plant will process 32.2 million cubic
meters per day (MMcmd) of natural gas,
yielding 2,144 metric tons per day (metric tpd) of ethane, 2,247 metric tpd of
LPG, 1,658 bpd of isopentane and 1,044
bpd of gasoline.
The aim of the Gran Chaco plant is to
recover the excess energy being exported
in natural gas sold to Argentina (68 Btu/
scf), with a present energy value of 1,068
Btu/scf, which will allow for additional

production of LPG that can be exported
to other markets. This strategy will generate income for the Bolivian state, as
well as create raw materials, such as ethane, for the manufacture of plastics.
The enriched gas produced from the
mega-fields of Sabalo, San Alberto and
Margarita contains methane, ethane,
propane and butane. This resource can
be processed at the Gran Chaco facility
on the border, before being transferred
to the Juana Azurduy Gasoducto de Integracin (GIJAthe Juana Azurduy natural gas pipeline), which presently transports 13.5 MMcmd of gas to Argentina.
The modern installations of the Gran
Chaco facility cover an area of 74.5 hectares. The new facility is being built by
Spanish engineering firm Tcnicas Reunidas SA, while the management and
operation will be undertaken by Tecna
Bolivia SA. The equipment will be provided by German firm Siemens Energy.
Engineering and construction. Work
on the Gran Chaco plant began on
January 11, 2012, and is expected to be

completed by October 2014. According to the last progress inspection of the
liquid separation facility, which took
place in mid-December 2013, the project is 67.49% completed. Engineering
is 98.82% completed, procurement is
88.09% completed, and construction is
31.07% completed. These percentages
include the integration and completion
of onsite work and the manufacturing of
equipment overseas.
The engineering contractor is conducting the final revision of the equipment installation and the layout of
electric cables. As far as procurement
is concerned, most of the equipment is
in transit. The processing columns are
already in Argentina and will next be
moved to the border.
The construction phase has already
seen the land cleared, the foundations
poured, the temporary onsite offices
built and the water wells drilled. For the
mechanical installation, the pipes have
been laid and electrical lines have been
installed up to a height of 30 m. The proj-
FIG. 1. Two of the three spheres installed for the main metal structure of the Gran Chaco plants
LPG and isopentane facilities. Photo courtesy of Tcnicas Reunidas.
TABLE 1. LPG production in Bolivia
FIG. 2. Onsite assembly of modules for the Gran Chaco plant. Photo courtesy of Tcnicas Reunidas.
FIG. 3. Installation of the metal structure for the Gran Chaco plant. Photo courtesy of
Tcnicas Reunidas.
ects contractors have built 1,542 tons of

the completed structures 3,200 tons.
Presently under construction are the
lattice work for the cryogenic unit, piping, access roads to the highway, storage
facilities, stores and workshops. So far,
three spheres (FIG. 1) have been installed,
two for LPG and one for isopentane,
which is 1,814 tons of the total 4,302
tons planned.
Siemens Energy is providing the turbocompressors and turbogenerators for
the plant under the turnkey contract, at
a total cost of $93.4 MM. The four residual gas turbocompressors and three
turbogenerators will provide the energy

needed to operate the Gran Chaco plant.
This equipment is necessary to optimize
the construction timetable and to contribute substantial savings to the project,
estimated at approximately $30 MM.
The equipment consists of a K-201
A/B/C/D turbine, an X-201 A/B/C/D
residual gas compressor, E-502 A/B/
C/D hot oil heaters, tools, spare parts
and auxiliary systems. The turbogenerators include a K-601 A/B/C turbine,
a G-601 A/B/C electric generator, an
E-501 regenerated gas heater, tools,
spare parts and auxiliary systems.
Year
LPG, metric tpd
2006
959
2007
982
2008
990
2009
978
2010
960
2011
943
2012
947
2013
1,130
2014
1,371
2015
3,031
2016
3,031
Source: YPFB
Modular assembly. Part of the plant has

been predesigned and built in modules
(FIG. 2) outside of the country, and then
shipped to Bolivia. There, the 15 modules will be assembled. These modules
comprise a total weight of 2,000 metric
tons, which will be integrated into the
onsite installation and significantly reduce construction time.
The mechanical assembly of the
plant will include building 4,500 metric
tons of metal structure (FIG. 3), installing 5,500 metric tons of tubing, welding 275,000 inches (in.) and assembling
10,500 metric tons of equipment. This
assembly includes construction of the
24-m-diameter, 275-psig spheres, as well
as tanks, modules and other equipment.
Five million worker hours will be expended to build the project, requiring an
average of 1,700 construction workers
per month. The schematics of the Gran
Chaco plant include several elements:
Gas entry
Gas filtration and dehydration
Cryogenic units
Separation unit
Residual gas compression unit
Storage and evacuation of liquids
Electrical generation.
Flexible operational model. As previously mentioned, the objective of the
Gran Chaco plant is to process the gas
stream that is transported by the GIJA
pipeline from the production megafields to the border with Argentina.
Moisture
Mass Spectrometry
Oxygen
UV-NIR Photometry
Measure, verify and control your process more accurately

and reliably with AMETEK process instruments.
No matter what process you monitor, measure or control, AMETEK instruments offer you
unsurpassed performance, reliability and confidence.
Quartz-crystal moisture analyzers let you precisely measure moisture levels in sample gases,
from sub-ppbv up to 2000 ppmv all with on-line verification.
Western Research UV-VIS, NDIR and IR/UV analyzers continuously monitor quality, emissions
or reaction rates to optimize operations under a wide range of process and environmental conditions.
Trace Analytical high-purity gas chromatographs measure trace impurities in ultra-high purity
atmospheric gases, processes, ambient air, and air-and-water environments. Product line also
includes blending systems and high-purity stream switching equipment.
ProLine and Dycor mass spectrometers offer real-time gas analysis for use in leak detection,
chemical vapor deposition, atmospheric and off-gas sampling, and much more.
Whether youre involved in medical or industrial gases, chemicals or refining, sulfur recovery,
paper or semiconductor manufacturing, nothing outperforms AMETEK process instruments. So
analyze this, or that, in virtually any industrial environment.
Learn more about Ametek process and analytical instruments
for your application at: www.ametekpi.com, or send an
e-mail to sales.info@ametek.com.
2014by
AMETEK
All rights
rightsreserved.
erserved
2012
AMETEK Inc.
Inc. All
This gas can be separated into components: ethane, LPG, isopentane and stabilized gasoline.
The bid process for the project specified an operating system that would enable the recovery or rejection of ethane.
Tcnicas Reunidas engineers selected
a recycle split vapor (RSV) process licensed by Ortloff Engineers, which is

based on a main cryogenic section that
allows high recovery of ethane. The
RSV process also permits flexibility in
operational modes. Ethane can either
be rejected or recovered; high-efficien-
FIG. 4. Demethanizing tower during transport in Yacuiba, on the border with Argentina.
Photo courtesy of YPFB.
cy propane recovery is possible by rejecting ethane (+99%); and a high level

of propane recovery can be maintained
at different levels of ethane production.
The cryogenic unit is made up of two
turboexpander trains that operate in
parallel, where the heavier components
are liquefied and later separated from
the gas stream in each of the 430-ton demethanizing towers (FIG. 4). This produces a residual gas stream that is compressed and reinjected into the GIJA gas
pipeline for export to Argentina.
The extracted liquids pass to the
separators. The ethane extracted from
the gas current is liquefied when the
plant is operating in ethane-recovery
mode, or it stays in the residual gas current when the plant is operating in an
ethane-rejection mode. The LPG and
isopentane obtained in the separator
are stored in the spherical storage units,
while the gasoline is stored in floating
roof storage tanks. The products are
then offloaded from the tanks to trucks
at the loading docks, and the trucks carry them to their destination of use. GP
D
3R
Part of
L
A
U
N
N
A
29 31 October 2014
Gathering over 250 of the regions gas leaders and discussions

focused on multilateral cooperation to connect gas markets
Supply and demand dynamics: New exotic
indexes, Asian gas hubs and potential multilateral
cooperation to drive Asian gas prices south
Markets: How will market reform, policy,
liberalisation and competing fuels help Asias
gas markets
New supplies: an overview of US Exports and
the impact on developments in Canada and
East Africa
Unlocking new markets: The future role of gas
for the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia
Shipping: How will new supply routes and the
widening of the Panama Canal impact Asias
gas markets
Advisory Board Members for 2014:
Ruchdi Maalouf,
LNG Marketing
Manager,
Yamal LNG
Mat Alexander
Parentich,
General Manager,
Apache LNG
Karthik
Sathyamoorthy,
Head of Asia,
Galway Group
Tony Taylor,
Nick Kouvaritakis,
Research Director
Associate,
& Advisor,
Herbert Smith
IHS
Freehills
Find out more about this key C-level Summit at www.gasasiasummit.com.

To discuss involvement opportunities, please contact Shunker Goel on
+44 (0) 7889 720 294 or Andy Beales on +65 6422 1475, or email
info@gasasiasummit.com for more details.
Dr Anthony
Barker, General
Manager,
BG Singapore
Gas Marketing
Pte Ltd
Luc Speeleveld,
Head of LNG,
Gunvor
Singapore
Nick Milne,
First VP, Project
Finance,
Bank of TokyoMitsubishi
Organised by
BOXSCORE CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS
Is PNG LNG just the beginning

for Papua New Guinea?
L. NICHOLS, Director, Data Division
Lee.Nichols@GulfPub.com
Papua New Guinea sits atop vast, untapped reserves of

natural gas. These fields are located mainly in the western and
southern highlands of the country. Exploration and production activities are taking place to monetize these vast reserves.
Oil and gas companies, such as ExxonMobil and Total, are in
the midst of extracting these resources and working to develop
major LNG terminal projects for export to Asian markets.
Australian oil and gas company Horizon Oil, along with
partners Talisman Energy, Mitsubishi Corp. and Osaka Gas,
will develop natural gas resources in the countrys Western
Province. In April, the groups Stanley gas condensate development project was approved by the Papua New Guinea National Executive Council.
The $300 million (MM) development will produce 140
MM cubic feet per day (MMcfd) of gas from two wells, enable the extraction of over 4,000 bpd of condensate, and facilitate the potential production of 40 tpd of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
Additional exploration activities will reveal if ample natural
gas exists to warrant the construction of an LNG facility. First
production from the Stanley field was expected in early 2014.
Other companies, such as Indonesias state-owned oil and gas
corporation, Pertamina, have announced investment studies for
exploration activities in the country. In June 2013, Pertamina
signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Papua
New Guineas National Petroleum Co. of PNG (NPCP) for joint
cooperation in the oil and gas sector. Pertamina will conduct
studies on the potential to develop oil and gas resources near the
two countries shared border.
Cott Oil and Gas Ltd. and Talisman are looking into the use
of a floating LNG (FLNG) vessel to develop their offshore Pandora gas and condensate field. The Pandora gas fields are located approximately 200 km west of Port Moresby in the Gulf of
Papua. Onshore, Cott Oil and Gas has ownership in multiple oil
and gas exploration activities in the countrys Western Province.
Talisman is targeting 2 trillion cubic feet (Tcf)4 Tcf of gas in
Papua New Guineas Western Province. In 2014, Talisman plans
to complete drilling on its Manta-1a well, drill an additional two
exploration wells, drill two development wells related to the
Stanley development, and continue seismic acquisition across
various blocks to identify prospects for future drilling.
Additionally, two major LNG projects will add almost 15

million tons per year (MMtpy) of new LNG processing capacity to the island nation. The ExxonMobil PNG LNG project,
which will be completed in June, and Total-InterOils Gulf LNG
project, are integral in transforming Papua New Guinea into a
major LNG-exporting country.
PNG LNG. The mega-project is being developed by ExxonMobil. Additional project stakeholders include Oil Search Ltd.,
National Petroleum Co. PNG, Santos, JX Nippon Oil and Gas
Exploration Corp., Mineral Resources Development Co. and
Petromin PNG Holdings Ltd.
The $19 billion (B) integrated project aims to commercialize large natural gas resources located in the western and
southern highlands of the country. Natural gas from the Hides,
FIG. 1. The PNG LNG project will include upstream installations, more
than 700 km of pipeline, a gas conditioning plant and an LNG terminal,
among other facilities.
Construction Boxscore Database is an enhanced online database that tracks construction

projects in the global refining, gas processing and petrochemical industries. Boxscore
is used by engineers, contractors and business developers for lead generation,
market research, trend analysis and planning.|ConstructionBoxscore.com
BOXSCORE CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS
Appraisal wells
Triceratops-3
PRL39
0.19 MM acres
Q4 2014
90 days
Approx. $50 MM
Appraisal well
License
Gross size
Exp. spud date
Approx. drill time
Cost
Antelope-4
PRL15
0.19 MM acres
Q3 2014
90 days
First $50 MM
carried
Appraisal well
License
Gross size
Exp. spud date
Approx. drill time
Cost
Antelope-5
PRL15
0.19 MM acres
Q3 2014
90 days
First $50 MM
carried
Appraisal well
License
Gross size
Exp. spud date
Approx. drill time
Cost
Antelope-6
PRL15
0.19 MM acres
2015
90 days
First $50 MM
carried
PPL 477
PRL 39
Papua New Guinea
PPL 475
PRL 15
PPL 476
Spudded
Appraisal well
License
Gross size
Exp. spud date
Approx. drill time
Cost
Exploration wells
PPL 474
Gulf of Papua
Major towns
PPL 474
PPL 475
PPL 476
PPL 477
PRL 39
PRL 15
0 12.5 25
50 miles
Port Moresby
FIG. 2. InterOils exploration activities in southern Papua New Guinea.
Angore and Juha fields, as well as associated gas from the operating oilfields of Kutubu, Gobe, Agogo and Moran, will supply
feedstock for the 6.9-MMtpy Port Moresby LNG terminal.
The project began to materialize in 2007 when a 3,000-km
pipeline to customers in Australia was deemed not to be feasible. ExxonMobil then turned to the concept of LNG exports.
In early 2008, a joint operating agreement was signed by the
project partners, and, by June of that year, the project moved
into the front-end engineering design (FEED) phase.
After 26 supporting studies that took two years to complete,
the 6,000-page environmental impact statement was approved
by the Papua New Guinea government. In December 2009, the
project was greenlighted for construction.
The large-scale, capital-intensive project includes not only
upstream exploration and production installations, but also
the construction of more than 700 km of pipeline, a gas conditioning plant, an LNG terminal and an airstrip, among other
facilities (FIG. 1).
Gas and condensate from the Hides and Angore fields will
be sent to the newly built Hides gas conditioning plant. The
plant has the ability to process up to 960 MMcfd of gas. The
Hides plant will separate the gas and condensate and export
them via separate pipelines. The condensate will travel 109 km
to the Kutubu central processing facility. There, it will be mixed
with oil and transported through an existing pipeline to the Kumul terminal for delivery to oil tankers for export.
The conditioned gas will be transported 292 km to the
Omati River, where it will be loaded into an offshore pipeline.
The gas will then travel an additional 400 km to the Port Moresby LNG plant, which lies 20 km northwest of Port Moresby.
The gas will be converted to LNG via two 3.45-MMtpy
parallel processing trains. First LNG was originally expected to
be produced in June, but ExxonMobil announced in April that
Train 1 was ahead of schedule and already in production. First
cargo is expected to be shipped mid-year 2014. Train 2 is expected to be fully operational by early June.
The LNG will be stored in two 160,000-m3 tanks. From
storage, the gas will be piped along a 2.4-km marine jetty be14MAY/JUNE 2014|GasProcessingNews.com
Exploration well
License
Gross size
Sud date
Approx. drill time
Cost
Bobcat-1
PRL476
1.2 MM acres
Mar 5, 2014
90 days
Approx. $50 MM
Exploration well
License
Gross size
Sud date
Approx. drill time
Cost
Raptor-1
PRL475
0.52 MM acres
Mar 8, 2014
90 days
Approx. $50 MM
Exploration well
License
Gross size
Sud date
Approx. drill time
Cost
Wahoo-1
PRL474
1.2 MM acres
Mar 8, 2014
60 days
Approx. $50 MM
fore being loaded onto tankers for export

to the LNG-thirsty Asia-Pacific region.
Long-term supply contracts have already
been signed with China Petroleum and
Chemical Corp. (Sinopec), Osaka Gas
Co., Tokyo Electric Power Co. and Chinese Petroleum Corp. Combined, these
companies contracts account for nearly
95% of PNG LNGs total output.
Gulf LNG. InterOils exploration activities

include nearly 4 MM acres in the south of
the country (FIG. 2). The area is divided
Exploration well Antelope Deep
into four petroleum prospecting licenses
License PRL15
Gross size 0.19 MM acres
(PPLs) and two petroleum retention liSud date 2015
Approx. drill time 90 days
censes (PRLs). This exploration activity
Cost First $60 MM
carried
is one of the largest drilling programs in
the history of Papua New Guinea.
The $7 B Gulf LNG project has the
potential to become Papua New Guineas second mega-scale LNG project
and a direct rival to ExxonMobils PNG LNG project. Total,
InterOil and Oil Search will develop the project. Gulf LNG
calls for the development of the giant Elk and Antelope gas
fields (PRL 15) and the construction of Papua New Guineas
second LNG export terminal. With estimated gas reserves of
over 5 Tcf and over 75 MM barrels of associated liquids, these
fields collectively represent one of the regions largest gas discoveries in 20 years.
Gas and condensate from the fields will be sent to a central
processing facility. From there, the products will be sent via
pipeline to the Gulf LNG plant, which will be located directly
north of Port Moresby. The terminal will initially include two
4-MMtpy LNG trains. Total capacity could rise to 12 MMtpy
if a third train is added in the future. The terminal will consist
of liquefaction facilities, a storage tank farm, an LNG export
terminal, an offloading system, offsites and utilities.
Just two years ago, Gulf LNGs future looked dim. InterOil
almost lost the project due to a dispute with the Papua New
Guinea government over the projects export capacity. The
original 2009 project agreement plan required InterOil to develop a multi-train LNG terminal with a processing capacity of
7.6 MMtpy, with the option to expand capacity to 10.6 MMtpy.
However, InterOils plans eventually shifted toward two
LNG projects instead of one. The new plan called for the construction of a 2-MMtpy FLNG vessel and a 2-MMtpy onshore
LNG plant. The Papua New Guinea government argued that the
new export contract was a breach of the 2009 project agreement.
The dispute was eventually resolved under new conditions
calling for the construction of two separate LNG trains, but
with a minimum processing capacity of 3.8 MMtpy. InterOil
was also required to involve an experienced operator to run
the upstream installations. The company found that operator
in December 2013 when it signed a deal with French oil and
gas major Total. The agreement shot a breath of life into the
project, allowing it to continue.
Negotiations between the two companies were finalized in
April. The final financial decision is expected to come in 2016,
with first sales and operations scheduled to begin in 2020. GP
EXECUTIVE Q&A VIEWPOINT
Energy Transfer Partners acquires, builds

and repurposes its way to liquids leadership
RICHARD CARGILE
President of Midstream, Energy Transfer Partners LP
RICHARD CARGILE joined Energy Transfer

Partners LP (ETP) in March 2012 and serves
as president of midstream for ETP. He came
to ETP with more than 30 years of midstream
experience, most recently serving as president
of DCP Midstreams southern business unit. His
responsibilities include executive management
of ETPs midstream assets, including operations,
engineering, environment, health and safety.
He oversees the gathering and processing,
interstate and intrastate pipelines; LoneStar
NGL; and storage assets across the ETP
enterprise. Additionally, he manages SEC
Energy (compression packaging) and PEI Power
(electricity generation).
Energy Transfer Partners LP (ETP)

continues to dominate the US midstream
sector via acquisitions, organic growth
and asset repurposing and diversification.
In 2010, ETPs parent company, Energy Transfer Equity LP, acquired the
general partner of Regency Energy
Partners LP. More recently, the Energy
Transfer family of companies grew to
include Louis Dreyfus, Southern Union
Co. and Sunoco.
In February 2014, ETP announced
a long-term agreement with XTO Energy Inc., a subsidiary of ExxonMobil
Corp., to provide midstream services for
natural gas produced from a number of
XTO wells in the Permian basin. As a
result, ETP will construct a 130-millioncubic-feet-per-day (MMcfd) cryogenic
processing plant in Glasscock County,
Texas, with expansion capability to 200
MMcfd. ETP will also build more than
100 miles of high-pressure and low-pressure gathering pipelines connecting to
the plant. The new plant and gathering
lines are expected to be in service in the
third quarter of 2014.
In March 2014, ETP announced an
open season to assess interest in a pipeline to move crude oil from North Dakota to various Midwest and Gulf Coast
refineries and terminals, including Sunoco Logistics Partners LPs crude oil
terminal in Nederland, Texas.
Elsewhere, ETP will repurpose gas
pipelines into liquids service, and begin
new work in the export industry. Gas
Processing talks with Energy Transfers
president of midstream, Rick Cargile,
about the state of the industry and what
is next for the midstream giant.
GP. ETP was very active last year.
Cargile. Yes, we had a lot of success

with project executions and our speed
to the ball. During the past two years,
weve gone through a very successful
transformational journey. Weve diversified our geographic portfolio and our

asset platform.
In 2012, we were the largest dry gas
transmission company in the nation.
Now, we are one of the fastest liquidsrich, asset-growth companies in the nation. We also saw significant growth in
our gas gathering and NGL processing.
GP. What strategies led to
this phenomenal growth?
Cargile. We used acquisitions, organic growth and repurposing strategies. We acquired Louis Dreyfus Highbridge Energy, which had a strong base
in NGL transportation and storage assets. Then we acquired Southern Union
Co., and then Sunoco Logistics Partners
LP, where the focus was on extending
our footprint, creating critical mass and
[capitalizing on] crude oil logistics.
We used an organic growth strategy
in the Eagle Ford shale play to integrate
dry gas development into our Texas
intrastate system, rich gas into our La
Grange rich gas processing system and
new processing capacity. We also added
NGL transportation and fractionation
takeaway capacity with the new Lone
Star NGL LLC assets.
We have also been successful in securing fee-based projects for exporting products from our fractionators. In the Eagle
Ford play, we are the fastest-growing midstream company, as weve added over 1.1
Bcfd of processing capacity. Plus, we have
the 220-MMcfd La Grange processing
capacity in the area. This transformational journey from dry gas assets to liquidsrich assets was accomplished through
both acquisitions and organic growth.
The next stage is repurposing assets.
We are repurposing assets like Trunkline,
where we are converting a 30-in.-diameter gas line to crude oil service. We are
converting a segment of Houston PipeGas Processing|MAY/JUNE 201415
line from gas transmission to condensate

and crude oil service. Also, we converted
a segment of Transwestern Pipeline from
dry gas to NGL service in New Mexico.
We are repurposing our LNG assets
from gasification to liquefaction at Lake
Charles, Louisiana.
By undertaking these projects, ETP
has extended the vertical value chain and
expanded its rich gas gathering and processing business, including transporting
liquids, fractionating liquids, and even
exporting the products. Were creating
critical mass, and weve been leveraging
our assets and positions.
GP. Was this the strategy ETP
followed when it acquired Sunoco?
Cargile. Yes. [Sunoco] had the Nederland facility on the Gulf Coast, which
is one of the largest crude oil terminals
in the world. By leveraging off that asset,
we are able to take products from Mont
Belvieu, Texas, that we fractionate, such
as propane and butane, and we are transporting that over to Nederland and onto
ships for export.
Sunoco also had the Marcus Hook
terminal in Philadelphia, where we have
been able to repurpose some petrochemical pipelines to ethane transportation in
the Marcellus area for loading onto ships
and export to Europe. Its been very fastpaced and a lot of fun.
GP. Has ETP grown its

gas processing assets as well?
Cargile. We have. Weve constructed

nine processing trains during the past
couple of years for both ETP and Regency, primarily in the Eagle Ford. We
installed six trains in the Eagle Ford
shale, one in the Barnett shale, two in the
Permian basin and one in Louisiana, for
a total of about 1.7 Bcfd of capacity. We
are constructing an additional train in
the Permian basin, called Rebel, which
will be complete in July, giving ETP a
total of over 2.2 Bcfd of processing capacity. Overall, ETP produces over 130
thousand barrels per day (Mbpd) of
NGL, but, together with Regency, we
produce more than 200 Mbpd.
GP. That puts ETP near the top
of the list for US NGL production.
Cargile. Right. If we go back to the

early 1900s, Phillips Petroleum Co. was
the first company to figure out how to
take raw gas and squeeze the liquids out
of it, fractionate the liquids and make petroleum products. So, Phillips 66 has always been the No. 1 producer of NGL in
the nation. After they merged with Duke
Energy Field Services, they became DCP
Midstream.
Since the shale revolution, all the rich
associated gas has allowed a lot of people
to catch up. Looking at ETPs journey, we
werent even in the top 10 in 2010. Today,

we are around No. 3. With everything
weve got planned during the next several
years, we think we could be right up at
No. 1 or No. 2. Thats just how quickly we
are moving toward liquids assets.
GP. What are your major plans
going forward?
Cargile. We continue to follow the

customer, follow the drill bit. You know,
when the shale revolution started, everybody moved into the dry gas shales. That
was good for us, as a dry gas transmission pipeline operator. But as gas prices
dropped from $13/Mcf to $2/Mcf, and
the basis collapsed throughout the nation due to shale development closer to
the market areas, the upstream operators
moved to the wet gas regions to chase the
oil. Thats why we moved over to liquids.
The drill bit basically left the dry
shales. There are a couple more areas
wed like to get into. We are a little bit
into the Marcellus with some gas gathering and ethane exports, but wed like to
get more into the gas processing and the
extended-value vertical chain of services, and wed like to get into the Bakken,
where producers are still flaring quite a
bit of gas.
GP. For future growth,
does ETP plan to buy or build?
Cargile. Both. ETP has a reputation

for acquiring value-added assets and companies. Not only has ETP acquired Louis
Dreyfus, Southern Union and Sunoco,
but Regency has also recently acquired
Eagle Rock, PVR Midstream and Hoover.
And we continue to grow organically. We
will continue to build off our footprint,
such as leveraging our La Grange system
in the Austin Chalk to expand into the
Eagle Ford. There, we added gathering
and processing and hundreds of miles of
large-diameter pipe for gas gathering and
NGL transmission, along with new fractionators at Mont Belvieu.
GP. Does ETP plan to divest
any of its dry gas assets?
FIG. 1. Energy Transfer Partners North Texas System includes the 480-MMcfd Godley
gas processing plant in Godley, Texas.
Cargile. No. The way our business

model works, weve sold firm transportation capacity out of areas like the Barnett, Fayetteville or Haynesville shales.
So, we continue to collect demand
charges for that capacity. It is getting really interesting how the energy flow dy-
namics in the nation are changing, and

