Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Volume 28
Issue 2 Winter 2011
Article 6
January 2011
Louis Conte
Robert Krakow
Lisa Colin
03 HOLLANDMACRO3
ARTICLE
UNANSWERED QUESTIONS FROM THE
VACCINE INJURY COMPENSATION
PROGRAM:
A Review of Compensated Cases of VaccineInduced Brain Injury
MARY HOLLAND, LOUIS CONTE, ROBERT KRAKOW AND LISA COLIN*
INTRODUCTION
Is the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) of
the U.S. Court of Federal Claims a fair forum? This is not a
trivial question as it is the only forum in which parents may
bring claims for vaccine injury to their children. Under the 1986
National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (1986 Law), Congress
created an administrative forum that it meant to ensure simple
justice for children; it gave the VICP original jurisdiction for all
vaccine injury claims.1 Because almost all U.S. children must
* Mary Holland, Research Scholar and Director of the Graduate Legal Skills
Program, NYU School of Law; Louis Conte, independent investigator; and
Robert Krakow and Lisa Colin, attorneys in private practice. Pace Law School
provided significant research support for this study. The authors thank former
Environmental Law Dean Alexandra Dunn and law students Jillian Petrera,
Kyle Caffrey, Sohad Jamal, Alison Kaplan, Georgine Bells, Jonne Ronquillo,
Lisa Hatem, Allison Kazi and Adrienne Fortin. The authors also thank
volunteers who worked under the direction of Louis Conte. For purposes of
disclosure, Robert Krakow and Lisa Colin represent clients and have claims on
behalf of family members in the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program.
1. National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, 42 U.S.C. 300aa11(2)(A) (2006). All individuals injured by a vaccine administered after the
date of enactment of the legislation are required to go through the compensation
program. H.R. REP. NO. 99-908, at 3 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N.
6344, 6344. After filing in the program, petitioners may reject program
judgments or opt out of it to bring claims in state or federal court, but initial
claims over $1,000 in damages must be made in the VICP. Id. at 12.
480
!"!#%!%&""#'&+#/'5+/7!&7:!+/&++!'<<&="&!&'<5">//:@ #+#5
/\ _+Z/5+ #Z{/+&'"! +>&+ +>#5 +#7_'&: {/%#<!5 !|_#+&7:!
+!&+Z!'+@ +&'5{&!'"=@ &'< ^_5+#"! +/ +>/5! ">#:<!' }>/ >&%!
+>!~&%!Z#5\/+_'!+/7!#'^_!<7=+>!%!=%&""#'!5#'+!'<!<
+/!!{+>!Z>!&:+>=`
0>! QX >&5 >&< & Z#[!< >#5+/= #' +>! !=!5 /\ +>!
\&Z#:#!5 /\ +>! %&""#'!]#'^_!<` 3>#:! 5/Z! {&!'+5 /\ %&""#'!]
#'^_!<">#:<!'5_{{/+!<+>!&}@/%!+#Z!Z&'="&Z!+/
%#!}#+}#+>7#++!<#5&{{/#'+Z!'+` :!&<=7=+>!Z#<]5@
>&< !<_"!< +>! ~/_'<5 \/ {!5_Z{+#%! "&_5&+#/'@ &'<
+>_5 !"/%!=@ \/ %&""#'! #'^_= #' }&=5 +>&+ Z&'= /75!%!5
\/_'< +/_7:#'~` _+ +>! QX5 ~!&+!5+ ">&::!'~! =!+ :&=
&>!&<`
0>&+ ">&::!'~! 7!~&' #' @ }>!' '!&:= \#%! +>/_5&'<
\&Z#:#!5\#:!<{!+#+#/'5}#+>+>!QX":&#Z#'~+>&+%&""#'!5>&<
"&_5!< +>!# ">#:<!'5 '!_/:/~#"&: <#5/<! "&::!< &_+#5Z`
+&+#'~ #' +>! :&+! 5@ +>! \!|_!'"= /\ &_+#5Z <#&~'/5!5
@ 0X 03 XX0X@
>++{}}}`#ZZ_'#&+#/'#'\/`/~%&""#'!55+&+!]!|_#!Z!'+5 :&5+ %#5#+!< !7`
@ {/%#<#'~ & 5!&">&7:! :#5+ /\ %&""#'! !|_#!Z!'+5 \/ ">#:<!' 7=
5+&+!`
#!\ \/ +>! &+#/'&: Q&""#'! X'\/Z&+#/' !'+!@ !+ &:` &5
Z#"# _#&! _{{/+#'~ !+#+#/'!5@ _!5!}#+ %` 3=!+>@ `+`
/` ]@
>++{}}}`&Z!#"&'7&`/~"/'+!'+<&Z
&7&{_7:#5>#'~{!%#!}{_7:#"!<{!%#!}7#!\5{<\5!+#+#/'!
Z_QX&'<~5`&_+>">!"<&Z`{<\`
&+|_/+#'~+>!+!5+#Z/'=/\&7&&/!#5>!7!\/!/'~!55#'
0>!! #5 7#++! <#5&{{/#'+Z!'+ &'< {!%&5#%! _'>&{{#'!55 &Z/'~
{&!'+5```}#+>+>!"_!'+5+_"+_!&'<&<Z#'#5+&+#/'/\+>!%&""#'!#'^_=
"/Z{!'5&+#/'{/~&Z`````
` !Z/%!< +>! {!5_Z{+#/' /\ !"/%!= \/Z !5#<_&: 5!#_!
<#5/<! #' &">@ @ \/"#'~ \&Z#:#!5@ :#! +>! _!5!}#+ \&Z#:= #'
!"#
$%@ +/ {/%! "&_5&+#/'` &+#/'&: Q&""#'! X'^_=
/Z{!'5&+#/'/~&Z!%#5#/'/\+>!Q&""#'!X'^_=0&7:!@!<`!~`@
!7`@"/<#\#!<&5&Z!'<!<&+```{+`
&'<!_
'
'<!_%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@`<@!<`#`
`
!/=%`!"=/\+>!!{+/\!&:+> _Z&'!%5`@/`]Q@
3 @ &+ !<` :` "+` @ @
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%5#+!5<!\&_:+\#:!5&_+#5Z!/=`{<\`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
` #">&!: ` "/'&:< />' ` &_:@
&-
/
/
&
)
//@ Q0 ` X ` 0` @ @
>++{}}}`&::`/~{<\"/'&:<&_:`{<\`
-'/+!5]`
- 0&7:! /\ QX]/Z{!'5&+!< :&#Z5 /\ &#' X'^_= 0>&+
X'":_<!_+#5Z/_+#5Z]:#!=Z{+/Z5`
&{{/[#Z&+!:= /'! #' /'! >_'<!< &'< +!' ">#:<!'` ' +>#5
{/#'+@ +>#5 5+_<= 5+/'~:= 5_~~!5+5 +>! '!!< \/ \_+>!
/'~!55#/'&: &'< 5"#!'+#\#" #'%!5+#~&+#/' +/ ![{:/! +>!
&55/"#&+#/'7!+}!!'%&""#'!]#'<_"!<7&#'#'^_=&'<&_+#5Z&'<
+>! #'+!~#+= /\ +>#5 \!<!&::=]&<Z#'#5+!!< "/Z{!'5&+#/'
{/~&Z`
X'&+X@}!!%#!}+>!&}+>&+"!&+!<+>!QX&'<
+>! Z'#7_5@ 7&"~/_'< #'\/Z&+#/' /' &_+#5Z@ +>!
!{&+Z!'+ /\ !&:+> &'< _Z&' !%#"!5 "/'"!55#/'
#'+>!(&"&5!@&'<&++!Z{+5+/~!+#'\/Z&+#/'&7/_+&_+#5Z
\/Z "/Z{!'5&+!< "&5!5 /\ %&""#'! #'^_=` &+ XX <!+&#:5 +>!
{_7:#5>!< "&5!5 #' +>! QX +>&+ '/+! &_+#5Z / &_+#5Z]:#!
5=Z{+/Z5 &'< #'\/Z&+#/' &7/_+ 5!++:!< "&5!5 Z&'#\!5+#'~
&_+#5Z+>&+{&!'+&:"&!~#%!5>&%!"/'\#Z!<`X+<#5"_55!5+>!
"&5!5 &'< #'":_<!5 !{!5!'+&+#%! |_!5+#/''&#! !5{/'5!5 \/Z
{&!'+5 &'< "&!~#%!5` &+ XXX >#~>:#~>+5 _'&'5}!!<
|_!5+#/'5@ Z&!5 !"/ZZ!'<&+#/'5@ &'< <&}5 "/'":_5#/'5`
{{!'<#"!5 #'":_<! <#&~'/5+#" #'\/Z&+#/'@ <!\#'#+#/'5@ !["!{+5
\/Z & !!</Z /\ X'\/Z&+#/' !|_!5+@ & :#5+ /\ {!%#/_5:=
{_7:#5>!< &+#":!5 !%&:_&+#'~ "/Z{!'5&+!< "&5!5 \/Z +>! QX@
&'<&"/{=/\+>!{&!'+5+_"+_!<#'+!%#!}\/Z`
) )
0
) )
$1
&-
2
223
)%
4
X
0
Q0X@
0`
>++{}}}`"<"`~/%\!&+_!5"/_'+#'~&_+#5Z:&5+%#5#+!<&'`@`
` 0>! QX #5 :/"&+!< #' +>! @ !&:+> !5/_"!5 &'< !%#"!5
<Z#'#5+&+#/'@ !&:+>"&! =5+!Z5 _!&_@ #%#5#/' /\ Q&""#'! X'^_=
/Z{!'5&+#/'`
&
*//
5$
)&6&
(&
&
*
)(@ `` 0 0 Q`@ 0 ` Q` X`@
>++{}}}`>5&`~/%%&""#'!"/Z{!'5&+#/' :&5+ %#5#+!< !7 @ ` @
@&'<+>!/_+/\!<!&::&#Z5^/#'+:=/%!5!!+>!QX`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
!"#$%&
$&%%''$
()*+ '
/'~!55 "!&+!< +>! QX &5 {&+ /\ +>! &+#/'&:
>#:<>//<Q&""#'!X'^_="+&}` /'~!55{&55!<+>#5
:!~#5:&+#/' +/ &">#!%! 5!%!&: /7^!"+#%!5 +/ "!&+! +>!
#'\&5+_"+_! \/ & '&+#/'&: #ZZ_'#&+#/' {/~&Z +/
#'5_:&+! #'<_5+= &'< +>! Z!<#"&: {/\!55#/' \/Z :#&7#:#+=
+/ !5+&7:#5> & {/~&Z +/ "/Z{!'5&+! +>! #'^_!< &'< +/
{/Z/+!5&\!%&""#'!5`
0>! &} /_+:#'!< &' &Z7#+#/_5 &~!'<& \/ %&""#'!
!5!&">@ {/<_"+#/'@ {/"_!Z!'+@ <#5+#7_+#/'@ {/Z/+#/'@ &'<
{_">&5! /\ %&""#'!5` X+ !5+&7:#5>!< +>! QX +/ "/Z{!'5&+!
%&""#'!]!:&+!< #'^_= / <!&+>` X' #+5 :!~#5:&+#%! >#5+/=@
/'~!55 &55!+!< +>&+ +>! {_{/5! /\ +>! {/~&Z }&5 +/
!5+&7:#5> & \!<!&: '/]\&_:+ {/~&Z _'<! }>#"> &}&<5 "&' 7!
Z&<! +/ %&""#'!]#'^_!< {!5/'5 |_#":=@ !&5#:=@ &'< }#+>
"!+&#'+= &'< ~!'!/5#+=` /'~!55 !'&"+!< +>! 5+&+_+! +/
"/Z{!'5&+! ">#:<!' }>/ >&< 7!!' #'^_!< }>#:! 5!%#'~ +>!
{_7:#"~//<`
0>! {/~&Z !|_#!5 {&!'+5 /\ %&""#'!]#'^_!< ">#:<!' +/
\#:! \#5+ #' +>! QX 7!\/! &'= /+>! "/_+` 0>! /_+ /\
!<!&: :&#Z5 #' 3&5>#'~+/'@ `` /%!5!!5 +>! {/~&Z`
` &+#/'&: >#:<>//< Q&""#'! X'^_= "+ /\ @ ``` &&] +/
`
&&]`
&&]&`
&&]&`
&&]&`
&&]`
` ```&&]&`
` `` ` ` ]@ &+ @ 6
`````` @
`
` ```&&]`
&&]`
\+! \#:#'~ #' +>! QX@ >/}!%!@ {!+#+#/'!5 !+&#' +>! #~>+ +/
~/ +/ "#%#: "/_+ &\+! }&#+#'~ & 5{!"#\#!< {!#/< /\ +#Z! /
!^!"+#'~&QX<!"#5#/'` /'~!55#'+!'<!<+/"!&+!&:&~!:=
&<Z#'#5+&+#%! {/~&Z &5 &' &:+!'&+#%! +/ +>! "#%#: +/+ :&}
5=5+!Z` 0>!{_{/5!/\+>!QX}&5+/!5+&7:#5>&\!<!&:'/]
\&_:+ "/Z{!'5&+#/' {/~&Z` 0>! /'~!55#/'&: /ZZ#++!!
!{/+ '/+!< +>&+ +>! 5=5+!Z #5 #'+!'<!< +/ 7! ![{!<#+#/_5 &'<
\&# &'< +/ "/Z{!'5&+! !"/~'#!< %&""#'! #'^_#!5 }#+>/_+
!|_##'~ +>! <#\\#"_:+ #'<#%#<_&: <!+!Z#'&+#/'5 /\ "&_5&+#/' /\
#'^_=` 0>! {_{/5! /\ +>! 5+&+_+! }&5 +/ /%!"/Z! +>!
#'&<!|_&"#!5 /\ +>! ![#5+#'~ +/+ 5=5+!Z \/ %&""#'!]#'^_!<
">#:<!'`/+>!!:&+#%!:=\!}}>/&!#'^_!<7=%&""#'!5
+>/_~>'/\&_:+/\+>!#/}'+>!/{{/+_'#+#!5\/!<!55&'<
!5+#+_+#/' &! :#Z#+!<@ +#Z!]"/'5_Z#'~@ ![{!'5#%!@ &'< /\+!'
_'&'5}!!<` ` ` `!+ \_+_!5 >&%! 7!!' <!5+/=!< &'< Z/_'+#'~
![{!'5!5Z_5+7!Z!+`
3>!' /'~!55 {&55!< +>! &}@ +>!! }!! 5!%!&:
!"/~'#!<
%&""#'!
#'^_#!5@
#'":_<#'~
&'&{>=:&[#5@
!'"!{>&:/{&+>=@{&&:=+#"{/:#/@">/'#"&+>#+#5@!5#<_&:5!#_!
<#5/<!@ &'< <!&+>` :: +>! #'^_#!5 /' +>! Q&""#'! X'^_=
0&7:! }!! +/ >&%! /""_!< }#+>#' +>#+= <&=5 /\ %&""#'&+#/'`
/5+#'^_#!5:#5+!<#'+>!0&7:!<!5"#7!<!%!'+5+>&+Z_5+/""_
}#+>#' >/_5 / +>!! <&=5 /\ & ">#:< !"!#%#'~ & %&""#'!` X\
{!+#+#/'!5 Z!+ +>! ![&"+ !|_#!Z!'+5 /\ +>! 5{!"#\#!< #'^_#!5@
+>!' +>!= }/_:< '/+ 7! !|_#!< +/ :#+#~&+! &'< }/_:< !"!#%!
"/Z{!'5&+#/' +>/_~> &' &<Z#'#5+&+#%! '/]\&_:+ {/"!55`
&&]`
` `` ` `]@&+0>!/ZZ#++!!/''!~=&'</ZZ!"!
&'+#"#{&+!5 +>&+ +>! 5{!!< /\ +>! "/Z{!'5&+#/' {/~&Z@ +>! :/} +&'5&"+#/'5
"/5+5/\+>!5=5+!Z@+>!'/]\&_:+'&+_!/\+>!!|_#!<\#'<#'~5@&'<+>!!:&+#%!
"!+&#'+=&'<~!'!/5#+=/\+>!5=5+!Z5&}&<5}#::<#%!+&5#~'#\#"&'+'_Z7!
/\{/+!'+#&:{:&#'+#\\5\/Z:#+#~&+#/'``
&+`
&+`
`` ]@ +&+` "/<#\#!< &5 &Z!'<!< &+ ```
&&]@
>++{}}}`>5&`~/%%&""#'!"/Z{!'5&+#/'
&_+>/##'~:!~#5:&+#/'`{<\`
&&:=+#" {/:#/ >&< & +#Z! {!#/< /\ <&=5 Z/5+ #'^_#!5 }!! +/
>&%!/""_!<}#+>#'<&=5`
`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
/ #'^_#!5 +>&+ }!! '/+ :#5+!< /' +>! 0&7:!@ >/}!%!@
{!+#+#/'!5 }/_:< >&%! +/ {/%! +>!5! #'^_#!5 7&5!< /' &
{!{/'<!&'"! /\ +>! !%#<!'"!@ & Z/! :#!:= +>&' '/+
5+&'<&<`
0>!QX#'5_:&+!5%&""#'!Z&'_\&"+_!5\/Z:#&7#:#+=&'<
!|_#!5+>&+{!+#+#/'!57#'~+>!#{!+#+#/'55/:!:=&~&#'5+`
0>!= Z&= '/+ 5_! Z&'_\&"+_!5 / >!&:+>"&! {&"+#+#/'!5`
0>!&+#/'&:!\/+>#5#'<_5+=&'<{/\!55#/'&:{/+!"+#/'}&5+/
!'5_! & 5+&7:! ">#:<>//< %&""#'! 5_{{:= &'< +/ !!{ {#"!5
&\\/<&7:!` 0>! QX &}&<5 "/Z{!'5&+#/' /_+ /\ & Q&""#'!
X'^_= 0_5+ _'< "/::!"+!< \/Z &' !["#5! +&[ /\ ` #Z{/5!<
/'+>!5&:!/\!%!=%&""#'!`
!+#+#/'!5+=+>!#"&5!5#'+>!QX7!\/!{!"#&:&5+!5
/\+>!/_+/\!<!&::&#Z5`#~>+{!"#&:&5+!5&"+&5+>!
