NAVIGATION-2

(TERRESTRIAL AND COASTAL NAVIGATION-2)

NAME:

SUBJECT: NAV-2

DATE: 01/27/15
SALIGAN

INSTRUCTOR: ALLAN O
5 TYPES OF SALING

1.)
PLAIN SAILING SOLVE THE PROBLEM INVOLVING A
SINGLE COURSE AND DISTANCE, DIFFERENCE OF LATITUDE,
AND DEPARTURE, IN WHICH THE EARTH IS REGARDED AS A
PLAIN SURFACE.
2.)
PARALLEL SAILING INTER CONVERSION OF DEPARTURE
AND DIFFERNCE OF LONGITUDE WHEN A VESSEL IS
PROCEEDING DUE EAST OR DUE WEST.
3.)
MIDDLE LATITUDE
SAILING A TYPE OF SAILING

THAT USES THE MEAN LATITUDE FOR CONVERTING

THE DEPARTURE TO DIFFERENCE OF LONGITUDE
WHEN THE SHIPS COURSE IS NOT DUE EAST OR DUE
WEST. IT COMBINES PLAIN AND PARALLEL SAILING.
4.)
MERCATOR SAILING - PROVIDES A MATHEMATICAL
SOLUTION OF THE PLOT ON THE MERCATOR CHART. IT IS
SIMILAR TO PLAIN SAILING BUT USES MERIDIONAL
DIFFERENCE AND DIFFERENCE OF LONGITUDE IN PLACE OF
DIFFERENCE OF LATITUDE AND DEPARTURE RESPECTIVELY.
5.)
GREAT CIRCLE SASILING - THE CALCULATION OF THE
GREAT CIRCLE TRACK BETWEEN TWO POINTS. A AND B WITH
GIVEN LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE IS AN EXERCISE IN
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY. THE POINTS A AND B FORM A
SPHERICAL TRIANGLE WITH THE NORTH POLE C. EACH SIDE
OF THIS TRIANGLE IS AN ARC OF A CIRCLE CENTERED AT
THE CENTER OF THE EARTH, I.E. A GREAT CIRCLE. THE
LENGTH OF A GREAT CIRCLE ARC CAN BE READ OFF
IMMEDIATELY FROM THE CORRESPONDING CENTRAL ANGLE:
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE CENTRAL ANGLE IN MINUTES OF
ARC GIVES THE LENGTH OF THE ARC IN NAUTICAL MILES. IF
WE CALL A, B, THE SIDES OPPOSITE VERTICES A, B, C, THEN
IN THIS TRIANGLE WE KNOW A,B, AND C. SIDE A HAS
LENGTH 900 MINUS THE LATITUDE OF VERTEX B, AND VICE
VERSA. THE ANGLE C IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
LONGITUDES OF A AND B. THIS IS ENOUGH INFORMATION TO

SOLVE FOR ALL THE ELEMENTS OF THE TRIANGLE, IN

PARTICULAR SIDE C (THE GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE) AND
ANGLE A (THE INITIAL COURSE).
6.)
RHUMB ANGLE IN NAVIGATION, A RHUMB LINE (OR
LOXODROME) IS AN ARC CROSSING ALL MERIDIANS OF
LONGITUDE AT THE SAME ANGLE, I.E. A PATH WITH
CONSTANT BEARING AS MEASURED RELATIVE TO TRUE OR
MAGNETIC NORTH.
7.)
DEPARTURE THE ACT OF LEAVING. A STARTING OUT,
AS ON A TRIP OR ANEW COURSE OF ACTION. A DIVERGENCE
OR DEVIATION, AS FROM AN ESTABLISH RULE, PLAN, OR
PROCEDURE: ORDER CURRYAS A DEPARTURE FROM HIS
USUAL BLAND DIET. NAUTICAL THE DIFFERENCE SAILED DUE
EAST ORWEST BY A SHIP ON ITS COURSE.
8.)
DIFFERENCE LATITUDE- THE SHORTER ARC ANY
MERIDIAN BETWEEN THE PARALLELS OF TWO PLACES,
EXPRESSED IN ANGULAR MEASURE.
9.)
NAUTICAL DIFFERENCE LONGITUDE THE SMALLER
ANGLE AT THE POLE OR THE SHORTER ARC OF A PARALLEL
BETWEEN THE MERIDIANS OFTWO PLACES, EXPRESSED AS
AN ANGULAR MEASURE. THE SAME AS CHANGE OF
LONGITUDE.
10.)
GREAT CIRCLE TRACK IS THE SHORTEST DISTANCE
BETWEEN TWO POINTS OF THE SURFACE OF A SPHERE; THE
EARTH ISNT EXACTLY SPHERICAL, BUT THE FORMULAS FOR
A SPHERE ARE SIMPLER AND ARE OFTEN ACCURATE ENOUGH
FOR NAVIGATION.
11.)
MERIDIONAL DIFFERENCE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE MERIDIONAL PARTS OF ANY TWO GIVEN PARALLELS OF
LATITUDE; THIS DIFFERENCE IS FOUND BY SUBTRACTION IF
THE TWO PARALLELS ARE ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE
EQUATOR, AND BY ADDITION IF ON OPPOSITE SIDES. ALSO
KNOWN AS DIFFERENCE OF MERIDIONAL PARTS.
12.)
SMALL CIRCLE IN ADDITIONAL TO RHUMB LINES AND
GREAT CIRCLES, ONE OTHER SMOOTH CURVE (WHICH ALSO
HAPPEN TO BE RHUMB LONES). THJE GENERAL DEFINITION
OF A SMALL CIRCLE IS THE INTERSECTION OF A PLANE WITH
THE SURFACE OF A SPHERE. ON OLLIPSOIDS, THIS ONLY
YIELDS TYRUE SMALL CIRCLES WHEN THE DEFINING PLANE
IS PARALLEL TO THE EQUATOR. MAPPING TOOLBOX
SOFTWARE EXTENDS THIS DEFINITION TO INCLUDE ALL
GREAT CIRCLES AS LIMITING CASES. THIS USAGE IS NOT
UNIVERSAL.

13.)
VERTEX THE LATITUDE OF THE VERTEX, IS ALWAYS
NEMERICALLY EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN OR. IF THE
INITIAL COURSE ANGLE C IS LESS THAN 90, THE VERTEX IS
TOWARD, BUT IF C IS GREATER THAN 90, THE NEARER
VERTEX IS IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION.
14.)
COURSE LINE A LINE OF POSITION PLOTTED ON A
CHART, PARALLEL OR SUBSTANTIALLY PARALLEL TO THE
INTENDED COURSE OF A CRAFT, SHOWING WHETHER THE
CRAFT IS TO THE RIGHT OR THE LEFT OF ITS COURSE. ANY
LINE REPRESENTING A COURSE.
15.)
HEADING IS A TERM IN NAVIGATION THAT REFERS TO
THE DIRECTION A VEHICLE IS POINTING. THIS MAY OR MAY
NOT BE THE DIRECTION THAT THE VIHICLE ACTUALLY
TRAVELS, WHICH OIS KNOWN AS ITS COURSE OR TRACK.
ANY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COURSE AND HEADING IS DUE
TO THE MOTION OF THE UNDERLYING MEDIUM, THE AIR OR
WATER, OR OTHER EFFECTS LIKE SKIDDING OR SLIPPING.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEADING AND COURSE IS
KNOWN AS DRIFT, AND CAN BE DETERMINED BY THE
NAVIGATION TRIANGLE.