ETP is well positioned to take advantage
of that opportunity.
For example, the Marcellus basin has
grown from 8 Bcfd to 14.5 Bcfd during
the past few years and is expected to be at
16 Bcfd by year-end. Some analysts believe it could go north of 20 Bcfd. It was
recently reported that if Marcellus was a
country, then it would be the seventhlargest gas producer in the world, and it
is expected to produce more than Canada by year-end.
Today, gas no longer needs to be
moved from the southern production areas of Texas, Oklahoma and New Mexico
to the northeastern states. Thats why
companies like ours are repurposing
lines, or reversing them, or converting
them to crude. For now, the emerging
markets are really down along the Gulf
Coast. Florida, for example, is exporting
its coal and converting its electricity generation from coal to natural gas. We are
seeing industrial growth along the Gulf
Coast with these petrochemical and GTL
plants. These emerging markets will consume about 3 Bcfd to 5 Bcfd of gas. Mexico is looking to convert to natural gas, so
it is looking for 4 Bcfd to 5 Bcfd from the
US. Also, there are a few LNG facilities
planned to be built along the Gulf Coast
that have already been approved by the
US Department of Energy. These facilities will demand another 10 Bcfd of gas.
When its all added up, there are about
20 Bcfd of growth along the Gulf Coast.
Since ETP owns the largest intrastate
pipeline system in Texas, we are well
positioned to get the gas from the fields
to the existing market hubs and emerging markets by building new headers to
lay pipe to Mexico and to feed the LNG
terminals. We are not looking to divest
these assets. We will look to reverse flow
to take advantage of the emerging markets along the Gulf Coast.
Also, as LNG exports potentially
grow up to 10 Bcfd, the gas prices might
firm back up to around $6/Mcf to $8/
Mcf. With that price range, we might see
the drill bit go back to the dry shales.
GP. Has the past cold winter
affected ETPs operations?
Cargile. A lot of the people that were

impacted had production in the Rockies,
Midwest and Northeast, where they had
freeze-off problems. Much of our supply
is from Oklahoma, Texas and New Mexico, so we didnt see a lot of disruption
in gas supply. However, it produced opportunities in a couple of ways.
For one, it produced an opportunity
to take gas out of storage. In 2013, the
nation was above the five-year average
for gas in storage. This March, we were
below the five-year minimum, which is
now down to less than 1 Tcf. Its also created some basis opportunities because
the exceptionally cold winter created a
much bigger demand for gas. ETP was
able to take advantage of basis spreads
and storage withdrawal this winter.
As a nation, we produce about 66
Bcfd of gas. However, when the cold
snaps hit in January, we were consuming 138 Bcfd. The last record, I believe,
was set in 2005 at 121 Bcfd. So, we broke
several records this year in consumption. The North experienced a high demand in propane. There was also a high
propane demand from farmers who use
propane to dry their crops, which is the
reason the industry saw propane prices
firm up for a while.
GP. With all this buildout throughout
the midstream industry, when do
you think the work will be done?
Cargile. There was a CEO in the

Permian basin that was asked, as an analogy of a baseball game, In what inning
is the Permian basin development? He
said, We are not in any inning, we are
still in the batting cage. He meant that
we are just starting. Regarding midstream, the master limited partnership
tax status has attracted a lot of capital, including from private equity, and that has
accelerated this infrastructure buildout.
Existing infrastructure in these shale
plays is not sufficient to keep up with
the development. There is a consistent
need for new services, because as soon
as an exploration and production company moves into a shale, they worry
about oil takeaway capacity and they
bring in trucks and trains. Then, eventually, crude oil pipelines are built. Then
they need gas gathering and processing
plants. Then they require NGL transportation and fractionation.
For example, the Eagle Ford was
known as an infrastructure desert at one
point. Now, it has been built out. As you
knock out what you need for crude oil,
gathering, processing, NGL transporta-
tion and fractionation, then, all of the sudden, the residue gas takeaway opportunity
pops up and you offer those services.
I think producers have determined
that to produce their oil, they must also
have a market for the residue gas. As
the flow dynamics of the nation change,
they know this gas will not move to the
Northeast. So, now they have these new
emerging markets along the Gulf Coast.
Its interesting how the shale technology
has changed the way this industry operates. Its not only changing the gas and
liquid flow dynamics in the nation, but
its also changing the feedstock that goes
into refineries and petrochemical plants.
More petrochemicals are coming online in 2017, and they are moving more
toward the lighter end of the hydrocarbon chain. Olefin crackers are switching
from naphtha feedstock to ethane, and
refineries are retooling to refine lighter
crude oils. When you change the feedstock, you also change the products coming out. Since the nation now makes more
gas liquids than it can consume, some of
those have to be exported. The shales
have changed the energy landscape all
the way through the value chain. I see a
bright future for several more years.
GP. Over the past years,
what has been the major change
in the industry?
Cargile. Due to the shale revolution,

the past 10 years have been exciting. The
shale development is driving the US
economy by creating jobs, enriching land
owners, producing taxes to support our
communities, spurring new infrastructure buildout (restaurants, hotels, roads,
housing, etc.) and increasing demand
for steel and equipmentall of which
results in producing an abundance of affordable, clean-burning natural gas. This
gas is lowering our nations emissions
and leading to cheaper manufacturing
and exports, which, in turn, is improving
the US trade balance.
Without the shale development, this
nation would have fallen off the fiscal
cliff a long time ago. ETP has moved fast
to follow its customers by diversifying
geographically, extending its footprint to
create critical mass. It has also changed
its asset platform, extending the vertical
value chain by moving to liquid assets
and serving emerging markets. Its been
very exciting and a lot of fun. GP
SPECIAL REPORT: GAS PROCESSING

CHALLENGES AND PLANT DESIGN
Examine inlet separation technologies

for increased reliability
D. B. ENGEL and S. WILLIAMS, Nexo Solutions, The Woodlands, Texas
Contamination ingression into gas processing units is one

of the most prevalent modes negatively affecting plant operations. To enable plants to run with minimal instabilities, increased capacity and high reliability, it is necessary to perform
inlet separation to remove unwanted contaminants in the gas
feed prior to processing.
Several feed separation approaches must be considered to
determine the appropriate action mode. Feed inlet separation
methods include the characterization and evaluation of inlet
contaminants, process conditions and variability, expansions,
space and maintenance aspects, and various separation technologies. All of these elements help ensure that the feed gas meets
processing conditions, and they also help increase gas plant reliability and capacity over the long term.
Contaminant characterization. In many cases, the character-
ization of the feed contaminants in the context of the process

and the evaluation of any existing or planned inlet separation
systems reveal one of two issues. They show that either upgrades to existing equipment are necessary to improve performance, or, in extreme cases, new systems are required.
Here, inlet and feed conditioning technologies and concepts for gas processing operations are described for the most
common contaminants.1 It is important to choose the proper
contamination separation pathway for the mitigation of these
contaminants. It is not possible to discuss all devices in one article; however, information on the most relevant technologies
is provided, based on extensive field experience with the most
frequently used equipment in the field.
The most complex inlet contaminants present in raw natural
gas are compressor lubrication oil liquids, in the form of submicron aerosols. These oils are some of the main culprits for gas
processing plant upsets, such as foaming, which leads to noncompliance with H2S specifications for sales gas. Off-specification product results in lost revenue and emissions via gas flaring.
Compression systems in gas plant inlets, refineries, transmission lines, chemical plants and other industrial settings are an integral part of the operation. Without the achievement of required
system pressure, the process cannot operate as designed. Compression systems in refinery fluid catalytic cracking units (FCCUs) are generally responsible for more than 40% of a refinerys
capacity, and failure can even lead to complete refinery shutdowns, causing tens of millions of dollars per day in lost revenue.
Natural gas compressor stations are responsible for the transportation of raw and processed natural gas, and they supply the
pressure needed for gas plant operations. Compression system

protection is, therefore, an extremely important aspect of successful plant operation, as compressor failure or contamination
bypass both have substantial consequences.
Lubrication oils typically contain 90% base oil (these are
most often petroleum fractions, called mineral oils) and approximately 10% additives. Additives deliver reduced friction
and wear, increased viscosity, and improved viscosity index, as
well as resistance to contamination, corrosion, oxidation and
aging. However, most additives also have surfactant properties,
causing a number of downstream problems (e.g., foaming).
Base oil, which is usually a heavy hydrocarbon, causes detrimental effects downstream. These effects are related to the
agglomeration of the heavy hydrocarbon with solid particles in
the gas stream, forming larger residues. This material can cause
deposition and fouling in gas lines and downstream equipment,
including pumps, compressors and metering equipment. In
fact, these contaminants are often responsible for inaccurate gas
metering, which generates considerable revenue losses.
To illustrate this point, FIG. 1 shows the change in surface tension of pure water when contacted with lube oil. The decrease
in surface tension from 72 millinewton/meter (mN/m) to
46 mN/m, at 25C, is a clear indication of the surfactant properties of water-soluble additives in the lube oil. The decrease in
surface tension leads to an increase in entrained water and dissolved contaminants downstream as separation equipment loses liquid removal efficiency. Poor liquid removal efficiency leads
to downstream issues, including foaming, fouling and corrosion,
in addition to process solvent losses and performance decay.
Surface tension, mN/m
72
46
Water
Water wash
FIG. 1. Effect of the surface tension of pure water compared to when

water is contacted with lubrication oil at 25C.
SPECIAL REPORT: GAS PROCESSING CHALLENGES AND PLANT DESIGN
Feed conditioning technologies in gas processing operations

can come in many different forms. The most commonly used
technologies are:
Two- and three-phase horizontal bulk separators
(also known as inlet receivers)
Demisters (also known as knockout drums, and
to some extent similar to the inlet receivers)
Cyclonic/centrifugal separation systems
High-efficiency coalescers
Filters.
The most common configuration in gas processing plants
comprises a three-phase separator followed by a cartridge gas/
liquid coalescer. A filtration system is often included between
the separator and the coalescer if solids are prevalent. Most twoand three-phase separators are equipped with additional internals that impart different functionalities, such as mesh pads or
vane packs for large liquid droplet separation. These internals
provide a dual functionality in a single vessel. In essence, inlet
receivers separate bulk contaminants, while filters and coalescers provide the final polishing.
Two- and three-phase separators. Inlet receivers or sepa-
rators are vital to plant operations as they are the first piece of
separation equipment that will encounter and remove contaminants. These vessels are designed to remove bulk liquids, some
liquid water slugs, and, by association, certain solid materials.
No other piece of equipment can properly replace these functions with the capacity of inlet receivers.
The correct sizing, internal design and internal features are
critical to ensure that downstream feed conditioning devices
do not overload their capacity, and also to ensure that the plant
itself operates with a balanced split of contaminant removal at

the various conditioning stages. Field experience has shown
that gas/liquid coalescers are often overburdened with contaminants that should have been removed upstream at the inlet
receiver, so the fundamental importance of the receiver should
not be disregarded.
Inlet receivers are often sized based on the correct parameters, but a lack of proper understanding of liquid and solid
loading in terms of variability, composition and liquid droplet/
particle size is common. In gas processing, inlet separators are
generally horizontal, three-phase separators (FIG. 2) that remove liquids from gas streams [typically down to 50 microns
(m)150 m] and separate liquid water and hydrocarbon. It is
widely accepted to have a horizontal, cylindrical vessel with an
inlet on one side and a gas outlet on the other to provide maximum residence time and minimal carryover.
To properly design an inlet separator, a number of essential
factors must be considered:
Vapor capacity
Liquid capacity
Operability
Efficiency.
The vapor capacity is determined by the volume needed for
gravitational forces to remove the liquids entrained in the stream
from the gas phase. This process is influenced by the density of
the gas and liquid(s), the fluid viscosity and the droplet sizes.
Gas Processors Association guidelines should be used to
determine the vapor capacity and the vessel size. The sizing
equations used in these guidelines (Eq. 1) are partially based on
Stokes law, and they can be used to optimally size a separator
for the specified droplet size required for removal and length,
diameter or length-to-diameter (L:D) ratio:
C* =
Vt =
FIG. 2. A horizontally oriented three-phase inlet gas separator.
FIG. 3. Depiction of internals and flow scheme for an effective

three-phase inlet gas separator.
20MAY/JUNE 2014|Gas Processing
(0.95)(108 ) g D3p (l g )
2
4 gD p (l g )
3 g C'
(1)
4Q A
L=
Vt DV
The liquid density (l , lb/ft3), gas density (g , lb/ft3), minimum droplet diameter desired for removal (Dp , ft), and fluid
viscosity (, cP) must first be specified. These factors can then
be used to determine C*, a factor based on the drag force on the
droplet, which is then correlated to C, the actual drag coefficient.
The actual drag coefficient, the factors first specified, and
the acceleration due to gravity (g, ft/s2) are then used to determine the terminal velocity (Vt , ft/s) of liquid droplets. Finally,
the volumetric fluid flow (Q A , ft3/s) must be specified. This
factor, along with the terminal velocity and a specified vessel
diameter (DV , ft), can be used to determine the vessel length
necessary for the efficient removal of droplets of the specified
diameter. It is recommended to optimize these equations using
a set specification for droplet size and a specified diameter that
gives an optimal L:D ratio.
The liquid capacity is typically set by determining the volume required to provide adequate residence time to de-gas the
liquid, or to allow immiscible liquid phases to separate. Liquid
capacity is influenced by the incoming rates of hydrocarbon
and/or water, and is accommodated for in the size of the vessel
and the height/position of the weir separating the hydrocarbon from the water.
Operability issues include the ability of the separator to deal
with solids (if present), unsteady flow and liquid slugs, turndown and others. Level control instrumentation and monitoring
are critical to mitigate these issues. Finally, the optimal design
for efficiency will usually result in a set of features that satisfies
these requirements for a specific process conditions window at
a reasonable cost. A drawing of a common three-phase inlet gas
separator (with optional internal coalescing plates, used only
when there is minimal solids-induced fouling) is shown in FIG. 3.
The vessel interior is designed to ensure proper liquid-phase
separation of water and hydrocarbon. An inlet baffle should be
installed that distributes flow evenly throughout the vessel, but
it must be designed so that it does not promote liquids shattering as a result of shear forces acting on the droplet surface upon
entry. Wave breakers should also be installed to homogenize
slugs and prevent liquids carryover.
Mesh pads and/or vane packs should be installed at the vessel outlet, and they must be designed correctly (as discussed in
the following section). Nozzle velocities should also be maintained below erosional velocity (in accordance with American
Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 14 E guidelines)
to avoid nozzle erosion corrosion and/or liquids shattering that
produces smaller-size liquid droplets.
Separation technologies based on pressure decay, velocity
changes and residency time are among the most common separation systems used in gas operations. All of these technologies
FIG. 4. Interior of a failed compressor exposed to produced water

contamination.
have the common theme of using relatively simple concepts to

meet a separation requirement. A large number of different vessel designs are available, with many different features, including
the presence of a bottom boot, different weir arrangements and
sizes, different inlet nozzles, and numerous gas outlet features.
Some of these vessels do perform properly if designed correctly and operated within the design limits. Several of these
systems, however, display deficient performance caused by improper designs. For example, inlet baffles that cause liquids shattering or route the gas directly toward the outlet, causing carryover, are fairly common. Changes in feed gas parameters, along
with the poor operation of the separator outside the design parameters for flow and pressure, or both, will also cause significant contamination breakthrough. If these factors are present in
combination, then the problem is greatly exacerbated.
Water contamination in gas feeds can also be extremely detrimental to processing facilities, as it can carry significant quantities of dissolved contaminants. In some situations, water from
feed gas can have thousands of mg/L of dissolved solids (salts),
causing downstream issues. Salts are a main cause of compressor failure. FIG. 4 shows the interior of a compressor exposed to
water with salts in the feed gas stream, causing solids deposition in its interior.
Inlet gas plant receivers in operation today are not designed to
accommodate large amounts of water along with gas condensate.
This was the case for raw natural gas streams a few decades ago,
when water was not as prevalent; however, water is now more
common and present in higher amounts. Inlet receivers should,
if possible, be modified to face this new feed gas contamination
reality. New vessels should incorporate larger water volumes into
their design criteria during the early stages of the project.
Designs that incorporate metal mesh internals to promote
coalescence and decrease residence times often show negative to
marginal results due to poor understanding of streams with high
fouling tendency (i.e., streams having tenacious, adhesive and
deformable solids). FIG. 5 shows fouled internal corrugated plate
elements for liquids coalescing. Detailed internal design with
respect to hydrocarbon separation is also an area of weakness;
many vessel fabricators do not consider proper location and sizing for the internal hydrocarbon removal element (box or weir).
Other common design deficiencies encountered in inlet
separators include a lack of wave breakers installed for liquids
splashing and deficient instrumentation location to sense interfaces. However, the most common deficiency is a vessel that
is undersized for the application. Undersized vessels cannot be
upgraded or reconfigured. In terms of vessel size, it is always recommend to consider future capacity scenarios and to incorporate sizing parameters conservatively.
Demisters, mesh pads and vane packs. Common in the
FIG. 5. Fouled internal corrugated plate element for liquids coalescing

in a three-phase separator.
industry are separation systems for liquid contaminants in gas

streams carried out using vertical vessels (demisters) equipped
with a metal coalescing pad, elements or vane packs installed
near the outlet of the vessel. FIG. 6 shows a general diagram and
a picture of a demister knockout drum.
These systems are only adequate for removing large-diameter-contaminant droplet sizes above 20 m30 m, depending
on the design and internals. In fact, these separators were originally designed for bulk liquids removal (small slug catchers).
These devices are not designed for solids separation (which is

usually done by a wet scrubber or a particle filter), with the exception of cyclonic systems that can remove large solid particles
and some larger liquid droplets. Mesh pads and vane packs in
these systems (FIG. 7) do not have a fiber/vane size or density to
interact with small submicron aerosols.
Mesh pads suffer from flooding when excessive liquids are
introduced, and the mesh becomes saturated with liquid. This
leads to efficiency losses by carryover. Mesh pads are also prone
to solids fouling by particle deposition at the mesh structure surface, further reducing their efficiency and causing considerable
maintenance costs and failures.
Movement of the mesh pad inside the vessel is somewhat
common due to the difficulty of properly anchoring these devices to the vessel interior. Mesh pad design should also consider liquid (i.e., water and liquid sulfur) and solid (i.e., iron sulfide
gels and coke fines) properties and concentration, in addition
to internal flow geometry. Disregard of these aspects will lead to
element flooding and liquid carryover or fouling, along with differential pressure increase. To use coalescing mesh pads correctly, they must be designed according to the gas velocity across
the pad using the modified Souders-Brown equations (Eq. 2):
Vt = K
l g
g
A=
QA
Vt
(2)
The liquid density (l , lb/ft3) and gas density (g , lb/ft3),

as well as a gas capacity factor (K, ft/s), must first be specified.
The gas capacity factor is based on the minimum droplet size
for removal specified for the installed pad, but the most common average wire thickness and density designs have a K factor
between 0.2 ft/s and 0.4 ft/s; designs that are more efficient will
have a lower K factor.
The K factor, as determined based on the mesh pad characteristics, should then be derated based on the system pressure
(i.e., 90% of the design value at 150 psig, 85% at 300 psig, 80%
at 600 psig and 75% at 1,150 psig). The K factor and gas/liquid
densities can then be used to determine the maximum gas velocity across the pad (Vt).
Finally, the optimal mesh pad cross-sectional area for gas
flow can be determined by dividing the specified volumetric
flowrate (Q A , ft3/s) by the gas velocity through the pad. The
depth of the pad, along with the wire thickness and density, is
dictated by the desired minimum droplet size for removal. Pad
depth can be determined by the supplier once the cross-sectional area for gas flow is calculated.
The Souders-Brown equations can also be used for the sizing
of vane packs. The only difference in sizing between the two designs is the determination of the gas capacity factor K. The most
commonly used vane packs have a K factor between 0.9 ft/s and
1 ft/s in the horizontal flow configuration, and a K factor between 0.4 ft/s and 0.5 ft/s in the vertical flow configuration. It
is important to note that the K factors for vane packs are higher
than those for mesh pads because vane packs generally are not
as efficient at removing liquids.
Vane packs have better mechanical performance and lower
differential pressure than mesh pads, but they provide inferior
separation efficiencies. Vane packs are ineffective as they form
an interface layer at certain points, and small aerosols cannot ef-
fectively contact the metal surface. The small momentum of the

aerosols also contributes to the inefficiency.
Vane packs are especially ineffective when dealing with submicron liquid aerosols, since the small droplets do not have
enough momentum to properly contact the vane surface. Most
small droplets are carried with the stream. The presence of interfacial layers in many vane packs and some mesh pads are one
cause of such inefficiencies, and companies have mitigated this
by using different designs, such as double and single pockets.
Efficiencies can be enhanced somewhat for larger liquid droplets, low liquid loadings and gas velocities within certain limits.
Mesh pads and vane packs have small operating windows
and are prone to fouling and loading. These inefficiencies are
also seen in other systems that use poor coalescing elements,
incorrect media and materials selection, and deficient vessels
from the standpoints of design, instrumentation, operation and
maintenance. Even in modern developments, where improvements are made by a combination of vane packs and mesh
pads, the removal efficiency is not adequate to protect sensitive
equipment and processes.
Also important to these devices is the inlet mode to the vessels. Many companies have developed inlet distributors to provide a more homogeneous flow to the demister element (mesh
pad or vane pack). These devices will also not cause liquid shattering. It has been shown (via computational fluid dynamics
and field testing) that some of these distributors are needed to
provide a consistent and homogenous distribution of the gas
flow into the demister element, offering a more balanced separation process and minimizing the possibility of carryover.
Cyclonic separation systems. Cyclonic separation sys-
tems (FIG. 8) function by enhancing the acceleration of solid

particles and liquid droplets, and by enhancing gravitational
Gas outlet
Mist eliminator
Gas distributor
Inlet gas
Liquid level
Liquid
outlet/
drain
FIG. 6. Schematic (left) and photo (right) of a vertical demister

knockout drum system.
FIG. 7. Wire mesh pad (left) and vane pack (right) for use in demisters
and inlet separators.
forces with a centrifugal or cyclonic component. This process

increases the rate of solid/liquid and liquid/liquid separation
from the gas phase.
These devices do not have moving parts and can endure high
process temperatures. The feed enters the system tangentially,
and a rotational effect is created by the vessel shape that spins
solids and/or liquids in the gas to the outside of the vessel, toward a bottom outlet, while creating an inner vortex that carries
purified gas out of a central top outlet. These systems can be
used in some feed gas conditioning applications where solids
filtration and/or bulk liquids removal systems are ineffective.
There are several forms of gas cyclonics, and each has its
advantages in certain situations. In relation to feed gas conditioning, the predominant forms of gas cyclones used are inlet
cyclones, horizontal inline separators, vertical recycling separators, multi-cyclones and mass-transfer cyclones. Cyclones
will generally perform in accordance with design specifications when designed properly, and will do so in a repeatable,
predictable manner. Problems that occur usually are not with
the design of the cyclone, but with improper application of the
system. Issues arise when cyclonics are used for the wrong loading conditions, or for contaminants that are not mechanically
sound or aerodynamically conducive for separation.
A number of factors must be accounted for in the design of a
cyclone, including the feed composition, temperature, pressure
and flow, as well as the contaminant density, size distribution
and physical properties. The desired differential pressure, as
well as the removal efficiency, should also be considered and accounted for in the system design. However, feed conditions are
not always conducive for a cyclonic system of any kind.
Cleaned gas
Dirty gas
Dust
FIG. 8. Flow scheme and rotational effects in a typical gas cyclone.
Additionally, cyclonic systems have a somewhat narrow operating window, and it is suggested to have a good understanding of the service in which they are intended to be used before
their specifications are finalized. Cyclonic devices do not handle large variations in the feed effectively unless they are initially
designed with additional criteria.
One aspect of increased applicability of cyclonic devices is
at the inlet of inlet receiver vessels or coalescers. It is believed
that, in inlet receivers, there are advantages to incorporating inlet cyclonic elements for better emulsion and foam handling. In
principle, the inlet cyclonic elements will enable better multiflow separation into the vessel.
Another use of these elements is in the first stage of separation in a dual-chamber coalescer. The use of multiple small cyclones (mini-cyclones) is believed to separate large liquids from
the gas prior to coalescing in the second stage. Purely cyclonic
devices are also available from many vendors if the requirements are to remove large liquids from a gas stream. To date, the
effectiveness of many of these devices in the field has not been
tested, and no representative data regarding their actual efficiency is available. Recently, emerging technologies like centrifugal
inlet separation systems have been under development. These
novel options should soon be made available to the industry.
High-efficiency cartridge coalescers. Today, the technology
of choice for high-efficiency removal of submicron aerosols (also