5/:!\#'<!5/\\&"+&'<:&}` 0>!QX#5Z!&'++/7!#'\/Z&:@
}#+>/_+ !:#&'"! /' +>! \!<!&: _:!5 /\ !%#<!'"! &'< "#%#:
{/"!<_!` /'~!55 #'+!'<!< +>#5 #'\/Z&:#+= +/ 7!'!\#+ +>!
` &+#/'&: >#:<>//< Q&""#'! X'^_= "+ /\ @ ``` &&]
&`
&&]&
&````]@&+@6
``````@0>!7#::!|_#!5+>&+&{!5/'}#+>&'#'^_=
!5_:+#'~ \/Z & %&""#'! +>&+ }&5 &<Z#'#5+!!< &\+! +>! !'&"+Z!'+ /\ +>#5
:!~#5:&+#/' \#:! & "/Z{!'5&+#/' {!+#+#/' &'< ~/ +>/_~> +>! "/Z{!'5&+#/'
{/~&Z 7!\/! {/"!!<#'~ }#+> $ :#+#~&+#/' &~&#'5+ & Z&'_\&"+_!`
!Z{>&5#5&<<!<`
@+!%!`&:&'<#::/@*%
*//&1
%$
&
+$
/
6
&-
*//
%
)%7@`X```
@ Q&""#'! Z&'_\&"+_!5 |_#":= :!&'!< +>!# :!55/' &'<
+>!&+!'!<+/>&:+{/<_"+#/'_':!55~_&&'+!!<#'<!Z'#\#"&+#/'7=+>!\!<!&:
~/%!'Z!'+` 5 & !5_:+@ %&""#'! 5>/+&~!5 !'5_!<@ {#"!5 5=/"!+!<@ &'<
/'~!55}&5\/"!<#'+/&"+#/'``
&
*//
5$
)&6&
(&
*//
5$
)&6&
0@``0 0 Q`@0 `
Q`
X`@
>++{}}}`>5&`~/%%&""#'!"/Z{!'5&+#/'
QX0_5+_'<`>+Z:&5+%#5#+!<&'`@0>!0_5+_'<#5\_'<!<7=
&`!["#5!+&[/'!&"></5!/\%&""#'!{_">&5!<#`!`@!&"><#5!&5!{!%!'+!<
#'&</5!/\%&""#'!``X'/+>!}/<5@&"/'5_Z!}/_:<{&=`&5&'!["#5!
+&[ /' +>! %&""#'!@ / ` /' !&"> /\ +>! Z!&5:!5@ Z_Z{5 &'< _7!::&
&'+#~!'5`
` ```&&]`
` `` 0` ` X QX ` 7 X' !"!#%#'~ !%#<!'"!@ +>!
5{!"#&:Z&5+!}#::'/+7!7/_'<7="/ZZ/':&}/5+&+_+/=_:!5/\!%#<!'"!
7_+ Z_5+ "/'5#<! &:: !:!%&'+ &'< !:#&7:! !%#<!'"! ~/%!'!< 7= {#'"#{:!5 /\
\_'<&Z!'+&:\&#'!55+/7/+>{&+#!5``
{!+#+#/'!5 7= Z&#'~ +>! \/_Z 5#Z{:! &'< :!55 "/5+:=`
!"#5#/'5 /\ +>! {!"#&: &5+!5 </ '/+ 5!%! &5 {!"!<!'+ #'
5_75!|_!'+{/"!!<#'~5#'5+&+!/\!<!&:"/_+`
!+#+#/'!5 Z&= !"!#%! @ #' +>! !%!'+ /\ & %&""#'!]
!:&+!< <!&+> &'< & Z&[#Z_Z &Z/_'+ /\ @ \/ {&#' &'<
5_\\!#'~` 0>!5!"&{5>&%!'/+">&'~!<5#'"!` 0>!
&} &:5/ {/%#<!5 \/ !&5/'&7:! &++/'!=5 \!!5 &'< "/5+5 \/
7#'~#'~&{!+#+#/'@5/+>&+{!+#+#/'!5</'/+>&%!+/{&=:&}=!5
/_+/\{/"!+//_+/\+>!{/"!!<5/\&^_<~Z!'+&5+>!=}/_:<
>&%!+/</#'"#%#:"/_+_'<!&"/'+#'~!'"=\!!&&'~!Z!'+`
0>!&}!|_#!5+>&+{!+#+#/'57!\#:!<'/Z/!+>&'
Z/'+>5&\+!+>!<&+!/\+>!/""_!'"!/\+>!\#5+5=Z{+/Z/
Z&'#\!5+&+#/' /\ /'5!+ / /\ +>! 5#~'#\#"&'+ &~~&%&+#/' /\ 5_">
#'^_= &\+! +>! &<Z#'#5+&+#/' /\ +>! %&""#'!` 0>#5 +>!!]
=!& 5+&+_+! /\ :#Z#+&+#/'5 #5 5>/+! +>&' Z&'= 5+&+! +/+
5+&+_+!5 &'< </!5 '/+ {/%#<! \/ +/::#'~ }>!' {:&#'+#\\5 <#< '/+@
/ "/_:< '/+@<#5"/%! +>! #'^_= }#+>#'+>! +>!!]=!&5+&+_+!/\
:#Z#+&+#/'5`
X'{!>&{5+>!Z/5+5#~'#\#"&'+{&+/\+>!5+&+_+!@+>!
&}!5+#"+5%&""#'!Z&'_\&"+_!5&'<%&""#'!&<Z#'#5+&+/5
:#&7#:#+= #' &'= "/_+ _':!55 {!+#+#/'!5 \#:! \#5+ #' +>! QX`
` `` !{` /`]@&+ 0>! {_{/5!/\ +>! 5+&+_+! #5 +/ !5+&7:#5> &
!<!&: '/]\&_:+ "/Z{!'5&+#/' {/~&Z _'<! }>#"> &}&<5 "&' 7! Z&<! +/
%&""#'!]#'^_!<{!5/'5|_#":=@!&5#:=@&'<}#+>"!+&#'+=&'<~!'!/5#+=`
` ``` &&]@ }>#"> {/%#<!5 +>&+ #'\/Z&+#/' 5_7Z#++!<
+/ & 5{!"#&: Z&5+! / +>! "/_+ #' & {/"!!<#'~ /' & {!+#+#/' Z&= '/+ 7!
<#5":/5!< +/ & {!5/' }>/ #5 '/+ & {&+= +/ +>! {/"!!<#'~ }#+>/_+ +>! ![{!55
}#++!'"/'5!'+/\+>!{!5/'}>/5_7Z#++!<+>!#'\/Z&+#/'`X'/+>!}/<5@
&::!"/<5&!5!&:!<&'<</'/+7!"/Z!{&+/\+>!"/_+!"/<#'5_75!|_!'+
"#%#::&}5_#+5`
&&]&@`
` )-
``]@ +&+` "/<#\#!< &5 &Z!'<!<&+ ```
&&]&@
@
>++{}}}`>5&`~/%
%&""#'!"/Z{!'5&+#/'&_+>/##'~:!~#5:&+#/'`{<\`
```&&]!`
&&]`
` :/!%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@!<`:`@!<`:`@
` "&5! /' !|_#+&7:! +/::#'~ &'< <#5"/%!= /\ #'^_= #' %&""#'! "&5!5 #5
"_!'+:= 7!\/! +>! /_+ /\ {{!&:5 \/ +>! !<!&: #"_#+ \/ &'
/
>!&#'~+/7!>!&<#'`:/!%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@/`
]@3!<`#`"+`@`
``&&]`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
+&+#'~ #' @ '/ %&""#'! Z&'_\&"+_! }&5 :#&7:! \/ &
%&""#'!]!:&+!< #'^_= / <!&+> \/Z /'! /\ +>! !"/ZZ!'<!<
%&""#'!5 #\ +>! #'^_= / <!&+> !5_:+!< \/Z 5#<! !\\!"+5 +>&+
}!!_'&%/#<&7:!!%!'+>/_~>+>!%&""#'!}&5{/{!:={!{&!<
&'<}&5&""/Z{&'#!<7={/{!<#!"+#/'5&'<}&'#'~5` 0>#5
:&'~_&~!5+!Z5\/Z+>!!"/'<!5+&+!Z!'+/\0/+5` 0>!``
_{!Z! /_+ <!"#<!< !"#
$%@ }>#"> <!&:+
5{!"#\#"&::=}#+>+>#5{/%#5#/'#'
!7_&=`
X' &<<#+#/' +/ 7/&< :#&7#:#+= {/+!"+#/'@ +>! &} &:5/
{/%#<!5 &'/+>! 5>#!:< +/ Z&'_\&"+_!5 _'<! \!<!&: :&}`
0>!&}{!Z#+5+>!Z+>!#~>++/'/+<#5":/5!'/}'#55
+/{&!'+5/~_&<#&'5/\+>/5!7!#'~%&""#'&+!<`!5+#'~/'+>!
:!&'!< #'+!Z!<#&= </"+#'!@ Z&'_\&"+_!5 7!& '/ :#&7#:#+=
\/ ~#%#'~@ / \&#:#'~ +/~#%!@ &""_&+! / "/Z{:!+! #'\/Z&+#/' +/
+>/5! %&""#'&+!<@ &'< >&%! /':= +/ {/%#<! !:!%&'+ #'\/Z&+#/'
+/ </"+/5@ }>/ Z_5+ ~#%! {&+#!'+5 Q&""#'! X'\/Z&+#/'
+&+!Z!'+5`
0>!/_+/\{{!&:5\/+>!!<!&:#"_#+>&5!5+&7:#5>!<
& {!+#+#/'!5 7_<!' /\ {//\ #' & 5!#!5 /\ "&5!5` X+ !|_#!5
+>&+&{!+#+#/'!{/%!
&&]7`
` !5+&+!Z!'+!"/'</\0/+5"Z+``
` X'@+>!_{!Z!/_+/\!/~#&>!:<+>&+"#%#:"/_+5Z_5+<!"#<!
/' & "&5!]7=]"&5! 7&5#5 }>!+>! & %&""#'!]!:&+!< #'^_= #5 _'&%/#<&7:! \/
":&#Z5 /\ %&""#'! <!5#~' <!\!"+` Z` /Z! /<5` /{` %` !&#@ ``<
&` ` = "/'+&5+@ #' @ +>! 0>#< #"_#+ /_+ /\ {{!&:5 >!:<
+>&+&::%&""#'!#'^_#!5&::!~!<:=<_!+/<!5#~'<!\!"+&!_'&%/#<&7:!_'<!
+>! &} 7!"&_5! /\ \!<!&: {!!Z{+#/'` _!5!}#+ %` 3=!+>@ X'"`@
`<@]@]<#`@/
@`+``'
!7_&= @ @ +>! _{!Z! /_+ &\\#Z!< +>! 0>#< #"_#+5 _:#'~ ]
+>&++>!&}{!!Z{+5&::"#%#:%&""#'!<!5#~'<!\!"+":&#Z5`_5+#"!"&:#&
}/+! +>! Z&^/#+= /{#'#/' _5+#"! /+/Z&=/ }/+! & <#55!'+@ 5+/'~:=
<#5&~!!#'~ }#+> +>! Z&^/#+=5 #'+!{!+&+#/'` _!5!}#+ %` 3=!+>@ /` ]
@
3
!7`
@
@
&+
>++{}}}`5_{!Z!"/_+`~/%/{#'#/'5{<\]`{<\`
```&&]"`
@ *//
-&&
@ }}}`"<"`~/%%&""#'!5
{_7%#5<!\&_:+`>+Z:&5+%#5#+!<&`@`
:+>!'%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@`<@!<`
#`
&&{#&'/%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@`<@
!<`#`'<!_'
'<!_%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@
`<@]!<`#``
&Z!<#"&:+>!/="&_5&::="/''!"+#'~+>!%&""#'&+#/'&'<
+>!#'^_=
& :/~#"&: 5!|_!'"! /\ "&_5! &'< !\\!"+ 5>/}#'~ +>&+ +>!
%&""#'&+#/'}&5+>!!&5/'\/+>!#'^_=&'<
& 5>/}#'~ /\ & {/[#Z&+! +!Z{/&: !:&+#/'5>#{ 7!+}!!'
%&""#'&+#/'&'<#'^_=`
0>!/_+&+#"_:&+!<+>!!&5/'\/+>#5:/}!7_<!'+>&'
+>&+'!"!55&=#'"#%#:"/_++/&::/}+>!\#'<#'~/\"&_5&+#/'#'&
\#!:<7!!\+/\"/Z{:!+!&'<<#!"+{//\/\>/}%&""#'!5&\\!"++>!
>_Z&'7/<=` !+#+#/'!5&!'/+!|_#!<+/5>/}+>!{!"#5!
Z!">&'#5Z/\#'^_= 7_+&!Z!!:=!|_#!<+/5>/}+>&++>!
%&""#'! #' |_!5+#/' "&_5!< +>!# #'^_=` ` `` 0>#5 7_<!' /\
{//\&{{:#!<#'+>!Z'#7_5@&5#+</!5#'&::QX"&5!5`
, ''$. )$/0
%*%1*/+
Q&""#'!5 >&%! 7!!' "/'+/%!5#&: 5#'"! <}&< !''!
#'#+#&+!< +>!#}#<!5{!&< _5! #' '~:&'< #' +>! 5` /Z!
&~_! +>&+ +>! "/'+!Z{/&= `` Z/%!Z!'+ \/ %&""#'! 5&\!+=
&'< ">/#"! 7!~&' }#+> !& 0>/Z{5/'5 +!:!%#5#/' 5{!"#&: (
& #' ` 0>&+ \#:Z <!{#"+5 Z&'= #'<#%#<_&:5 }>/
5_\\!!< \/Z +>! #'<5 /\ #'^_#!5 +>&+ +>! QX :&+!
"/Z{!'5&+!<` 0>! #'<#%#<_&:5 +>&+ +>! \#:Z <!{#"+!< >&<
<!%&5+&+#'~ <#5&7#:#+#!5 5!#_!5@ Z!'+&: !+&<&+#/'@ &_+#5Z@
{&&:=5#5@ 7:#'<'!55@ &'< <!&\'!55@ &Z/'~ /+>!5` 0>&+ \#:Z :!<
<#!"+:= +/ +>! "!&+#/' /\ #55&+#5\#!< &!'+5 0/~!+>!@ }>#">
:&+! 7!"&Z! +>! &+#/'&: Q&""#'! X'\/Z&+#/' !'+! QX@
%@`<&+`
&+`
'_<5!'
'
'_<5!'%`!"=/\
!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@`<
@!<`#``
` !::!= %` !"= /\ !&:+> _Z&' !%5`@ !<` :` @ !<` :`
`
` / >#5+/= /\ "/'+/%!5= &7/_+ %&""#'!5@ 5!! /7!+ />'5+/'@
)&6&$
8*//&
+&
4&/
(6/@ 0
X0X X X0X 030X0]0 0 X
00XQXX@]/7!+/>'5+/'!<`@`
(1
*//
& +!:!%#5#/' 7/&<"&5+ {` @
&
X0@ X 3 0 0X]QX Q0
00]>!!#'&\+!X`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
10
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
` 0 QX X ` 0`@ >++{}}}`'%#"`/~ :&5+ %#5#+!< &'` @
`
$
XXQ0X@0
0X0`
` !"_= '%#/'Z!'+&: #5 &'< /Z{!>!'5#%! +#:#&+#/' !<_"+#/'
X'#+#&+#%!@``@+>/'~`&`
` //< &'< _~ <Z#'#5+&+#/' /<!'#&+#/' "+ /\ @ ```
&``X0X@0X0X00@
>++{}}}`&&{5/':#'!`/~%&""#'!5>"`{<\`
*//
!&&
9
!&&/
%&
*//@ ``
X`@
>++{}}}`\<&`~/%7#/:/~#"57://<%&""#'!55&\!+=&%&#:&7#:#+=
%&""#'!5&\!+=_"Z`>+Z:&5+%#5#+!<!7@`
11
">#:<>//<#ZZ_'#&+#/'5">!<_:!"/'+&#'!<+>#Z!/5&:@#'":_<#'~
+>!<#{>+>!#&]+!+&'_5]{!+_55#5"/Z7#'&+#/'%&""#'!`
X' @ +>! _7:#" !&:+> !%#"! /\ &'< +>!
Z!#"&'"&<!Z=/\!<#&+#"5#55_!<&^/#'+5+&+!Z!'+
/'+>#Z!/5&:#'%&""#'!5`X+5+&+!<
&'<"/'+#'_!+/!"/ZZ!'<+>&+&::">#:<!'5>/_:<7!
#ZZ_'#!< &~&#'5+ +>! <#5!&5!5 #'<#"&+!< #' +>! !"/ZZ!'<!<
#ZZ_'#&+#/' 5">!<_:!` #%!' +>&+ +>! #55 /\ '/+ %&""#'&+#'~
">#:<!' \& /_+}!#~> +>! _''/}' &'< Z_"> 5Z&::! #5@ #\
&'=@/\![{/5_!+/+>#Z!/5&:]"/'+&#'#'~%&""#'!5/%!+>!\#5+
Z/'+>5 /\ :#\!@ ":#'#"#&'5 &'< {&!'+5 &! !'"/_&~!< +/
#ZZ_'#! &:: #'\&'+5 !%!' #\ +>! ">/#"! /\ #'<#%#<_&: %&""#'!
{/<_"+5#5:#Z#+!<\/&'=!&5/'`
` X'+>!5@+>!0%&""#'!5"/'+&#'!<+>#Z!/5&:`'/+&7:=</!5
'/+ "/'+&#' +>#Z!/5&: 7!"&_5! #+ "/'+&#'5 :#%! %#_5!5 +>&+ +>! +>#Z!/5&:
Z#~>+ /+>!}#5! #::` / & :#5+ /\ ">#:<>//< %&""#'!5 &'< +>!# +>#Z!/5&:
"/'+!'+@5!!
