Blood

Is not a structure of the Circulatory

System. It is actually Connective tissue!

19-1

Functions of Blood
Transport of:
Gases, nutrients, waste products
Processed molecules
Regulatory molecules

Regulation of pH and osmosis

Maintenance of body temperature
Protection against foreign substances
Clot formation
19-2

Composition of Blood

19-3

Blood
Is a Colloid: Liquid containing suspended
substances that dont settle out

19-4

Plasma
Liquid part of blood
What is in it?
1. Pale yellow made up of 91% water.

19-5

Plasma
2. PLASMA PROTEINS:
Albumin: Important in regulation of water
movement between tissues and blood
Globulins: Immune system or transport
molecules
Fibrinogen: Responsible for formation of blood
clots

19-6

Plasma
Also found in Plasma
3. Nutrients-including
Glucose
Fatty acids
Cholesterol
Amino acids
4. Electrolytes-most abundant
NaCl Sodium chloride
KCl Potassium chloride
19-7

Plasma
5. Hormones, Vitamins, Enzymes
6. Metabolic waste products

19-8

Formed Elements
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

Platelets (thrombocytes)
19-9

Production of Formed Elements

Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis: Process of
blood cell production
Stem cells: All formed elements derived
from single population
Proerythroblasts: Develop into red blood cells
Myeloblasts: Develop into basophils,
neutrophils, eosinophils
Lymphoblasts: Develop into lymphocytes
Monoblasts: Develop into monocytes
Megakaryoblasts: Develop into platelets
19-10

Hematopoiesis

19-11

Erythrocytes
Structure
Biconcave, anucleate

Components
Hemoglobin
Lipids, ATP, carbonic
anhydrase

Function
Transport oxygen from
lungs to tissues and
carbon dioxide from
tissues to lungs
19-12

Hemoglobin

Consists of:
4 globin molecules: Transport carbon dioxide (carbonic
anhydrase involved), nitric oxide
4 heme molecules: Transport oxygen
Iron is required for oxygen transport

19-13

Erythropoiesis

Production of red blood cells

Erythropoietin: Hormone to stimulate RBC
production
19-14

Hemoglobin Breakdown

19-15

Leukocytes
Protect body against Types
Neutrophils: Most common;
microorganisms and
phagocytic cells destroy bacteria
remove dead cells and
(60%)
debris
Eosinophils: Detoxify chemicals;
Movements
reduce inflammation, parasites, and

Ameboid
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Passive Immunity
Active Immunity
Antigen Antibody

allergies (4%)
Basophils: Allergic reactions;
Release histamine, heparin increase
inflam. response (1%)
Lymphocytes: Immunity (30%)
Monocytes (5%) Become
macrophages
19-16

Leukocytes

44.

43.

45.

46.

47.
19-17

Thrombocytes
Cell fragments
pinched off from
megakaryocytes in red
bone marrow
Important in
preventing blood loss
Platelet plugs
Promoting formation
and contraction of clots
19-18

Hemostasis
Arrest/stoppage of bleeding
Events that prevent excessive blood loss
Vascular spasm: Vasoconstriction of damaged
blood vessels
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation or blood clotting

19-19

Platelet Plug Formation

19-20

Coagulation
Stages
Activation of
prothrombinase
Conversion of
prothrombin to
thrombin
Conversion of
fibrinogen to fibrin

Pathways
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
19-21

Clot Formation

19-22

Fibrinolysis

Clot dissolved by
activity of plasmin,
an enzyme which
hydrolyzes fibrin

19-23

Blood Grouping
Determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on
surface of RBCs
Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC
antigens, resulting in agglutination
(clumping) or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs
Groups
ABO and Rh
19-24

ABO Blood Groups

19-25

Agglutination Reaction

19-26

Rh Blood Group
First studied in rhesus monkeys
Types
Rh positive: Have these antigens present on
surface of RBCs
Rh negative: Do not have these antigens present

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Mother produces anti-Rh antibodies that cross
placenta and cause agglutination and hemolysis
of fetal RBCs
19-27

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

19-28

Diagnostic Blood Tests

Type and crossmatch
Complete blood count
Red blood count
Hemoglobin measurement
Hematocrit measurement

White blood count

Differential white blood
count
Clotting
19-29

Blood Disorders
Erythrocytosis: RBC
overabundance
Anemia: Deficiency of
hemoglobin

Iron-deficiency
Pernicious
Hemorrhagic
Hemolytic
Sickle-cell

Hemophilia
Thrombocytopenia
Leukemia
Septicemia
Malaria
Infectious
mononucleosis
Hepatitis
19-30