known as mists) that negatively plague gas streams in gas processing operations is coalescing devices using microfiber media
materials, or microfiber submicron coalescers. These microfibers can effectively interact or intercept with small aerosol liquid
droplets. If the coalescer element is built correctly, the intercepted liquid will be effectively coalesced and drained from the
element, avoiding flooding and further liquids re-entrainment.
In theory, high-efficiency submicron coalescers should be
capable of removing, on average, 99.98% to 99.9998% of all
aerosols with diameters between 0.1 m and 1.0 m (or larger), as measured in a laboratory setting. In essence, this is the
majority of the liquid aerosol contamination in many points of
gas processing operations, such as compressors and, to some
extent, amine absorber outlets. Microfiber submicron coalescer
devices (FIG. 9) are quite sophisticated and must be carefully
designed based on the flow, pressure and temperature (both
operational and design); they must also be installed as close as
possible to the asset requiring protection.
Correctly designed vessels have two stagesthe bottom inlet section designed to remove bulk liquids, and an upper highefficiency stage for aerosol removal. In certain situations, the
bottom section can be fitted with a mesh pad or vane pack, or
designed in such a way as to have cyclonic action.
The gas leaves the bottom chamber, flowing into the second
stage immediately above via the coalescing elements interior,
and is then directed across the microfiber coalescing media.
The fine aerosols are intercepted, coalesced and finally drained
from the elements by gravity. Like the lower stage, the upper
stage has a liquid removal system comprising a level control and
drain valves. The purified gas exits from the top of the vessel.
For the fabrication and operation of a successful microfiber
submicron coalescer, a correct vessel design is critical. The vessel is much more complex than a filter. Some aspects to consid-
er are ensuring proper inlet velocity (below 60 ft/s) and avoiding baffles that promote liquids shattering. It is also necessary
to have correct internal flow geometry and velocities, both
across the media and while exiting the coalescing elements.
In liquids removal, there is always a competitive mechanism between the gravitational draining of the liquids from
the coalescing element surface (or interior) and the drag force
exerted by the exit gas. If the drag is too high, then carryover
will likely occur. Gasket compatibility and design, as well as
correct instrumentation, also play pivotal roles. Failure in any
of these areas will render the vessel ineffective, causing contamination breakthrough.
One aspect to consider carefully is vessel size. The vessel
size is generally part of the design; however, due to its fundamental effect in gas processing operations, it will be discussed
separately. For the most part, undersized vessels in filtration
will lead to higher clean differential pressure, shorter online life
and high filtration costs.
In the case of coalescing systems, however, the effect is
much more profound. Undersized vessels will lead to high velocities in the vessel interior, directly affecting contamination
breakthrough; this is one of the reasons coalescers should never be undersized. If inadequate size is compounded by poor internals and other vessel deficiencies, then the inlet separation
process efficiency can be reduced to nearly zero.
Since these systems are of great importance for the gas industry, it is essential to mention turndown aspects. Field testing indicates that these devices can, in principle, have a turndown of 90%, but operational observations have shown that
this turndown is closer to 70%. Below that mark, the system
becomes unstable, and such turndown rates are not recommended without prior testing.
Typical campaign times for gas coalescing elements can vary
from six months to two years, depending on the amount of solids entering the coalescing stage, and also the additive presence.
Chemical additives, such as corrosion inhibitors, can change
the surface properties of the coalescing media in such a way
that separation is rendered ineffective. These devices should be
protected with a suitable particle filter (equipped with the correct separation media) to extend the online life of the coalescer
and to minimize operational costs, as the replacement filter elements for particle separation are much less expensive than are
coalescing elements.
Horizontally oriented coalescing systems, commonly referred
to as filter coalescers (FIG. 10), are also used for inlet separation.
However, field testing indicates that this orientation is less effective for inlet separation, and more effective in pipeline applications where high efficiency is not required. Depending on the
design, horizontal orientation offers no location for bulk liquids
removal without affecting the coalescing elements. The out-to-in
flow is less effective and inhibits proper control of gas velocities in
the vessel. Horizontal coalescers require the coalescing elements
to make up the first chamber, and the second chamber requires a
mesh pad or a vane pack to intercept and drain coalesced droplets.
Coalesced liquids from the elements themselves do not have
a location for drainage, and the mesh pad or vane pack in the secondary section will not intercept and drain droplets as efficiently
as do the elements themselves in a vertical configuration. Finally,
the drain for coalesced water to the liquid reservoir is at the end
of the vessel, in close proximity to the gas outlet; this proximity

often leads to increased liquids carryover.
It is important to mention that key considerations are required when designing the drain and level control systems to
ensure that the elements remain clear of liquid, whereby saturation of the elements (at the bottom section of the coalescing
element in a vertical system) would render them ineffective for
proper liquids removal.
Finally, even the best coalescing devices can be ineffective
if the instrumentation and control schemes are not functioning properly. Some systems will actually lack instrumentation,
while others may have incorrect instrumentation in place. The
location of instrumentation is important since some units in
cold locations have no protection; they often freeze and provide
incorrect readings.
Proper monitoring of differential pressures is important
since it is the only way some vessels communicate. Gas/liquid
coalescing systems usually will have a terminal differential pressure between 8 psi and 10 psi. Operation beyond that point will
reduce coalescing, ultimately leading to element bursting and
liquids bypass.
Filters. As seen in many cases of poor contamination control,
the leading cause of poor performance is a defective vessel design. Defective design can occur in many forms:
Undersized vessels
Unbalanced array of internals, causing preferential flow
Incorrect internal flow geometries
Incorrect placement of inlets or outlets
Erroneous vent or drain locations
Gas
outlet
Submicron
coalescing
element
Drain/
liquid
outlet
Inlet gas
Liquid
outlet/
drain
FIG. 9. Schematic of a liquid/gas demister (left) and a high-efficiency

submicron coalescer (right).
FIG. 10. Horizontally oriented high-efficiency gas/liquid coalescer.

Incorrect support thicknesses, causing vessel internal

failure
Lack of internal baffles, causing lateral impacts into the
internal elements and media rupture.
In some cases, certain vessels can be modified, upgraded or
improved. However, for undersized vessels, there is no practical solution to avoid exponentially high operational costs. Filtration in gas streams is, for the most part, simple to perform
when done properly and with prior understanding of the contamination profiles.
For example, some gas streams will have elemental sulfur as
a contaminant that must be filtered, and the mode of filtration
is, therefore, surface filtration with accommodation of large solid
mass quantities. Less media and more open volume for solids
separation is fundamental. In other cases, it is necessary to have
large surface areas because the solids deposition is predominantly
iron sulfide, which commonly produces a smaller layer of solids
deposition. In other cases, where asphaltenes are present, a thin
layer will form over the media, requiring enhanced surface area.
As far as media selection is concerned, many good materials
are available. Metal media is more expensive, offers lower effectiveness at small particle sizes and is difficult to clean, but it is
reusable to some extent, provided that there is no aggressive fouling of the metal surface. Disposable woven materials are not recommended for gas applications due to the mobile filter matrix,
and non-woven materials (i.e., disposable filters) are available
with a fixed media fiber array. Non-woven materials include impregnated cellulose, cotton, glass fiber and nylon, among others.
Gas filtration media should impart great mechanical resistance because of the elevated-momentum solids that can rupture the soft media, if present. A critical aspect in gas filtration
applications, besides the type of solids and filter cakes expected,
is the compatibility (chemical, thermal and mechanical) to the
stream and the stream contaminants. Filtration in gas services is
0
24.00 ext.
Lift lug
71.00
N3
N1
N4
N2
FIG. 11. Schematic drawing of a filter vessel for proper feed gas
conditioning.
usually exposed to significant vibrations; therefore, securing the

internals is highly recommended. A properly designed filter for
feed gas conditioning is shown in FIG. 11.
The inlet to the vessel is positioned at the same level as the filter element risers to allow the risers to distribute the flow evenly
through the vessel and avoid direct impingement of the inlet
flow on the elements. The flow through the elements is generally outside-in, as it accommodates more elements per vessel
volume to ensure that the flux through each element is not too
high. The tube sheet that holds the elements in place has smaller
holes with more spacing in between them, since the sheet is accommodating the inner diameter of the elements in an out-to-in
flow. This design gives the tube sheet more structural integrity
and allows elements to be packed in the vessel at a higher density. The out-to-in flow also gives more filtration surface area,
especially when pleated style elements are used.
Sizing should be done with regard to the velocity of the gas
stream across the media (media face velocity), the pressure,
and the temperature. Clean pressure drop across the inlet and
outlet nozzles, the tube sheet and the element should also be
accounted for in the system design to allow maximum lifetime.
Nozzle velocities below 60 ft/s should be maintained to avoid
erosion-corrosion effects.
Filtration efficiency has always been an area of nebulous recommendations for both gas and liquid streams. Experience has
shown that reported filter efficiencies might not be particularly
relevant. Filter efficiencies are generally a product of laboratory
experiments under controlled conditions using a sole and uniform contaminant. Whether this laboratory efficiency is applicable to real process conditions is still not clear.
The only way to ascertain desired filter efficiency is to perform tests on systems in operation. This method considers the
measurement of particles and contamination levels at the inlet
and outlet of the filter. Filter optimization is performed only under real operating conditions, by adjusting the media efficiency,
based on real-time fluid analysis. It is also recommended to match
the particle distribution of the solid contaminant to the media in
terms of efficiency and micron sizes. Considering filter lifetime
(and cost) is also critical. In the absence of such information, it
is best to start with a given filter at the lower efficiency and to increase the efficiency as needed based on periodic sample analysis.
Elements with a poor design and a less-than-optimum media
surface area will have a reduced contamination capture capacity
and low online life, requiring frequent maintenance. This scenario also generates higher waste volumes and results in higher
operational costs.
Excess media surface area in a filter element will also cause
reduced contamination capture capacity, as a phenomenon
called media blinding takes place. Media blinding occurs
when parts of the media experience ineffective exposure to the
fluid stream. Media efficiency selection is also an area where a
number of failures occur due to a poor understanding of the
tradeoffs in terms of separation cost vs. the downstream effects
of contamination penetration. It is always critical to understand
why a given contaminant is required to be removed and what
the operational expectations of the filter are at the location
where it will be installed.
Another area many times disregarded is related to instrumentation. Filters have differential pressure limits that must be veri-
Inlet separation testing and analysis. The first step in proper
inlet separation is the understanding of the contamination profile

in the stream. In most instances, gas testing and contamination
testing and analysis are vital pieces of any design and/or troubleshooting protocol. Contamination in the feed gas contributes to
a variety of effects, both in the separation systems installed and
downstream, so the identification of contaminant ingress should
be performed in almost every case. Suspended solids, water with
dissolved contaminants, additives and other liquid contaminants (such as heavy hydrocarbons and lubrication oils, among
many others) should be determined, quantified and analyzed for
minimization at the source, if possibleor, alternatively, for the
deployment of a suitable feed separation system, if required.
Liquid contamination in gas streams is one of the most common and crucial challenges. Compression systems introducing
lube oils, additives, heavy hydrocarbons and produced water all
cause detrimental downstream effects, and they must be identified and quantified before a removal solution can be developed.
The testing for liquids in gas streams is performed quantitatively using a gas/liquid super coalescer test system (FIG. 12). The
system consists of a high-pressure (HP) housing that contains the
coalescer element (with a super-coalescing media array). The gas
flow is routed from the HP feed point into the coalescer system,
separated from solids and liquids, and then sent to a low-pressure
point. As gas flows across the multilayer coalescing media element, the liquids are intercepted, coalesced and drained from the
element. At the bottom of the test system, there is a site glass with
an inner reservoir to accommodate the drained liquids. The site
glass is calibrated to measure liquids accumulation. Liquids can
then be removed from the system by means of a needle valve.
The separated liquids are analyzed for composition and concentration, and a better understanding of process challenges can
be gained. Routing of the gas into an HP membrane will isolate
the solids in the stream. Both liquids and solids can be further
analyzed. Calculations are done carefully to compensate for air/
natural gas differences and to extrapolate contamination loadings from the coalescer systems to the main gas flow. The test
is always performed in an isobaric mode, and it can also be performed in an isokinetic mode.
The nucleus of the test is the coalescing element. The test
elements have specialized media formulations that impart
super-coalescing properties. The efficiency of the elements is
rated at 99.98% for liquid droplets down to 0.1 m in size, up to
99.9998%, depending on test needs. The elements also have the
latitude for the separation of liquids with a broad spectrum of
polarities and viscosities.
With advanced testing for liquid contaminants using the
coalescer system, coupled with suspended solids characterization, a thorough contamination characterization can be completed and used for the design or improvement of virtually any
inlet separation system. In all cases where feed contamination
is present, it is advisable to locate the source. Often, a capital
investment can be avoided by identifying and correcting issues
upstream. If possible, avenues for reducing feed contamination
should be investigated before an investment is made in capitalintensive equipment.
Inlet separation configurations. In terms of contamination in
gas streams, liquids are predominant at inlet points compared to

solids, so most devices focus more on liquid contamination as
opposed to solids contamination. Liquids removal systems, such
as demisters equipped with vane packs, mesh pads, low-performance coalescers and cyclones, are relatively ineffective at capturing submicron aerosols (0.1 m to 1.0 m). However, if these
systems are used for other purposes (e.g., pipeline applications,
bulk separation, slug separation), then they can be very effective.
For the feed gas conditioning process, the final polishing stage
is vital, as it deals with contamination that can cause serious plant
upsets. As indicated in FIG. 13, about 50 wt% of all liquid contaminants in a gas stream at the outlet of a compressor are smaller than
1 m (aerosols range), and 80 wt% are smaller than 10 m. Aerosols between 0.1 m and 1.0 m in size are the most penetrating
and difficult to remove. The reason for this challenge is that there
is an absence of a proper separation mechanism in place for their
removal. The reason for the lack of efficiency of many coalescer devices in removing small-size submicron aerosols from gas
streams is related to their inability to interact with these small-size
liquids, and to the deficient flow configuration inside the vessel.
The vessel design, instrumentation and gaskets are also fundamental for correct liquid contamination removal. In many
FIG. 12. Setup of the gas/liquid super coalescer test system for a
compressed gas stream.
100
90
80
Aerosol cumulative weight, %
fied for accuracy (usually 25 psid to 35 psid). Operation beyond

this point can lead to element collapse and contamination bypass.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.01
0.1
10
1.0
Oil aerosol mean spherical diameter, m
100
FIG. 13. Typical liquid aerosol size distribution in a gas stream at the
outlet of a compressor.
Technology
base
Lower-end separation
mean size
Efficiency at small
liquid sizes
High-efficiency coalescer
0.1-0.3 microns
High efficiency
Low-efficiency coalescer
1-10 microns
Centrifugation
20-40 microns
Mesh pads
40-60 microns
Cyclones
40-70 microns
Vane pack
70-80 microns
High-efficiency coalescing is a vital part of any gas feed conditioning system and should be implemented in almost every
case where critical protection is required (i.e., the amine inlet,
the dehydration inlet, the mercury removal inlet, the CO2 /
CH4 membrane inlet, and the compression inlet/outlet). Preliminary feed testing and performance testing of equipment
is also highly recommended to ensure proper systems design
and internal selection, and to verify contamination removal efficiency once the systems are operational.
KO drum
100-150 microns
Takeaway. A key step in process control is proper contami-
Inlet receivers
100-150 microns
Slug catchers
Free liquids
nation control. Most plants that do not take this step struggle
with high operational costs and low systems reliability, and
they incur many detrimental technical, economic and environmental effects.
There are no notable disadvantages to implementing enhanced inlet separation, aside from marginal increases in capital cost and footprint. There are, however, many serious issues
that arise from neglecting inlet separation systems, using systems with deficient designs, using low-cost systems and/or not
giving the proper attention to contamination in the feed. Any
capital savings gained from the use of low-cost inlet separation
equipment will ultimately lead to higher processing costs, low
reliability and frequent unit upsets. In turn, these issues will
lead to off-spec sales gas and profit losses.
It is also important to understand that each plant and process has its own contamination ingression profile and process
conditions. Operators, engineering firms and suppliers have
the responsibility to be involved in finding the best strategy for
contaminant removal, with the objective of supplying the right
inlet separation system for each individual application.
Holistically, knowing and understanding the operation of
the plant, and why a given separation system is required, is fundamental for designing, troubleshooting, optimizing, operating and maintaining inlet separation systems. This knowledge
will allow plant operators to take full advantage of the installed
process capabilities and to maximize throughput while lowering operational costs and minimizing losses. GP
Low efficiency
FIG. 14. Typical liquid droplet sizes removed by various separation

technologies (averaged empirically).
instances, the equipment choice and separation internals and

media could be appropriate, but if the liquids removal from
the vessel or the internal flow pattern is deficient, then the vessel will experience a decrease in efficiency and carryover. Additionally, some defective vessel designs may actually shatter
large liquids in the gas stream, producing much smaller droplet
sizes and adding difficulty to the separation process. Gasket
material degradation is a main reason for liquids bypass, and
this aspect should be reviewed carefully. Finally, instrumentation plays a fundamental role in liquids sensing and withdrawal
from the vessel, and it should be inspected periodically and
monitored carefully.
Today, the technology of choice for high-efficiency inlet separation and removal of submicron aerosols in gas streams is built
around formulated microfiber glass fiber media. Vane packs, cyclones and mesh pads should only be considered for larger liquid aerosols with droplet sizes well above 10 m. Nonetheless,
these devices are ideal for bulk liquid removal (slug catchers) or
as a pre-separation to a more efficient stage downstream.
FIG. 14 shows the various technologies that can be used for inlet separation and their associated lower-end liquids separation
size, based on field experience and testing. These efficiencies
are average, and, depending on the service, can vary to higher or
lower sizes. This list is designed to be a starting point and guide
for further refinement.
A proper inlet separation setup usually comprises a largecapacity vessel for bulk liquids removal (usually a three-phase
separator for gas, condensate and water). This separator will
also act as a slug catcher. These vessels should be equipped with
a mesh pad or vane pack for liquids coalescing and inlet cyclonic
elements. These devices are almost always required and should
not be avoided; however, they should be used only for bulk liquids removal and large-entrained liquids removal.
A filtration system sized to accommodate the solids loading
in the feed should be installed downstream of the inlet separator
and upstream of the polishing coalescer. The filter should be designed to remove virtually all feed solids if a high-efficiency coalescer is to be installed downstream. Downstream of the filtration system, there should be a microfiber submicron coalescer
separator (generally, a cartridge type). This system should be
equipped with specially formulated microfiber coalescing media that has the ability to remove submicron aerosol liquids.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge Ken Winton (Bechtel), Van Barclay
( JCI Process), Mike Sheilan (Sulphur Experts), and Heath Burns (Filtration
Experts) for their assistance with this article.
LITERATURE CITED
Engel, D. B. and M. H. Sheilan, Choose optimal feed conditioning strategies for
gas processing, Gas Processing, January/February 2014.
DAVID ENGEL has more than 20 years of industrial experience in

the chemical and process industries. He is the inventor in 17 US
patents and he has developed business and technology for
Eastman Kodak, Eli Lilly, Pentair, General Electric and Sulphur
Experts globally. He has also presented seminars and technical
courses on a variety of subjects. Dr. Engel is the managing
director of NexoSolutions. He holds a BS degree in industrial
chemistry and a PhD in organic chemistry, and he is the president of the American
Filtration and Separation Society, Southwest Region.
SCOTT WILLIAMS is a process engineer at Nexo Solutions.
He holds a BS degree in chemical and biological engineering from
the University of Colorado at Boulder, and he has expertise and
experience in areas including process design and troubleshooting,
analytical technology, thermodynamic modeling and simulation,
phase separation, filtration and separation.

Simplify BOG recondenser design

and operationPart 1
S. P. B. LEMMERS, Vopak LNG Holding BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
LNG receiving and regasification terminals connect the intermittent process of LNG carrier unloading and/or loading
with the mostly continuous process of LNG vaporization and
gas transmission into a sendout pipeline system.
In addition to these LNG carrier operations, truck/train
loading operations can take place simultaneously. During all
operational modes of the LNG terminal, boiloff gas (BOG) is
produced, which requires processing to avoid flaring or venting (under normal operating conditions) and to minimize the
environmental impact of the facility.
There are several options to choose from for the design of
BOG recondensers used in LNG terminals. Design options
and equipment installations are reviewed, with a focus on the
most optimal methods.
BOG RECONDENSATION APPROACH

Of the various options for BOG handling, the most common approach is recondensing the BOG in a BOG recondenser. Discussed are the design, process control and operational
elements of the most common types of BOG recondensers
used in LNG terminals worldwide.
BOG generation and handling. Generation of BOG takes
place in any operational mode of the LNG terminal. BOG is

produced mainly because the LNG is stored at cryogenic conditions in a much warmer ambient environment. The generation
of BOG is the result of several factors:
Steady-state heat leak into the LNG carrier, LNG storage
tanks, process equipment and LNG process piping
Mechanical energy input by process equipment
[e.g., low-pressure (LP) in-tank and high-pressure (HP)
sendout pumps]
Displaced vapors from the LNG carrier and LNG storage
tanks due to unloading, loading and sendout flowrates
BOG generation and/or reduction due to creation
of BOG/LNG equilibrium in LNG storage tanks
Elevation difference between LNG from the
LNG carrier and LNG from the storage tanks
Atmospheric pressure changes.
The amount of BOG generated is a function of the absolute rates of the above phenomena, and it changes significantly
between the various operational modes. The main operational
modes of LNG terminals are the holding mode (with gas sendout, but no LNG carrier unloading or loading) and the LNG carrier unloading and/or loading mode(s), also with gas sendout.
Several common options exist for handling BOG generation

in an LNG terminal:
LP compression into a fuel gas systeme.g., for LNG
vaporization inside the LNG terminal, for use by
nearby industrial consumers or for power generation
HP compression to natural gas pipeline pressures
BOG reliquefaction inside the LNG terminal
and return as LNG to the storage tanks
LP compression into a BOG recondenser, in which
the BOG is recondensed to LNG.
The last BOG handling option, which focuses on the BOG recondenser, is considered here.
BOG recondensers are commonly applied in LNG terminals
where there is continuous sendout of natural gas via vaporization of LNG. Both HP compression and BOG reliquefaction
have high capital and operating costs, whereas LP compression
requires a substantial nearby consumer of LP fuel gas. However,
such a consumer is generally not available.
Vapor handling system. The vapor handling system option including the BOG recondenser consists of the BOG desuperheater
(required for reducing BOG compressor suction temperature),
the LP BOG compressor(s) and the BOG recondenser (FIG. 1).
In the BOG recondenser, the BOG is brought into contact with
subcooled LNG for recondensation of the BOG. The LNG is subcooled because the BOG recondenser operates at substantially
higher pressures (typically between 5 barg and 10 barg) than the
LNG storage tanks, which are slightly above atmospheric pressure.
Vapor return line
BOG compressors
Fuel gas
Vapor
return
blower
Knockout drum
BOG
recondenser
Recirculation line
BOG
LNG
unloading
line
Vapor return/
unloading arms
LNG
carrier
Fuel gas
LNG
vaporizers
Users
LP
in-tank
pumps
HP sendout
pumps
LNG storage tanks
FIG. 1. Process flow of a typical LNG receiving and regasification terminal.