`&+0&7:!`
` _7`!&:+>!%`@``!{+`/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@%&
*//1
:&
&-
%
/
/$
&-
(/
%
(/
4%
/@ XX0 0X0 3` ` @
>++{}}}`"<"`~/%3QX3
30ZZ&`>+Z`
$
` !'&< !+ &:`@ 1
&
0&
&-
+/$
0
@
(&&@
`
>++{}}}`'&+#/'&:&_+#5Z&55/"#&+#/'`/~:#7&=&'/%!:\/Z`{<\`
$ /</' >!Z#'@ /ZZ!'+@ +/$
1
%
(&/
%
0
%&
;&"
!-&
%
&-
*//
)&@```Q``
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
12
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
<!%!:/{Z!'+5#'Z!<#"#'!&'<5"#!'"!@ &'<}#+>&_+>/5+&#'~
{/5#+#/'57/+>\/&'<&~&#'5+&{/55#7:!%&""#'!]&_+#5Z:#'`
2 3$/ )$/04
3>&+#5&_+#5Z0>#5<!"!{+#%!:=5#Z{:!|_!5+#/'#5&++>!
>!&+ /\ +>#5 {/7:!Z` 0/<&=@ &_+#5+#" <#5/<! #5 "/'5#<!!< &
{5=">#&+#"<#&~'/5#5#'+>! &/
/
+
&-
+
&
8XQ@ +>! 5+&'<&< !\!!'"! \/ +>!
":&55#\#"&+#/'` 0>!<#&~'/5+#""#+!#&@#'":_<!<#'{{!'<#[X#'
\_::@ #'":_<! #Z{&#Z!'+5 #' 5/"#&: #'+!&"+#/'@
#Z{&#Z!'+5 #' %!7&: &'< '/']%!7&: "/ZZ_'#"&+#/'@ &'<
5+!!/+={#"&: !5+#"+!< / !{!+#+#%! {&++!'5 /\ 7!>&%#/ &'<
#'+!!5+5` 0>!! &! '/ _'#%!5&::= &""!{+!< 7#/Z&!5 5_">
&5 {>=5#"&: ">&&"+!#5+#"5 / 7://< / _#'! +!5+5` 0>! +>!!
</Z&#'5 /\ <#&~'/5+#" "#+!#& \/ &_+#5+#" <#5/<! "/%! & }#<!
5{!"+_Z@ \/Z #'<#%#<_&:5 }#+> '/ :&'~_&~!@ &:Z/5+ '/ 5/"#&:
#'+!&"+#/' &'< 5!%!! 7!>&%#/&: {/7:!Z5@ +/ ![+!Z!:= >#~>]
\_'"+#/'#'~ #'<#%#<_&:5 }#+> #'+!'5! #'+!!5+5 &'< |_#=
{!5/'&:#+#!5` 0>! &'~! /\ &_+#5+#" <#5/<!5 #' +>! ]XQ
\/Z&::= #'":_<!5 &_+#5Z@ !++5 #5/<!@ >#:<>//<
#5#'+!~&+#%! #5/<!@ 5{!~!5 ='</Z!@ &'< !%&5#%!
!%!:/{Z!'+#5/<!/++>!}#5!{!"#\#!<]`
` / & !%#!} /\ 5"#!'+#\#" 5+_<#!5 5_{{/+#'~ & {/55#7:! :#' 7!+}!!'
%&""#'!5 &'< &_+#5Z@ &/: +/++ '<!} 3&!\#!:<@
)
-&
+&
/%@
QX XX 3 0 @ X X@
XQ Q0 00 X0@ 0@
X @ /_#5! _/ &7&_5 &= /::&'< !<5`@ ` /
5"#!'+#\#"5+_<#!5<#5"/'\#Z#'~&{/55#7:!:#'7!+}!!'%&""#'!5&'<&_+#5Z@5!!
*//
-$
%&@ 0` X 0 Q0X@
>++{}}}`"<"`~/%%&""#'!5&\!+=/'"!'5 +>#Z!/5&:#'<![`>+Z: :&5+ %#5#+!<
&'`@`
@ 0 X@ 0 X QX 0 0 XX@
X@ X@ 6 '/+! ` X0@
0X 0 X@ X XX@0
0 @ QX0 0QX 0 XX
00 XQ QX X@ QX X
QX00XXXX0Q`
` ` X0X @ X0X 00X0X 0
X]XQ]0`@]+>!<``
`&+`
`&+]`
13
!"&_5!&_+#5+#"<#5/<!#5<!\#'!</':=7=&'&~~!~&+#/'/\
5=Z{+/Z5@+>!!#5'/Z!&'#'~\_:<#5+#'"+#/'7!+}!!'+>!+!Z5
&_+#5Z &'< &_+#5Z]:#! 5=Z{+/Z5` 0>#5 &+#":! Z&!5 +>!
<#5+#'"+#/' /':= +/ &""_&+!:= !\:!"+ +>!+!Z5 +>&+ +>! /_+ /\
!<!&::&#Z5@"&!~#%!5@&'</+>!5_5!`X+#5'/+&<#5+#'"+#/'
+/}>#">+>!&_+>/5&++&">5#~'#\#"&'"!`
'! /\ +>! Z/5+ 5+##'~ ">&&"+!#5+#"5 /\ &_+#5Z #5 #+5
<&Z&+#" #5! 5#'"! +>! !&:= 5` / <!"&<!5@ +>! &_+#5Z
{!%&:!'"! }&5 &{{/[#Z&+!:= \#%! "&5!5 {! +!' +>/_5&'<
">#:<!'` X' !"!Z7! @ +>! !'+!5 \/ #5!&5! /'+/:
&''/_'"!< +>&+ +>! &+! &Z/'~ !#~>+]=!& /:<5}&5 /'!
"&5! {! /'! >_'<!< &'< +!'@ / &{{/[#Z&+!:= /\ &:: ``
">#:<!'` :+>/_~>\/+}/<!"&<!5@&'<``{/\!55#/'&:
Z!<#"&: &55/"#&+#/'5 &~_!< +>&+ #5#'~ &+!5 /\ &_+#5Z }!!
&++#7_+&7:!5/:!:=+/7!++!<#&~'/5!5@Z/!#'":_5#%!"&+!~/#!5@
&'< <#&~'/5+#" 5_75+#+_+#/'@ #' +>! ~/%!'Z!'+
&"'/}:!<~!< & !&: #5! <_! &+ :!&5+ #' {&+ +/ !'%#/'Z!'+&:
\&"+/5`5`0>/Z&5X'5!:@#!"+//\+>!&+#/'&:X'5+#+_+!/\
!'+&:!&:+>&'<>&#/\+>!X'+!&~!'"=_+#5Z//<#'&+#'~
/ZZ#++!!@ 5&#< #' :#~>+ /\ +>! /'! #' /'! >_'<!< &'< +!'
'_Z7!5@ 0>!! #5 '/ |_!5+#/' +>&+ +>!! >&5 ~/+ +/ 7! &'
!'%#/'Z!'+&:"/Z{/'!'+>!!` !"!'+5+_<=7=5"#!'+#5+5&+
+>! '%#/'Z!'+&: /+!"+#/' ~!'"= #<!'+#\#!< &_+#5Z5
">&'~!{/#'+ =!& &5 ]@ {#'{/#'+#'~ +>! 5+&+ /\ &
<&Z&+#"#5!#'{!%&:!'"!`
` &+>!#'! #"!@ (/
&-
6/
&
8
&6
+&&
"&<
@
=33>@
XX0 0X0 3` ` @
>++{}}}`"<"`~/%ZZ}{!%#!}ZZ}>+Z:55&`>+Z!\/!+>!5@
+>! +!Z &_+#5Z }&5 _5!< {#Z&#:= +/ !\! +/ &_+#5+#" <#5/<! &'< }&5
+>/_~>++/7!&!@&\\!"+#'~&{{/[#Z&+!:=/'!#'!%!=@`">#:<!'@
#`!`{!@``
) )
0
) )
$1
&-
2
223
)%
4
X
0
Q0X@
0`
>++{}}}`"<"`~/%\!&+_!5"/_'+#'~&_+#5Z:&5+%#5#+!<&'`@`
` &%#< #7=@
88
,
0
--/
$
?&
&@
%
&
'6&
0/&@ X0 0
!"` @ @
>++{}}}`>_\\#'~+/'{/5+`"/Z<&%#<]#7=#5#'~]
&_+#5Z]'_Z7!57`>+Z:`+#":!#5&""/Z{&'#!<7=+&'5"#{+`
` #">&!: ` "/'&:< />' ` &_:@
&-
/
/
&
)
//@ Q0 ` X ` 0` @ @
>++{}}}`&::`/~{<\"/'&:<&_:`{<\
& X%& !+]
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
14
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
6/@&>#5+/#"&:&""/_'+/\&_+#5Z5#5!@&':Z5+!<&'<
& :&[#:: +&"!< +>! &"+_&: #<!'+#+#!5 /\ Z/5+ /\ +>! /#~#'&:
">#:<!' #' &''!5 "&5! 5!#!5` :: /\ +>! #<!'+#\#!<
">#:<!' #' +>! "&5! 5!#!5 >&< ![{!#!'"!< '/}' / {:&_5#7:!
![{/5_!5 +/ !+>=: Z!"_=@ & +>!' '!}:=]"!&+!< 5='+>!+#"
">!Z#"&:` +>=:Z!"_=}&5_5!<&++>&++#Z!#'7/+>%&""#'!5
&'< &5 &' &~#"_:+_&: \_'~#"#<! +>! ">#:<!' #' +>! "&5! 5!#!5
>&<{&!'+5!#+>!#'+>!Z!<#"&:{/\!55#/'}/#'~/'%&""#'!5
/ {&!'+5 #' &~#"_:+_! _5#'~ \_'~#"#<!5` 3>#:! +>! Z!"_=
"/''!"+#/' +/ &_+#5Z #5 '/+ {/%!'@ +>!! &! Z&'= 5/_"!5@
#'":_<#'~ +>! :Z5+!<]:&[#:: 7//@ +>&+ ~#%! +>! >={/+>!5#5
{:&_5#7#:#+=`
#""#/++//&!:}#">!@%
%
&
&-
&
XX`
!/ &''!@ /
/
&-
--/
)&/@ Q
X @
>++{&\\!"+`Z!<#&`Z#+`!<_~&<5+#":!5
{<\5&''!]]#~&{!`{<\`
0 X @ 0 0X @
XX@] XX`
&+
]@]`
&+]`
` +>! !"!'+ 5+_<#!5 +>&+ '/+! "/!:&+#/'5 7!+}!!' Z!"_=@ /+>!
!'%#/'Z!'+&: +/[#'5 &'< &_+#5Z #'":_<! &= &+>!#'! !/+/ /7!+ 0`
#+:&'@ &
%
6
&-
1
4$
+
%
&
&-
&&'
)&
&
&-
&&6@
0X &=Z/'< ` &:Z! !+ &:`@ (&'$
&
(&
&/
&-
&
+/$
(/&
&-
(/@
15
X' /+>! }/<5@ :&" /\ '/Z&: !=! ~&!@ #Z{&#!< 5/"#&:
!:&+#/'5@&'<'/']!5{/'5#%!'!55+/![+!'&:5+#Z_:#&!'/+!<#'
7/+> +>! ]XQ &_+#5Z &'< QX !'"!{>&:/{&+>=
":&55#\#"&+#/'5 &5 <#&~'/5+#" "#+!#&` 0/ 7! 5_!@ +>! ]XQ
":&55#\#"&+#/' <#\\!5 \/Z +>! QX <!5"#{+#/'@ 7_+ ]XQ
&_+#5+#" <#5/<! </!5 '/+ "/'+&<#"+ +>! QX <!5"#{+#/' /\
!'"!{>&:/{&+>=@ 5!#_!5@ &'< 5!|_!:&` X'<!!<@ 5"#!'+#\#"
0`X+#5#'+!!5+#'~+>&+&''!>#Z5!:\'/+!<+>&+&
7#/:/~#"&: !+#/:/~= /\ &_+#5Z Z#~>+ >&%! 7!!' /%!://!<` X' +>! \/!}/< +/
X@ X0X 0X X0 XX0X
0QX@&''!}/+!
0>!"/'"!{+/\!&:=#'\&'+#:!&_+#5ZX"/_:<'/++>#'/\&7!++!'&Z!}&5
<#:_+!< 7= 5/Z! +/ <!{#%! #+ /\ #+5 5{!"#\#"#+=@ 5/ +>&+ +>! +!Z }&5 _5!< &5 &
{5!_</]<#&~'/5+#" }&5+!7&5!+ \/ & %&#!+= /\ _'!:&+!< "/'<#+#/'5@ &'< &
'/+>#'~]7_+ {5=">/<='&Z#" !+#/:/~= }&5 <!"!!< 7= 5/Z! &5 +>! /':= %&:#<
![{:&'&+#/'@5/+>&+\_+>!"_#/5#+=}&55+#\:!</!%!'5"/'!<`
&+%`
-
{{!'<#"!5X&'<XX`
)&6-
{{!'<#[X"%
-{{!'<#[XX`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
16
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
@``=5/'!+&:`@(/
&-
&
&/
"%
/
@` ` X0 @ `0_">Z&'
X`&{#'@66$
@0 @ `
!/=%`!"=/\+>!!{+/\!&:+> _Z&'!%5`@/`]Q@
3 !<` :` "+` @ @
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%5#+!5<!\&_:+\#:!5&_+#5Z!/=`{<\`
Z`/Z!/<5`/{`%`!&#@``<@]&`
`
17
'!7_&=@@{!"#&:&5+!5/\+>!!<!&:/_+
/\ :&#Z5 !:!&5!< :/'~]&}&#+!< <!"#5#/'5 #' +>! \#5+ Z'#7_5
_+#5Z/"!!<#'~+!5+"&5!5`0>!{!"#&:&5+!5_:!<+>&+
+>!! }&5 '/ {:&_5#7:! :#' 7!+}!!' +>! %&""#'! &'<
&_+#5Z@ &'< +>&+ +>! +>!! +!5+ "&5! {!+#+#/'!5 \/ +>#5
"&_5&+#/' +>!/=#">!::! !<#::/@ /:+!' '=<!@ &'< &+!5
&:!>_5+<!5!%!<'/"/Z{!'5&+#/'`0>!{!"#&:&5+!5<#<
'/+5#Z{:="/'":_<!+>&++>!5"#!'"!<#5\&%/!<{!+#+#/'!5`0>!=
#55_!<5"&+>#'~/{#'#/'5+>&+!^!"+!<&'<<!Z!&'!<{!+#+#/'!5
5"#!'+#\#"+>!/#!5@![{!+}#+'!55!5&'<+!&+#'~{>=5#"#&'5`
{!"#&: &5+! &5+#'~5 {/":&#Z!< +>&+ +>! !<#::/ "&5!
}&5 /'!]5#<!<@ +>&+ +>! </"+/5 }>/ &<%#5!< #">!::! !<#::/
}!! $
"&@ !Z{>&5#5 #' /#~#'&:` ! }/+! +>&+ +>!
{>=5#"#&'5 }>/ \/_'< & :#' 7!+}!!' #">!::!5 5!%!! Z&:&<#!5
&'<>!%&""#'!5Z#5:!<+>!!<#::/5&'<&!~_#:+=```/\~/55
Z!<#"&: Z#5^_<~Z!'+` {!"#&: &5+! Q/}!::@ #' +>! '=<!
"&5!@ 5#Z#:&:= ">&&"+!#!< +>! {!+#+#/'!5 &5 %#"+#Z5 /\ 7&<
5"#!'"!@&'<5_~~!5+!<+>&+&'/7^!"+#%!/75!%!}/_:<>&%!+/
!Z_:&+! !}#5 &/::5 3>#+! _!!' &'< 7! &7:! +/ 7!:#!%! 5#[
#Z{/55#7:! /@ &+ :!&5+@ >#~>:= #Z{/7&7:! +>#'~5 7!\/!
7!&\&5+ +/ <!"#<! #'{!+#+#/'!5\&%/` X' 5>/+@+>! {!"#&:
&5+!5<!"#<!<+>&++>!!}&5'/!:#&7:!5"#!'"!5_{{/+#'~
&' ]+>#Z!/5&:]&_+#5Z :#'@ +>! {!+#+#/'!5 {>=5#"#&'5
}!! ~_#:+= /\ ~/55 Z!<#"&: Z#5^_<~Z!'+@ &'< +>! {&!'+5
}>/{_5_!<_'{/%!'%&""#'!#'^_=+!&+Z!'+5}!!Z#5:!<7=
{>=5#"#&'5`
0>! '![+ =!&@ #' @ +>! 5&Z! {!"#&: &5+!5 !:!&5!<
+>!# <!"#5#/'5 #' +>! 3#::#&Z !&<@ /<&' #'~@ &'< /:#'
}=! +!5+ "&5!5 /' +>! 5!"/'< +>!/= /\ Z!"_=]#'<_"!<
` !<#::/ %` !"= /\ !&:+> _Z&' !%5`@ /` ]Q@ 3
@ &+ !<` :` !7` @ @
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%5#+!5<!\&_:+\#:!5%&""#'!\#:!5&5+#'~5]
!<#::/`{<\`
&+
` '=<! %` !"= /\ !&:+> _Z&' !%5@ /` ]Q@ 3
@ &+ !<` :` !7` @ @
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%5#+!5<!\&_:+\#:!5%&""#'!\#:!5Q/}!::`'=<!`{<\`
)&@3@&+`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
18
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
&_+#5Z@ &~&#' \#'<#'~ '/ 7&5#5 \/ "/Z{!'5&+#/'` 0>!5! +>!!
+!5+"&5!{!+#+#/'!5!:!"+!<'/++/&{{!&:+>!#<!"#5#/'5`Z/'~
+>/5!&~_#'~]#'<_"!<&_+#5Z#'+>!\#5+5!+/\+!5+"&5!5@
7/+>!<#::/&'<&:!>_5+:/5+/'&{{!&: &'<'=<!<#<'/+
&{{!&:`
0>! /_+ /\ {{!&:5 \/ +>! !<!&: #"_#+ <#< '/+ &\\#Z
&_+/Z&+#"&::= +>! )&
&'< 4#% <!"#5#/'5` X' +>!
4#%
44 /&: &~_Z!'+@ +>! ^_<~!5 }&'+!< +/ '/}
}>&+ }/_:< >&{{!' #\ :&+! 5"#!'"! "/'\#Z5 +>! +>#Z!/5&:]
&_+#5Z+>!/= 3>&+}#::>&{{!'+/+>!">#:<!'5":&#Z50>!