Annular space type. This first type

contacts the LNG and BOG in a packed
bed in the center, surrounded by an annuPadding gas
lar space. The LNG and BOG are fed to the
PC2 PC3
central packed-bed section. The liquid level
PC1
in the BOG recondenser annular space is
FC
LNG from
To BOG header
LP pumps
controlled by manipulating the inlet LNG
To BOG
PC2
header
flowrate to the packed-bed section, since all
of the LNG is directed to the packed-bed
section. The packed-bed liquid level, which
is distinct from the level in the annular space
H
LC
L
H
LC
(as is the pressure), is not directly controlled
L
and will vary with the BOG/LNG flow raLNG from
tio in the center section. The LNG levels
LP pumps
and vapor pressures in the center section
To HP pumps
To HP pumps
and annular space differ during operation.
Top packed-bed section type. The
FIG. 2. BOG recondensers: Annular space type (left) and top packed-bed section type (right).
second type of design has a packed section
spanning the complete vessel diameter of
the top section, and it has a bottom LNG inlet for the holdup secIn the holding mode of operation, all BOG from the LNG
tions of the HP pumps. The single level is controlled via the botstorage tanks is routed to the LP BOG compressors, which comtom LNG inlet flow.
press the BOG into the BOG recondenser. During the unloading
LNG for recondensation, which is part of the LNG flow to
mode of operation, most of the BOG is returned to the LNG
the BOG recondenser, is introduced into the top packed-bed
carrier to compensate for liquid volume reduction in the LNG
section and brought into contact with the BOG for recondensacarrier, with the balance going to the LP BOG compressors and
tion. The pressure in the packed-bed section is identical to the
the BOG recondenser. The directions of flow are vice versa for
pressure in the holdup section (except for some pressure drop
the loading mode of operation.
over the packed bed), and it can be controlled by the LNG supDuring these main operational modes, LNG is continuousply to the top packed-bed section of the BOG recondenser. FIG. 2
ly pressurized and vaporized on the sendout pipeline system.
When there is no gas sendout, the LNG terminal is in zero sendshows examples of the two basic types of BOG recondensers.
out mode. In this operational mode, other solutions for BOG
handling should be pursued, as the BOG recondenser cannot be
Mechanical design complexity comparison. From a meoperational without LNG sendout for recondensation.
chanical design point of view, it is obvious that design and conConventional BOG recondenser designs are based on costruction of an annular space type BOG recondenser are more
current downflow direct-contact packed-bed columns for recomplex. The annular packed-bed section needs to be supportcondensation, with a holdup section for the downstream HP
ed from the top and should not vibrate at the bottom.
pumps. They are installed between the LP pumps and comThe top packed-bed section type supports the bed all the
pressors and the HP pumps. The setup essentially consists of
way around and, therefore, is more robust. This design features a
a partly packed column that has two primary functions. The
dedicated removal nozzle for when the packing requires replaceupper portion houses a packed-bed section in which BOG is
ment of the top packed-bed section, while the annular space type
contacted with subcooled LNG to recondense the BOG. The
requires more decommissioning and reinstatement work.
lower portion of the BOG recondenser with the holdup section serves as a surge drum for the HP pumps, and the skirt
Process piping connections. Although both types of BOG
height and level provide the required net positive suction head
recondenser designs fulfill the same functionsi.e., to recon(NPSH) for the HP pumps.
dense BOG and provide NPSH for the HP pumpsthe process piping connections to HP pumps, vent/flare, padding
gas, PSVs, operational and maintenance bypasses, and control
BOG RECONDENSER DESIGN
valves can differ from design to design. Designers may even vary
It is essential to consider practical design elements, such as
the lineup and controls for the same type of BOG recondenser.
piping connections, HP pump vents, minimum flow recycle,
pressure safety valves (PSVs), vent/flare options and padding
gas, for two types of BOG recondenser designs.
Minimum flow recycle and vent connections. The HP
pump, being a high-head, multiple-stage canned pump, requires
minimum flow protection. The HP canned pump motors are
Designs fundamentals. There are two basic designs for BOG
cooled by the LNG. To ensure that the HP pump remains filled
recondensers: The annular space type and the top packed-bed
with liquid and under cryogenic conditions at all times, the
section type. Both of these designs operate in the cocurrent
BOG generated from the surrounding heat leak and HP pump
downflow regime, which means that both BOG and LNG are inmechanical energy is vented. Both the minimum flow recycle
troduced at the top of the BOG recondenser and flow downward.
and vent lines can be directed either to the BOG recondenser or
The less common countercurrent and static-mixing BOG reconto the LNG storage tank(s).
denser designs are not considered here.
BOG from compressors
BOG from
compressors
PC1
Padding gas
September 1617, 2014 | Houston, TX
Explore the Latest Opportunities

and Trends in North Americas Gas Market
The inaugural GasPro North America will bring together gas processing professionals for
a two-day, technical conference devoted to discussing the latest trends, technologies,
opportunities and challenges in North Americas natural gas market.
Register Now and Save!

Hear from Top

Executives Including:
Trey Brown
VP Engineering
& Construction
S-Con, Inc.
Falling natural gas prices and increased shale gas production in the US have led to
a golden age of gas in North America, with investment and activity increasing for
LNG, GTL, NGL and more. Construction Boxscore data indicates a 76% growth in new
gas processing project announcements within the past year. LNG terminals currently
being planned in the US include: The Sabine Pass Liquefaction terminal, the Freeport
Liquefaction terminal and the Cameron LNG Liquefaction terminal. Canada also has
several projects in development with plans to increase shale gas production.
The rapidly-expanding success of natural gas in North America is reshaping the global
industry, and North America is poised to become the worlds largest LNG exporter.
According to Michael Smith, chairman and CEO of Freeport LNG Development,
The appetite for LNG just keeps growing and growing.

Dont miss the opportunity to be part of the discussion. GasPro is the perfect
opportunity to network with your peers in the industry and keep up-to-date with the
latest developments. The 2014 conference program will focus on:
NGL/LNG
Stranded Gas/Sour Gas
Separation
Dehydration/Cryogenics
Compressors/Equipment
Reliability
Wayne Long
View the complete agenda online at GasProcessingConference.com
Sr Technical Advisor
KBR Technology
Register Now and Save!
Along with
Professionals at:
Conference Fees
Super Early Bird

(by June 25)
Early Bird
(by August 6)
Regular
Admission
Single Attendee
$842
$891
$990
Team of Two
$1,543
$1,634
$1,815
Group of Five
$3,577
$3,787
$4,208
Qatar Petroleum
Saudi Aramco Company
Sponsor/Exhibit at GasPro, Contact Lisa Zadok, Events Sales Manager

at +1 (713) 525-4632 or Lisa.Zadok@GulfPub.com.
Indian Oil Corporation

URS Corporation
and more
For more information about GasPro, contact Melissa Smith, Events Director
at +1 (713) 520-4475 or Melissa.Smith@GulfPub.com.
Minimum flow recycle to LNG tanks. Directing the recycle

back to the LNG storage tanks provides the advantage of no disturbance to the BOG recondenser operation, such as an impact
on pressure and level control. It also allows for continued sendout of natural gas when the BOG recondenser is out of operation
for statutory inspection or maintenance. When the BOG recondenser is out of operation for inspection or maintenance for a
prolonged period of time, the BOG must be vented and/or flared.
However, a 900-pound-pressure-rating, stainless steel head,
sized for recycle operation from all HP pumps, needs to be routed
from the HP pump area to the top of the storage tanks for this design. This requirement impacts the capital expenditure (CAPEX)
of the project, as well as the operational expenditure (OPEX),
since the generated BOG from the HP recycle operation requires
another cycle of compression by the LP BOG compressors.
via a dedicated common vent header. This arrangement not only

increases CAPEX, but it also has operational downsides.
If the level control of the vent pots fails, then LNG is spilled
into the vent head to the LNG storage tanks, or it can reach the
vent and/or flare knockout drum installed at a low point. This is
problematic because the vent header generally runs from the vent
pots on low elevation over sleepers or a pipe rack to the top of
the LNG storage tanks. This setup inherently forms a low point
in which LNG can be trapped, blocking the free flow of vent gas
from the HP pumps. This issue can cascade to vent pot control of
other HP pumps, potentially resulting in the warming of the HP
pumps. This scenario is depicted in FIG. 3.
The introduction of the vent pots with controls also introduces flanges, safety implications for fire and gas, cold protection zones and additional control complexity and maintenance
requirements.
Venting of HP pumps to LNG tanks. When the HP pumps
are not located near the BOG recondenser (for example, when
an LNG terminal has been revamped and there is no space available next to the BOG recondenser), dedicated vent pots are
required for the HP pumps to provide the required NPSH and
maintain cryogenic conditions in the HP pump.
The vent pots are provided with reverse-acting level control
(wherein vent gas flow from the pot is manipulated), and the outlet of the vent pot is directed to more than one LNG storage tank
Bottom inlet
Top inlet
Spray ring
Vent pots
BOG
recondenser
HP pumps
LNG storage tank
Lowpoint
liquid
accumulation
LP pumps
FIG. 3. BOG recondenser piping connections.
Padding gas
PC2
PC3
PC1
FC1
PC1
FC1
To BOG header
Venting of HP pump minimum flow recycle to recondenser.

Routing both the minimum flow recycle and the HP pump vents
directly to the BOG recondenser provides a simpler design solution, with shorter process connections and fewer process controls, provided that the HP pumps are located in the vicinity of
the BOG recondenser. Locating the HP pumps near the BOG
recondenser is normally possible during LNG terminal design.
The individual HP pump vents and common HP pump vent
header must be continuously sloped to the top of the BOG recondenser to enable free vent gas flow (i.e., bubbles created by
excess heat) to the recondenser. No level controls or dedicated
vent pots are required, and the level in the common HP pump
vent line is equal to that of the BOG recondenser, since these
levels are communicating.
FIG. 4 shows the two design examples applicable to both BOG
recondenser types. The minimum flow recycle connection from
the HP pumps to the BOG recondenser should be brought into
the holdup section of the BOG recondenser, and into the annular
section for an annular type BOG recondenser. A baffle impingement plate should be considered to avoid excess turbulence.
However, the alternative of bringing the HP pump minimum
flow recycle to the packed section is not recommended, since
this process lineup will disturb the pressure controls in the top of the BOG reconPadding gas
denser during HP pump recycle operation.
Please note that routing the recycle and
PC2 PC3
vent connections to the BOG recondenser
is only feasible if there is no need for conTo BOG header
tinued LNG terminal sendout operations
when prolonged shutdowns (i.e., statutory
periodic inspections) cannot be avoided.
To LNG
storage tanks
H
L
H
L
LC
LNG from
LP pumps
FC2
HP pumps
To vaporizers
LNG from
LP pumps
LC1
LC2
FC2
HP pumps
To vaporizers
FIG. 4. HP pump vent and minimum flow recycle connections to the BOG recondenser or tank(s).
Padding gas connection. Padding gas,

taken from downstream of the LNG vaporizers, is required to maintain a minimum pressure in the BOG recondenser
for maintaining required NPSH and
stable HP pump operation. BOG is supplied to the top of the packed section.
Therefore, the most logical location to
introduce padding gas is the BOG inlet
connection, and all mechanical support
and internals for receiving gas from the top are already designed
and installed for this purpose. The introduction of padding gas
at any other location (e.g., underneath the packed bed or directly into the annular space) requires an additional nozzle on
the BOG recondenser, as well as additional mechanical internal
design and reinforcements of the packed bed.
Introducing padding gas underneath the packed bed makes
sense if the bed can be blocked by fouling. However, the BOG
recondenser service is one of the cleanest in the oil and gas industry, and blocking of the packed section by fouling is not feasible. Padding gas can always be safely introduced from the top.
Pressure safety valve connection. The connection to the
PSV should be on the top of the BOG recondenser, preferably
from the BOG inlet connection, for similar reasons as the padding gas supply connection (i.e., the additional nozzle, and no
possibility of blocking the packed bed due to fouling). Connecting the PSV underneath the packed bed is often proposed; this
stems from refinery services where mist mats and packed sections can be blocked due to fouling.
However, LNG and BOG services are very clean. The PSV
comes in a twin configuration to enable online maintenance,
since the BOG recondenser forms a single point of exposure for
LNG terminal availability.
Operational bypass. Some BOG recondenser designs apply an
operational bypass, in which a portion of the LNG from the LP
pumps bypasses the BOG recondenser and flows directly into
the HP pump suction cans. This is done to decrease the size of
the holdup section (for any given holdup section residence time)
and to reduce vessel costs. Such a bypass is technically feasible
since not all of the LNG is required for BOG recondensation.
However, the introduction of an operational bypass does
require additional flow controls that will open the bypass
when the flow through the BOG recondenser increases above
the design flow through the bottom section. Therefore, instrument functions, control valves and cold-keeping bypasses
must be added to the design. In FIG. 5, a flow controller (FC2 ),
associated controls and hardware are added to the design when
an operational bypass is installed. Experience shows that the
added cost offsets the CAPEX savings from the BOG recondenser size reduction.
Reductions in the BOG holdup section (and, therefore,
the BOG recondenser size) are usually possible without an
operational bypass, simply by reducing the holdup time from
traditionally conservative values. Experience has shown that
holdup time is not critical; designs with zero holdup time that
pump LNG directly into the HP pump suction are in operation.
Designs where all of the LNG passes through the BOG recondenser require a higher LNG control valve turndown than do
designs with an operational bypass.
Inspection and maintenance bypass. Authorities sometimes
impose the statutory requirement for scheduled internal inspection and BOG recondenser entry, even for a clean and noncorrosive service like BOG recondensation. To enable vessel entry
and inspection while continuing sendout operation (with inevitable temporary venting/flaring of BOG), a maintenance bypass
for LNG around the BOG recondenser, cold-keeping bypasses
and positive isolation must be introduced. During this operation, the HP vent and HP pump minimum flow recycle can only
be diverted to the tanks, requiring the installation of an additional means of venting the HP pumps (i.e., vent pots).
Due to the various disadvantages associated with the installation of a maintenance/inspection bypass for statutory inspection, many projects ask to be exempt from the standard requirements for vessel entry and physical inspection. Instead, these
projects propose a reliability-based online inspection. Projects
should ask for this exemption at the start so that the exemption
is available during the design stage, and so that CAPEX for maintenance bypasses and isolation valves can be eliminated.
Platforms and control valves at grade. Some designs use plat-
forms and have control valves installed at these elevated platforms.

The introduction of many platforms at several levels not only increases the cost, but it also complicates operations and mainteBOG from compressors
Padding gas
PC2
PC3
To BOG header
PC1
FC1
H
L
LNG from
LP pumps
LC
FX
FC2
FC3
To vaporizers
HP pumps
FIG. 5. BOG recondenser operational and maintenance bypasses.
FIG. 6. BOG recondenser design with minimized platforms and

control valves at grade (left) vs. a traditional platform design (right).
nance. It is recommended to have piping dressed/clipped on the

BOG recondenser, and to avoid the use of concrete/structural
steel platforms, as a means of reducing the overall project cost.
In addition, it is beneficial to operations and maintenance to
install control valves as often as possible at grade level. Recently
installed control valves have much better turndown than previous
designs, and they eliminate the need for control valves to be in
a split-range configuration. The reduction in the amount of required control valves, brought about by this improved turndown,
reduces the need to introduce more platforms.
Platforms will be congested, complex and more complicated
to operate and maintain when there are many of them, and also
when the control valves around the BOG recondenser form a single point of exposure (requiring the BOG recondenser operation
to stop upon failure) when they are supplied with bypass.
In one industry example, control valves were passing and
leaking at a top platform level. Workers discovered the leaking
valves only because they heard noises at grade level. Therefore,
by installing more platforms, significant operational issues may
go undetected.
FIG. 6 shows a design with minimal platforms, where the only
reason for workers to climb to the top platform of the BOG recondenser is to conduct PSV inspection and maintenance.
DESIGN TAKEAWAY
A few conclusions can be drawn from the preceding discussion of BOG recondenser design:
From a mechanical design point of view, an annular

space type of BOG recondenser is more complex and,
therefore, likely more costly
Minimum flow recycle and vents on HP pumps should
be routed to the nearby BOG recondenser, rather than
to the LNG storage tanks, to minimize operational
complexity and CAPEX:
o HP pump vent pots (required for venting to
LNG storage tanks) introduce flanges, fire zones
and operational difficulties when the level control fails
o Running the minimum flow recycle for the HP pumps
back to the LNG storage tanks introduces a costly,
900-pound-pressure-rating return line
No separate padding gas connections to the BOG
recondenser are required; padding gas should
enter through the BOG inlet connection
The BOG recondenser service is clean, and the packed
bed cannot foul up; the connection to the PSV should,
therefore, be installed on the BOG inlet line, which
eliminates the requirement of a dedicated nozzle
It is doubtful if the installation of an operational bypass
actually saves costs, as the bypass comes with control
valves, cold-keeping bypasses, and additional process
control complexity, which largely offsets the savings
from a reduced BOG recondenser holdup volume
It is strongly recommended to ask for exemption of
statutory BOG recondenser inspection and entry from
authorities; when such an exemption is granted, a costly
maintenance bypass may be eliminated from the project
To reduce costs and complexity, control valves should be
installed as often as possible at grade, minimizing
the number of platforms
Piping to the BOG recondenser should be dressed/
clipped as much as possible.
Less is more. An overview of the most commonly used design methods for BOG recondensers reveals the advantages and
disadvantages in BOG recondenser design. BOG recondensers
of both typesannular space type and packed-bed typehave
been installed and operated successfully.
As a general recommendation, BOG recondenser designers
are advised to consider simple designs, as discussed in Part 1 of
this article. Part 2, to be published in the July/August 2014 issue,
will examine the operational aspects of BOG recondensers. GP
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author thanks Michiel Baerends from Fluor BV and his colleagues at Vopak
LNG Holding BV (part of Koninklijke Vopak NV), as well as Gate terminal BV for
reviewing the article prior to publication.
SANDER P. B. LEMMERS has more than 17 years of experience in both the technical
and business facets of the global engineering, procurement and construction industry.
His technical competencies include the engineering and design of LNG production
and regasification facilities, offshore oil and gas production, gas compression
platforms, ethylene cracking complexes, gas purification and NGL recovery processes.
His business competencies include knowledge of management information systems,
management accounting, sales coordination, strategic business planning and
business risk management. He holds a BSc degree and an MSc degree in industrial
engineering and management and an MSc degree in chemical engineering from
Twente University for Technical and Social Sciences in Enschede, The Netherlands.
At present, Mr. Lemmers is involved in the development of LNG and other liquefied
gas terminals in Southeast Asia, Scandinavia, France and The Netherlands.

Reduce LPG sulfur with

a rules of thumb checklist
T. TEMUR, . AVCILAR, E. ZINAN and M. KARAKAYA, Tpra, Kocaeli, Turkey
Processing sourer opportunity crude oils leads to increased

sulfur carryover to desulfurization and demercaptanization
units in refineries worldwide. For this reason, the liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) treatment plant has an essential role in a
refinery for meeting product sulfur specifications and for environmental compliance, regardless of the declining margin of
the product itself.1, 2
The treatment process, often referred to as sweetening, involves the liquid/liquid extraction of the mercaptans (RSH)
in LPG with a caustic solution, which is regenerated by oxidation with air in the presence of a liquid catalyst. For the refiner, it is important to reuse this regenerated caustic to the
maximum extent to save on operating costs and to stay within
product specifications.
In general, operating parameters of LPG treatment units
are not closely monitored by plant or process engineers. The
reasons for this oversight include insufficient focus due to reduced profit margins and a lack of well-defined, practical insight into the process due to varying upstream conditions and
challenging analysis of sour samples.
The following case history addresses a solution to high
sulfur levels in product LPG at the Tpra Izmit refinery in
Turkey. A checklist of parameters for LPG treatmenteach of
which must be evaluated on a periodic basisis also proposed.
CASE HISTORY
The flow scheme for the LPG treatment plant under consideration is shown in FIG. 1. Mercaptans in the LPG feed are counter-currently extracted with a downflowing caustic solution in
the extractor column, which is preceded by a caustic prewash
tower in case hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is present in the feed. The
caustic settler drum and the sand filter are respectively used to
drain the caustic and reduce the sodium salts that are carried
over to the sweetened LPG product.
In the caustic regeneration section, air and liquid catalyst
are injected into the mercaptide-rich caustic solution from the
bottom of the extractor, and the mixture is fed to an oxidizer
column, where the extracted mercaptans are oxidized to disulfides (RSSR). The disulfide oil, caustic solution and spent air
are separated in the disulfide separator. Caustic is circulated
back to the extractor, spent air is incinerated and the disulfide
oil is sent to the slop tank.
FIG. 2 shows laboratory analysis and operational data pertinent to the LPG treatment process from September 2012
to mid-July 2013. Total sulfur refers to the weight sum of all
mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides and other sulfur compounds

(e.g., carbonyl sulfide) contained in the product LPG, whereas
re-entry sulfur is defined as the sum of dimethyl and diethyl
disulfides only.
As shown in FIG. 2, the product had gone off-spec several
times due to total sulfur content, thereby considerably affecting the sales volume. Moreover, until early June, sulfur content, on average, was observed to be very close to the regulatory limit of 50 ppmw, if not off-speca situation that left no
room for processing sourer feedstock.
OPERATING PARAMETERS
Major process parameters were reassessed so that actions
could be taken to resolve the problem and stabilize the operation, and also so that future areas for improvement could be
identified. These parameters are considered, along with their
effects on extractor performance.
Circulating caustic. The mercaptan-removal ability depends
on the concentration of unneutralized sodium hydroxide in the

caustic solution, which then limits the amount of spent caustic.
This spent limit, typically in the range of 10 wt%20 wt%, can
be reduced to increase the circulation rate of free caustic, and,
therefore, the extraction rate.
Sweetened LPG
Salt bed
Sweetened LPG
Spent air
Caustic
settler
LPG
Drain
Drain
Fresh
caustic
Disuldes
Separator
Caustic
prewash
Mercaptan
extractor
Oxidizer
LPG feed
Lean caustic
Spent caustic
Rich
caustic
Compressed air
Catalyst
FIG. 1. LPG mercaptan extraction and caustic regeneration process.

100
30
Total sulfur
Re-entry sulfur
Sulfur spec
Caustic circulation ratio
20
10
0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Total or re-entry sulfur, ppmw
Caustic circulation ratio
The volume of circulating caustic relative to the volume of

LPG feedreferred to as the caustic-to-hydrocarbon ratio
also affects the total sulfur content. As this ratio increases, a
certain amount of LPG is contacted with more caustic to give
a better mercaptan-extraction performance, as indicated by
20
10
0
9/4/2012 11/1/2012 3/15/2013 4/4/2013 4/24/2013 5/17/2013 6/6/2013 6/26/2013 7/16/2013
FIG. 2. Sulfur test results and caustic-to-hydrocarbon ratio.
the exponentially decreasing curve shown in FIG. 3 for an arbitrary system.

FIG. 3 also shows that re-entry sulfur in the product increases linearly with the caustic circulation rate, or causticto-hydrocarbon ratio, since the entrained disulfides in the regenerated caustic are almost completely removed by the LPG
exiting the extractor. This means that there exists a single optimum value, usually in the range of 1 vol%3 vol%, for the
caustic-to-hydrocarbon ratio where the total sulfur amount is
minimized. Above this ratio, the transfer of re-entry sulfur into
the product can be inadmissible; below it, mercaptan extraction can be inadequate.
Injected oxygen. The amount of air, which is the source of
oxygen (O2 ) required in the oxidizer, determines the extent
of regeneration. While the mercaptide content in the regenerated caustic must be small, total regeneration is not a good
practice because excess O2 may lead to corrosion in spent air
and disulfide lines. Another reason is that O2 dissolved in the
caustic potentially sweetens the mercaptides in the extractor,
increasing the disulfides in the product. This scenario suggests that the rate of air injection should be adjusted, as the
LPG flowrate and mercaptan content vary (FIG. 4).
Amount of sulfur, ppmw
Catalyst concentration. The oxidation rate of mercaptans to
disulfides increases with the catalyst concentration. Catalytic

oxidation activity can be partially determined with a visual test
(called a shake test) that involves filling half of a glass bottle
with the regenerated caustic and shaking it until the color of
the solution changes from blue to green.
The color change, which normally takes place at around 60
seconds under typical oxidation conditions of 42C and 50%
excess air, happens when the degree of oxidation changes for cobalt. If this change takes longer than 120 seconds, then catalyst
addition will be required to maintain the activity. The licensors
operating manual suggests an optimum catalyst-to-circulating
caustic ratio of 0.25 kilograms (kg)/1,000 cubic meters (m3).
RSH
RSSR
RSH + RSSR
Caustic-to-hydrocarbon ratio
Temperature. Operating the extractor at lower temperatures
FIG. 3. Change of product sulfur content with caustic-tohydrocarbon ratio.

35
LPG owrate
m3/hr
30
300
72
64
25
200
20
15
32
10
150
100
16
5
0
Treatment unit 1
Treatment unit 2
250
Disulde content, ppmw
Air injection rate, Sm3/hr
in the range of 32C38C gives the best mercaptan-extraction

performance, since demercaptanization is a set of exothermic
4
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sulfur in feed, ppmw
350
400
FIG. 4. Air injection rate expressed as a function of feed flowrate

and mercaptan content.
8
2
50
0
07/06/2013
07/09/2013
07/18/2013
FIG. 5. Disulfide content in the regenerated caustic streams of

different LPG treatment units.
Ju Glo at Me
ne ba th et
10 l P e C us
-12 et al
in role gar
Ha um y
ll F
, b Sho
oo w
th
84
67
THIOPAQ O&G
stable by nature
The proven gas

desulphurisation technology.
How to reach highest value when treating natural gas streams for sulphur?
THIOPAQ O&G puts you in control of sulphur removal and sulphur recovery.
Perform well on safety, sustainability, reliability, cost and operability. Oil & Gas
companies worldwide rely on THIOPAQ O&G. See why on paqell.com/thiopaq.
Paqells THIOPAQ O&G - exceptional achievements in H2S removal.
paqell.com
In general, operating parameters of LPG

treatment units are not closely monitored
by plant or process engineers. The reasons
for this oversight include insufficient focus
due to reduced profit margins and a lack
of well-defined, practical insight into the
process due to varying upstream conditions
and challenging analysis of sour samples.
60
50
O2, vol%
40
30
20
10
0
9/4/2012 11/1/2012 3/15/2013 4/4/2013 4/24/2013 5/17/2013 9/4/2012 6/26/2013 7/16/2013
FIG. 6. O2 content in the disulfide stream leaving the separator.
equilibrium reactions. Below 32C, caustic entrainment by hydrocarbon may be a problem. Above 38C, insufficient extraction will result.
Regeneration is a typical catalytic oxidation process where
the rate increases dramatically, even with a slight increase in
the operating temperature. Therefore, to avoid acid formation and corrosion of equipment due to over-oxidation, the
oxidizer should always be kept at the lowest temperature limit
that gives the desired degree of regeneration. The oxidizer inlet temperature should be between 38C and 43C.
ATTACKING LPG SULFUR

Referring back to FIG. 2, the main component to total sulfur
in the product is analyzed to be re-entry sulfur, a fact that helps
pinpoint where to attack the problem. To minimize re-entry
sulfur, several actions were taken in accordance with the guidelines for the aforementioned operating parameters.
Setpoint for caustic-to-hydrocarbon ratio. Prior to early
June 2013, the LPG treatment unit had been operated without
control on the caustic flow, which fluctuated between 2 vol% and
10 vol%. Upon consultation with the process control engineers,
the caustic-to-hydrocarbon ratio was fixed at 2.5% (FIG. 2).
The amount of circulating caustic was seen to also affect
re-entry sulfur, when the disulfide content of the regenerated
caustic stream from another LPG treatment plant was considered. The plants have the same hydrocarbon processing
capacity; however, treatment unit 1, described in this work, accommodates less caustic by design, which leads to a separation
bottleneck in the regeneration section.
FIG. 5 shows the amount of disulfides at the exit of the separator, measured soon after caustic batch changes. This clearly
indicates that the amount of circulating causticor, more

practically, the caustic renewal rate in unit 1needs to be increased. According to common practice, this rate was once every two weeks prior to June 2013; after this time, the rate was
increased to once per week.
Air injection rate. Another source of disulfides in the prod-
uct is sweetening of mercaptans in the extractor, which is a

consequence of excess oxygen dissolved in the regenerated
caustic. A nomogram similar to the plot in FIG. 4 was prepared
to aid the operators in adjusting the air injection rate required
during oxidation. This eliminated the fluctuations in the concentration of the O2 in the disulfide lines, keeping it in the 10
vol%20 vol% range (FIG. 6).
Catalyst addition and temperature. To maintain the catalytic activity in the oxidizer, the catalyst-to-circulating caustic
ratio is set at 0.25 kg/1,000 m3. Depending on the shake test
results, catalyst is added.
Extractor and oxidizer temperature ranges vary between
32C38C and 38C43C, respectively, but in the solution
of the high-level sulfur problem, variations in these ranges
were discarded since they fell within the operating window.
As shown in FIG. 2, the amount of total sulfur in the product
LPG decreased drastically as a result of the operational measures taken, and it settled on a stable line. Not only did these
measures result in on-spec LPG production, but they also facilitated the processing of sourer opportunity crude oils upstream of the LPG treatment plant. GP
LITERATURE CITED
US Energy Information Administration, Heating oil and propane update, March
2013.
2
Emkay Global Financial Services Ltd., Oil & Gas Sector Update.
1
TOLGA TEMUR is an operations superintendent who has worked

with Tpra since 2008. He is responsible for crude oil, vacuum,
fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and LPG treating plants. Mr. Temur
also has experience in hydrodesulfurization and gas treatment
processes. His studies include the optimization of ejector systems
and amine regeneration systems. He holds a BS degree in
chemical engineering and an MS degree in fuel and energy
technologies from Boazii University in Istanbul, Turkey.
EYMA AVCILAR has been working as a process engineer at
Tpra since 2012. She is responsible for the FCC process while
participating in projects on gas and LPG treatment plants.
She received BS degrees in chemical engineering and chemistry
in 2010 and an MS degree in chemistry in 2013 from Boazii
University in Istanbul, Turkey.
ECEM ZINAN joined Tpra as a process engineer in 2012.

She is responsible for amine treating, sulfur recovery and Merox
processes. Ms. zinan also has experience in kerosine treating
and selective hydrogenation processes. She holds a BS degree in
chemical engineering and is pursuing an MS degree in fuel and
energy technology from Boazii University in Istanbul, Turkey.
MUSTAFA KARAKAYA, PhD, is a process superintendent with
Tpra R&D Center. He received his BS and MS degrees and PhD
in chemical engineering from Boazii University in Istanbul,
Turkey. His professional and research interests include
computational fluid dynamics design, analysis of refining processes
and equipment, assessment and improvement of furnace
operations, and modeling and optimization of catalytic processes.
AUSTRALIAN LNG
Ichthys LNG combines

three mega-projects in one
L. BON, Ichthys project, Perth, Australia
In 2014, the US$34-billion (B) Ichthys LNG project (FIG. 1), operated by
oil and gas company INPEX, will celebrate its 50% milestone and move into
its peak construction phase. Just over two
years ago, in January 2012, INPEX and
international oil and gas company Total
reached a final investment decision on
what is now one of the most significant
energy projects under development in the
world. With the gas and condensate field
located offshore North West Australia,
this world-class development includes
complex offshore and subsea facilities and
a two-train LNG plant in Darwin, with an
overall lifespan of more than 40 years.
In the two years since the Ichthys
LNG project was given the green light,
INPEX and Totalwith respective
stakes of 66.07% and 30%have welcomed Ichthys LNG buyers Tokyo Gas,
Osaka Gas, Chubu Electric Power and
Toho Gas as joint venture ( JV) participants in the project. Activities have been
progressing as outlined in the project
plan, and intense engineering, procurement and fabrication efforts have been
ongoing in Australia and other locations
around the world.
The Ichthys LNG project is expected
to produce 8.4 million metric tons per
year (metric MMtpy) of LNG and 1.6
metric MMtpy of LPG, along with approximately 100,000 barrels per day
(bpd) of condensate at peak. First production is scheduled to commence by the
end of 2016.
FROM THE FIELD TO THE MARKET

The Ichthys reservoirs (FIG. 2) are situated in the Timor Sea, approximately 220
kilometers (km) off the West Australian
coast and more than 800 km west of Darwin. For INPEX, the story began over 15
years ago, in August 1998, with the award
of Exploration Permit WA-285-P in the

highly prospective Browse basin.
Three exploratory wells drilled during
2000 and 2001 resulted in the discovery
of a promising gas and condensate field
with resource estimates from two geological horizons containing proven and
probable reserves of more than 12 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of gas and approximately 500 million barrels (MMbbl) of
condensate. Lying in an average water
depth of 250 m, the field represents the
largest discovery of hydrocarbon liquids
in Australia since Bass Strait more than
40 years ago.
Australia is strategically located close
to Asia, where gas demand is forecast to
grow by 6%/year (yr), on average, between now and 2020. As the worlds biggest import region, taking more than 76%
of global LNG production in 2013, Asia
is also the fastest-expanding market. In
2020, it will remain the largest LNG consumer in the world, with annual imports
estimated by Total of around 268 metric
MMt. More gas projects will be needed

to meet this demand.
In this context, sales and purchase
agreements (SPAs), with shipments slated to begin in 2017, have underpinned
the development of the Ichthys LNG
project. All of the projects production
over the next 15 years has been sold,
mainly to buyers in Japan and Taiwan;
approximately 70% of the contracted Ichthys gas will go to Japanese utilities. INPEX and a Total affiliate will also take 1.8
metric MMtpy of LNG.
THREE MEGA-PROJECTS IN ONE

Massive is the operative word. The
Ichthys development is, in fact, three mega-projects housed under one roof. The
first project consists of building offshore
production infrastructure (FIG. 3), with
subsea facilities and two large floating
platforms. The central processing facility
(CPF) and the floating, production, storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel will
both be among the largest in the world.
FIG. 1. Bladin Point in August 2013. The Ichthys LNG project will soon celebrate one of its
biggest construction milestones yet50% completion. Photo courtesy of INPEX.
AUSTRALIAN LNG
The second project involves laying an

889-km, 42-inch (in.) gas export pipeline from the field to Darwin, where the
third projectthe onshore, 8.4-metric-
MMtpy LNG plantis being built.

The offshore infrastructure includes
the worlds largest semi-submersible
platform, with topside dimensions of
FIG. 2. INPEX discovered the Ichthys field off the northwestern coast of Australia in 2000.
Photo courtesy of INPEX.
The Ichthys LNG project in figures

Exploration Permit WA-285-P awarded to INPEX in August 1998
Gas and condensate discovered during 20002001 drilling project
Estimated resources of more than 12 Tcf of natural gas and approximately 500
MMbbl of condensate
Two reservoirs located approximately 4,000 m and 4,500 m below the seabed
Water depth of approximately 250 m
Located 820 km southwest of Darwin
The Ichthys field covers an area approximately 40 km 20 km
Central processing facility topside dimensions of approximately 150 m 110 m
FPSO vessel approximately 336 m long 59 m wide
Gas pipeline 42 in. in diameter and approximately 889 km in length
Two LNG trains with a combined production capacity of 8.4 metric MMtpy
Production of 1.6 metric MMtpy of LPG and 100,000 bpd of condensate
at peak
Total project cost of US$34 B
JV participants include INPEX (operator, 66.07%); Total (30%);
Tokyo Gas (1.575%); Osaka Gas (1.2%); Chubu Electric Power (0.735%);
and Toho Gas (0.42%)
Project lifespan of at least 40 years.
150 m by 110 m and a combined weight

of more than 100,000 metric tons. Over
the 40-year initial design life of the project, the unit will collect gas from a network of up to 50 subsea production wells
drilled into reservoirs 4,000 m to 4,500
m beneath the seabed. A huge FPSO
one of the largest and most sophisticated to be deployed worldwidewill
be positioned approximately 3 km from
the CPF to treat and export the condensate. This 336-m-long FPSO will be a
weather-vaning, ship-shaped vessel that
is permanently moored on a non-disconnectable turret. The turret, which is being manufactured in Singapore, is one of
the most complex pieces of equipment
on the project.
The FPSO has been designed with
a storage capacity of nearly 1.2 MMbbl
of condensate. Significant progress has
been made on the offshore project over
the last year, with fabrication of all major
facilities now well underway. Recently,
the project celebrated a major FPSO
milestone with the laying of its keel, and
it will soon see the delivery of the nondisconnectable turret.
Innovative infrastructure. However,
these structures comprise only the tip of
the iceberg. Tons of equipment and many
kilometers of flexible and rigid pipelines
will be installed on the seabed to gather
and distribute the process fluids to, and extract production fluids from, up to 50 wells.
Subsea structure fabrication is well
advanced, with the pinnacle being the
110-m-high, 6,000-metric-ton riser support structure, which will be ready for
installation in September 2014. Subsea
installation engineering is also progressing well, and the contractors will soon
mobilize their offshore barges. The newly commissioned deepwater construction
vessel Aegir is due to arrive onsite at the
Ichthys field within a few months.
Looking forward, there will be much
activity for the offshore project in 2014,
some of which includes the start of the
drilling program, the subsea installation
and the pipeline-laying, as well as the progression of CPF and FPSO fabrication.
Export pipeline. Linking the offshore
and onshore projects is the gas export

pipeline. An 889-km, 42-in. pipeline will
connect the Ichthys field to the onshore
plant. When complete, it will be the fifth-
AUSTRALIAN LNG
longest subsea pipeline in the world and

the longest subsea pipeline in the Southern Hemisphere. All 889 km of the pipeline have been produced and coated.
Soon, pipe-laying will commence in
Darwin by winching onshore at the landfall site via a 3-km shore-pull. A shallowwater lay barge will then install approximately 120 km of the pipeline through
Darwin Harbor and beyond, before
transferring it to the deepwater lay barge.
The pipeline is then laid all the way to the
Ichthys field before terminating with the
worlds largest subsea diver-less connector.
ed to ensure the safe passage of LNG carriers in and out of the harbor. Following
the successful completion of the first
phase of the program in 2013, the second
and final phase is now well underway and
is scheduled for completion in 2014.
COMMITMENT TO HSE
IS ESSENTIAL
Above all else, the Ichthys LNG project JV participants have a fundamental
and absolute commitment to health,
safety and the environment (HSE), and

they have set a goal of zero harm to the
workforce and to the environment. HSE
is the first priority for the project, and
this is embedded in everything from engineering to design, and from construction to operational readiness. This goal is
in line with Totals strong commitment to
ensure the safety of the people working
on its projects and to minimize its environmental footprint in Australia and all
countries where Total is present.
Onshore LNG. The onshore project in
Darwin (FIG. 4) comprises two APCIprocess LNG trains with a nameplate

capacity to produce 4.2 metric MMtpy
of LNG. The site is large enough to allow
the construction of up to four additional
trains. Two product-loading jetties are
being constructedone for LNG and
the other to handle LPG and condensate.
The project adopted a modularization
strategy for the plant build, so a module
offloading facility (MOF) is required to
enable delivery to the site.
Construction at the Bladin Point site
near Darwin continues on schedule,
with huge civil works at an advanced
stage. Major work is also underway on
key infrastructure, including the module
offloading facility (MOF), product-loading jetties, LNG, LPG and condensate
storage tanks, and the combined-cycle
power plant. Soon, the project will see
the arrival of the first of 220 modules
needed to build the process trains, the
largest of which can be up to 50 m long
and 30 m high, with a combined weight
of more than 200,000 metric tons.
Also part of the onshore project is a
temporary accommodation village for the
construction-phase workforce, which will
house up to 3,500 workers. In September
2013, the Ichthys LNG project celebrated
the opening of the first stage of Manigurrma Village, as it is called in honor of the
Larrakia Traditional Owners of the land.
The village is being built in four stages.
Stage 1 completion included 1,000 rooms
and key central facilities, such as the
kitchen, tavern, administration buildings
and recreational spaces. Construction is
scheduled for completion in mid-2014.
As part of the onshore project, dredging to deepen the shipping channel in
Darwin Harbor is required. This is need-
FIG. 3. The offshore facilities will consist of a subsea, multi-well development connected to
a central processing facility for gas treatment and an FPSO vessel for condensates, both the
largest of their type in the world. Photo courtesy of INPEX.
FIG. 4. Layout of the future Ichthys LNG liquefaction complex in Darwin. First production
is expected in late 2016. Photo courtesy of INPEX.
AUSTRALIAN LNG
have been awarded by the projects lead

onshore contractor and its Tier 1 contractors to Northern Territory-based companies. The IPP also encourages Aboriginal
and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) business participation in the project.
Along with promoting Australian industry participation, the project is committed to maximizing locally based employment, where reasonably achievable.
Ichthys LNG is also developing training
and education institutions, available to
all Territorians, so that they may obtain
qualifications to participate in the oil and
gas, mining and construction industries.
FIG. 5. The Ichthys project has committed to an AU$92-MM social and environmental offsets
package to contribute to the protection and management of the marine and terrestrial environment. Photo courtesy of INPEX.
The Ichthys LNG project has organized a charter among major contractors, both onshore and offshore, that
recognizes INPEXs value of anzen dai
ichisafety number one. The commitment to achieving zero harm is being implemented throughout all Ichthys
LNG project contracts. Leaders from
INPEX and its contracting companies
meet every year at the Ichthys LNG
project CEO and contractor HSE forums to identify and implement ways
to improve HSE performance and to
ensure that every leader involved in the
project understands what needs to be
done to deliver a safe workplace culture.
From the CEOs to the workers onsite,
the commitment to HSE is evident. A
standout example is the onshore fabrication yards, which, to date, have recorded 18 MM worker-hours without a
lost-time injury.
Just as important to the project is
the environment. One example is the
Ichthys LNG projects scientific environmental program in place in Darwin,
which keeps a close watch on the harbor
to ensure the monitoring and recording
of any changes from dredging and marine construction activities. At the end
of the first phase of planned dredging
work, the results of the projects environmental monitoring programs indicated
that impacts were either in line with, or
less than, the original predictions.
To minimize the impact of the project

on the environment, the Ichthys LNG
project has committed to an AU$92 MM
environmental benefits package (FIG. 5).
Commitments include, among others, the
conservation status of coastal dolphins in
the Northern Territory, the habitat mapping for the Darwin region and the conservation management of marine megafauna in the Western Top End of Australia.
The Ichthys LNG project JV participants have also donated AU$3 MM to
Charles Darwin University to accelerate
plans for the North Australian Center for
Oil and Gas. A range of industry-specific
courses will be introduced to help the
Northern Territory become a leader in
training for the oil and gas industry.
A CLEAR CONTRIBUTION
TO AUSTRALIAS ECONOMY
Respecting the host countrys right
to benefit from the development of its
natural resources, the Ichthys LNG project has committed to full, fair and reasonable access for Australian industry to
take part in the project.
A comprehensive industry participation plan (IPP) coordinates strategies
to boost the use of local labor to expand
opportunities for local business to provide goods and services, and to support
and grow job and skill training across the
Northern Territory and wider Australia. To date, more than 250 subcontracts
PROGRESS MILESTONES
AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
While the Ichthys LNG project is
progressing well and will continue to
strive for its objectives of schedule, budget and quality, there are still significant
development challenges ahead. Some of
these challenges include:
Driving behavior where zero harm
is a core value for all working
on the project
Designing and maintaining
equipment for an operational life
of more than 40 years
Engineering some of the worlds
largest offshore infrastructure
Surviving the offshore climate
in the Browse basin, an area
known for its cyclones.
Despite these challenges, the Ichthys
LNG project will soon celebrate one
of its biggest construction milestones
yet50% completion. Only two years
into construction, the project is delivering significant benefits to the Northern
Territory, to wider Australia and to the
world. With a multi-generational lifespan
of more than 40 years, these benefits will
continue for decades to come. GP
LOUIS BON, the managing director
of the Ichthys LNG project, joined
the project in 2013. He has more
than 30 years of international
industry experience with
international oil and gas company
Total, where he has held a variety of
senior management roles across Europe, the Middle
East, Africa and Asia. Prior to being seconded to the
project, Mr. Bons most recent position with Total was
vice president of operations, with responsibility for
worldwide field operations and drilling activities.
Previous senior roles with Total included project
director of Pazflor, a major offshore deepwater
development in Angola; and deputy vice president of
projects and construction for all Total exploration and
production projects.
GAS PROCESSING IN THE BAKKEN SHALE
Bakken midstream developments

offer solution to flaring
J. STELL, Contributing Writer
State legislation favors flaring. At pres-
ent, gathering lines, processing plants and

transportation pipelines built to serve the
Bakken play have not kept pace with production, so nearly 36% of the natural gas
produced is legally flared. According to
North Dakota state regulations, producers
can flare gas for one year without paying
taxes or royalties, and they can ask for an
extension on that period due to the economic hardship of connecting the well to
a gas pipeline. After one year (or whenever
the extension ends), producers can continue flaring, but they are responsible for the
same taxes and royalties they would have
paid if the flared gas had gone to market.
Fortunately, midstream constructors
and operators are moving into the play to
develop needed infrastructure, which can
greatly reduce flaring. For example, a report by the North Dakota Pipeline Author-
ity shows that at least one county in the

Bakken area was able to reduce its flaring
by about 62% from December 2008 to December 2009, with the addition of two new
gas processing facilities and the expansion
of associated gas gathering systems.
Task force to mandate greater gas
capture. Furthermore, in January 2014,
the North Dakota Petroleum Council

(NDPC) formed an oil industry task
force representing hundreds of companies in North Dakota, and pledged to support the industrys efforts to significantly
reduce natural gas flaring in the states
Bakken oil fields.
We recognize that natural gas is an efficient, clean and valuable resource, and
thats why the industry has invested more
than $6 B in new pipelines, processing
plants and other infrastructure to move
it from the wellhead to the marketplace,
said Terry Kovacevich, NDPC chairman
and regional vice president for Marathon
Oil, in a public statement. We have to
remember that the Bakken is still a very

young play, and this is just one factor in
why production has outpaced our ability
to build the infrastructure needed. Furthermore, the Bakken is unlike any other
play in the world and requires solutions
specifically tailored to its geology, climate,
landscape and resources.
The task force reported to the North
Dakota Industrial Commission, the state
regulator, that the industry plans to increase the percentage of gas captured to
85%, up from 70%, within two years; and
to further reduce flaring to 90% by the end
of the decade. According to the plan, stricter regulations could require producers to
formulate gas capture plans before filing for
a drilling permit. Failure to submit a plan
could result in the denial or suspension
of new drilling permits, and existing wells
could be required to restrict production.
Also, the task force has asked the state
of North Dakota to support the rapid
buildout of pipelines and electrical transmission infrastructure by issuing property
2,000
Gas production, MMcfd
The Bakken oil and gas formation occupies more than 200,000 square miles of
the Williston Basin under parts of Montana and North Dakota in the US, and
throughout Saskatchewan and Manitoba
in Canada. Its name comes from Henry
Bakken, a farmer in Tioga, North Dakota,
who owned the land where the formation
was initially discovered.
Gas output from the Bakken shale has
been rising since the early years of the last
decade (FIG. 1). Today, the prolific play
produces more than 1 billion cubic feet
per day (Bcfd) of natural gas. Much of
that production is associated gas brought
to the surface along with 1 billion barrels
per day (bpd) of oil production. As of the
first quarter of 2014, natural gas near Watford City, North Dakota was trading near
$3/thousand cubic feet (Mcf), compared
to triple-digit oil prices. Industry insiders
predict a 40% increase in gas produced
from the Bakken shale by the end of 2015.
1,000
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Year
Source: US Energy Information Administration.
FIG. 1. Gas production in the Bakken shale.