^_<~!&'5}!!<>#5/}'|_!5+#/'@5&=#'~+>&+/'~!55"/_:<&<<
+>#Z!/5&:]#'<_"!<&_+#5Z+/+>!0&7:!/\X'^_#!5&'<5+&+!+>&+
+>/5! }>/ >&< {!%#/_5:= 7!!' <!'#!< "/Z{!'5&+#/' }/_:< 5+#::
7! !:#~#7:!` 0>! &{{!::&+! "/_+ ^_<~!5 5!!Z!< '/+ +/ \#'< +>!
%&""#'!]&_+#5Z+>!/=&5#Z{:&_5#7:!&5>&<+>!{!"#&:&5+!5`
#Z#:&:=@ +>! {&'!: /\ &{{!::&+! ^_<~!5 #' )&
44
&5!<+>!!{&+Z!'+/\_5+#"!+/_~>|_!5+#/'5` 0}/
/\+>!+>!!^_<~!5}!!":!&:=+/_7:!<+>&+>&<#'+/<_"!<
&' ![{!+ !{/+ +/ !7_+ != {!+#+#/'! 7#/:/~#"&: !%#<!'"!
}#+>/_+ #'+/<_"#'~ +>! _'<!:=#'~ :&7 !5_:+5 / 7//5@
5/Z!+>#'~ +>&+ &:: {&+#!5 &~!!< }/_:< >&%! 7!!' #Z{/55#7:!
!&< %` !"= /\ !&:+> _Z&' !%5`@ /` ]Q@ 3
!<`:`_~`@#'~%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@/`
]Q@3!<`:`&`@}=!%`!"=/\!&:+>
_Z&' !%5`@ /` ]Q@ 3 !<` :` &` @ ` ::
+>!! "&5!5 &! &%&#:&7:! /':#'!`
/&
!/<&
`
0
X
-&&
``
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%'/<!:&5+%#5#+!<&`@`
` !<#::/%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5@`<@]!<`
#`
@
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%5#+!5<!\&_:+
\#:!5"!<#::/`\!<"#`{<\&:!>_5+%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5@`<
@
!<`
#`
@
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%5#+!5<!\&_:+\#:!5&:!>_5+\\#Z&'"!`{<\`
$@3@&+`
` 0&'5"#{+ /\ &: ~_Z!'+@ &:!>_5+ %` !"= /\ !&:+> _Z&'
!%5@
`<
!<`
#`
@
>++{}}}`"&\"`_5"/_+5`~/%/&:]&~_Z!'+]!"/<#'~5]&::`
` 0&'5"#{+/\&:&~_Z!'+@!<#::/%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@
/` ]Q@ 3 !<` :` !7` @ @
>++{}}}`"&\"`_5"/_+5`~/%/&:]&~_Z!'+]!"/<#'~5&::"!<#::/`>+Z:`
19
_'<! +>! !<!&: _:!5 /\ #%#: /"!<_!` 0>!= {/7!<
}>!+>!>&<&5!<\/+>!:&77//5+>!=>&<'+ />/}
"/_:<7!5_!+>&++>!![{!+!{/+}&5!:#&7:!}>!'
<#<'+ >&%! +>! _'<!:=#'~ <&+& }>!' +>! :&}=! &55_!<
+>! ^_<~! +>&+ +>! <&+& }/_:< >&%! !#'\/"!< +>! ![{!+5
"/'":_5#/'5@ +>! ^_<~! :&_~>!<@ &5 <#< /75!%!5 #' +>!
"/_+//Z` 0>! ^_<~!5 }!! 5#Z#:&:= +/_7:!< +>&+
\&#:!< +/ '/+#\= {!+#+#/'!5 +>&+ +>!= }!! 5!!#'~ +>! ![{!+
!{/+ #' +>! \#5+ {:&"!@ &5 5_!:= 5>/_:< >&%! 7!!' }!::
&}&! +>&+ 5_{#5! }&5 &' !'+#!:= #'&{{/{#&+! +&"+#" #' +>!
QX@ }>#"> /'~!55 Z!&'+ +/ 7! {!+#+#/'!]\#!'<:= &'< '/']
&<%!5&#&:` 3>#:! +>! &{{!::&+! ^_<~!5 #' 7/+> 4#%
&'<)&
<!"#<!<#'\&%//\&'<&~&#'5+{!+#+#/'!5@+>!=
<#< 5/ &\+! "/'+!'+#/_5 /&: &~_Z!'+@ &'< +>! ^_<~!5 '/+!< #'
)&
44+>&+5"/'<_"++/_7:!<+>!Z`
\+!+>!\#'&:Z'#7_5&{{!&:5}!!<!"#<!<#'+>!5_ZZ!
/\@7=&::&{{!&&'"!5@+>!%&""#'!]&_+#5Z"&5!#'+>!QX
}&5 ":/5!<` 0>! /_+ /\ !<!&: :&#Z5 5!'+ /_+ :!++!5 +/ &::
{!+#+#/'!5+!::#'~+>!Z@#'5/Z&'=}/<5@+>&+_':!55+>!="/_:<
&::!~! <#\\!!'+ +>!/#!5 &'< {/%#<! "/Z{!::#'~ ![{!+5 &'<
!%#<!'"!@ +>!# "&5!5}/_:< 7! <#5Z#55!<}#+>/_+ >!&#'~ /' +>!
7&5#5/\+>!Z'#7_5~!'!&:"&_5&+#/'+!5+"&5!5`
` !<#::/%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5@`<@!<`#`
@
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%5#+!5<!\&_:+
\#:!5"!<#::/`\!<"#`{<\&:!>_5+%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5@`<
@ !<` #` @
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%
5#+!5<!\&_:+\#:!5&:!>_5+\\#Z&'"!`{<\ 3! &~!! }#+> {!+#+#/'!5 +>&+
+>! ~/%!'Z!'+5 \&#:_! +/ {/<_"! / !%!' +/ !|_!5+ +>! </"_Z!'+&+#/'
_'<!:=#'~ ` _5+#'5 !{/+5 #5 +/_7:#'~@ 7_+ }! +>#' +>&+ #' +>!
"#"_Z5+&'"!5/\+>#5"&5!@+>&+\&#:_!</!5'/+^_5+#\=!%!5&:``
_+#5Z{<&+!]!{+!Z7!@@
:&#Z5\/Q&""#'!X'^_#!5
!5_:+#'~ #' _+#5Z {!"+_Z #5/<! / & #Z#:& !_/<!%!:/{Z!'+&:
#5/<!@ 3 !<` :` _:= @ @
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%5#+!5<!\&_:+\#:!5&_+#5Z&_+#5Z
_{<&+!`{<\ 0 ` X@ X 0
0X0X 3 0 X0 0 QX @
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%5#+!5<!\&_:+\#:!5&_+#5ZX0XX
0`{<\`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
20
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
8 %&$7
%'//$%
_#'~+>!{!{&&+#/'\/+>!5!"/'<5!+/\+!5+"&5!5#'+>!
Z'#7_5 +>&+ }/_:< "/'5#<! }>!+>! +>#Z!/5&:]"/'+&#'#'~
%&""#'!5 "&_5! &_+#5Z@ & Z&^/@ _'&'+#"#{&+!< !%!'+ /""_!<
"/'"!<!< /'!/\+>! 5:&+!<+!5+ "&5!5` X' & !{/+!|_#!<
7= /_+ _:! "@ :!&!< +/ +>! {!55@ "/'"!<!< +>&+
%&""#'!5@ #'":_<#'~ +>! @ >&< +#~~!!< &''&> /:#'~5
!'"!{>&:/{&+>= &'< 5_75!|_!'+ <!%!:/{Z!'+&: !~!55#/'`
5 <!5"#{+#/' /\ +>! ">#:<5 "/'<#+#/' #Z{:#!< & <#5+#'"+#/'
7!+}!!' &_+#5Z]:#! 5=Z{+/Z5 &'< &_+#5Z@ &:+>/_~> +>!!
}&5'/&Z7#~_#+=+>&+&''&>/:#'~#'\&"+>&<&_+#5Z` 0>!
"/'"!55#/' </"_Z!'+ "/'":_<!< +>&+ +>! \&"+5 /\ +>#5 "&5! Z!!+
+>! 5+&+_+/= "#+!#& \/ <!Z/'5+&+#'~ +>&+ +>! %&""#'&+#/'5
X !"!#%!< /' _:= @ @ 5#~'#\#"&'+:= &~~&%&+!< &'
_'<!:=#'~ Z#+/">/'<#&: <#5/<!@ }>#"> {!<#5{/5!< >! +/
<!\#"#+5 #' "!::_:& !'!~= Z!+&7/:#5Z@ &'< Z&'#\!5+!< &5 &
!~!55#%! !'"!{>&:/{&+>= }#+> \!&+_!5 /\ &_+#5Z 5{!"+_Z
<#5/<!` 0>#5"/'"!55#/':!<+/5/Z!#'+!!5+#'+>!{!55/'
+>! %&""#'!]&_+#5Z :#' &'< +>! /:! /\ Z#+/">/'<#&:
"/'<#+#/'5` X' @ +>! /:#'~ \#'&'"#&: "/Z{!'5&+#/'
<!"#5#/' }&5 {_7:#5>!< &'< 5>/}!< +>&+ {&#< /%! `
&%#< #7=@ %
*//8
)&
&/
$
/
%&
X0 0 !7` @ @
>++{}}}`>_\\#'~+/'{/5+`"/Z<&%#<]#7=+>!]%&""#'!&_+#5Z]"/_+]
<7`>+Z:
& `` 0` ` X QX ` "@
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%5#+!5<!\&_:+\#:!5"/_+#'\/Q&""#'!_:!5
%`{<\`
$-/&
)%
%
@`X@`
#7=@6
'/+!`7#!\!["!{+\/Z+>#5"/'"!55#/'!{/+#5
&:5/&%&#:&7:!&+/:#'~%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5@/`]Q@
3 !<` :` {` @ ` X+ #5 '/+&7:! +>&+ +>#5 #'#+#&: "/'"!55#/'
!{/+ Z!!:= Z!'+#/'5 +>! %&""#'! &5 /\ &'+#~!'5 &<Z#'#5+!!< +/
&''&> /:#'~ #' /'! /\\#"! %#5#+@ }>!!&5 +>! \#'&: "/Z{!'5&+#/' <!"#5#/'@
'/+!< 7!:/} #' +>! _7:#5>!< &5! >&+ &5 &5! @ 5{!"#\#!5 &5 +>!
{#'"#{&:"&_5!/\>!#'^_=`
#'~! 0&=:/@ %
&
&-
B&
+@ QX
XX 3 0 @ X X@ XQ Q0
00 X0@ 0@ X @ ]
/_#5!_/&7&_5&=/::&'<!<5`@`
21
%09/
//
\+! +>! /:#'~ "/'"!55#/'@ ^/_'&:#5+5 7!~&' ://#'~ \/
{/55#7:! !%#<!'"! /\ /+>! "&5!5 /\ &_+#5Z &Z/'~ QX]
"/Z{!'5&+!< "&5!5` /7!+ ` !''!<=@ ` &'< &%#< #7=
!{/+!< /' +>! "&5! /\ &#:!= &'5@ & 7/= }>/Z +>! QX
` >#:</!%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@3&+
!<` :` _:= @ @
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%
5#+!5<!\&_:+\#:!5X0``{<\`
&
*//
5$
)&6&
(&
/
6&
0$
C
=322@``00Q`@0`Q`
X`@ >++{}}}`>5&`~/%%&""#'!"/Z{!'5&+#/' 5+&+#5+#"5!{/+`>+Z :&5+
%#5#+!< &` @ ` 0>! "/Z{!'5&+#/' <!"#5#/' \/ +>! /:#'~ "&5!@ #'":_<!<
7!:/} &+ &5! @ #5 7&5!< /' &' %&""#'! 0&7:! {!5_Z{+#%! #'^_= /\
!'"!{>&:/{&+>=`)%
&DEE@3@&+`
&= /::&'< /7!+ &/}@ %
%
&
,
@
QX XX 3 0 @ X X@ XQ
Q0 00 X0@ 0@ X
@/_#5!_/&7&_5&=/::&'<!<5`@`
$
1
%
)
&-
+$
0$
+&/%&
X0 !"` @ @
>++{}}}`!"/'/Z#5+`"/Z'/<!
`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
22
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
$
%
%&"
&-
-&
%
/&
&
/&6
&
$
$
6
"%
&
/
$6&
"
&
&
/<
/
&
%
!~&<5@
$
/7!+ ` !''!<=@ ` &%#< #7=@ *//
)&1
)&@ X0 0 !7` @ @
>++{}}}`>_\\#'~+/'{/5+`"/Z/7!+]\]!''!<=]^]&'<]<&%#<]#7=%&""#'!]
"/_+]&_+#5Z]<!7&7`>+Z: &'5 %` !"= /\ !&:+> _Z&' !%5`@
/`]Q@``:&#Z5X!<`:`_:=@@
23
&%#</}Z&'
\\#"!/\/ZZ_'#"&+#/'5
!&:+>!5/_"!5&'<!%#"!5<Z#'#5+&+#/'
]]
#'~!0&=:/@*//
&A
)
%$
:
,
Q0 X 0X !{+` @ @ @
>++{&<%!'+_!5#'&_+#5Z`7:/~5{/+`"/Z%&""#'!5]</'+]"&_5!]&_+#5Z]
+>!=]^_5+`>+Z:!Z{>&5#5&<<!<`/&'!["!{+/\+>!!Z&#:@5!!&:5/
!''!<=
#7=@6'/+!`
-
{{!'<#[XXX`
-
{{!'<#[XQ@}>#">>#~>:#~>+5+>!~/%!'Z!'+&:&'<5">/:&:=
_5! /\ +>! QX]"/Z{!'5&+!< "&5!5 &5 & 5/_"! /\ %&:_&7:! #'\/Z&+#/' /'
%&""#'!#'^_=`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
24
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
&_+>/5 >&%! #'":_<!< 5"#!'+#5+5 &+ +>! @ +>! X'5+#+_+! /\
!<#"#'!@&'<+>!QX`
)6&$/
//
%09/$7
'9&%9+/$)&$=)*$/%**>
%$7%*)77/$7 )$/0%* )$/0.&$?
+09%0/
0>! &_+>/5@ }#+> +>! &55#5+&'"! /\ &"! &} 5+_<!'+5@
"!&+!< & <&+&7&5! /\ QX {_7:#5>!< <!"#5#/'5 +>&+ _5!<
!:!%&'+ +!Z5 !:&+!< +/ &_+#5Z` 0>/_~> +>#5 5!&"> /\ \#'&:
QX <!"#5#/'5 / "&5! 5+#{_:&+#/'5@ }! \/_'< +}!'+=]/'!
<!"#5#/'5 +>&+ &"'/}:!<~!< &_+#5Z / &_+#5Z]:#! 5=Z{+/Z5
&55/"#&+!< }#+> %&""#'!]#'<_"!< !'"!{>&:/{&+>= &'< 5!#_!
<#5/<!` 0>! \/::/}#'~ +&7:! 5_ZZ&#!5 +>! "&5!5 &'<
5+#{_:&+#/'5 }#+> :&'~_&~! +>&+ 5+/'~:= 5_~~!5+5 &_+#5+#"
\!&+_!5
25
@ @X
"5
-56-:
"5
03&/4&/7
-5&$
&$?:0'&"-5)
6."/&374
"5
-5&#
"5
-56-:
-(&37&$?:0'
&"-5)
6."/&374
-&*/&357&$?:
0'&"-5)
6."/&374
0//037&$?:
0'&"-5)
6."/&374
*4.&/5"-%&7&-01.&/5)"4#&&/"33&45&%&%0&4/?541&","/%8*--/&7&3
$0..6/*$"5&7&3#"--:&%0&4/?53&410/%507&3#"-$0..6/*$"5*0/&*4/05
50*-&553"*/&%&*44&-'%&4536$5*7&"/%7&3:%*''*$6-550."/"(&&/&&%4
$0/45"/50/&0/0/&$"3&501305&$5)*.'30.*/+63*/()*.4&-'"/%05)&34=
<&5*5*0/&34'635)&3."*/5"*/5)"55)&*/+63*&43&46-5&%*/1&3."/&/5%*4"#*-*5*&4
*/70-7*/(4*(/*'*$"/5%&7&-01.&/5"-%&-":.0%&3"5&"65*45*$$)"3"$5&3*45*$4"/%
.&/5"-3&5"3%"5*0/=
<0%":)&)"4"4&*;63&%*403%&38)*$)*46/%&3$0/530-"/%"$0/%*5*0/,/08/"4
07&3'0$64*/(4*.*-"3*/40.&3&41&$5450"65*4.4"4&26&-"505)&&/$&1)"
-01"5):&4"/-&*/&3546''&3&%$0.1-*$"5*0/4'03.03&5)"/4*9.0/5)4"'5&3
5)&"%.*/*453"5*0/0'5)&7"$$*/&"/%)&$0/5*/6&45046''&3'30.5)&4&
$0.1-*$"5*0/48)*$))"7&%&7&-01&%*/50"3&4*%6"-4&*;63&%*403%&3"/%"65*45*$
5&/%&/$*&4=
< !&410/%&/5?43&103546((&4547"(6&-:5)"5&//:?4130#-&.4>$"/#&"553*
#65&%*/1"355005)&3$"64&446$)"4"'".*-:)*4503:0'&1*-&14:"65*4."/%50/
4*--"3):105301):31*30%*%/05&7&/163103550,/088)"5F
$"64&&/
/:?44&*;63&%*403%&3)*4#"4*$10*/58"45)"5*/)*47*&85)&%*%G$"64&
*5=
@
@
K
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
26
"4BB=4AE(42MH
>540;C7
D<0=(4AEB
J4==854A8B0B4E4A4;H<4=C0;;HA4C0A3438=38E83D0;F8C77H?4A02C8E40=334
,!0C BCAD2C8E41470E8>AB4AB>280;5D=2C8>=8=68B4GCA4<4;H8=0??A>?A80C4B748B
14;;864A4=C0=3B><4C8<4B066A4BB8E4B74?A02C824BB4;5BC8<D;0C8=61470
;C?A
E8>A0=3B74A4?40C43;H18C4B74A70=3(74?A4B4=CB030=64AC>74AB4;50=3
C>50<8;H<4<14ABK
J'8274;;4MB38B018;8C84B8=2;D340DC8BC82;8:41470E8>A7H?4A02C8E8CH0=3?0AC80;;H
$G;4HE(42MH>5
2>=CA>;;43B48IDA4B'8274;;48BC>C0;;H34?4=34=C>=>C74AB5>A74A20A40=3=443B
*(;C
40;C7
2>=BC0=CBD?4AE8B8>=0=30BB8BC0=24(748B=>=E4A10;1DCB86=BB4E4A0;
!-(0C
D<0=(4AEB
F>A3BK
*=34AF>>3E
,!0C
J=0338C8>=A4B?>=34=C=>C43C70C)A0E8BM<43820;A42>A3B8=3820C4C70C74BD5
(42MH>540;C7
;CD;H
54A435A><<4=C0;A4C0A30C8>=0=30DC8B<)74B42>=38C8>=B022>A38=6C>A4B?>=
D<0=(4AEB
34=C0A4=>CA4;0C43C>C74A4B83D0;B48IDA438B>A34AK
J)744E834=24B7>FBC70C"460=4G7818CBB><4E4AH385582D;C1470E8>A0;?A>1;4<B
(70A?=02:E
,!0C
C70C8=C4A54A4F8C774A43D20C8>=0=3B>280;039DBC<4=C4A1470E8>AF78278=
2;D34B740310=68=6?D;;8=674A>F=708A0=3B2A0C278=60CC78=6B<DBC142>=
(42MH>540;C7
;CD=4
D<0=(4AEB
BC0=C;HA438A42C434A38BAD?C8E40=3=>=2><?;80=C1470E8>A70B142><40<09>A
10AA84AC>?A>6A4BB8=5D=2C8>=8=6K
@ @X
@
K
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
27
@ @X
3
438A
,!