GAS PROCESSING IN THE BAKKEN SHALE
tax credits, production tax credits, lowinterest loans and incentives for increased
local industrial use of gas for fuels, petrochemicals and fertilizers.
In addition to reducing natural gas
flaring, the play will require new gas processing capacity to handle the abundance
of natural gas liquids (NGL) produced.
Presently, the play produces more than
300,000 bpd of NGL, and production is
expected to continue to increase through
2017. A number of companies are expanding their midstream operations and infrastructure services in the Bakken region.
TABLE 1 shows natural gas processing capacity from 2006 to 2013, and estimated
totals for 2014 and 2015, for companies
operating in the shale play.
Bayhurst Energy Services Corp. The
SaskEnergy subsidiary plans to participate with Mistral Midstream Inc. in
building a facility to process gas transported on SaskEnergys natural gas system from the Bakken formation in southeast Saskatchewan.
The $72-million (MM) facility, which
will be built near Viewfield, Saskatchewan,
is a straddle plant that will recover NGL
to be marketed to commercial and industrial customers. Once processed, the gas
will be compressed and reinjected into the
transmission pipeline. Construction of the
facility will begin in 2014, and the plant is
expected to be operational in early 2015.
Hess Corp. The company is transitioning to its expanded Tioga gas processing
plant. The expanded plant will be able to
process up to 250 MMcfd of natural gas,
up from a maximum capacity of approximately 110 MMcfd.
The expansion will give Hess enough
capacity to process all of its natural gas,
as well as to meet the companys future

needs and to process gas produced by other companies. Hess planned to begin selling gas from the expanded plant in March
2014, after severe winter weather delayed
the project from an initial expected completion date of late 2013.
In addition to expanding its processing
capacity, Hess aims to reduce its Bakken
gas flaring to below 10% by 2017. Justin
Kringstad, director of the North Dakota
Pipeline Authority, says projects such as
the Hess expansion are crucial to reduce
flaring, although the state needs additional
gas gathering and transmission infrastructure to significantly curb the practice.
Oneok Partners LP. Oneok, the largest
independent operator of gas gathering

and processing facilities in the Williston
Basin, plans to invest up to $780 MM by
the second quarter of 2016 to serve Bak-
TABLE 1. North Dakota natural gas processing capacity, MMcfd

Facility
County
Caliber Midstream
Caliber Midstream
McKenzie
Hess
Tioga
Williams
110
110
110
110
Hiland Partners
Badlands
Bowman
40
40
40
Norse
Divide
Watford City
McKenzie
Lignite
Burke
Marmath
Slope
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
Grasslands
McKenzie
63
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Oneok
Stateline I
Williams
Stateline II
Williams
Garden Creek I
McKenzie
Garden Creek II
McKenzie
Garden Creek III
McKenzie
Lonesome Creek
McKenzie
Petro Hunt
Little Knife
Billings
Plains All American
Ross
Mountrail
2006
2008
25
10
10
10
110
110
250
250
40
40
40
40
25
25
25
25
25
90
90
90
90
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
200
32
0.5
32
Ambrose
Divide
McKenzie
True Oil
Red Wing Creek
McKenzie
USG Midstream Bakken
DeWitt
Divide
Whiting Oil & Gas
Robinson Lake
Mountrail
30
Ray
Williams
10
Beleld
Stark
Ray
Williams
2013
100
Badlands
Source: North Dakota Pipeline Authority
2012
50
100
Targa Resources
Total, MMcfd
2011
100
Sterling Energy
XTO-Nesson
2010
2014,
2015,
estimated estimated
Owner
227
0.5
32
0.5
45
32
32
32
32
32
70
70
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
45
45
45
45
45
10
10
10
3
110
90
90
90
110
10
10
30
30
35
35
35
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
350
380
650
790
914
1,254
1,554
THE BAKKEN SHALE
ken producers. New projects include the

partnerships sixth and largest natural gas
processing plant to be built since 2010 in
North Dakota, and a second expansion of
a Bakken NGL pipeline.
The new 200-MMcfd gas processing
facilitynamed the Lonesome Creek
plantand related infrastructure will be
constructed in McKenzie County, North
Dakota. The plant is expected to cost up
to $390 MM. When completed, it will be
the partnerships largest natural gas processing plant in North Dakota and will
increase the partnerships processing capacity in the state to about 800 MMcfd.
Oneok will have seven gas plants in the
region after the Lonesome Creek facility
is completed.
Oneok will also finish a second expansion of its 600-mile Bakken NGL pipeline,
which will increase the pipelines capacity
to 160 Mbpd from 135 Mbpd and cost
about $100 MM. The pipeline expansion will move NGL from the Lonesome
Creek plant to Oneoks Mid-continent
NGL infrastructure, and it is expected to
be completed by the end of 2015.
Presently, the Bakken NGL pipeline is
undergoing a 135-Mbpd expansion to increase capacity from its original capacity
of 60 Mbpd. This previously announced
expansion is expected to be completed in
the third quarter of 2014.
Taking intelligence
to the Next Level
Future NGL output. According to some
industry reports, NGL production could

rise to more than 300 Mbpd by 2018. As
a result, North Dakota gas production is
expected to outpace infrastructure development during the next several years. At
present, most of the NGL produced are
exported from the region via truck or train.
In the future, as more gas processing
capacity is installed in the region, the Bakken shales gas producers, processors and
end users hope to reduce the need for gas
flaring and move more valuable natural
gas and NGL to market. GP
JEANNIE STELL is an awardwinning writer and editor focused
on the upstream, midstream
and downstream energy industry.
Her articles have been published
in several languages and
referenced in white papers by
Microsoft and Iranian National Oil Co., and her
photographs have been featured on industry
magazine covers and in feature editorials.
Ms. Stell is the founder of Energy Ink and
can be reached at jstell@energyink.biz.
From the pioneers in ultrasonic gas leak detection comes

the most intelligent gas detector in the market today.
Introducing the GASSONIC OBSERVER-i. By incorporating
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technology into the detectors
brain, the GASSONIC OBSERVER-i distinguishes real gas leaks
from nuisance alarms without requiring any in-field training.
Potentially catastrophic gas leaks can be detected
instantaneously without gas having to come into contact
with a sensing element. It simply hears the leak.
Take your safety to the next level with the GASSONIC
OBSERVER-i. On MSAsafety.com or GeneralMonitors.com
Gas Detection at the Speed of Sound
26th World Gas Conference
1-5 June 2015
Paris, France
DELEGATE REGISTRATION IS NOW OPEN

JOIN THE GLOBAL INDUSTRY GATHERING IN PARIS IN JUNE 2015
THE INDUSTRYS
MOST DISTINGUISHED
SPEAKERS
Over 500 of the industrys
most distinguished speakers
will lead stimulating
discussions and share their
knowledge
TECHNICAL TOURS
Attend tours designed to
offer a rst hand experience
of state-of-the-art technical
sites and learning in key
areas
WORLDS LARGEST
GAS CONFERENCE
A four-day conference
attended by over 4,000
delegates to hear the latest
topics dened by years of
leading research and the key
upcoming trends
SPECIALISED
PAVILIONS/EXPERT
AREAS
A showcase of the latest
industry knowledge, ideas,
technologies and products
EXHIBITION
MEETING PLACE
A comprehensive global
gas exhibition spread over
45,000m2 showcasing
350 exhibitors and the
best of what the industry
has to offer
Get access to global

markets and network with
thousands of decisionmakers who are there to
do business
NETWORKING EVENTS
DESIRABLE LOCATION
Numerous networking
lunches, dinners and
receptions where key
business leaders meet
Experience Paris. Enjoy

specialised tours and events
designed specically for
WGCPARIS2015 participants
GET INVOLVED TODAY!
DELEGATE REGISTRATION NOW OPEN
SUBMIT AN ABSTRACT
Register today to save 480 with the Early Bird Discount
BOOK YOUR ACCOMMODATION

BOOK EXHIBITION SPACE OR BECOME A SPONSOR
Contact us on +61 407 031 274 or rclark@etf.com.au
STAY UPDATED
www.wgc2015.org
CONNECT WITH US
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN GAS
Israel seeks options to export

huge gas reserves
G. COHEN, Consultant, Herzliya, Israel
Israel is examining its policies and options for exporting natural gas in light of
the vast gas discoveries made offshore Israel in 2009 [the Tamar field, with 11 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of reserves] and in
2010 (the Leviathan field, with 20 Tcf),
as well as the smaller Tanin field (1.1
Tcf) in 2011 and the Karish field (1.8
Tcf) in 2013. In June 2013, the government of Israel sanctioned the export of
40% of these proven reserves.
Israels various gas export options
should be examined with respect to the
technical, commercial and logistical aspects of each alternative. A brief presentation of the global gas market is given to
frame the context under which Israel will
need to operate as it strives to get its gas
into the global market toward 2020.
GAS MARKETS: GLOBAL

OR LOCAL?
Natural gas is not a global commodity, but rather a local regional commodity
that is influenced by global supply and demand, pricing and geopolitical events. In
fact, in December 2012, NERA Economic Consulting divided the world natural
gas map into 14 distinctive regions (see
FIG. 1), each with its own characteristics of
supply and demand, pricing mechanisms,
concerns regarding security of supply, etc.
The global gas market runs from Japan
and South Koreawhich possess little indigenous gas and few current prospects for
pipeline connections (although there has
been some talk recently of building a pipeline from Russia), and which depend almost entirely on LNG importsto China
and India, which have some indigenous,
yet insufficient, gas supplies, and where
demand is growing relatively fast. In India, demand is increasing, although slower
than anticipated, due to high LNG prices
and the depreciation of the rupee. Growth
is faster in China, as the country seeks to

curb its worsening pollution problem.
In Latin America, a rainfall draught
has increased LNG demand by 18% year
on year. Conversely, in Europe, consumption growth has decreased as the continent burns additional supplies of cheap
US coal and enjoys high renewable energy
subsidies. Europes gas sector is also characterized by declining local supplies of
gas, heavy reliance on Russian gas exports
(25%30% of demand), and environmental concerns keeping a lid on shale gas development. Europe may look to increase
its imports of LNG in the future, albeit at a
price that would likely be 50% higher than
that of the Russia-supplied pipeline gas.
The LNG sector. Focusing specifically
on the LNG market, most of the worlds
LNG goes to Asia-Pacific, while most of
the pipeline gas goes to Europe and the
Americas. Data for 2013 show that 75%
of the worlds LNG went to the Far East,
10% was shipped to the Americas and
only 15% was sent to Europe. Demand

for natural gas imports in general, and
for LNG in particular, is focused on the
Indo-Pacific region.
The Middle East will export more hydrocarbons to the Indo-Pacific region in
the future. Russia, which is looking to diversify its export partners, will be exporting more gas to East Asia. After North
America begins exporting LNG on a
larger scale, it will likely be looking to fix
shipments to the Indo-Pacific market under free-on-board tolling arrangements.
The consensus is that, over the next 20
years, 85% of total growth in global energy consumption will come from the
Indo-Pacific region.
First supply phase: 2016/2017.
From the supply side, it is known that,
over the next few years, the market will
be tight and prices will remain high. Toward 2016/2017, however, new supplies
are likely to hit the market, well before
any large volumes of gas can be exported
from Israel.
Alaska
Former Soviet Union
Canada
Sakhalin
Europe
United States
Middle
East
Mexico
China/India
Africa
Korea/Japan
Southeast
Asia
Central and
South America
Oceania
FIG. 1. World gas regions, as defined by NERA Economic Consulting.

projects with lower costs (i.e., brownfield

projects in the US, with low Henry Hub
prices; or Australian projects, if the currency once again depreciates considerably). If
costs for these projects decrease, it will be
harder for other projects to achieve final
investment decisions (FIDs). On the other
hand, if some of the liquefaction projects
that have not yet been sanctioned are delayed, then demand could decrease alongside supply by the start of the next decade.
Although gas is indeed a local regional
commodity, the old adage of When the
US sneezes, the rest of the world catches
a cold is very true for natural gas markets
around the world. Draughts in one area
of the world (Latin American); the development of new technology in another
(shale exploitation in the US via hydraulic fracturing); the black swan effect of
a nuclear meltdown (Fukushima, Japan)
on the global lack of appetite for nuclear
power (as seen in Germany); cheap gas
in the US, leading to the export of coal to
Europe; and congestion on Chinas roads,
making coal expensive and raising pollution concernsall of these scenarios
make gas a more attractive energy source,
and all impact gas availability, supply
routes and prices.
It is, therefore, in this uncertain market
that Israel, along with Cyprus, must make
difficult decisions on gas exports. Should
exports be sent via pipeline or in the form
of LNG? What are the countries of destination? What types of contracts should
be used, and under what pricing schemes?
Here, the possible answers to some of
these difficult questions are explored.
This first, relatively bearish cycle in

23 years is easy to predict, as it is based
mostly on projects that have already
been sanctioned (i.e., Papua New Guinea LNG; the Australian Ichthys LNG,
Queensland Curtis LNG, Gladstone
LNG, Gorgon LNG, Wheatstone LNG
and Prelude FLNG projects; and Sabine
Pass LNG in the US).
Second supply phase: 2020/2021.
What will happen toward the start of the
new decade is more challenging to accurately predict, both in terms of the volumes required and the prices that can be
achieved. It was originally believed that
the market would tighten again toward
2018 and revert to a sellers market. This
scenario would be beneficial for Israel, especially in light of the slow Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (FERC) approvals for US export projects, delayed progress on Mozambican gas developments,
high LNG project costs in Australia and
export issues in North Africa.
Future outlook is mixed. However,
the future scenario is now mixed, with
a sense that some projects are creeping
along and will be available to the market
within this time frame, such as the Lake
Charles, Louisiana LNG project in the
US and the Russian Yamal LNG project.
Together, these two projects would add
44 billion cubic meters per year (Bcmy) of
LNG exports to the market.
Therefore, the second cycle in
2020/2021 is harder to estimate, as forecast elements are constantly shifting. If
there is more supply than demand in 2020
and if prices decrease, then this will help
Transportation
Industry
Electricity
4.0
Total gas, Bcm

40
123
254
Total: 417
2.8
5.4
1.9
54.2
0.9
0.3
4.8
4.5
3.0
4.0
13.2
1.0
6.0
7.0
6.5
2014
2017
2020
7.9
2025
9.7
2030
FIG. 2. Estimated consumption of natural gas in Israel, 20142040.
11.5
2035
2040
ISRAELI GAS EXPORT POLICIES

As mentioned previously, in June
2013, the government of Israel declared
that 40% of proven gas reserves could
be exported. This figure was based on
proven reserves of approximately 33 Tcf
of gas, a desire to maintain approximately
30 years of supply for the local market,
estimated local consumption levels based
on 7.4 Bcm of gas in 2013, and accumulated consumption of 540 Bcm over 30
years (FIG. 2).
Government policy explicitly states
that the fields must be hooked up to the
Israeli market before exports can commence, and that export quotas will be
allocated depending on the size of each
field. Fields of 25 Bcm100 Bcm may export 75% of their reserves, fields of 100
Bcm200 Bcm may export 60% of their
reserves, and fields larger than 200 Bcm
may export 50% of their reserves.
In addition, the government granted
a level of flexibility to the producers to
swap quotas between fields, and a level of
discretion to the petroleum commissioner within the Ministry of Energy to be
able to enforce specific swap deals. This
was recently seen at the end of March
2014, when the commissioner stated
that gas from the Tanin and Karish fields
would have to be sold to the local market,
and their export quota volumes potentially swapped with the Leviathan field.
Other clauses in the governments export policy include the determination that
the Tamar field, which has been producing gas since March 2013, may only export 50% of the volume of gas it had not
yet contracted on the date of the government decision. The policy also outlines a
preference to establish any export facilities
on Israel-controlled territory, as well as assurances that the local market will receive
preference for gas (even from Leviathan),
as long as no export contracts would need
to be rescinded as a result of this clause.
EXPORT OPTIONS FOR ISRAELI
GAS: PIPELINE OR LNG?
There are a number of options to
export Israeli gas, either by pipeline or
as LNG, and a number of countries to
which this gas can be sold, as illustrated
in FIG. 3.
Nearby pipeline options include lines
to Palestine, Jordan and Egypt.
All of these potential pipeline projects
would meet local consumption needs in
Pipeline options. From the technical

point of view, it is clear that the easiest,
quickest and cheapest options would
be to construct a pipeline to Palestine
and Jordan. Palestine and Jordan are on
Israels doorstep and require only a few
kilometers (km) of onshore pipeline on
easy terrain, without the need for passage through a transit country. In fact,
gas sales contracts were signed with
these two countries in January 2014
(for gas from the Leviathan field) and
February 2014 (for gas from the Tamar
field), respectively. Export quantities are
small, amounting to just 4.75 Bcm over
20 years to Palestine for a power station
to be constructed in Jenin, and 1.8 Bcm
over 15 years to the existing Arab Potash
and Jordan Bromine industrial plants on
the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea.
Insofar as pipelines to Egypt, Turkey
and Greece are concerned, from a technical point of view, the first two options are
relatively easy, since the deepwater dis-
tances are easily traversable for marine

pipelines. The LNG facilities in Egypt
are located 200 km and 400 km away,
and the southern tip of Turkey is approximately 485 km from the Leviathan field.
Pipeline to Greece. A pipeline to
Greece, however, would stretch over
1,100 km, all offshore and crossing very
deep waters up to 3,000 m. The cost of
such a project would likely be on par
with an LNG facility, without having
any destination flexibility, and volumes
would likely be restricted to 8 Bcmy,
making this an unlikely option.
Pipeline to Egypt. Sending the gas to
Egypt would combine both the pipeline
and LNG options. Two liquefaction facilities have already been constructed by
BG and Petronas at Idku, and by Unin
Fenosa and Eni at Damietta. Additionally, the route from Leviathan to Egypt
requires no transit countries. On the
commercial front, the sellers will need to
consider Egypts $6 billion (B) debt to
oil and gas companies, and understand
the risks inherent in this option.
Pipeline to Turkey. In a similar
frame of mind, the concept of constructing a pipeline to Turkey makes good
commercial sense for both the buyers
and the sellers. Turkey, which consumes
huge amounts of gas and is expected to
see its demand increase at a rate of 5%/
yr10%/yr, has very little indigenous
gas and imports 60% of its gas from Russia and 20% from Iran. Turkey is eager to
Potential pipeline route
Potential LNG route
Arab gas pipeline
Future extension of Arab
gas pipeline
El Arish-Ashkelon EMG pipeline
Egypt gas pipeline
diversify its supply sources to increase

its energy security and reduce its energy
prices. However, regional geopolitics
are likely to complicate such a project,
unless the pipeline is constructed by
Turkish entities.
Israel LNG. A quick look at the other
LNG options shows that the scenario

of constructing an LNG facility onshore Israel would probably not be possible due to technical reasons. Onshore
LNG facilities require large coastal areas
(which Israel is lacking), and regulatory approvals would be very difficult to
obtain due to the not in my backyard
(NIMBY) phenomenon.
Cyprus LNG. The option of taking the
gas to Cyprus and constructing a joint
LNG facility with the international majors operating in Cyprus (i.e., Total,
KOGAS, Eni, Noble Energy and Delek
Group) and the Cypriot government
could be a creative solution. At present,
Cyprus has insufficient reserves of gas
to construct a two-train export facility,
which is the optimal minimum capacity
required to enjoy economies of scale and
provide LNG buyers with security of supply. An onshore LNG terminal in Cyprus
would enable Israel, which has no site of
its own on which to construct an onshore
terminal, to benefit from an already-determined location (Vassilikos) and the
existence of an entry point into the EU.
Turkey
Kilis
Ceyhan
Mersin
70 km
60 km
Cyprus
Pipeline to
Greece
1,100 km
Idku train 1
Idku train 2
FLNG: Europe
BG
Damietta or Asia
BG
Petronas
Petronas Union Fenosa
GDF
ENI
EGAS
EGAS
400 km
200 km
EGPC
EGPC
192 km
Damietta
Idku
Port Said
Alexandria
334 km
Egypt
Vassilikos
Pipelin
e to Tu
rkey
these areas. In Egypt, the gas would also

be exported onward to other countries.
If longer pipelines are considered,
then there are options for pipelines to
Turkey or to Greeceagain, for local
consumption in these markets and/or for
further export to the European market.
LNG project optionsall of which
would include destination flexibility
include:
Construction of an LNG
liquefaction facility onshore Israel,
either on the Mediterranean coast
or by the Red Sea in Eilat
Piping the gas directly from
Leviathan northward to an LNG
facility to be built in Cyprus
Piping the gas southward to one
of two LNG facilities that already
exist, but are sitting mostly idle
in Egypt
Exporting the gas via a
floating LNG (FLNG) facility
offshore Israel
Constructing a special-purpose
reclaimed island offshore Israel
for LNG export
Or, in a different state, exporting
the gas as compressed natural
gas (CNG), via a floating CNG
(FCNG) scheme.
Each of these plausible projects has inherent technological, commercial and/or
logistical advantages and disadvantages.
Baniyas
485 km
Horns
Tripoli
Lebanon
205 km
Syria
Damascus
135 km to Dor
Leviathan Israel
165 km
Ashdod
Ashkelon
EMG
Arish
Amman
Jordan
Taba
Aqaba
FIG. 3. Export options for Israeli gas.

Although there have been a few successful examples elsewhere in the world
where one country enabled its oil or gas
to be processed in another country, the
Israeli security establishment opposes
this option. Furthermore, the lease
granted to the Leviathan partners on
March 27, 2014 by the Israeli Ministry
of Energy states that the field must first
be hooked up to the Israeli market before exports can be considered.
Alternate options. The remaining options for gas exports are an FLNG vessel, an LNG facility on a reclaimed island and a FCNG vessel. These are all
commercially and logistically feasible alternatives, but there are technical problems associated with each.
FLNG projects are progressing on
the world scene, and the Mediterranean
is a relatively mild sea, but the technology is untested and would only cater to
small volumes of gas (3 Bcmy5 Bcmy).
Also, although the price of gas exported
as FLNG is likely to decrease, it is still
expensive at present.
The same problems exist, in exaggerated form, with FCNG. There are no
FCNG projects under construction, and
none have reached FID, making it an
untried technology. However, if it were
possible to move ahead with the FCNG
option, it could be interesting commercially and would circumvent Cyprus
reluctance to allow a pipeline to be constructed for gas exports to Turkey.
Setting up an LNG facility on a reclaimed island offshore Israel is not a
commercially or technically possible
option, as Israel does not have enough
sand to construct such a project.
LOOKING TOWARD THE FUTURE

Israeli gas will eventually reach the
global market. All of the aforementioned export options are feasible,
albeit complex. Investors must work
together with the government of Israel, over time, to gain a better understanding of all the relevant issues and
gradually mitigate the risks for the best
export option(s). This will enable procurement of finances, help secure off-
take agreements and ensure long-term

security of demand.
It will be interesting to see which issues will emerge as the most challenging
and decisivecommercial, technical or
logistical. Once exports are achieved,
the financial benefits for the participating companies and the country will be
huge. GP
GINA COHEN has been working
as a natural gas consultant in
Israel and Palestine since before
the first discoveries were made
offshore Israel and Gaza over 15
years ago. Her activities, either
on behalf of major oil and gas
companies or governmental institutions, have
spanned involvement in all aspects of the gas chain:
exploration and development, transmission, sales
negotiations on behalf of both buyers and sellers,
conducting feasibility studies on gas-generated
independent power plants and potential FLNG
projects, regulatory aspects of the construction
and siting of natural gas facilities, and a wide
variety of other projects in the region. Ms. Cohen
lectures on natural gas law, economics and strategy
at the MSc programs for petroleum engineers at
Technion University in Haifa, Israel, and at Cyprus
University in Nicosia, Cyprus. She is also the
author of the Hebrew-English energy lexicon,
www.hebrewenergy.com.
Welcome to the NEW

Construction
Boxscore Database
www.ConstructionBoxscore.com
L
A
B
O
L
G
E
H
T
R
O
F
E
C
N
MARKET INTELLIGSESING INDUSTRY
GAS PROCE
Project details on thousands of active projects and global construction contracts, including contact information
for key personnel
Advanced search that lters the listings by project type, scope, region, investment and more
Daily updates for new and newly updated projects
The weekly Boxscore Update e-newsletter with new listings and trends analysis
Logon to www.ConstructionBoxscore.com and discover how the HPIs most trusted source
of construction data just BECAME EVEN MORE POWERFUL! For more information, contact Lee Nichols,
Data
Director,
at +1 (713) 525-4626
50MAY/JUNE
2014|GasProcessingNews.com
BONUS REPORT: GAS COMPRESSION
Determine compressor settling-out

conditions for recycle gas loop design
S. KATKAR, Foster Wheeler Asia Pacific, Singapore
The recycle gas compressor (RGC) is one of the most important pieces of equipment in hydrotreaters, hydrocrackers and
catalytic reformer units. A typical reactor recycle gas loop used
in a hydrotreater unit is shown in FIG. 1. This loop consists of a reactor, a fired heater, a feed/effluent exchanger, a product cooler,
a separator drum and interconnecting piping.
Design conditions of RGC loop equipment are not only
based on maximum operating conditions, but also on settle-out
conditions, which can be defined as the equilibrium pressure
and temperature when the compressor is tripped. These conditions are neither the compressor discharge conditions nor the
compressor suction conditions, but something in between.
Note: This reaction recycle gas loop typically includes one
pressure relief valve (PRV) on the separator drum to protect
the entire system, provided the code requirements are met.
The foremost code requirement is that equipment components
should not be blocked from being protected. If any blockages exist, then they must be positively controlled.
Compressor settle-out pressure1 is also used for deciding the
design pressure of the separator drum and eliminating the applicability of the compressor failure contingency for the PRV.
American Petroleum Institute (API) Standard 5212 explains
the procedure to determine the design pressure of these equipment pieces based on settle-out pressure; however, the procedure
to calculate the settle-out pressure varies by engineering company.
Procedures in use for determining settle-out conditions and establishing design pressure for equipment components in recycle
gas loop systems are discussed here, using data from case studies.3
DETERMINING SETTLE-OUT CONDITIONS

The settle-out pressure and settle-out temperature are the
pressure and temperature in the recycle gas loop system when
the gas flow is suddenly stopped after the RGC is tripped. It may
take 2030 seconds for the entire system to reach final settle-out
conditions. The determination of settle-out conditions is an approximate estimate based on conservation of mass and the following considerations:
Reaction recycle gas loop end-of-run (EOR) conditions,
such as temperature, molecular weight and pressure
drop, are generally more severe than start-of-run (SOR)
conditions; therefore, settle-out conditions are typically
determined for the EOR case.
The recycle gas loop is assumed to be completely isolated, with no inflow or outflow of material streams, such as
makeup and purge gas.
Only vapor/gas volume is considered to be available during

the settle-out process. Liquid volume remains as is, and
does not need to be considered.
In FIG. 1, recycle gas from the RGC is mixed with a feedstream, which is then heated in the feed/effluent heat exchanger
and the fired heater before entering the reactor. The reactor effluent is first cooled in the feed/effluent heat exchanger before
being separated in the hot separator. Gas from the hot separator
is further cooled in coolers 1 and 2, and then finally separated in
the cold separator. Gas from the cold separator is compressed by
the RGC and recycled back to mix with the feedstream. Note:
This configuration may change based on the specific purpose
and technology involved; however, a typical reactor recycle gas
loop will consist of the above elements.
Depending on the availability of known data, several methods
can be used to determine the settle-out conditions. Each method
involves segregating the entire system into different pressure and
temperature sections. In TABLE 1, Column 1 represents the sections for the reactor recycle gas loop. Columns 2 through 6 represent information consolidated from the heat and material balance,
equipment specifications and other engineering documents.
SIMULATION METHOD
This method, which uses tools available in certain commercial simulation programs, can be treated as the most appropriate method for determining the settle-out conditions. The
simulation method requires either complete simulation or, at
minimum, information on the composition of the sections (as
Line 4
To are
Line 3
Line 7
Fired heater
Line 8
Cooler 2
Cooler 1
Water
Reactor
Line 5
F/E
exchanger
Line 2
Line 6
Hot
separator
Cold
separator
Water
Product to
fractionation
Makeup gas
Feed
Line 9
Product to
fractionation
Line 10
RGC
Purge gas
Line 1
FIG. 1. Process flow of a typical recycle reactor gas loop.

TABLE 1. Input summary

Column 1
Column 2
Section
Pressure,
barg
Column 3
Column 4
Temperature, Molecular weight,

C
kg/kgmol
Column 5
Column 6
Column 7
Column 8
Column 9
Volume,
m3
Specic heat,
kJ/kgC
Volume,
Nm3
Mole,
kgmol
Mass,
kg
25.6
1.14
5.6
Line 1
20.5
89
4.9
1.6
6.505
Line 2
20
146.9
37.5
0.3
2.698
0.18
6.8
F/E exchanger, S
20
183.5
37.5
13
2.749
161.3
7.2
269.8
Line 3
19
220
37.5
20.7
2.737
226.5
10.10
378.9
Fired heater
19
272.5
37.5
2.871
89
3.97
148.9
18.1
325
37.5
18.3
3.03
157.6
7.03
263.7
Line 4
Reactor
18.1
323.4
37.5
22.8
3.026
196.9
8.79
329.5
Line 5
16.6
321.8
36.2
14
3.039
111.7
4.98
180.4
F/E exchanger, T
16.6
265
36.2
10.6
2.862
93.5
4.17
151.1
Line 6
15.6
208.1
36.2
8.6
2.714
80
3.57
129.3
Hot separator
15.6
208.1
36.2
24.4
2.714
227.1
10.13
366.7
Line 7
15.6
208.1
33.3
11
2.735
102.4
4.57
152.1
Cooler 1
15.6
184.1
33.3
4.1
2.745
40.2
1.79
59.7
Line 8
15.3
160
33.3
8.4
2.736
85.3
3.81
126.7
Cooler 2
15.3
102.5
29.9
2.809
58.5
2.61
78.1
15
45
29.9
1.8
2.702
24.4
1.09
32.6
Line 9
Cold separator
15
45
29.9
13.5
2.702
183.2
8.17
244.4
Line 10
15
45
4.9
1.6
6.390
21.7
0.97
4.7
Total
188.7
TABLE 2. Results for settle-out conditions

Method
Pressure, barg Temperature, C
Simulation
Spreadsheet
17.1
191.8
Weighted average
17.2
222.6
Weight and specic

heat average
17.2
225
Simple average
15.8
186.3
Molar average
16.9
214.3
shown in Column 1) to generate these sections in a simulation.

The steps involved in this method are as follows:
1. Generate streams in the simulation representing each section, using pressure, temperature and composition, as
shown in TABLE 1. Note: Equipment temperature is considered as the average of the inlet and outlet temperatures.
2. Adjust the mass of each stream to match the volume of that
section, as per TABLE 1, Column 5, on a per-unit time basis.
3. Mix all of these streams together to generate a combined
stream (mixture stream).
4. Generate another stream (settle-out stream) that has the
same mole and heat flow as that of the mixture stream.
5. Adjust the pressure of the settle-out stream so that the
volume of the settle-out stream is the same as the total
system volume.
The adjusted pressure and corresponding temperature of
the settle-out stream will represent the settle-out pressure and
temperature. TABLE 2 shows the results of this method.
2,929
SPREADSHEET METHOD
The simulation method may not always be the ideal choice,
for several reasons:
The proper simulation package is only available
from a licensor
The exact composition to generate the sections in the
simulation method is unavailable
An appropriate simulation program is unavailable.
In these cases, the spreadsheet method can be used to determine the settle-out conditions.
The spreadsheet method is based on a combined gas law.
For simplicity of calculation, compressibility is assumed to be
the same as z = 1 for all gas streams. The combined gas law is
shown in Eq. 1:
Po Vo
To
PN VN
TN
(1)
The steps involved in this method are as follows:

1. Using data from TABLE 1, columns 2 through 5, and the
combined gas law, Eq. 1 can be applied to determine the
normal volume (in Nm3 ) for each section. This volume
is represented by TABLE 1, Column 7.
2. Using normal temperature and pressure conditions
(1 kgmole = 22.414 Nm3) and data from TABLE 1, Column 7,
the kgmole can be determined for each section. This
measurement is represented by TABLE 1, Column 8.
3. The mass in each section can be determined using data
from TABLE 1, Columns 4 and 8. This mass is represented
by TABLE 1, Column 9.
TABLE 3. Pressure results for weighted average temperature method

Column 1
Column 2
Section
Column 3
Column 4
Column 5
Column 6
3
Volume, m
Volume, Nm
Column 7
Column 8
Mole, kgmol
Mass, kg
Pressure, barg
Temp, C
Molecular weight, kg/kgmol
Line 1
17.2
222.6
4.9
1.6
15.8
0.71
3.5
Line 2
17.2
222.6
37.5
0.3
0.13
F/E exchanger, S
17.2
222.6
37.5
13
128.5
5.73
214.9
Line 3
17.2
222.6
37.5
20.7
204.6
9.13
342.2
Fired heater
17.2
222.6
37.5
88.9
3.97
148.8
Line 4
17.2
222.6
37.5
18.3
180.8
8.07
302.5
Reactor
17.2
222.6
37.5
22.8
225.3
10.05
376.9
Line 5
17.2
222.6
36.2
14
138.3
6.17
223.4
F/E exchanger, T
17.2
222.6
36.2
10.6
104.7
4.67
169.2
Line 6
17.2
222.6
36.2
8.6
85
3.79
137.2
Hot separator
17.2
222.6
36.2
24.4
241.1
10.76
389.4
Line 7
17.2
222.6
33.3
11
108.7
4.85
161.5
Cooler 1
17.2
222.6
33.3
4.1
40.5
1.81
60.2
Line 8
17.2
222.6
33.3
8.4
83
3.7
123.3
Cooler 2
17.2
222.6
29.9
49.4
2.2
65.9
Line 9
17.2
222.6
29.9
1.8
17.8
0.79
23.7
Cold separator
17.2
222.6
29.9
13.5
133.4
5.96
177.9
Line 10
17.2
222.6
4.9
1.6
15.8
0.71
Total
188.7
4. An alternative way to determine the mass of each section, where compressibility values are known, is to use
an ideal gas equation as shown in Eq. 2:
m
P.V
n.z.R.T
(2)
Assuming that considerable mixing will occur during the

settle-out process, there are different ways to determine the
mixture temperature and the settle-out temperature, as shown
in Eqs. 36.
Simple average temperature:
TS = AVERAGE (Ti )
Weighted average temperature:
mi Ti
TS
mi
Weight and specific heat average temperature:
TS
miCpi Ti
mi Cpi
(3)
(4)
(5)
Molar average temperature:

TS =
niTi
ni
(6)
Note: Eq. 4, weighted average temperature, is the most

widely used method for calculating the mixture temperature.
After determining the temperature, the pressure of the system can be altered until the present mass of the system is the
3.5
2,929
Procedures in use for determining settle-out

conditions and establishing design pressure
for equipment components in recycle gas
loop systems can be consolidated using
a case study. To determine the settle-out
conditions, several methods can be used that
involve segregating the entire system into
different pressure and temperature sections.
same as the systems original mass. TABLE 3 shows this result,
using weighted average temperature as the settle-out temperature for all sections.
DETERMINING THE DESIGN PRESSURE

Since it is not economical to design all equipment in the
recycle gas loop to a single point of high pressure, API Standard 521 gives a procedure to calculate design pressure for this
equipment.2 As per the API standard, the design pressure of
the separator drum/RGC suction drum should be calculated as
1.05 times the settle-out pressure, which provides an adequate
margin between the operating pressure and the set pressure of
the PRV. It also gives an acceptable margin for the compressor
failure contingency.
Using this calculated separator design pressure as a base, and
referring to the pressure increments in the EOR case, the design pressure of other pieces of equipment can be established.

PN
VN
TN
TS
Ti
mi
ni
Cpi
shows the operating pressure for the EOR case, and the
settle-out pressure and design pressure for the recycle gas compressor loop equipment. Process engineers sometimes provide
an additional margin for new units, instead of the standard 1.05
times the settle-out pressure, to cater to future capacities. GP
FIG. 2
F/E exchanger
PO
VO
TO
=
=
=
=
NOMENCLATURE
Feed/effluent exchanger
Operating pressure, bara
Operating volume, m3
Operating temperature, K
23
22
LITERATURE CITED
API Standard 671, Axial and centrifugal compressors and expander-compressors
for petroleum, chemical and gas industry services, 7th ed., July 2002, and API
Standard 618, Reciprocating compressors for petroleum, chemical and gas
industry services, 5th ed., December 2007. Per API Standards 617 and 618, settling-out pressure is the pressure of the system when the compressor is shut down
without depressurizing of the system. Settling-out pressure must be provided by a
process engineer working with the centrifugal compressor, as this measurement is
necessary for the vendor designing the seal system. The author recommends also
providing settling-out pressure for reciprocating compressor, as this measurement
is required for determining the starting torque of the driving motor.
2
API Standard 521, Pressure-relieving and depressuring systems, 5th ed.,
January 2007.
3
Heydari Gorji, A. and H. Kalat Jari, Calculating settle-out pressure in compressor loops, Hydrocarbon Processing, November 2006.
Operating pressure
Design pressure
Settle-out pressure
Pressure, barg
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
Reactor
F/E
Hot Sep
exchanger, T
Cooler 1
FIG. 2. Pressure profile for the EOR case.
16 October
2014
The Houstonian Hotel Club & Spa
HONORING
Groundbreaking
Strides in the Oil
& Gas Industry
Normal pressure, bara

Normal volume, Nm3
Normal temperature, K
Settle-out temperature, C
Operating temperature of individual section, C
Mass of individual section, kg
Moles of individual section, kgmole
Specific heat capacity of individual section, kJ/kgC
24
F/E
Fired
exchanger, S heater
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Cooler 2
Cold Sep.
SANTOSH ARVIND KATKAR is a principal process engineer

at Foster Wheeler Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., based in Singapore.
His specialty is process design, and he has 15 years of
experience in the refinery, petrochemical and chemical process
industries, with leading engineering organizations such as
Jacobs Engineering Group, Fluor Corp. and Lurgi AG.
Mr. Katkar earned his MTech degree from the Indian Institute
of Technology in Delhi, India, and his BTech degree from the University Institute
of Chemical Technology in Jalgaon, India.
For thirteen years, World Oil has

honored the upstream energy segments
leading innovators and innovations. We
encourage you to take advantage of this
special opportunity to nominate a cuttingedge technology or industry leader
for consideration for the 2014 Annual
World Oil Awards. To be considered,
accomplishments and new developments
must have been achieved between 1 July
2013 and 30 June 2014 and fall under one
of the 16 award categories.
In addition, the World Oil Awards serve
as a contributor to the future of the oil
and gas industry by making a donation
to two deserving universities with
established
petroleum
departments.
Dont miss this unique opportunity to
formally recognize new technologies
and/or champion individuals that have
made ground breaking strides in the oil
and gas industry. Submit your nominations*
today. *Companies may submit nominations
in more than one category, as well as provide
multiple submissions in the same category.
Visit Awards.WorldOil.com for a list

of categories and information on how to
submit your nomination.
Nominations Open:
18 April 2014
Nominations Close:
18 July 2014
Black Tie Gala:

16 October 2014
The Houstonian Hotel & Spa
RSVP for the Awards Gala

Historically the dinner has sold out;
therefore, companies are encouraged
to reserve a table soon.
To RSVP for this exciting event, tickets
may be purchased online or contact
Gwendolyn Hood at +1 (713) 520-4402
or Gwen.Hood@GulfPub.com for
more information.
> Nominate Today!
Use a hierarchical process to evaluate

sales gas compressor selection
S. ZARDYNEZHAD, Wood Group Mustang, Calgary, Canada
Compressors are key equipment

pieces in gas processing projects because
they are long-lead delivery items that
require the allocation of a significant
portion of the budget, and their performance significantly affects operating expenditures (OPEX). In the early phase
of a project, there are many challenges
and discussions between project parties
regarding the selection of a suitable sales
gas compressor type (i.e., reciprocating
or centrifugal).
This study uses the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method as an effective and dynamic tool for the selection
of the sales gas compressor from between
the two acceptable types. Readers are encouraged to familiarize themselves with
the AHP method for background.
The two most commonly used technologies for sales gas compressorsa
centrifugal compressor with a gas turbine
driver and a reciprocating compressor
with a gas engine driverare discussed
here. Other applicable driver types (e.g.,
e-motor, turboexpander, steam turbine)
are not considered due to the anticipated
cost impact to gas processing projects
with capacities of 50 million standard cubic feet per day (MMscfd)100 MMscfd.
This study has validated sales gas
compression units (both sour and sweet)
in 50 MMscfd100 MMscfd gas plants
with a suction pressure, PS , of 95 pounds
per square inch (psi) and a maximum
discharge pressure, PD , of 1,200 psi.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
FOR COMPRESSOR SELECTION
Centrifugal gas compressors are dynamic machines that increase gas velocity
with a spinning wheel called an impeller,
changing it to polytropic head in a diffuser.
By contrast, a reciprocating gas compressor is a volume-reduction machine.
The gas enters the cylinder via inlet

valves, is squeezed out by a piston and
then pushed to the next stage or a discharge line via a discharge valve.
The reciprocating gas compressor can
have oil-lubricated or oil-free cylinders.
The compressor in this study has oil-lubricated cylinders.
Each compressor type has advantages
and disadvantages. However, the clients
main questions at the beginning of any
gas compression project in the aforementioned capacity range are the same:
Which compressor type is
more suitable for the sales gas
compression process?
Which evaluation and selection
parameters must be considered?
How should the different selection
criteria be ranked?
In multi-criteria decision-making,
decision-makers must meet the challenge
of constructing a hierarchy that considers
the impact on all objectives. The decision
becomes more difficult when the hierarchy of the decision criteria depends on
managerial or technical power, personal
preference and/or emotion.1
The AHP can be used to answer client questions. It is a popular way of constructing the hierarchy, even when the
decision depends on preference, power
and/or emotion. The AHP can be used
to evaluate and rank alternatives that

meet essential requirements.
AHP ADVANTAGES
FOR DECISION-MAKING
The compressor selection process is a
multiple-criteria decision-making problem that is impacted by many parameters
and factors. The AHP is a powerful decision-making tool for prioritizing different possible and acceptable alternatives
when multiple criteria and sub-criteria
must be considered.1
Within the AHP method, complex
situations are structured in the form of a
hierarchy, including integrated levels such
as goal, criteria and alternatives as
minimum outlining parameters.1
In the compressor selection process,
the goal is to select the best suitable compressor type. There are several criteria to
consider, such as reliability, availability,
capital expenditure (CAPEX), OPEX, the
capacity-to-horsepower (hp) ratio, efficiency, size, weight, delivery, oil consumption and other factors.
The AHP uses expert and managerial
judgments in its evaluation process, in
terms of pair-wise comparisons (based
on a scale of 1 to 9) of different items
in a hierarchy level, and it considers the
respective impact on the next-highest
level. The AHP can easily measure the
Cooler
Cooler
Drum
To pipeline
Drum
FIG. 1. Process flow for a sample two-stage sales gas compression process.
TABLE 1. Key assumptions and data

Comparison parameter
Centrifugal compressor
Reciprocating compressor
Project model (time, cost, quality and safety)
Same as reciprocating
Same as centrifugal
Flow, MMcfd
50100
50100
Capacity
1 at 100%
2 at 50%, or 1 at 100%
Applicable standard
API 617 with deviation
API 618 with major deviation (mainly API 11P)
Driver
Gas turbine (as per API 616)
Gas engine
PS, psi
95100
95100
PD, psi
1,0001,200 (max.)
1,0001,200 (max.)
Max. allowable discharge temp., F (C)
300 (150)
300 (150)
Hp, ISO
8,50011,000
3,7008,180
Lubricated cylinder compressor
N/A
Yes
Number of bidders, min.
Scope of work and supply
Similar to reciprocating
Similar to centrifugal
Number of stages
Two casings, 89 stages
Two stages (1,000 psi), 4 or 6 throws
One casing, 89 stages with gearbox
Three stages (1,200 psi), 4 or 6 throws
Location
Indoor
Indoor
General auxiliaries
Sound engineering practice
Sound engineering practice
Objective: Select the best compressor type
Criterion 1
Reliability
0.34
Criterion 2
Availability
0.25
Criterion 3
CAPEX
0.19
Criterion 4
Delivery
0.16
Criterion 5
MMscfd/hp
0.14
Criterion 6
OPEX
0.10
Reciprocating: 0.44
Centrifugal: 0.56
Reciprocating: 0.45
Centrifugal: 0.55
Reciprocating: 0.57
Centrifugal: 0.43
Reciprocating: 0.65
Centrifugal: 0.35
Reciprocating: 0.55
Centrifugal: 0.45
Reciprocating: 0.40
Centrifugal: 0.60
FIG. 2. Sample AHP hierarchy structure with six criteria used for compressor type decision-making.
consistency degree of the expert or managers ideas. If the consistency degree

exceeds a specific limit (i.e., consistency
rate > 0.1), then the judgment is not
consistent and the pair-wise comparison
must be adjusted.1
By using expert-choice software or Excel spreadsheets for calculation, the project parties can process the consistency
and sensitivity analyses to evaluate the decisions reasonability. The AHP is simple
and relatively easy for all authorized persons in a project team to understand, and
it uses both qualitative and quantitative
criteria for compressor type evaluation.1
KEY ASSUMPTIONS
A sample sales gas compression process is shown in FIG. 1. The question to
be answered is: Which compressor type
is better for sales gas compression? The
key assumptions for this study are summarized in TABLE 1.
DECISION-MAKING METHODOLOGY
The engineering of the sales gas compressor includes type selection, which is
always a problem for project parties at the
front-end engineering phase of the project,
due to two factors. The first factor is the
need to gather, identify and make decisions
on the number of criteria, and the second
factor is how to select the most suitable
compressor between the two types.
The AHP goal is to select the most suitable compressor type. To determine the decision variables and selection criteria for the
type selection process, the author prepared
a questionnaire based on an extensive literature review and background research. In
the questionnaire, the industry professionals were asked two simple questions:
1. What are the main decision

variables and selection criteria
for the compressor type
selection process?
2. What is the importance of
each variable or criterion?
More than 30 decision-making variables and selection criteria were identified. The top 15 most influential factors
for decision-making can be determined
using the AHP method (TABLE 2) for a
plant size of 50 MMscfd100 MMscfd.
The AHP model can be developed for
all or some of the selection criteria.
FIG. 2 shows an example of a simplified
AHP model that includes six criteria.
Data in the circles in FIG. 2 are a percentage of the project partys decision
regarding each criterion. For example,
a score of 0.34 for reliability means that
34% of the project parties decisions regarding compressor selection type is related to this criterion. Finally, the overall
score for each compressor type is calculated as a total sum of each criterion priority vector multiplied by the respective
compressor types priority vector related
to that criterion.
OTHER SELECTION FACTORS

Additional factors considered in the
study are explained in TABLE 3. These factors are used to determine compressor
selection for a plant size of 50 MMscfd
100 MMscfd.
TABLE 2. Criteria for comparison of two sales gas compressor types

Centrifugal compressor
with gas turbine driver (1 100%)
Reciprocating gas compressor

with natural gas engine (2 100%)
Reliability
Higher reliability (98.8%99.1%) due

to special-purpose design, fewer
moving parts and less vibration and
pulsation; eliminates the need for
multiple compressors and installed
standby capacity.
Lower reliability (97%97.9%);

normally need standby machine
(min. 50%).
Reliability is the ability of a system

or component to perform its required
functions under stated conditions
for a specied period of time.
Availability, MTBF
Higher availability (98.8%99.1%)

and MTBF. API 617 requires min.
5 years of uninterrupted operation.2
Lower availability (97.0%97.9%)

and MTBF. API 618 requires min.
3 years of uninterrupted operation.4
API 616 requires min. 3 years

of uninterrupted operation.3
According to vendors practice,

12 years for gas engine.
Availability = uptime (uptime +

downtime). Assumption: Equipment
receives proper operation,
maintenance and inspection
as required by vendor.

for compressor service life.2

for compressor service life.4
API 616 requires min. 20 years for gas

turbine service life.3
According to bidder quote: 96,000

hours (11 years) for gas engine.
CAPEX /package cost
+/ 20%
+/ 20%
Close to each other, even with

1 100% centrifugal and 1 100%
reciprocating.
OPEX
$70/hp$120/hp
$110/hp$160/hp; higher
maintenance cost. Estimated
average annual maintenance
expense in North America for
4 throws, 12-in. stroke, 2 stages,
1,234 hp, 2,700 cubic feet per
minute, PS = 9 psia and PD = 300
psia is $15/hp or $11/kW.6 This
depends on location, design,
service, driver type, material, etc.
Depends on fuel gas/natural gas

price, maintenance cost, cost of spare
parts, etc. May be changed. Includes
utility cost (i.e., fuel gas, IA, PA),
labor, spare parts, cylinder oil and
consumable material. Maintenance
costs of reciprocating compressors
are approximately 3.5 times
greater than those of centrifugal
compressors.7
Delivery time
Higher delivery time,

1012 months (average).
Lower delivery time,

79 months (average).
Depends on market conditions.
MMscfd/hp
0.0050.006
0.0070.008
Estimated based on driver hp.
Skid weight, kg
60,00070,000
100,000120,000 each
Estimated.
Skid size, meter
46 (W) 1517 (L)
810 (W) 1618 (L) each
Estimated.
Efficiency
Lower efficiency than most

displacement-type compressors
for the same owrate and pressure
ratio, especially for pressure ratio
over 2 (less than 83%).
High-efficiency machine;
volumetric efficiency is approx. 97%.
Comparison parameter
Design service life
Inspection, transportation 10%15% of equipment cost.

and installation costs,
estimated
10%15% of equipment cost.
Oil capacity,
including driver
Normally 20 bbl30 bbl (1 bbl = 208 l),

including driver. ISO viscosity grade of
3246, which is more expensive than
reciprocating compressor and driver.
Oil capacity is much less than

centrifugal and cheaper; however,
approx. 850 l/month (max.) for
cylinder lubrication and 1,000 l/
month for engine makeup
is required.
Capital spare
Normally, rotors for compressor casings

and core engine for gas turbine. In
addition, bearings, coupling and dry
gas seal cartridges may be required.
Normally no capital spare.
Surge control
Necessary.
No need.
Process contamination
with oil
No, when using dry gas seal.
Yes, about 850 l/month (max.)

for cylinder lubrication.
Remarks
API RP 686 denes the specialpurpose application: As an

application for which the equipment
is designed for uninterrupted,
continuous operation in critical
service and for which there is usually
no spare equipment available.5
Assumption.
According to vendors
recommendation and
normal practice.
TABLE 3. Other parameters for compressor type selection

Centrifugal compressor with gas turbine
driver, 1 100%
Reciprocating gas compressor with natural gas

engine, 2 100%
Installation and
construction cost
Low to medium, due to modular conguration.

Foundation weight should be approximately 23 times
the equipment weight.
Due to high vibration and pulsation, foundation weight

should be approximately 45 times the equipment weight.
Sometimes, epoxy grouting is required.
Transportation
All parts belonging to a casing will be shipped

and transported as a single piece.
To meet transport limits, sometimes it is required to send

the compressor components (e.g., throws, crankcase,
pistons with piston rods, etc.) as loose items and to
assemble them onsite.
Gearbox
With a single casing, the gearbox must be considered.

With a double casing, a gearbox is not required. However,
the size and cost of the dry gas system will be increased.
Normally without a gearbox, but a ywheel is required.
Pressure pulsation
Absence of any pressure pulsation above the surge point.
Inherent feature of the reciprocating compressor.
Ease of maintenance
Due to less parts and a simple conguration, maintenance

requires less time and effort than for the reciprocating
compressor. In an arrangement with a gas turbine and
two compressor casings, the low-pressure casing is better
axially split, and the high-pressure casing radially split,
and installed in the free end of the skid. This allows ease
of access for quick and safe maintenance.
Due to many parts and mechanisms, the maintenance

is time-consuming compared to that for the centrifugal
compressor. For multiple throws and stages,
the maintenance is also more difficult.
Required utilities
IA, electricity and N2 (for separation gas) is normally

required for the dry gas seal. Sometimes water may be
required. Air can be used for the dry gas seal separation
gas; the author does not recommend air due to safety
considerations.
Normally, IA and electricity. Water and N2 are sometimes

required for purge gas of the distance pieces.
Wearing parts
Mainly bearings and seals.
Piston rings, rider rings, suction and discharge valves,

packing rods, crosshead shoes, bearings and other seals.
A 1-in. increase in stroke of a double-acting reciprocating
compressor causes additional reciprocating parts movement
and more wear.
Speed range, rpm
7,00018,000
1,200 (engine)
Factor
TAKEAWAY
The AHP method considers both
qualitative and quantitative criteria to
evaluate sales gas compressor selection.
The compressor type selected depends
on many factors in a specific project. The
project engineer should consider the
project model (time, cost, quality and
safety) and fitness-for-purpose concepts
during the compressor selection process,
and not concentrate only on technical
subjects. Each project is unique.8
A reciprocating compressor may be
a good fit for one project, but, in a similar project, the centrifugal type may be
the best and most proper choice, or vice
versa. A systematic approach should be
considered when the hierarchy of the
decision criteria depends on managerial
or technical power, personal preference
and/or emotion. GP
PS
PD
IA
PA
=
=
=
=
NOMENCLATURE
Suction pressure
Discharge pressure
Instrument air
Plant air
ISO = International Organization

for Standardization
kW = Kilowatt
MTBF = Mean time between failures
N2 = Nitrogen
NOTE
This article presents the authors own views and
research and is not affiliated with any company.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author heartily thanks Dr. Janaka Y.
Ruwanpura, professor of project management in the
Schulich School of Engineering at the University of
Calgary, Canada, for his guidance and for his brilliant
lecture on the AHP method. The author is also very
grateful to those who offered support and input for
gathering the data and finalizing the findings for this
article, including clients, consultants, practitioners and
vendors. Finally, the author is also very grateful to his
family for their keen, committed and warm encouragement during the preparation of this article.
LITERATURE CITED
Ruwanpura, J. Y., Material offered for second program of project management at Sharif University of
Technology, Tehran, Iran, January 2010.
2
American Petroleum Institute, API 617, 7th Ed.,
Reaffirmed: January 2009, Ch. 1, Sec. 2, Cl. 2.1.2.
3
January 2011, Cl. 4.1.1.
4
1
December 2007, Cl. 6.1.1.