0C
43;"0H
*(;08<B
!-(0C
43;(4?C
*(;08<B
!-(0C
43;42
@
K
>BC>=E(42MH
>540;C7
D<0=(4AEB
(0=5>A3E(42MH
>540;C7
D<0=(4AEB
0BC80=E(42MH
>540;C7
D<0=(4AEB
!0BB8C4AE(42MH
>540;C7
D<0=(4AEB
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
JA&D8==>?8=43C70C H;4BD554AB5A><?4AE0B8E434E4;>?<4=C0;38B>A34A
%A&D8==4G?;08=43C70C%8B20DB431H01A08=8=BD;CA
&D8==8=3820C43 H;4MB?>BCE0228=0;4=24?70;>?0C7HF0BC741A08=8=BD;CF7827
8=CDA=A4BD;C438=78B%A&D8==>?8=43C>0A40B>=01;4346A44>5<43820;
24AC08=CHC70C H;4MB2>=38C8>=8B?4A<0=4=CK
J'4B?>=34=C0A6D4BC70CA82MB2DAA4=C1470E8>A0;<0=854BC0C8>=B0=3A4C0A30C8>=
L58CC74?0CC4A=>50DC8BC82B?42CAD<38B>A34ABF8C7B4E4A4<4=C0;A4C0A30C8>=MA
(?8A>BD<<0A8I4BL)78B278;37030.%)A4;0C43541A8;4/A402C8>=5>;;>F8=678B
%)1>>BC4A1DC8C8B2;40AC70C742DAA4=C;H58CB8=C>C740DC8BC82B?42CAD<38B
>A34AF8C7A4C0A30C8>=)78B6A>D?>538B>A34AB8BC>C0;;HD=A4;0C43C>%)8C
DBD0;;H2>=BC8CDC4B06A>D?>564=4C820;;H34C4A<8=43>A838>?0C78238B>A34AB
F8C7>DC02;40A:=>F=4C8>;>6HMK
J./??A>G8<0C4;HCF4;E47>DAB05C4AA4248E8=674AB42>=3%)E0228=0C8>=4==0
4G?4A84=2430B48IDA4A>A8B)A0D=4A2>=2;D343C70C4==0BD554AB5A><0
E0A80=C>5'4CC(H=3A><4.)/74(42A4C0AHF0=C43C>0BB4ACC70C4==0MBB48
IDA4BF4A420DB431H'4CC(H=3A><40=3=>C1HC74%)E0228=0C8>=K
J4A2>=38C8>=8B2><?;820C431H01470E8>A38B>A34A(748B7867;H8<?D;B8E470B
=>2>=24?C>530=64A20==>C0224?C2>=CA>;0=370B0DC8BC82C4=34=284BK
28
,!0C
43;
?A
'48CIE(42MH>5
40;C7
D<0=(4AEB
*(;08<B
A44<0=E
!-(0C=
(42MH>540;C7
43;(4?C
D<0=(4AEB
)41274A0=8E
43;
(42MH>540;C7
D<0=(4AEB
,!
0C
43;(4?C
@ @X
J%4C8C8>=4AB0;;4643C70C0E83BD554A43B86=85820=C066A0E0C8>=>578B?A44G8BC8=6
CD14A>DBB2;4A>B8B)(8=C745>A<>50=4=24?70;>?0C7H0=30A4B83D0;B48IDA4
38B>A34A0E8=6B48IDA4B40A;H8=;8548B;8:4;HC>;403C><4=C0;D=34A34E4
;>?<4=C>A<4=C0;A4C0A30C8>=DC8B<8B05A4@D4=C>22DAA4=240<>=6)(?0
C84=CBA><4I70B=4E4AB44=0=0DC8BC82)(278;3F7>383=>C70E4B48IDA4BK
J4F>D;310=678B74030??A>G8<0C4;HB8GC8<4B0=3C74=A4CDA=C>=>A<0;
)74B44?8B>34B.>22DA/0;<>BC308;H4AA82:70BC742>6=8C8E4B:8;;B>50CF>
>AC7A44H40A>;30=38<?A>E4BB;>F;H;C7>D6774B?40:B7420==>C3>B>8=
2><?;4C4B4=C4=24B470B1470E8>A0;?A>1;4<B3D4C>5ADBCA0C8>=4A4248E4B
1470E8>A0;C74A0?H>22D?0C8>=0;C74A0?H?7HB820;C74A0?H0=3B?4427C74A0?H
4F0B=4E4AC74B0<4101H05C4AC74C78A3%)E0228=0C8>=4;>BC<8;4B
C>=4B0=334E4;>?<4=CK
JA"02>=0;3.A4B?>=34=CMB4G?4AC/=>C43C70C!4=020AA84B03806=>B8B>5?4A
E0B8E434E4;>?<4=C0;38B>A34A0;B>:=>F=0B0DC8BC82B?42CAD<38B>A34A=A
"02>=0;3MB>?8=8>=!4=0MB0DC8B<8B=>CA4;0C43C>C740%)E0228=0C8>=K
JCF0B=>C430CC74740A8=6C70C 84=0=MB=4DA>;>68238B>A34A70B540CDA4BC70C
<867C20DB48CC>14;014;430BL0CH?820;0DC8B<M02>=38C8>=F8C78=C7420C46>AH>5
L0DC8BC82B?42CAD<38B>A34AM=>C47>F4E4AC70C4E4=0BBD<8=6C70C 84=0=MB
38B>A34A8B2>AA42C;H2;0BB85843F8C78=C74L0CH?820;0DC8B<M20C46>AHC70C8B4BB4=
C80;;H8AA4;4E0=CC><HAD;8=62>=24A=8=6C744=C8C;4<4=C8BBD48=C78B20B4BA
(D4;E(42MH>5
40;C7
D<0=(4AEB
@
K
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
29
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
%0D;<8=>E
43;
(42MH>540;C7
D<0=(4AEB
,!
0C
43;42
#>4;E(42MH>5
40;C7
D<0=(4AEB
@ @X
8=B1>DA=44G?;08=43 84=0=MB0DC8BC82CH?4540CDA4BB44<C>140A4BD;C>5C74
1A08=30<064C70C20DB4378BB4E4A4<4=C0;A4C0A30C8>=BA 8=B1>DA=45DA
C74A4G?;08=431A08=30<0648B>=4>5C74<0=H?>BB81;420DB4B>50DC8B<)7DB
20==>CB44F7HC74502CC70C 84=0=MB38B>A34A<0H50;;F8C78=C740DC8B<B?42
CAD<70B0=HBD1BC0=C80;A4;4E0=24C>C74@D4BC8>=>5F70C20DB43 84=0=MBB48
IDA438B>A34A0=3<4=C0;A4C0A30C8>=K
J%4C8C8>=4AB0;;464C70C(0A07BDBC08=43C7458ABCBH<?C><>A<0=854BC0C8>=>5C74
>=B4C>5B48IDA4BF8C78=C74?4A8>3B4C5>AC78=C74)01;4)74H5DAC74A0;;464(0
A0734E4;>?430DC8B<0=31470E8>A0;?A>1;4<B0BC74B4@D4;04>574A)01;48=
9DAHK
JA(705A8AC4BC85843C70C'0274;7030A402C8>=C>74A024;;D;0A%)F78272>=
B8BC43>5;4C70A6H8AA8C018;8CH0=307867?8C27432AH4BC0C43C70C74AB48IDA4
38B>A34AF0B8=34?4=34=C>574A%)A402C8>=0=3C70CC74B48IDA438B>A34A;43
C>4?8;4?BH34E4;>?<4=C0;34;0H0=30DC8B<(743843>5BD334=D=4G?42C43
340C78=4?8;4?BHK
JA8:0F0B34B2A81430B5>DAH40A>;354<0;4F8C78=CA02C01;44?8;4?BH%
.?4AE0B8E434E4;>?<4=C0;38B>A34A/B>5C7458;8=6>5C78B02C8>=A8:02>=
C8=D4BC>BD554A5A><034E4;>?<4=C0;0=3B?44270=3;0=6D06438B>A34A0=3A4
@D8A4BC74A0?HK
#>
+
(C8?D;0C8>=
@
K
0=2IE(42MH>5
40;C7
D<0=(4AEB
30
78;3>4 E
,!
0C
(42MH>540;C7
43;D;H
D<0=(4AEB
*(;08<B
0=:BE(42MH>5
!-(0C
40;C7
43;D;H
D<0=(4AEB
@ @X
J08;4HMB".02DC438BB4<8=0C434=24?70;><H4;8C8B/F0BB4E4A44=>D67C>
20DB4;0BC8=6A4B83D0;30<0640=3A4C0A34378B34E4;>?<4=C0;?A>6A4BBF7827
58CBD=34AC7464=4A0;8I4374038=6>5%4AE0B8E44E4;>?<4=C0;4;0H>A%
338C8>=0;;HC78B2708=>520DB0C8>=F0B=>CC>>A4<>C41DCF0BA0C74A0?A>G
8<0C4B4@D4=24>520DB40=345542C;4038=68=4G>A01;H5A><E0228=0C8>=C>%4AE0
B8E44E4;>?<4=C0;4;0HK
J'4B?>=34=C70B2>=24343C70C?4C8C8>=4AB0A44=C8C;43C>2><?4=B0C8>=3D4C>
C74B86=85820=C066A0E0C8>=>578;3>4 MB?A44G8BC8=6<8C>27>=3A80;38B>A34A
10B43>=0=""'E0228=4)01;4?A4BD<?C8E48=9DAH>54=24?70;>?0C7HF7827
4E4=CD0;;H<0=854BC430B027A>=824=24?70;>?0C7HF8C7540CDA4B>50DC8B<B?42
CAD<38B>A34A0=302><?;4G?0AC80;B48IDA438B>A34A0B0B4@D4;0K
@
K
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
31
!%!'+!!'/\+>!+}!'+=]/'!"&5!5'/+!<&7/%!Z!'+#/'+>!
}/< &_+#5Z@ &_+#5+#"@ / /'! /\ +>! &_+#5+#" <#5/<!5@ !++5
#5/<! / !%&5#%! !%!:/{Z!'+&: #5/<!` /_ "&5!5
<!5"#7! <!%!:/{Z!'+&: !~!55#/' &'< 5!:\]#'^_#/_5 7!>&%#/5
>#~>:="/'5#5+!'+}#+><!5"#{+#/'5/\5!%!!&_+#5Z`/Z!/\
+>! "&5!5 _:! +>&+ & %&""#'! "&_5!< 7&#' #'^_=@ #'":_<#'~
&_+#5Z` / #'5+&'"!@ #' +>! !<
44 "&5!@ +>! {!"#&:
&5+! }/+! +>&+ +>! 7&#' <&Z&~! :!< #'![/&7:= \/Z
%&""#'&+#/'+/!%&5#%!!%!:/{Z!'+&:!:&=` )%
&DEE
44 "/'"!<!5 +>&+ %&""#'!5 &~~&%&+!< & {!]![#5+#'~
Z#+/">/'<#&:<#5/<!}>#">!%!'+_&::=Z&'#\!5+!<&5&">/'#"
!'"!{>&:/{&+>=}#+>\!&+_!5/\&_+#5Z5{!"+_Z<#5/<!`
+>!"&5!5<!'=+>&++>!&_+#5Z#'+>!">#:<#5#'&'=}&=
!:&+!< +/ +>! %&""#'!5 / "/Z{!'5&+!< 7&#' #'^_#!5` /
#'5+&'"!@ #' "&&
44@ +>! ~/%!'Z!'+5 {/5#+#/' }&5
+>&++>!">#:<5Z!'+&:!+&<&+#/'&'<&_+#5Z&!'/+!:&+!<+/
+>! !5#<_&: 5!#_! <#5/<!` #Z#:&:=@ #' ;&&
44@
+>! ~/%!'Z!'+ &55!+!< +>&+ +>! 5!#_!5 }!! "&_5!< 7= !++
='</Z! &'< '/+ 7= +>! 0 %&""#'&+#/'` 3>!+>! / '/+
%&""#'!5 "&_5!< / !5_:+!< #' &_+#5Z #5 '/+ <!"#<!< #' &::
"&5!5@ &:+>/_~> #+ #5 #' 5/Z!` 3>&+ #5 ":!&@ >/}!%!@ #5 +>&+
&_+#5Z #5 5/Z!+#Z!5 &55/"#&+!< }#+> "/Z{!'5&+!< %&""#'!]
#'<_"!<7&#'#'^_=`
` 0>!\/_"&5!5&7/%!'/+_5#'~&5{!"#\#"&_+#5Z]!:&+!<+!Z&!&5!@
:~!%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@/`]Q@3:`+`
_:= @ &5! @ !55'! %` !"= /\ !&:+> _Z&' !%5`@ /` ]
Q@ 3 :` +` {` @ &5! @ >&{'&" %` !"= /\
!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@/`]Q@3:`+`_'!@
&5! !#+ %` !"= /\ !&:+> _Z&' !%5`@ /` ]Q@ 3
!<`:`{`@`
&5! @ @ 3 @ &+ &5! @ +@ 3
@ &+ &'< &5! @ %6/<@ 3 &+ &'<@ &5! @
#@3@&+@@`
` &5!@&'5%`!"=/\!&:+>_Z&'!%5`@/`]Q@
``:&#Z5X@&+!<`:`_:=@`
` &5! @ >#:< /! %` !"= /\ !&:+> _Z&' !%5`@ 3
@&+!<`:`_:=@`
` &5! @ '<!}//< %` !"= /\ !&:+> _Z&' !%5`@ /` ]Q@
3@&+:`+`_:=@`
` &5! @ /5+/' %` !"= /\ !&:+> _Z&' !%5`@ `< @
!<`#``
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
32
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
6 &
//)77/$7 )$/0
0>! &_+>/5 +>!' <!"#<!< +/ ![{:/! 5!++:!< "&5!5@ :#! +>!
(& "/'"!55#/'@ +/ 5!! #\ +>!! Z#~>+ 7! Z/! "/Z{!'5&+#/'
<!"#5#/'5 /\ %&""#'!]#'<_"!< 7&#' #'^_= +>&+ #'":_<!< &_+#5Z`
5#'~ +>! !<!&: _7:#" ""!55 +/ /_+ :!"+/'#" !"/<5
<&+&7&5! /\ \!<!&: "/_+ </"!+5@ +>! &_+>/5
![&Z#'!< </"!+ !{/+5 \#:!< }#+> +>! QX +>&+ >&<
"/Z{!'5&+!< }#+>/_+ >!&#'~` 0>! &_+>/5 #<!'+#\#!<
"/Z{!'5&+!< "&5!5 /\ 7&#' #'^_= +>&+ +>!= 7!:#!%!< Z#~>+
#'":_<!&_+#5Z<#&~'/5!5`0>!'+>!=_5!<+!:!{>/'!&'<#'+!'!+
<&+&7&5!5 +/ #<!'+#\= +!:!{>/'! '_Z7!5 &'< &<<!55!5 \/ +>!
"/Z{!'5&+!< \&Z#:#!5` '<! +>! <#!"+#/' /\ "/]&_+>/ /_#5
/'+!@ +&#'!< %/:_'+!!5 "/'+&"+!< "/Z{!'5&+!< \&Z#:#!5 &'<
"/'<_"+!< +!:!{>/'! #'+!%#!}5 _5#'~ +>! |_!5+#/''&#! #'
{{!'<#[Q&7/_++>!#'^_!<">#:<&'<+>!\&Z#:=5![{!#!'"!#'
+>! QX` 0>! %/:_'+!!5 !"!#%!< #'5+_"+#/' /' Z&#'~ "&::5
&'<@#'{&+#"_:&@}!!#'5+_"+!<'!%!+/:!&<{&!'+5#'+>!#
&'5}!5` X\ & {&!'+ 5&#< +>&+ & ">#:< <#< '/+ >&%! &_+#5Z /
&_+#5Z]:#! 5=Z{+/Z5@ +>! %/:_'+!! &""!{+!< +>&+ <!5"#{+#/'
}#+> '/ \_+>! |_!5+#/'5` &5!< /' +>!5! +!:!{>/'!
"/'%!5&+#/'5@ +>! %/:_'+!!5 !&">!< /%! 5#[+= \&Z#:#!5 /\
#'<#%#<_&:5 "/Z{!'5&+!< \/ !'"!{>&:/{&+>= / !5#<_&: 5!#_!
<#5/<!@ / 7/+>@ }>/ "/'"/Z#+&'+:= >&%! / >&< &_+#5Z /
&_+#5Z]:#!5=Z{+/Z5`
3>#:! +>!5! \&Z#:#!5 '&Z!5 &'< </"!+ '_Z7!5 &! #' +>!
{_7:#"</Z&#'@&'<+>&+#5>/}+>!&_+>/5!+#!%!<#'\/Z&+#/'
&7/_+ +>!Z@ +>! &_+>/5 5!! '/+ +/ 5_7^!"+ +>!5! \&Z#:#!5 +/
_''!"!55&= #'%&5#/' /\ +>!# {#%&"=` 0>!= >&%! &:: 5_\\!!<
![+!Z! >&<5>#{ #' "/{#'~ }#+> +>!# ">#:<!'5 #'^_#!5@ / #'
5/Z! "&5!5@ <!&+>5@ &'< }! 5!! +/ 5>#!:< +>!Z \/Z _'}&'+!<
&++!'+#/'`0>!&_+>/5&!"/'\#<!'++>&+7/+>&'<"&'
!&5#:= "/'\#Z +>! &""_&"= /\ +>!5! "/Z{!'5&+!< \&Z#:#!5@
&Z/_'+5@ &'< %&""#'! #'^_= "/<!5` 0>! /':= #'\/Z&+#/' +>!
~/%!'Z!'+&~!'"#!5Z&='/+7!&7:!+/"/'\#Z&!+>!{&!'+&:
(/
` 0 0 ` @ >++{}}}`{&"!`~/% :&5+
%#5#+!<&`@`
33
!{/+5 /\ &_+#5Z@ 7_+ +>!= "&' !&5#:= </ +>#5 +>/_~> <#!"+
"/'+&"+#\+>!=5!!+/%!#\=+>#5#'\/Z&+#/'`
, %'$&
%00)$'$%\)/$%$*
!"/~'##'~+>&+5/Z!!&<!5Z#~>+7!5!{+#"&:/\{&!'+&:
!{/+5/\&_+#5Z}#+>/_+\_+>!5_75+&'+#&+#/'@+>!&_+>/5>&<
+}!'+=]+}/ "/Z{!'5&+!< \&Z#:#!5 "/Z{:!+! & }#++!'@ }!::]
!"/~'#!<&_+#5Z5"!!'#'~|_!5+#/''&#!`0>#5|_!5+#/''&#!#'
'/}&={/%!5+>&++>!5!#'<#%#<_&:5>&%!&'&_+#5Z<#&~'/5#5`
0>! "/Z{:!+!< |_!5+#/''&#!5 </@ >/}!%!@ ~#%! \_+>!
"!<#7#:#+= +/ +>! {&!'+&: !{/+5 /\ &_+#5Z` ':= "/Z{:!+!
Z!<#"&::= 5_{!%#5!< <#&~'/5!5 "/_:< \_::= "/'\#Z &_+#5Z
<#&~'/5!5` _"> <#&~'/5!5 }!! 7!=/'< +>! 5"/{! /\ +>#5 5+_<=@
7_+ +>! &_+>/5 >/{! +>&+ \_+_! #'|_#= }#:: #'":_<! \_::
!%&:_&+#/' /\ "/Z{!'5&+!< #'<#%#<_&:5 &'< +>!# Z!<#"&:
"/Z{:#"&+#/'5`
0>!/"#&:/ZZ_'#"&+#/'_!5+#/''&#!#5&\/+=]
#+!Z {&!'+&: !{/+ 5"!!'#'~ Z!&5_! +>&+ +&{5 +>!
5=Z{+/Z/:/~= &55/"#&+!< }#+> +>!&_+#5Z5{!"+_Z <#5/<!`
0>! |_!5+#/''&#!@ <&\+!< 7= 5` _++!@ &#:!=@ &'< /<@
"/'+&#'5 \/+= =!5'/ |_!5+#/'5 5!:!"+!< +/ >&%! <#5"#Z#'&+#%!
<#&~'/5+#" %&:#<#+=` 0>#5 5#Z{:! #'5+_Z!'+ #5 Z!&'+ +/
"/!:&+! +/ +>! "/Z{:!+! '#'!+= +>!!]#+!Z _+#5Z #&~'/5+#"
X'+!%#!}]!%#5!< X]@ &:5/ }#++!' 7= _++! &'< /<@
}>/ &! #'+!'&+#/'&::= !'/}'!< &_+#5Z ![{!+5` 0>!5!
5"#!'+#5+5 \#:!< ![{!+ !{/+5 #' +>! Z'#7_5/' 7!>&:\ /\ @
!^!"+#'~ +>! +>!/= /\ & %&""#'!]&_+#5Z :#'` 0>!
!++!\/Z0>/Z&5:&%#'@!!</Z/\X'\/`\\#"!@!{+/\!&:+>
_Z&' !%5`@ +/ /7!+ &/} _:= @ /' \#:! }#+> &_+>/5
-{{!'<#[XXX`
` ` 00 0 `@ 0 X X0X 0XX
`
X 00@ 0X QX X0X0X @
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%5#+!5<!\&_:+\#:!5&_+#5Z[{!+!{/+5
#'~]Q[_++!!{/+]`{<\
&
0X @
0X
QX
X0X0X
@
>++{}}}`_5"\"`_5"/_+5`~/%5#+!5<!\&_:+\#:!5&_+#5Z[{!+!{/+5#'~
]Q[3/<!{/+]`{<\``{<\`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
34
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
\/"_5!5/'7!>&%#/5+>&+&!&!#''/'&\\!"+!<#'<#%#<_&:5`
0>!&_+>/5}&'+>&+}>#:!+>!5"!!'#'~|_!5+#/''&#!#5'/+
5_#+&7:!\/#'<#%#<_&:<#&~'/5#5@+>!|_!5+#/'5&!7&5!</'
+>! X]@ }>#"> #5 #' +_' _5!< &5 +>! {#Z&= <#&~'/5+#"
#'5+_Z!'+ \/ +>! X'+!'&+#/'&: :&55#\#"&+#/' /\ #5!&5!5]
3/:< !&:+> ~&'#&+#/'@ &'< +>! ]XQ Z!#"&'
5=">#&+#" 55/"#&+#/'@ <#&~'/5#5 /\ &_+#5Z` 0>!5!
{/%#<! &' /{!&+#/'&:<#&~'/5#5 +>&+ #5 7&5!< /' +>! 7!>&%#/&:
#+!Z 5"/!5 #' +>!! &!&5 /\ \_'"+#/'#'~ !"#{/"&: /"#&:
X'+!&"+#/' /ZZ_'#"&+#/' &'< !5+#"+!<@ !{!+#+#%!@ &'<
+!!/+={!<&++!'5/\!>&%#/`
0>! |_!5+#/''&#! !"/ZZ!'<5 & "_+/\\ 5"/! /\ \#\+!!' /
~!&+! &5 &' #'<#"&+#/' /\ & {/55#7:! &_+#5Z 5{!"+_Z <#5/<!`
X+'/+!5+>&+@+>!Z!&'5"/!\/">#:<!'}#+>&_+#5Z}&5`@
}>#"> #5 }!:: &7/%! +>! "_+/\\` _++!@ &#:!=@ &'< /<
\_+>!":&#\=
0>! &~!!Z!'+ 7!+}!!' +>! &'< +>! X] &+ 7/+> +>!
0/+&: "/! &'< </Z&#' 5"/! :!%!:5 #5 >#~>@ }#+> &~!!Z!'+5
7!#'~ 5_75+&'+#&::= _'&\\!"+!< 7= &~!@ ~!'<!@ :&'~_&~! :!%!:@
&'< {!\/Z&'"! X` 0>! \#'<#'~5 %&:#<&+! +>! &5 &
5"!!'#'~ |_!5+#/''&#! &'< 5>/} +>&+ #+ {/%#<!5 & !&5/'&7:!
#'<![/\5=Z{+/Z5!%!#+=`
` 000`@6
'/+!@&+`
`&+`
&+`
`&+`
- 0&7:! /\ QX]/Z{!'5&+!< :&#Z5 /\ &#' X'^_= 0>&+
X'":_<! _+#5Z / _+#5Z]:#! =Z{+/Z5@ #'":_<#'~ 5"/!5@
!{!5!'+#'~/\+>!+/+&:/\"&5!5!{/+!<`
35
Z!&' 5"/! /\ ` +>&+ _++!@ &#:!=@ &'< /< <!5"#7!`
3>!' "&!~#%!5 !{/+!< +>&+ ">#:<!' }!! !:&+#%!:= >#~>
\_'"+#/'#'~@+>!#">#:<!'55"/!5}!!#'\&"+":/5!+/+>!"_+/\\
{/#'+@5_~~!5+#'~+>!&""_&+!'&+_!/\+>!5"!!'#'~<!%#"!&'<
/\ {&!'+&: !{/+5` :: 5"/!5 /' +>! +&7:! 7!:/} \!::
7!+}!!'\#\+!!'&'<+>#+=+>!!@}#+>7/+>!'<5/\+>#55{!"+_Z
#'+>!&_+#5+#"<#5/<!&'~!`
2 6&%;
.
%09/
&$0/%;*$()*+
'&) )$/0%* )$/0.&$?+09%0/
` `000`@6'/+!@&+`
` X'\!!'"! 7&5!< /' "&5! >#5+/#!5 /' \#:! }#+> &_+>/5 &'< %&:#<&+!< 7=
_++! !+ &:`A5 \#'<#'~5 +>&+ +>! {/%#<!5 & !&5/'&7:! #'<![ /\ 5=Z{+/Z
5!%!#+=`
&+`
- 0&7:! /\ QX]/Z{!'5&+!< :&#Z5 /\ &#' X'^_= 0>&+
X'":_<!_+#5Z/_+#5Z]:#!=Z{+/Z5\/5"/!5`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
36
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
37
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
38
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
39
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
,),-1,
%,$(,&
$%#%"/%$
*(&'0,(,&
40
."
(
'(+
."
."
."
%,$(,&
%,$(,&
%,$(,&
%,$(,&
$%#%"/%$
$%#%"/%$
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
41
]+%
*
Q_'&%&#:&7:!
''$/
0<#{>+>!#&]{!+_55#5]+!+&'_5
{&0<#{>+>!#&&"!::_:&{!+_55#5]+!+&'_5
Z!&5:!5]Z_Z{5]_7!::&
0>#Z` +>#Z!/5&:@ &' !+>=: Z!"_= "/'+&#'#'~ {!5!%&+#%!
_5!<#'%&""#'!5
''$ ()*+
%/ ^ ;*%0
%)* %; <*&
&$0/
_)*.%;.)$
%/;%*''$
//`
'/:/'~!/'">&+
'/:/'~!/'">&+
'/:/'~!/'">&+
'/:/'~!/'">&+
#'^_=0{/:#/
#'^_=00
#'^_=
]/+>!
<!&+>00
()*+
%09/+09%0//'*$6
'"!{>&:/{&+>=
!5#<_&:!#_!#5/<!
%')0$%
%/
] !"#5#/' /\ /_+ /\ !<!&: :&#Z5 5+&+#'~ {!+#+#/'! >&5
&_+#5Z/&_+#5Z]:#!5=Z{+/Z5
!"#5#/'/\/_+/\!<!&::&#Z5<!+&#:#'~5=Z{+/Z5&'<
7!>&%#/"/'5#5+!'+}#+>&_+#5Z
0>#<{&+=Z!<#"&:@!<_"&+#/'&:@/"/_+!"/<5"/'\#Z#'~
&_+#5+#"<#5/<!/'\#:!}#+>&_+>/5
/Z{:!+!</"#&:/ZZ_'#"&+#/'_!5+#/''&#!7="&!~#%!
/'\#:!}#+>&_+>/5
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
42
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
&
*//
5$
)&6&
(&
)
0
)&6
&
$
*//
/&
2=
=323`` 0 0
Q`@
0
`
Q`
X`@
>++{}}}`>5&`~/%%&""#'!"/Z{!'5&+#/'5+&+#5+#"5!{/+`>+Z :&5+ %#5#+!<
&`@`
` 3>#:!7!=/'<+>!5"/{!/\+>#5{!:#Z#'&=5+_<=@#+#5}/+>'/+#'~+>&+
#'&<<#+#/'+/+>!5!":&#Z5\/"/Z{!'5&+#/'\/Z%&""#'!#'^_=@Z&'={&!'+5
&'< </"+/5 >&%! \#:!< !{/+5 /\ &_+#5Z &5 & %&""#'! #'^_= #' +>! \!<!&::=]
\_'<!< Q&""#'! <%!5! %!'+ !{/+#'~ =5+!Z Q` 0>!5! !{/+5 /\
&_+#5Z &5 &' &<%!5! %&""#'! !%!'+ "&' 7! !+#!%!< &+ }}}`Z!<&:!+5`/~ 7=
#'{_++#'~&_+#5Z&5&5=Z{+/Z`0>!!&!!{/+5/\&_+#5Z&5&'&<%!5!
!%!'++>&+}!!\#:!<7!+}!!'_:=@&'<_'!@`
43
+
4%
6&
&-
%
&
B@%
+
&
`@
)%
&/
@
>++{}}}`5_~!/'~!'!&:`~/%:#7&=Z!'+&:>!&:+>">&{+!5!"`>+Z:&_+#5Z
:&5+%#5#+!<&`@0>#+==!&5/\!5!&"><!Z/'5+&+!<+>!!\\#"&"=/\
&{{:#!< 7!>&%#/&: Z!+>/<5 #' !<_"#'~ #'&{{/{#&+! 7!>&%#/ &'< #'
#'"!&5#'~"/ZZ_'#"&+#/'@:!&'#'~@&'<&{{/{#&+!5/"#&:7!>&%#/``
0X 3X@ 0 0X @
>++{}}}`'&+#/'&:&_+#5Z&55/"#&+#/'`/~{<\&_+#5Z}&'<!#'~
0`{<\`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
44
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
!
5$
&
%
&/
"%
0%
+
*//1
"
&-
)
&
%
&
*//
5$
)&6&
(&@ X0X @ / "&5!5 }!! #<!'+#\#!< &\+! +>!
&<Z#'#5+&+#/'/\Z/'/%&:!'+Z_Z{5/_7!::&%&""#'!`X'"&5!5/\&"_+!
!'"!{>&:/{&+>= &\+! Z!&5:!5 %&""#'!@ &:/'! / #' "/Z7#'&+#/'@ ">#:<!'
!"!#%!<Z/'/%&:!'+Z!&5:!5%&""#'!5!"!#%!<Z_:+#{:!%&""#'!5@#'":_<#'~
_7!::&@ Z_Z{5@ <#{>+>!#&@ +!+&'_5@ {!+_55#5@ /&: {/:#/@ &'< 4&6%
-#0={!@+/~!+>!}#+>Z!&5:!5%&""#'!`
&+]`
` ` %&'5 {/5#+#/' #5 '/+!< &+ &
*//
5$
)&6&
(&
&$
)&&
&
)%%&&
*//
))*
&
``
0 0 Q`@ 0 ` Q` X`@
>++{}}}`>5&`~/%%&""#'!"/Z{!'5&+#/'/5+!`>+Z:&5+%#5#+!<&'`@`
#
66$1
4&6
%&%
/%@ 0 X0`
X X 0@ 0 X0` 0@
>++{}}}`'#'<5`'#>`~/%<#5/<!5!{#:!{5=<!+&#:!{#:!{5=`>+Z :&5+ %#5#+!<
&` @ !/{:! }#+> 5!%!! 5!#_!5 +>&+ !5#5+ +!&+Z!'+ >&%!@ /'
&%!&~!@&5>/+!:#\!![{!"+&'"=&'<&'#'"!&5!<#5/\"/~'#+#%!#Z{&#Z!'+@
{&+#"_:&:=#\+>!5!#_!5<!%!:/{!<#'!&:=">#:<>//<``
45
5/Z!}>&+Z/!\&%/&7:!+>&'+>!%#!}5/\\&Z#:#!5}>/!"!#%!<
'/\#'&'"#&:"/Z{!'5&+#/'`
!! &! & \!} !{!5!'+&+#%! &'5}!5 \/Z \&Z#:#!5 }>/
{&+#"#{&+!<#'+!:!{>/'!#'+!%#!}5
\)/$%%b$/+%)*'$&g/&$;%+4
` #5 {/\/_'<:= &_+#5+#"` >! #5 '/']%!7&:@ >&5 Z&^/
7!>&%#/&: #55_!5@ #5 5!:\]#'^_#/_5` ` `":&55#" &'< %!= 5!%!!
&_+#5Z` ` ``>! "&''/+ 7! :!\+ &:/'! !%!` ` ``` }&5 & 7!&_+#\_:
7&7=@ }>/ }&5 <!%!:/{#'~ '/Z&::=@ 7_+ }>/ >&< /7%#/_5
!&"+#/'5+/>!\#5++}/0%&""#'!5`'!:!\+>!:!~5}/::!'
&'< !<@ &'< 5>! <!%!:/{!< & >#~> \!%! &'< 5"!&Z!< &\+! +>!
/+>!`_++>!</"+/5<#<'/+>!5#+&+!+/~#%!`>!+>#<0
5>/+ }>!' 5>! }&5 Z/'+>5 /:<@ &'< 5>! }!'+ /%! +>! !<~!`
>!>&<+>!5>/+&+{`Z`@&'<7={`Z`5>!>&<&\!%!/\
+/ <!~!!5` ` ``\+! +>&+ <&=@ 5>! }&5 ~/'!` %! +>!
=!&5@ }! >&%! :/5+ Z&'= \#!'<5 &'< &! <#5+&'+ \/Z Z&'=
\&Z#:=Z!Z7!57!"&_5!`#55/>&<+/:/%!&'<7!&/_'<`X+#5
%!= >!&+7!&#'~ +/ 5!! {!/{:! !^!"+ >!@ &'< +/ >&%! +>!Z
5_~~!5++>&+}!5>/_:<>&%!#'5+#+_+#/'&:#!<>!`
` &~!< >&5 '/ 5{!!">@ '/ \_'"+#/'&: _5! /\ >#5 >&'<5@
&'<}#::'/:/'~!5+&'<````!>&5&"/_{:!/\5!#_!5!%!=<&=`
````5+!!+>>&<+/7!{_::!<7!"&_5!>!}/_:<'/+&::/}&'=/'!