American Petroleum Institute, API RP 686, 2nd Ed.,
December 2009, Ch. 1, Cl. 2.51.
6
Bloch, H. P., Consider a low-maintenance compressor, Chemical Engineering, July 18, 1988.
7
Griffith, W. A. and E. B. Flanagan, Online continuous monitoring of mechanical condition and
performance for critical reciprocating compressors, Proceedings of the 30th Turbomachinery
Symposium, Texas A&M University, Houston,
Texas, 2001.
8
Project Management Institute, A Guide to the Project
Management Body of Knowledge, Newtown Square,
Pennsylvania, 1996.
5
SHAHAB ZARDYNEZHAD is a
senior mechanical engineer with
more than 21 years of experience
at many of the worlds largest oil,
gas and petrochemical projects.
His areas of specialization and
industrial experience include
engineering, design, procurement, inspection,
installation, startup, maintenance and
troubleshooting of general and special-purpose
rotating equipment, with special concentration on
project management and fitness-for-purpose.
He holds a BS degree in mechanical engineering
from the University of Petroleum in Ahwaz, Iran;
an MSc degree in industrial engineering from Iran
University of Science and Technology in Tehran, Iran;
and an MEng degree in project management from
the University of Calgary, Canada.
SHOW PREVIEW: GTL TECHNOLOGY FORUM
GTL Technology Forum to explore

small-scale operations
A. BLUME, Managing Editor
2014
July 3031, 2014
Norris Conference Centers
City Centre
Houston, Texas
Second annual GTL Technology
Forum features presentations
on syngas, non-Fischer Tropsch
(FT) technology, small-scale GTL,
catalysts, modular construction,
future uses of GTL, North American
gas economics, renery integration
with gasication and more
Two days of technical
presentations, panel debates and
networking breaks
Participating companies include
Bechtel Hydrocarbon Technology
Solutions, Kinetics Process
Improvements, Fluor Enterprises,
Haldor Topse, Aerojet
Rocketdyne, Standard Alcohol
Company of America,
Jacobs Engineering, Primus Green
Energy, Velocys and others.
GTLTechForum.com
As the natural gas boom in North

America continues and new technologies
emerge to reduce costs, company interest
is increasingand so is investment. The
second annual Gas-to-Liquids (GTL)
Technology Forum, to be held July 30
31, in Houston, Texas, will investigate the
technology and trends at work as GTL
usage and projects continue to grow in
popularity.
GTL is an increasingly important part
of the North American energy industry.
The World Bank estimates that over 150
billion cubic meters (Bcm) of natural gas
are flared or vented annually, an amount
worth approximately $30.6 B and equivalent to 25% of US gas consumption, or
30% of EU gas consumption per year.
At GTL Technology Forum 2014, solutions will be discussed and perspectives
presented on how best to manage liquids
extraction from marginalized, conventional and unconventional natural gas reserves, with a focus on smaller-scale and
modular processing facilities.
2014 conference program. GTL Tech-
nology Forum 2014 will give special focus to syngas, the future of non-Fischer
Tropsch (FT) GTL technology, trends in
small-scale GTL, catalysts, North American gas economics and more. Interactive
panel discussions will explore modular
GTL and the future uses of GTL.
The conference program also includes
the following real-world case studies:
The optimal path to micro-GTL
commercialization
Refinery integration with
gasification.
Building on success in 2013. The inau-
gural GTL Technology Forum and exhibition took place in Houston, Texas, on
July 3031, 2013. Speakers and attendees
shared knowledge on gas processing technology developments, project economics
and business challenges, with a focus on

GTL processing technologies.
The event, which featured five technical sessions and two keynote speakers,
was sponsored by Honeywell and drew
over 160 attendees representing 96 companies from 10 countries.
Networking lunches and refreshment
breaks in the exhibit space allowed delegates to discuss business strategies over
coffee and desserts, and to learn more
about the technology and data management solutions offered by conference
exhibitors Pentair, Forum Energy Technologies, AMACS and Hydrocarbon Processings Construction Boxscore Database.
Inaugural sessions. The inaugural
sessions of GTL Technology Forum
2013 addressed a variety of topics. The
Forum opened with a keynote speech by
Mark Schnell (FIG. 1), the general manager of marketing, strategy and new business development for Sasol, on the role
of GTL in the new North American energy landscape.
Mr. Schnell called it an exciting time
to be in the North American gas business
for those on the demand side of the equation. He addressed three major topics, including Sasols progress on its GTL plant
in Louisiana, the companys experience on
its GTL journey, and where GTL might fit
into the energy landscape going forward.
Mr. Schnell also addressed some of the
challenges of the evolving GTL sector,
noting that, Commercial capacity is in
the hands of a few companies. The addition of more players would offer improved
security of supply, greater advocacy for alternative fuel policies, and more security
for original equipment manufacturers.
To be truly taken seriously, [GTL] will
have to become an industry, rather than a
handful of clients or players, Mr. Schnell
acknowledged. Its up to us as business
and technology providers to step up and
provide solutions.
SHOW PREVIEW: GTL TECHNOLOGY FORUM

Day 1 of the inaugural GTL Technology
Forum also included presentations from:
Srinivasan Ambatipati, of R3
Sciences, on the development of
modular technology for gas-tomethanol conversion
Dr. Ronald Sills, of the XTL &
DME Institute, on the use of
dimethyl ether as a transportation
fuel in North America
Dr. Carl Hahn, from Pentair, on
reducing capital and operating
expenditures through more effective
separation technologies
Dr. Paul Schubert, then-CEO
of Velocys, on small-scale GTL
as an economic solution
for distributed gas
Anindita Moitra, of Indian Oil
Corp., on off-balance-sheet project
risk management
Tara Fatima, of Bechtel
Hydrocarbon Technology
Solutions, on low-cost methanolto-olefins and methanol-topropylene production
V. K. Arora, of Kinetics Process
Improvements, on the advances and
challenges of syngas preparation
Mitch Hindman, of ExxonMobil
Research and Engineering, on
methanol-to-gasoline technology
for liquid fuel production
A panel discussion among
Honeywells Randy Miller,
Invensys Bill Poe, Emerson Process
Managements Chuck Miller and
Aspen Technologys Michael
Harmse, on the various aspects of
process control challenges for GTL.
Day 2 focused on process optimization, facility design and small-scale GTL,
among other topics. The day began with

a keynote address by Iain Baxter, the director of business development for CompactGTL in the UK.
Mr. Baxter spoke about transformational gas solutions for the upstream
industry and the problems inherent in
conventional GTL operations. He noted
that there are only a handful of companies
with the experience and technological expertise to design large-scale GTL plants.
These companies tend to be large, integrated energy firms and are often protective of their intellectual property.
CompactGTLs compact reforming
technology for syngas generation provides fully modular GTL production
in a range of design capacities, from 10
MMscfd to 150 MMscfd. The company
is working with a number of companies
around the world for small-scale GTL
projects, both onshore and offshore.
The second day of the forum also included presentations from:
Dr. Uday Turaga, of ADI Analytics,
on benchmarking gas monetization
opportunities
Daniel Barnett, of BD Energy
Systems, on improvements to
conventional steam methane
reformer furnaces
Dr. Dave Sams, of Albemarle Corp.,
on catalysts for the thermochemical
conversion of syngas to ethanol
Dr. George Boyajian, of Primus
Green Energy, on the conversion
of natural gas to drop-in liquid fuels
on a small scale
Robert Herrmann, of Robert P.
Herrmann LP, on the use of a gas
lift apparatus for a Fischer-Tropsch
production riser
FIG. 1. Sasols Mark Schnell opened GTL Technology Forum 2013 with a keynote speech on the
role of GTL in North America.
John Oyen, of ABB, on trends

in automation and improvements
in GTL control room technology
Steve Worley, of Worley Engineers,
on the design requirements
for floating vessels intended
for offshore GTL production.
2014 speakers. Among the confirmed
speakers for GTL Technology Forum

2014 are Jeff McDaniel, the commercial
director of Velocys, and Dr. George Boyajian, vice president of business development at Primus Green Energy.
Mr. McDaniel will speak about enabling smaller-scale GTL with the use
of microchannel FT reactors. With new
technology, smaller-scale GTL plants
located near the feedstock resource, or
co-located on refinery sites, have become
economic. These modular plants offer
a way to monetize shale gas in North
America and to bring stranded, associated or undervalued gas to market.
In his presentation, Mr. McDaniel will
provide updates on the progress made in
the last year in the application of Velocys
technology, including the development
of an FT reactor supply chain and details
of the latest commercial projects that
have been announced. The advantages
of the co-location of smaller-scale GTL
plants with existing infrastructure (e.g.,
at refinery sites) will also be presented.
Dr. Boyajian will provide an in-depth
presentation on how Primus Green Energys technology vastly improves economics for GTL by enabling the development of cost-effective, small-scale GTL
plants. He will discuss Primus syngas-togasoline plus (STG+) process, its plans
to break ground on its first commercial
plant later in 2014 and its goal of incorporating jet fuel and diesel lines by 2015.
For more information on conference
registration and sponsorships, please contact Melissa Smith, Events Director, Gulf
Publishing Company, at +1 (713) 5204475, or Melissa.Smith@Gulf Pub.com.
For sponsorship or exhibit opportunities, please contact Lisa Zadok, Events
Sales Manager, Gulf Publishing Company, at +1 (713) 525-4632, or Lisa.
Zadok@Gulf Pub.com.
For registration assistance, please
contact Gwen Hood, Events Manager,
Gulf Publishing Company, at +1 (713)
520-4402, or Gwen.Hood@Gulf Pub.
com. GP
WHATS NEW IN GAS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY

H. MECHE, Associate Editor
Detectors
optical units nd
combustible gases
Scott Safetys Spyglass

open-path combustible gas
detector has two optical units
an infrared (IR) light source
and an IR detector. The units
are separated by a distance,
and they work together to
detect combustible gases in the
atmosphere between them.
The Spyglass system detects
hydrocarbon gases by analyzing
the radiation absorption caused
by gases in the atmosphere
and comparing this absorption
to background atmospheric
absorption. This process is
accomplished between a pair
of units: a flash source, and a
detector that can monitor a
distance of up to 200 m.
For line-of-sight applications,
such as fenceline and pipeline
monitoring, the Spyglass openpath detector can replace up
to 20 fixed-point detectors.
The system has minimal
maintenance requirements that
include periodic cleaning of the
units lenses, an alignment check,
and the replacement of one
consumable sensor with a 10-year
life. This results in reduced lifetime
maintenance costs for users.
The Spyglass open-path
combustible gas detector is
offered in four basic models,
designed to cover different
ranges: Model 20 (7 m20 m),
Model 40 (15 m40 m), Model 100
(35 m100 m) and Model 200
(80 m200 m).
Oil transloading process targets oil and gas

Yokogawa Corp. of America offers a
panel-packaged solution for metering
truck or railcar unloading and loading,
based on the FCN-remote terminal unit
(RTU) low-power autonomous controller
of the STARDOM network-based
control system. This packaged solution
has been developed to meet the
requirements of clients in the upstream
oil and gas industries, and it complies
with API MPMS 11.1, 11.4 and 20.1, as well
as ERCB Directive 17 guidelines.
Yokogawas approach packages a
4 reliability net oil computer with a
standard panel containing all the components needed to bring in flow, temperature, pressure, valve and
permissive input/output to create a net oil metering solution. This reduces the delivery time to six weeks
or better and delivers a preconfigured package where parameters can be easily reconfigured, instead of
requiring full engineering and programming at the site.
The panel-packaged solution is preconfigured for four different types of Coriolis and water-cut meters.
It is configurable for up to four different salinity/brine density calculation methods, supports one year of
data logging for each transaction, and supports e-tickets/logs and paper-printed tickets.
Additionally, the solution is suitable for use in temperatures ranging from 20C to 70C. It supports
standalone and networked database and logging solutions, operates in 0% to 16%+ salinity and covers a
range of fluids.
www.yokogawa.com/us
Detector features standalone bump test

MSAs ALTAIR 2X platform
of gas detectors include onegas and two-gas detectors
that incorporate XCell sensor
technology to increase durability
and deliver enhanced worker
safety, compliance and traceability.
The ALTAIR 2XP gas detector
(with XCell pulse technology) is
said to deliver the worlds first
standalone bump test. It allows
for daily bump testing without the
need for calibration accessories or
bottled calibration gas.
The ALTAIR 2XT gas detector
eliminates the need for a second
detector by using proven XCell
two-tox sensors. They detect two gases on distinct sensor channels with
digital output, minimizing cross-channel interference.
Furthermore, in the ALTAIR 2X single-gas detector, the sensors
controlling electronics are miniaturized and placed inside the sensor
itself using MSAs application-specific integrated circuit design.
Seals group
acquires polymer
expertise
Dresser-Rands Magnum HammerHead valve is designed for highmolecular-weight applications at low and high compressor speeds, and
it can be applied to all brands of reciprocating compressors.
The HammerHead valves geometry was developed using
computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis, improving
the valve flow area by as much as 60% compared to standard Magnum
valves. The valves element design minimizes tensile stresses, while the streamlined flow path, with optimized
seat, guard and lift areas, maximizes the valve flow area and is more tolerant of particles and liquids in the gas.
Only one element is used for all valve sizes. This simplifies inventory management, minimizing replacement
costs and increasing interchangeability. Precision-guided elements and springs increase the reliability of
moving parts for long-term valve operation.
The results delivered by the new valves include lower power consumption and a corresponding increase in
compressor flow. In addition, several clients have benefitted from improved valve reliability and compressor
efficiencies after upgrading to the new valve.
The Saint-Gobain Seals

Group has added expertise
to its polymer product lines
through the acquisition of LS
Kunststofftechnologie GmbH,
a German manufacturer of
high-performance polymer
components for the industrial
and other markets.
Seal rings are found
in different markets and
applications where leakage is
critical, including reciprocating
compressors for distributing
natural gas (i.e., floating
production, storage, and
offloading vessel compressors),
industrial refrigeration
compressors and more.
Depending on working conditions
(such as temperature, pressure,
speed and chemicals involved),
targeted leakage and the
volumes required, the Seals
Group offers a range of materials
for these applications.
Materials such as Rulon,
fluoropolymer compounds,
Meldin HT and thermoplastic
materials (based on PPS, PEEK
and PAI), as well as the Meldin
7000 series and thermoset
polyimide materials, are being
used more often to replace
metal rings. They provide lighter
solutions to reduce energy
consumption and allow greater
design flexibility.
www.seals.saint-gobain.com
www.scottsafety.com
www.msasafety.com
Valve accommodates range of compressor speeds
WHATS NEW IN GAS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY

H. MECHE, Associate Editor
Compact actuators available for LNG valves

A liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification system, together with auxiliary
processes, uses scores of valves. These valves are typically small, cryogenic
and tightly arranged within a compact installation. Automated valves require a
compact and fast-acting actuator, capable of providing rotary or linear drive, for
isolating and modulating duties in a hazardous environment.
The Rotork Schischek range of electric actuators features small sizes, flexible
power-supply ranges, failsafe capabilities and explosion-proof approvals. ExMax
(quarter-turn) and ExRun (linear) actuators are available for process applications
handling LNG in cryogenic environments.
The Schischek universal power supply has a range of 24 volts230 volts, and
alternating current and direct current. Explosion-proof certification for Schischek
actuators encompasses UL, CSA, ATEX, IECEx, GOST/RTN, INMETRO and KOSHA
international standards, with safety integrity levels up to SIL 3 also available with failsafe products.
Valve stroke times are between 1 second and 120 seconds, depending on the actuator model. All models are
fitted as standard with internal heaters, enabling cryogenic operation at ambient temperatures down to 40C.
Dual-tip are
serves many
gas applications
Laboratory testing and field results show that SilcoNert 2000 treated surfaces are inert to mercury (Hg),
hydrogen sulfide (H2S), mercaptans and other active compounds. The coating features accurate grading of
feedstock, detection of process upsets and gas stream qualification for improved yield.
SilcoTek coatings can be applied to intricate surfaces while maintaining the precise tolerances found
in gas process monitoring and instrumentation. The coatings can be used on most components found in
mercury-sampling and sulfur-sampling systems. These components include process sample probes/housings,
impingers, tubing and fittings, regulators, valves, filters, sample cylinders and storage containers, downhole
samplers, and flare gas and stack probes.
ABUTECs produced gas

dual-tip flare is designed for use
with multi-pad wells, high-flow
applications, variable-flow
applications and dual-flow
applications, as well as produced
gas and storage tank vapors.
The flare combusts produced
gas (both high-pressure and
high-flow) as well as tank vapor
with low pressure. It handles
more than 1 million standard
cubic feet per day (MMscfd), or
68 million British thermal units
per hour (Btu/hr), of produced
gas, and 100 thousand standard
cubic feet per day (Mscfd), or 9.2
million Btu/hr, of tank gas.
Additionally, the flares design
allows for high-pressure burners
and low-pressure enclosed
combustors, along with pilots for
use as either a complete unit or
as independent units.
www.SilcoTek.com/GP
www.abutec.com/products
www.schischek.com
Coatings available for Hg, H2S sampling
Bret Ronk, Publisher

Phone: +1 (713) 520-4421
Fax: +1 (713) 520-4421
E-mail: Bret.Ronk@HydrocarbonProcessing.com
www.GasProcessingNews.com
SALES OFFICESNORTH AMERICA

IL, LA, MO, OK, TX
Josh Mayer
Phone: +1 (972) 816-6745
Fax: +1 (972) 767-4442
E-mail: Josh.Mayer@GulfPub.com
AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, GA, HI, ID,
IN, IA, KS, KY, MI, MN, MS, MT, NE, NV, NM,
ND, OR, SD, TN, TX, UT, WA, WI, WY,
WESTERN CANADA
Nick McCorvy
Phone: +1 (713) 520-4449
Fax: +1 (713) 520-4449
E-mail: Nick.McCorvy@GulfPub.com
CT, DC, DE, MA, MD, ME, NC, NH, NJ,

NY, OH, PA, RI, SC, VA, VT, WV,
EASTERN CANADA
Merrie Lynch
Phone: +1 (617) 357-8190
Fax: +1 (617) 357-8194
Mobile: +1 (617) 594-4943
E-mail: Merrie.Lynch@GulfPub.com
DATA PRODUCTS
Lee Nichols
Phone/Fax: +1 (713) 525-4626
E-mail: Lee.Nichols@GulfPub.com
SALES OFFICESEUROPE
ADVERTISER INDEX
FRANCE, GREECE, NORTH AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST,

SPAIN, PORTUGAL, SOUTHERN
BELGIUM, LUXEMBOURG, SWITZERLAND,
GERMANY, AUSTRIA, TURKEY
Ametek Process Instruments .....................11
Catherine Watkins
Tl.: +33 (0)1 30 47 92 51
Fax: +33 (0)1 30 47 92 40
E-mail: Watkins@GulfPub.com
APACGas Asia Summit ............................12

Chart Cooler Service Company ................. 2
Eltherm GmbH ..............................................34
ITALY, EASTERN EUROPE

Fabio Potest
Mediapoint & Communications SRL
Phone: +39 (010) 570-4948
Fax: +39 (010) 553-0088
E-mail: Fabio.Potesta@GulfPub.com
UNITED KINGDOM/SCANDINAVIA,
NORTHERN BELGIUM, THE NETHERLANDS
Michael Brown
Phone: +44 161 440 0854
Mobile: +44 79866 34646
E-mail: Michael.Brown@GulfPub.com

Construction Boxscore Database........ 50
EventsGasPro ..........................................31
EventsWorld Oil Awards .....................54
Jonell, Inc ........................................................17
KP Midstream ................................................63
SALES OFFICESOTHER AREAS
Linde AG ........................................................... 5
CHINAHong Kong
MSA ..................................................................45
Iris Yuen
Phone: +86 13802701367, (China)
Phone: +852 69185500, (Hong Kong)
E-mail: Iris.Yuen@GulfPub.com
INDIA
Manav Kanwar
Phone: +91-22-2837 7070/71/72
Fax: +91-22-2822 2803
Mobile: +91-98673 67374
E-mail: India@GulfPub.com
JAPANTokyo
Yoshinori Ikeda
Pacific Business Inc.
Phone: +81 (3) 3661-6138
Fax: +81 (3) 3661-6139
E-mail: Japan@GulfPub.com
Paqell ............................................................... 37
Pentair .............................................................64
Toyo Engineering Corporation ..................21
World Gas Conference ...............................46
This index and procedure for securing additional information are
provided as a service to advertisers and a convenience to our readers.
Gulf Publishing Company is not responsible for omissions or errors.
ULTIMATE GAS
SEPARATIONS
ULTISEP - NANO-LEVEL (LIQUID)

AEROSOL REMOVAL FROM GAS STREAMS
Its time to address the inherent deficiencies of conventional
gas-liquid separators and effectively remove liquid aerosols
from gas streams.
UltiSep was designed to effectively separate liquid
contaminants from gas streams which come through a
variety of events including entrainment and carryover from
contactors, condensation, compressor lube-oils from
compression, and chemical addition to pipelines (including
corrosion inhibitors), resulting in aerosol distributions
primarily in the nanometer range.
Inquire about upgrading existing coalescers to high
performing separators or purchasing your UltiSep today.
(936) 788-1000
www.pentairseparations.com

WorldOil Jun2014

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WorldOil Jun2014

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

JUNE 2014 / DEFINING TECHNOLOGY FOR EXPLORATION, DRILLING AND PRODUCTION / WorldOil.

2014 FLUIDS TABLE

Maximize WBM performance or minimize

2013 National Oilwell Varco

Onshore or deepwater, NOV FluidControls highly inhibitive water-based

DFX with its uniquely engineered, patented three-component

For more information visit: ZZZQRYFRPZR32/<75$;;

For more information visit: ZZZQRYFRPZR');

Whats new in well logging

Whats new in exploration

Were the good guys

While EPA gathers water,

Real-time SAGR LWD improves

Whats new in production

No reasoning with the seasons

Building a global subsea education,

Digital core flow simulations

DRILLING, COMPLETION &

Whats new in artificial lift?

GRAVITY & MAGNETICS

Showcasing early-stage oil and

Vacuum thermal desorption

REGIONAL REPORT: RUSSIA

Russias upstream sector

This exclusive annual

GAS PROCESSING SUPPLEMENT

Oil and gas in the capitals

Decline rate, gas flaring top

The last barrel

NEWS AND RESOURCES

World of oil and gas

People in the industry

ABOUT THE COVER

World Oil/JUNE 20143

Mailing Address: PO Box 2608

Saeid Mokhatab, LNG

MAGAZINE PRODUCTION/+1 (713) 525-4633

CIRCULATION/+1 (713) 520-4440/Circulation@GulfPub.com

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

ChairmanDr. William J. Pike, Managing Consultant and Contractor to the

DESIGNED TO BE 30% LIGHTER THAN THE COMPETITION,

THATS PUMPING PERFECTED.

The PZ 2400: Built for Extreme Expectations.

Connect with us at: 1-866-GDPUMPS

Were the good guys

Sea and had to be forcibly evicted by the

unconventional trend consists of several stacked pay zones. While horizontal

Regional Report: Russia.

World Oil/JUNE 20147

WORLD OF OIL AND GAS

Eni appraises Agulha

Exxon Mobil discovers oil and gas

Eni has successfully executed the appraisal

Exxon Mobil reported that its affiliate, ExxonMobil

Apache hits two

Apache has struck two hydrocarbon discoveries on its plot of

IGas to purchase Dart, create

IGas Energy and Dart Energy Limited announced that

Maximize Reliability, Availability & Protability

Visit www.arielcorp.com to nd an Ariel Process distributor in

To learn more about Ariel Compressors, please visit www.arielcorp.com

WORLD OF OIL AND GAS

ROLLING PDC CUTTER

For more information visit: ZZZQRYFRPZR32/<75$;;

For more information visit: ZZZQRYFRPZR');