'!& >#5 Z/_+> +/ 7_5> +>!Z` ! #5 '/+ {/++= +&#'!<` ! #5
%!= 5!'5/= <!\!'5#%!@ \:&{5 >#5 >&'<5@ &'< Z&!5 Z/&'#'~
'/#5!5`
`#5&~#&'+7&7=7!"&_5!&:+>/_~>5>!#5&'/%!}!#~>+]
=!&]/:<@5>!\_'"+#/'5&++>!:!%!:/\&]=!&/:<`>!>&5'/:#\!
!&::=@ "/Z{&!< +/ >! {!!5` >! >&5 %!= :#++:! \_'"+#/'&:
"/ZZ_'#"&+#/'@&'<"&'/':=5&=&\!}}/<5@:#!!&+/5>/+
{>&5!5 +>&+ 5>! !{!&+5 #'"!55&'+:=` ` ``>! #5 5+#:: #' <#&{!5@
}#+>'/{/7&7#:#+=+>&+5>!}#::!%!7!{/++=+&#'!<`````'/}
` 0!:!{>/'! X'+!%#!} }#+> `` &'< ``@ &!'+5 /\ Q&""#'! :&#Z&'+
!{+`@/'\#:!}#+>&_+>/5&5&5!`
` 0!:!{>/'! X'+!%#!} }#+> `` &'< ``@ &!'+5 /\ Q&""#'! :&#Z&'+
_:=@/'\#:!}#+>&_+>/5&5&5!`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
46
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
>&5\!|_!'+{!#/<5!%!=+/Z/'+>5/\\_5+&+#/'@![+!Z!
&~!@&'<5!:\]#'^_#/_57!>&%#/`
\)/$% 3 b/ $09' %; 1''$ $()*+ %
+%)*;0$&+4
!%&5+&+#'~`
\)/$%3/+%)*'$&g/'&$0*/%&1;$*&+4
/@#+}&5&}&`
&++/'!=5 }!! <#5!5{!"+\_: &'< "/Z7&+#%!` ` ``0>!
/Z{!'5&+#/' /~&Z 5>/_:< 7! &7/_+ "/Z{!'5&+#/' &'< '/+
&7/_+<!\!'5!/\+>!%&""#'!{/~&Z`
0>! &++/'!= \/ +>! ~/%!'Z!'+ }&5 &75/:_+!:= >/#7:!`
>! }&5 "/:<@ #'5_:+#'~@ &'< <#< }>&+!%! 5>! "/_:< +/ !!{ _5
\/Z7!#'~"/Z{!'5&+!<`>!{_5>!<\/`+/7!{_+#'&~/_{
>/Z!7!"&_5!#+}/_:<7!">!&{!+>&'&::/}#'~>!+/:#%!}#+>
>! \&Z#:=@ &'< 5>! &~_!< &~&#'5+ %!= 7&5#" >/Z! 5&\!+=
<!%#"!5@ :#! :&+">!5 /' "_{7/&<5@ & \!'"! \/ +>! =&<@ &'< &
5{!"#&:5}#'~}>!!`}/_:<'/+\&::/_+}>!'&5!#_!>#+`
\)/$% 3 b%)& +%) *'%00 $ *0/ %;
'7/;%*
4
0>!"/_+5{!'<5\&+//Z_">+#Z!://#'~\/}&=50+/
"/Z{!'5&+!\&Z#:#!5`
X+5>/_:<7!/%!>&_:!<`
` 0!:!{>/'! X'+!%#!} }#+> `` &'< ``@ &!'+5 /\ Q&""#'! :&#Z&'+
_~`@/'\#:!}#+>&_+>/5&5&5!`
` 0!:!{>/'! X'+!%#!} }#+> `` &'< ``@ &!'+5 /\ Q&""#'! :&#Z&'+
{`@/'\#:!}#+>&_+>/5&5&5!0!:!{>/'!X'+!%#!}}#+>``@
&!'+ /\ Q&""#'! :&#Z&'+ _:= @ /' \#:! }#+> &_+>/5 &5 &5!
X'+!%#!} }#+> `` &'< ``@ &!'+5 /\ Q&""#'! :&#Z&'+ /' \#:! }#+>
&_+>/5&5&5!`
` 0!:!{>/'!X'+!%#!}}#+>``&'<``@6'/+!`
` 0!:!{>/'! X'+!%#!} }#+> ``@ &!'+ /\ Q&""#'! :&#Z&'+ & @
/'\#:!}#+>&_+>/5&5&5!`
` 0!:!{>/'!X'+!%#!}}#+>``&'<``@6'/+!`
` 0!:!{>/'!X'+!%#!}}#+>``@6'/+!`
47
0>!! 5>/_:< 7! & {/~&Z #' {:&"! +>&+ }/_:< &::/} +>!
"/_+ +/ !&55!55 +>! ">#:<!' :&+! #' :#\! +/ 5!! #\ +>!# '!!<5
>&%! ">&'~!<` 0>#5 }/_:< Z&! +>! :#\! "&! {:&''#'~ :!55
"/'+!'+#/_5 &'< }/_:< &::/} \/ ">&'~!5 #' :&}5@ #'5_&'"!
"/%!&~!@ &'< Z/5+:= +>! ">#:<5 :!%!: /\ \_'"+#/'#'~` X+ #5
#<#"_:/_5+/&55_Z! +>&+=/_"&'&<!|_&+!:={:&'}>!'&">#:<
#5 %!= =/_'~ \/ !%!= {/55#7:! "/'5!|_!'"! /\ +>! %&""#'!
<&Z&~!+>/_~>/_++>!">#:<5:#\!`
` 0!:!{>/'!X'+!%#!}}#+>``&'<``@6'/+!`
` 0!:!{>/'!X'+!%#!}}#+>``&'<``@6'/+!`
&
*//
5$
)&6&
(&
/
6&
+/%
H
=322@`` 0 0 Q`@ 0 ` Q` X`@
>++{}}}`>5&`~/%%&""#'!"/Z{!'5&+#/' 5+&+#5+#"5!{/+`>+Z :&5+ %#5#+!<
&`@`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
48
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
$
X ` 0@ QX0X@ X QX
XXX0 0 X 0 0 X X
&
49
&
!&&/
XX@
>++{}}}`7#/'/Z#"5`"/Z`&_
{&~!`{>{5!"+#/' :&5+ %#5#+!< &'` @
& `` "X'+/5>!+ &:@
--/
&-
*//&
&
/&
&-
$&1
&6/
$@0`
` ` ` !/%#" !+ &:`@ 8&&
+&
&-
%
&
)%
B
)2
*//
/6%&6%$1
&6/
$@ 0
@`
` X@6'/+!@&+]`
`&+`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
50
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
_%&: >&\#@ *//&
$&@ 0
@ ] @
>++{}}}`+>!:&'"!+`"/Z
^/_'&:5:&'!_&+#":!XX]]&75+&"+
''!
"X'+/5> !+ &:`@
*//&
$&8 %&A
6$@ ,/
>++{}}}`+>!:&'"!+`"/Z^/_'&:5:&'!_&+#":!XX]
]\_::+![+`
` #"!@6
'/+!`
51
h
3>#:! +>!! &! :#!:= Z&'= /_+!5 +/ &_+#5Z@ #'":_<#'~
{!'&+&: '!_/:/~#"&: #'5_:+5 &'< +/[#" {/5+]'&+&: ![{/5_!5@
+>#5 {!:#Z#'&= &'&:=5#5 /\ QX]"/Z{!'5&+!< "&5!5 5_~~!5+5
+>&+ &_+#5Z #5 /\+!' &55/"#&+!< }#+> %&""#'!]#'<_"!< 7&#'
<&Z&~!`X+!5+>!|_!5+#/'#\+>!QX5<!"#5#/'5>&%!7!!'
\&# +/ !^!"+ &:: ":&#Z5 /\ %&""#'! #'^_= +>&+ _5! +>! +!Z
&_+#5Z` 0>#5 {!:#Z#'&= &55!55Z!'+ &:5/ 5_~~!5+5 +>!
{/55#7#:#+= +>&+ /+>! "/'+!Z{/&= ">#:<>//< '!_/:/~#"&:
<#5/<!5@ #'":_<#'~ &++!'+#/' <!\#"#+ <#5/<! &'< :!&'#'~
<#5&7#:#+#!5@ Z#~>+ 7! :!55 5!%!! &\+!]!\\!"+5@ /' +>! 5&Z!
5{!"+_Z/\%&""#'!]#'<_"!<7&#'#'^_=`
&5!< /' +>#5 {!:#Z#'&= &55!55Z!'+@ +>!! Z&= 7! '/
Z!&'#'~\_: <#5+#'"+#/' 7!+}!!' +>! "&5!5 /\ !'"!{>&:/{&+>= &'<
!5#<_&: 5!#_! <#5/<! +>&+ +>! QX "/Z{!'5&+!< /%! +>!
:&5+ +}!'+= =!&5 &'< +>! "&5!5 /\ &_+#5Z +>&+ +>! QX >&5
<!'#!<`X\+_!@+>#5}/_:<7!&{/\/_'<#'^_5+#"!+/+>/5!<!'#!<
!"/%!= &'< +/ &:: }>/ >&%! #'%!5+!< +_5+ #' +>#5 5=5+!Z +>&+
/'~!55 "!&+!<` 0>#5 {!:#Z#'&= 5+_<= "&::5 \/ /'~!55 +/
#'%!5+#~&+! +>! QX &'< \/ 5"#!'+#5+5 +/ #'%!5+#~&+! &::
"/Z{!'5&+!< "&5!5 /\ %&""#'! #'^_= +/ ~&#' & \_::!
_'<!5+&'<#'~/\+>!+/+&:#+=/\"/'5!|_!'"!5/\%&""#'!#'^_=`
&"!:#'57/_'!&'3//<@ &
&-
+
&6
`0`@X@]+>!<`@`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
52
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
l
$7%/$'
*$*$;%*,!! )$/$'$/%**#5
0>!\/::/}#'~#5\/Z &/
/
+
&-
+
&1
+
*
+/+&:/\5#[/Z/!#+!Z5\/Z@@&'<@}#+>&+
:!&5++}/\/Z@&'</'!!&">\/Z&'<
|_&:#+&+#%!#Z{&#Z!'+#'5/"#&:#'+!&"+#/'@&5Z&'#\!5+!<
7=&+:!&5++}//\+>!\/::/}#'~
&`Z&!<#Z{&#Z!'+5#'+>!_5!/\Z_:+#{:!'/'%!7&:
7!>&%#/55_">&5!=!]+/]!=!~&!@\&"#&:![{!55#/'@7/<=
{/5+_!@&'<~!5+_!5+/!~_:&+!5/"#&:#'+!&"+#/'
7`\&#:_!+/<!%!:/{{!!!:&+#/'5>#{5&{{/{#&+!+/
<!%!:/{Z!'+&::!%!:
"`&:&"/\5{/'+&'!/_55!!#'~+/5>&!!'^/=Z!'+@
#'+!!5+5@/&">#!%!Z!'+5}#+>/+>!{!/{:!@!`~`@7=&
:&"/\5>/}#'~@7#'~#'~@/{/#'+#'~/_+/7^!"+5/\
#'+!!5+
<`:&"/\5/"#&:/!Z/+#/'&:!"#{/"#+=
|_&:#+&+#%!#Z{&#Z!'+5#'"/ZZ_'#"&+#/'&5Z&'#\!5+!<
7=&+:!&5+/'!/\+>!\/::/}#'~
&`<!:&=#'@/+/+&::&"/\@+>!<!%!:/{Z!'+/\5{/!'
:&'~_&~!'/+&""/Z{&'#!<7=&'&++!Z{++/"/Z{!'5&+!
+>/_~>&:+!'&+#%!Z/<!5/\"/ZZ_'#"&+#/'5_">&5
~!5+_!/Z#Z!
7`#'#'<#%#<_&:5}#+>&<!|_&+!5{!!">@Z&!<
#Z{&#Z!'+#'+>!&7#:#+=+/#'#+#&+!/5_5+&#'&
"/'%!5&+#/'}#+>/+>!5
"`5+!!/+={!<&'<!{!+#+#%!_5!/\:&'~_&~!/
#<#/5='"&+#":&'~_&~!
<`:&"/\%&#!<@5{/'+&'!/_5Z&!]7!:#!%!{:&=/5/"#&:
#Z#+&+#%!{:&=&{{/{#&+!+/<!%!:/{Z!'+&::!%!:
!5+#"+!<!{!+#+#%!&'<5+!!/+={!<{&++!'5/\7!>&%#/@
#'+!!5+5@&'<&"+#%#+#!5@&5Z&'#\!5+!<7=&+:!&5+/'!/\+>!
\/::/}#'~
` `X0X@6
'/+!@&+`
53
&`!'"/Z{&55#'~{!/""_{&+#/'}#+>/'!/Z/!
5+!!/+={!<&'<!5+#"+!<{&++!'5/\#'+!!5++>&+#5
&7'/Z&:!#+>!#'#'+!'5#+=/\/"_5
7`&{{&!'+:=#'\:![#7:!&<>!!'"!+/5{!"#\#"@
'/'\_'"+#/'&:/_+#'!5/#+_&:5
"`5+!!/+={!<&'<!{!+#+#%!Z/+/Z&''!#5Z5!`~`>&'<
/\#'~!\:&{{#'~/+}#5+#'~@/"/Z{:![}>/:!]7/<=
Z/%!Z!'+5
<`{!5#5+!'+{!/""_{&+#/'}#+>{&+5/\/7^!"+5
!:&=5/&7'/Z&:\_'"+#/'#'~#'&+:!&5+/'!/\+>!\/::/}#'~
&!&5@}#+>/'5!+{#/+/&~!=!&5
5/"#&:#'+!&"+#/'
:&'~_&~!&5_5!<#'5/"#&:"/ZZ_'#"&+#/'@
5=Z7/:#"/#Z&~#'&+#%!{:&=`
0>!<#5+_7&'"!#5'/+7!++!&""/_'+!<\/7=!++5#5/<!
/>#:<>//<#5#'+!~&+#%!#5/<!`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
54
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
l
g/;$$$%/%;'9&%9+>$=)*
k)& #8
\)&$;$'$%/ $/%*9*$%
'9&%9+ / {_{/5!5 /\ +>! Q&""#'! X'^_=
0&7:!@&%&""#'!!"#{#!'+5>&::7!"/'5#<!!<+/>&%!5_\\!!<&'
!'"!{>&:/{&+>= /':= #\ 5_"> !"#{#!'+ Z&'#\!5+5@ }#+>#' +>!
&{{:#"&7:! {!#/<@ &' #'^_= Z!!+#'~ +>! <!5"#{+#/' 7!:/} /\ &'
&"_+! !'"!{>&:/{&+>=@ &'< +>!' & ">/'#" !'"!{>&:/{&+>=
{!5#5+5#'5_">{!5/'\/Z/!+>&'Z/'+>57!=/'<+>!<&+!/\
%&""#'&+#/'`
# ' ') '9&%9+ #5 /'! +>&+ #5 5_\\#"#!'+:=
5!%!! 5/ &5 +/ !|_#! >/5{#+&:#&+#/' }>!+>! / '/+
>/5{#+&:#&+#/'/""_!<`
<%*'$&*&//"0%/%;7}>/{!5!'+
}#+>/_+ &' &55/"#&+!< 5!#_! !%!'+@ &' &"_+! !'"!{>&:/{&+>= #5
#'<#"&+!<7=&5#~'#\#"&'+:=<!"!&5!<:!%!:/\"/'5"#/_5'!555!!
7!:/}:&5+#'~\/&+:!&5+>/_5`0>/5!">#:<!':!55+>&'
Z/'+>5/\&~!}>/{!5!'+\/::/}#'~&5!#_!5>&::7!%#!}!<
&5 >&%#'~ &' &"_+! !'"!{>&:/{&+>= #\ +>!# 5#~'#\#"&'+:=
<!"!&5!< :!%!: /\ "/'5"#/_5'!55 {!5#5+5 7!=/'< >/_5 &'<
"&''/+7!&++#7_+!<+/&{/5+#"+&:5+&+!5!#_!/Z!<#"&+#/'`
<%*)&/'$&*"0%/%;7%*%&*@
&'&"_+!!'"!{>&:/{&+>=#5/'!+>&+{!5#5+5\/&+:!&5+>/_5
&'<">&&"+!#!<7=&+:!&5++}//\+>!\/::/}#'~
5!#_!&55/"#&+!<}#+>:/55/\"/'5"#/_5'!55`
&
*//
5$
)&6&
(&
*//
5$
@
`` 0 0 Q`@ 0 ` Q` X`@
>++{}}}`>5&`~/%%&""#'!"/Z{!'5&+#/'+&7:!`>+Z:&5+%#5#+!<&'`@`
55
X'"!&5!<#'+&"&'#&:{!55_!Z&=7!&":#'#"&:\!&+_!
/\&"_+!!'"!{>&:/{&+>=#'&'=&~!~/_{`
_/$7$;$'&+ '*/ &1& %; '%/'$%)///`
$/$$'6+9*/'%;&/%%;;%&&%b$7
'&$$'& /$7/ ;%* &/ ,5 %)*/ %* 7**
/9*7*9/ , , %; $/ /'$% ;%*
99&$'6&$0;*0/
'*/ %* 6/ */9%/ % 1$*%0
*/9%/>$;&&>%&+%&%)1%$'%*9$;)&/$0)&$
,'*/%*6/+'%'%/%;$q7=
)9%;0$&+006*/%*%*$$1$)&/%*
2 '%/$/ %* 6/ */9%// % q*&
/$0)&$%/%*'%7$=;0$&$*9%9&%*$7/!<`
!Z{>&5#5&<<!<
0>! \/::/}#'~ ":#'#"&: \!&+_!5 &:/'!@ / #' "/Z7#'&+#/'@
</ '/+ <!Z/'5+&+! &' &"_+! !'"!{>&:/{&+>= / & 5#~'#\#"&'+
">&'~! #' !#+>! Z!'+&: 5+&+_5 / :!%!: /\ "/'5"#/_5'!55 &5
<!5"#7!< &7/%! :!!{#'!55@ ##+&7#:#+= \_55#'!55@ >#~>]{#+">!<
&'< _'_5_&: 5"!&Z#'~@ {!5#5+!'+ #'"/'5/:&7:! "=#'~@ &'<
7_:~#'~ \/'+&'!::!` !#_!5 #' +>!Z5!:%!5 &! '/+ 5_\\#"#!'+ +/
"/'5+#+_+!&<#&~'/5#5/\!'"!{>&:/{&+>=`X'+>!&75!'"!/\/+>!
!%#<!'"!/\&'&"_+!!'"!{>&:/{&+>=@5!#_!55>&::'/+7!%#!}!<
&5 +>! \#5+ 5=Z{+/Z / Z&'#\!5+&+#/' /\ +>! /'5!+ /\ &' &"_+!
!'"!{>&:/{&+>=`
##
*%$' '9&%9+ /""_5 }>!' & ">&'~! #'
Z!'+&: / '!_/:/~#" 5+&+_5@ \#5+ Z&'#\!5+!< <_#'~ +>!
&{{:#"&7:! +#Z! {!#/<@{!5#5+5\/ &{!#/< /\&+ :!&5+ Z/'+>5
\/Z+>!<&+!/\%&""#'&+#/'`X'<#%#<_&:5}>/!+_'+/&'/Z&:
'!_/:/~#" 5+&+! &\+! +>! &"_+! !'"!{>&:/{&+>= 5>&:: '/+ 7!
{!5_Z!<+/>&%!5_\\!!<!5#<_&:'!_/:/~#"<&Z&~!\/Z+>&+
!%!'+ &'= 5_75!|_!'+ ">/'#" !'"!{>&:/{&+>= 5>&:: '/+ 7!
{!5_Z!< +/ 7! & 5!|_!:& /\ +>! &"_+! !'"!{>&:/{&+>=` X\ &
{!{/'<!&'"! /\ +>! !%#<!'"! #'<#"&+!5 +>&+ & ">#:<5 ">/'#"
!'"!{>&:/{&+>= #5 5!"/'<&= +/ ~!'!+#"@ {!'&+&: / {!#'&+&:
\&"+/5@+>&+">/'#"!'"!{>&:/{&+>=5>&::'/+7!"/'5#<!!<+/7!
&"/'<#+#/'5!+\/+>#'+>!0&7:!`
### ' !'"!{>&:/{&+>= 5>&:: '/+ 7! "/'5#<!!< +/ 7! &
"/'<#+#/'5!+\/+>#'+>!0&7:!#\#'&{/"!!<#'~/'&{!+#+#/'@#+
#5 5>/}' 7= & {!{/'<!&'"! /\ +>! !%#<!'"! +>&+ +>!
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
56
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
!'"!{>&:/{&+>= }&5 "&_5!< 7= &' #'\!"+#/'@ & +/[#'@ & Z!+&7/:#"
<#5+_7&'"!@ & 5+_"+_&: :!5#/'@ & ~!'!+#" <#5/<! / +&_Z&
}#+>/_+ !~&< +/ }>!+>! +>! "&_5! /\ +>! #'\!"+#/'@ +/[#'@
+&_Z&@ Z!+&7/:#" <#5+_7&'"!@ 5+_"+_&: :!5#/' / ~!'!+#"
<#5/<!#5'/}'`X\&++>!+#Z!&<!"#5#/'#5Z&<!/'&{!+#+#/'
\#:!<_'<!5!"+#/'7/\+>!"+\/&%&""#'!]!:&+!<#'^_=
/ <!&+>@ #+ #5 '/+ {/55#7:! +/ <!+!Z#'! +>! "&_5! 7= &
{!{/'<!&'"! /\ +>! !%#<!'"! /\ &' !'"!{>&:/{&+>=@ +>!
!'"!{>&:/{&+>=5>&::7!"/'5#<!!<+/7!&"/'<#+#/'5!+\/+>#'
+>!0&7:!`
#% X' <!+!Z#'#'~ }>!+>! / '/+ &' !'"!{>&:/{&+>= #5 &
"/'<#+#/' 5!+ \/+> #' +>! 0&7:!@ +>! /_+ 5>&:: "/'5#<! +>!
!'+#!Z!<#"&:!"/<`
$=)* '%1)&/$% / {_{/5!5 /\ {&&~&{>5
7/\+>#55!"+#/'@+>!+!Z5@5!#_!&'<"/'%_:5#/'#'":_<!
Z=/":/'#"@ ~!'!&:#!< +/'#"]":/'#" ~&'< Z&:@ &'< 5#Z{:! &'<
"/Z{:![{&+#&:5!#_!5`75!'"!{!+#+Z&:5!#_!55>&::'/+7!
"/'5#<!!< +/ 7! & "/'<#+#/' 5!+ \/+> #' +>! 0&7:!` !#'~
Z/%!Z!'+5 / 5+&#'~ !{#5/<!5 &:/'! &! '/+ '!"!55&#:= &'
#'<#"&+#/'/\5!#_!&"+#%#+=`
k)&0>!+!Z5!|_!:&Z!&'5&"/'<#+#/'/!%!'+
}>#">}&5&"+_&::="&_5!<7=&"/'<#+#/'
//:#5+!<
#'+>!Q&""#'!X'^_=0&7:!`
57
l
q'*9%;/9%/%< k)/ ##
!&:+>!5/_"!5&'<!%#"!5
<Z#'#5+&+#/'
/"%#::!@
_:=@
!!</Z/\X'\/Z&+#/'"+X&5!/`]
``&/}
X&Z!5{/'<#'~+/=/_X!|_!5+\/!"/<5!~&<#'~+>!
Q&""#'!X'^_=/Z{!'5&+#/'/~&ZQX`/_!|_!5+!<+>!
\/::/}#'~#+!Z5
`!"/<5"/'+&#'#'~&::<!"#5#/'5@#'":_<#'~{!"#&:&5+!5
}#++!'<!"#5#/'5&'</<!5//+>!![{:&'&+/=
Z&+!#&:@~&'+#'~!'+#+:!Z!'++/"/Z{!'5&+#/'_'<!+>!
QX`
`_{:#"&+!/\{/#'+`
`::Z!Z/&'<&//+>!Z&+!#&:!%#<!'"#'~+>!/_+"/Z!
/\{!+#+#/'5\#:!<}#+>+>!QX`
`::!"/<5"/'+&#'#'~5+&+#5+#"5//+>!&'&:=5#5/\
<!"#5#/'5~&'+#'~/<!'=#'~!'+#+:!Z!'++/"/Z{!'5&+#/'
/\{!+#+#/'5\#:!<}#+>+>!QX`
`::!"/<5#'<#"&+#'~"#+!#&_5!<7=/!:&+!<
&~!'"#!5+/<!+!Z#'!}>!+>!&%&""#'!#'^_=":&#Z
5>/_:</5>/_:<'/+7!"/Z{!'5&+!<`
!!<:!55+/5&=@+>#5#5&'!["!{+#/'&::=:&~!&'<"/Z{:#"&+!<
!|_!5++>&+}#::7!7/+>"/5+:=&'<+&!&Z#'#Z_Z/\\/_+/
\#%!=!&5+/"/Z{:!+!````
!++!\/Z0>/Z&5:&%#'@!!</Z/\X'\/`\\#"!@!{+/\!&:+>
_Z&'!%5`@+//7!+&/}_:=@/'\#:!}#+>&_+>/5`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
58
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
'%//*$&$'*'$9%&
85>#,8X\=/_}#::5!'<_5&<!{/5#+\/>&:\/\+>!!5+#Z&+!<
"/5+5@`}!}#::{/"!!<}#+>&55!Z7:#'~&'<
!%#!}#'~+>!5!!"/<50)/')$%+%)$b$&&
*k)$*&/5%8+*/%'%09&+%)**k)/
6%
0>!!{&+Z!'+/\!&:+>&'<_Z&'!%#"!5{/:#"="&::5\/
+>!\_::!5+!5{/'5#7:!<#5":/5_!"/'5#5+!'+}#+>+>!
!|_#!Z!'+5/\&<Z#'#5+&+#%!'!"!55#+=&'<"/'\#<!'+#&:#+=
}>#">&!!"/~'#!<7=+>!X@```@&'<+>!
!{&+Z!'+5#Z{:!Z!'+#'~_7:#"X'\/Z&+#/'!~_:&+#/'5@
&+`
X\=/_!|_#!&'=\_+>!&55#5+&'"!@{:!&5!"&::+>#5/\\#"!&+
]`/
#'"!!:=@
5
0>/Z&5:&%#'
!!</Z/\X'\/Z&+#/'\\#"!
59
l
*1$%)/)$/)/$7
%09/
///
*
)%*/
/}&'!+
&:`
!%/+5!+
&:`
3!#7!:
!'/
3!#7!:
!'/
/$)$%&
;;$&$$%
X
*$'&$&%)*&%;
)6&$'$%
"_+!!'"!{>&:/{&+>=&'<
">/'#"'!_/:/~#"&:<&Z&~!
&\+!{!+_55#5%&""#'!@*//
@]
/Z{:!+!'!55/\!{/+#'~\/
{&&:=+#"{/:#/Z=!:#+#5@'#+!<
+&+!5@]`XZ{:#"&+#/'5
/\!5+#Z&+#'~+>!#5/\%&""#'!]
&55/"#&+!<<#5!&5!@/%
(
&/
+`@
]`
QX >/'#"&+>/{&+>=&'<
Z_5"_:/5!:!+&:5=Z{+/Z5
&55/"#&+!<}#+>_7!::&%&""#'!5`
!%#!}/\":&#Z5
5_7Z#++!<+/+>!&+#/'&:
Q&""#'!X'^_=/Z{!'5&+#/'
/~&Z@%
%`@
@]`
QX
!{/+#'~Q&""#'!]55/"#&+!<
&&:=+#"/:#/Z=!:#+#5
/'"/<&'"!7!+}!!'+>!
-
(
*//@QX`
` ` !7!""& !%/+5 !+ &:`@ )&6
&-
6&
-&
($/
(&&$
2JC382JJ21
6/&
&-
%
<
&-
*//8&/
@ XQ X0X 0 `
`
` /7!+ ` 3!#7!: &%#< ` !'/@ )%&/
%&6%$
+/&<
$6&
&/
"%
*//
"
&-
2=K
)
&
%
&
*//
5$
)&6&
(&@
0X0X0X`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
60
()
*
+,
,
*
*
)%*/
#<~}&=
3!#7!:
#<~}&=
/$)$%&
;;$&$$%
Q/:`
*$'&$&%)*&%;
)6&$'$%
&'<+>!&+#/'&:Q&""#'!X'^_=
/Z{!'5&+#/'/~&Z@
:
&-
(/
4%@@
]`
'#%`/\&:#\`@ #5{_+!<":&#Z5\/{!+_55#5
!!:!=
%&""#'!#'^_#!5_'<!+>!
&+#/'&:Q&""#'!X'^_=
/Z{!'5&+#/'/~&Z@:
+@@]
`
QX
"_+!!'"!{>&:/{&+>=\/::/}!<
7={!Z&'!'+7&#'#'^_=/
<!&+>&55/"#&+!<}#+>\_+>!
&++!'_&+!<Z!&5:!5%&""#'!5&
!%#!}/\":&#Z55_7Z#++!<+/
+>!&+#/'&:Q&""#'!X'^_=
/Z{!'5&+#/'/~&Z@
(/@@+
]`
#'!7!=
/\&_:+%&""#'!#'5_&'"!
!5!&">55/"` !55/'5\/Z+>!&+#/'&:
Q&""#'!X'^_=/Z{!'5&+#/'
/~&Z@:
&-
4%
(&/
(&/$
9
,"@@]
`
($/
(&&$1
)&/&/
!"
%
) )
%
&
*//
5$
)&6&
(&@```0`
` !=#<~}&=@ 6
)
-&
(
*//
5
%
&
*//
5$
)&6&
(&@ ` XQ0X0XQ `
`
` /7!+ ` 3!#7!: !+ &:`@ /
/6%&6%$
0&&"
$
(
!
5$
&
%
&/
"%
0%
+
*//1
"
&-
)
&
%
&
*//
5$
)&6&
(&@X0X`
` != #<~}&=@ &
0
*//
/1
,&
-&
%
&
*//
5$
)&6&
(&@ ` 0 `@ `
`
61
*
)%*/
+&'&5/\\
/$)$%&
;;$&$$%
``@
@QX
*$'&$&%)*&%;
)6&$'$%
>/_:<!X'^_=!:&+!<+/
Q&""#'!<Z#'#5+&+#/'
XQ@/}!{/#'+
{!5!'+&+#/'~#%!'+/+>!
<%#5/=/ZZ#55#/'/'
>#:<>//<Q&""#'!5@!{+`@
`
` &&> +&'&5/\\@ !<` \\#"!@ !&:+> !5` !%5` <Z#'`@ #%` /\
Q&""#'! X'^_= /Z{` /5!Z&= />&'']#&'~@ >#!\ !<` \\#"!@ !&:+>
!5` !%5` <Z#'`@ #%` /\ Q&""#'! X'^_= /Z{`@ !5!'+&+#/' +/ +>!
<%#5/= /ZZ#55#/' /' >#:<>//< Q&""#'!5 !{+` ]@` / Z#'_+!5 /\
+>#5 Z!!+#'~@ ~/ +/ >++{}}}`>5&`~/%%&""#'!"/Z{!'5&+#/' Q#'_+!5]
!{+!Z7!`{<\`
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
62
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
l
**)')**1$b<%*0
$%&''$
%09/$%)/$'*%('
$$%***)')**1$b<%*0
&5!
>#:<5&Z!
+`
{!"#&:&5+!_<~!
/+>!5'&Z!
&+>!5'&Z!
++/'!='&Z!
_&<#&'
<<!55
0!:!{>/'!
]Z&#:
/+>!5
&+>!5
#7:#'~5~!'<!&'<&~!5
/+>!5/""_{&+#/'&++>!+#Z!/\\#:#'~
&+>!5/""_{&+#/'&++>!+#Z!/\\#:#'~
/+>!5/""_{&+#/''/}
&+>!5/""_{&+#/''/}
)/%;
$&
_7^!"+">#:<5{!5!'+&~!
#%#'~5#+_&+#/'3#+>\&Z#:=@~/_{>/Z!@!+"`
/}#5=/_">#:<5:#\!+/<&=
3>&+}&5+>!#Z{&"+/\+>!%&""#'!#'^_=/'=/_\&Z#:=
*'9$%/%;*%7*0)/$'
X'=/_/{#'#/'```
3&5=/_">#:<5":&#Z!5/:%!<|_#":=
3&5=/_">#:<5":&#Z!5/:%!<}#+>"/Z{&55#/'
3&5=/_">#:<5":&#Z!5/:%!<\&#:=
&5+>!/~&ZZ!++>!'!!<5/\=/_">#:<
63
3>&+}!!+>!{/5#+#%!&5{!"+5/\+>!{/~&Z
3>&+}!!+>!'!~&+#%!&5{!"+5/\+>!{/~&Z
3>&+}/_:<=/_!"/ZZ!'<#'+!Z5/\">&'~!5\/+>!QX
3/_:<=/_7!}#::#'~+/}#+!&:!++!<!5"#7#'~=/_{!"!{+#/'5
/\+>!QX
3/_:<=/_7!}#::#'~+/5{!&{_7:#":=#\~#%!'+>!/{{/+_'#+=
''$()*+.'9&%9+
/!5=/_">#:<5%&""#'!#'^_=#'<_"!<!'"!{>&:/{&+>=#'":_<!
5!#_!5
/!5=/_">#:<5%&""#'!#'^_=#'<_"!<!'"!{>&:/{&+>=#'":_<!
&'&_+#5Z<#&~'/5#5@&_+#5+#"\!&+_!5/&_+#5+#"]:#!7!>&%#/5
}>#">/'!
/!5=/_">#:<5%&""#'!#'^_=#'<_"!<!'"!{>&:/{&+>=#'":_<!&
<#&~'/5#5/\++!'+#/'!\#"#+#5/<!
/!5=/_">#:<5%&""#'!#'^_=#'<_"!<!'"!{>&:/{&+>=#'":_<!&
<#&~'/5#5/\!%!:/{Z!'+&:!:&=
''$()*+^$=)*$/%**
/!5=/_">#:<5%&""#'!#'^_=#'<_"!<5!#_!<#5/<!#'":_<!
&<#&~'/5#5/\++!'+#/'!\#"#+#5/<!
/!5=/_">#:<5%&""#'!#'^_=#'<_"!<5!#_!<#5/<!#'":_<!
&'&_+#5Z<#&~'/5#5@&_+#5+#"\!&+_!5/&_+#5+#"]:#!7!>&%#/5
}>#">/'!
3>!'=/_">#:<#5'/+5_\\!#'~\/Z5!#_!5@</!5+>!">#:<
![>#7#+&_+#5Z]:#!7!>&%#/5
/!5=/_">#:<5%&""#'!#'^_=#'<_"!<5!#_!<#5/<!#'":_<!
&<#&~'/5#5/\!%!:/{Z!'+&:!:&=
''$()*+*&&+
/!5=/_">#:<5%&""#'!#'^_=#'":_<!Z=!:#'<#5/<!5
/!5=/_">#:<&:5/5_\\!\/Z&5+>Z&@'/}/#'+>!{&5+
/!5=/_">#:<>&%!:&'~_&~!<#\\#"_:+#!5
/!5=/_">#:<>&%!&<#&~'/5#5/\
3/_:<=/_7!}#::#'~+/{/%#<!}#++!'Z&+!#&:+>&+%!#\#!5
=/_">#:<5<#&~'/5#5
3/_:<=/_7!}#::#'~+/!:!&5!"/{#!5/\=/_">#:<5!{/+5\/Z
Z!<#"&:![{!+5_5!</':=\/%!#\#"&+#/'{_{/5!5
http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol28/iss2/6
64
()
*
+,
,
*
Q/:`
3/_:<=/_7!}#::#'~+/}#+!&:!++!<!5"#7#'~=/_">#:<5
Z!<#"&:"/'<#+#/'
X'#+#&:<&+!/\#'+!%#!}
0#Z!
X'+!%#!}!
/::/}_{<&+!
<<#+#/'&:'/+!5
/::/}_{<&+!
<<#+#/'&:'/+!5
65