2.

,
.
. (
) .
,
.
:
1.
2.
3.
,
,
:
1. ()
2.
3. ( NXT)

(
tweeter) , .

2.1
2.1.1 (electro-dynamic loudspeakers)

(
)
.
( )
2.1 . :
, , .
:
,

. (
)
() .
(
),
.

.
12


(..
Kevlar, .) . (. , )
(. , , .)

(, )
. ..
(
), (
) (
).

2.1 .
: (1) , (2) (3) , (4)
, (5) , (6) , (7)
, (8) , (9)
2.1.2
,
() .
( m )
( k )
( c ), . 2.2 .
( F ) ( m ).
,

.

13

B
2.2 .
: (1). m , (2). k , (3). c , (4).
F , (5). , B
2 Newton
:
F = m

du
+ c u + k x (2.1)
dt

u ( m / s ) x .

, :
x=

F% = F e j t ,
u
du
,
= j u
j
dt

(2.1)
u
(2.2)
j
2 Z m ,
(
,

). m
.
F = jmu + c u + k

Zm =

F
(2.3)
u

14

Zm =

F
k
k
= jm + c +
Z m = c + j (m ) (2.4)

u
j

( 1 / j = j ).


c .
( 0.01-0.1)
.

( f 0 ).
:

fo =

o
1
=
2 2

k
(2.5)
m

(
3) .

Q , 4
(. 2.3 )
.

Q=

fo
=
f

km
c

(2.6)

( )
( ).


.


.
:
Fe = B I l (2.7)
B ( Tesla ), I ( Ampere )
l ( m ).

-
0 .
4

.

15

 2.3

1 Hz.

Vb

B l .
Vb = B l u (2.8)

Z eb , :
I=

(Vs Vb )
Z eb

(2.9)

Vs (
).
Z eb
5 .

:
Fe =

(Vs Vb ) B l
Z eb

(2.10)

,

5

(b), blocked.

16

 (
).
Z r (radiation impedance)
.

Fr = Z r u (2.11)

:

Z r = Rr + jX r (2.12)
Rr X r (radiation
resistance) (radiation reactance) .
(2.4) , Ftot = Fe Fr

:
u=

B l Vs

Z eb (Z m + Z r ) + (B l )

(2.13)

2.1.3

6
( ).

90 .
2

Wr =

u Rr
2

(2.14)

,
.

(baffled piston approximation)
[Fundamentals of
Acoustics, Kinsler et al.].
( << 1

<< 1 , = 2 / = / c ,

a ) ,
, :

. P=I2 R.

17

1
1

2
Rr = 2 c (K a ) = 4 2
2
2
c
(2.15)
8
8 3
2
X r = c
(K a ) =
3
3

.
2

, ( >> 2

>> 2 )

:
Rr = 2 c , X r = 0 (2.16)

:
a)

( ).
b)

.
:
Ftot = Fe + Fr jmu + c u + k
B I l
= B I l Zr u u =
( Zm + Zr )

u
j

(2.17)

(
).

(2.14) :
2

log(Wr ) = log( u ) + log( Rr ) log 2 (2.18)

,
( )
.
(2.17)

.
(2.4)
( k )
.

18

( c ) (
).
(2.15) (2.16)
,
.
, (
) .
(
),
, ,
.

( 2.5)
a 2 ,
f 2 .
(.
).
(
)
, ,
.
,


( ) .
2.4
:

19

 2.4


: (1) log ( u 2 ) , (2) log ( Rr ) , (3) log (Wr )
2.1.4

2
( We = I Re {Z tot } ) :
2
I
B 2l 2 ( Rm + Rr )
We =
R e +
(2.19)
2
2
Zm + Zr

(% efficiency)
.

Wr
B 2 l 2 Rr
= 2 2
We B l ( Rm + Rr ) + Re Z m + Z r

(2.20)

%
.

20

 1
,
100Hz 2000Hz
:
:

d = 300mm

m = 10 gr

k = 1000 N / m

: B = 10T
:

l = 0, 5m

Rm = 0,5 N s / m

( ): Re = 8
:

= 1, 2kg / m3

c = 343m / s

2.1.5

.


. ( )
.

(
Bessel, . Fundamentals of Acoustics, Kinsler et al.)

.
( k a

1 )

.
().

,
(
).
( )
.

.

21

 ,
(near field).

.
, ,
:
r 1 d
(2.21)
d 4

:
r =

d = ( )

=
, .. 300

: r = 0.6
100
r > 6 , 1000 .
,
.

22

 2.5
( )
(baffled piston).
( k a = 1
k a = 10 ), k a . [Acoustics,
Beranek].

.
(PA)


.

(Line Array),
(. 4 )
.

23

 2.5
Line
Array
, (
)
.
,

(
4).

,
(, , , , .)
,
.

2.1.6
1.
,
(. 2.6 ).

,
-,
7
.

.

(
),

( ).
7

(radiators) / .

24


.
2.

.
3.

.

2.6
8
420
(1) 3.8
(8), [Acoustics, Beranek]
2.1.7
,
.


.
,
.
.
, .
/ .
1. : ,
, ,
.
25

2. :


.
3. /:
( )
.

2.1.7.1



. ,

.


(material damping).
.
(
) ,
,

.

(
).
:
Kc =

c 2 ( 2 ) 2
V

(2.22)

a , V .
:

fs '= fs 1+ a,
a=

V Ar
VBf

(2.23)

: VBf (
), VAr (

8).

VAr=c2S2MS, S MS

26

 (
) Q ,
(
)
.
(
),
.
2.7 (
)
(impulse responses)
.

.
(
)
. ..

,
:

f n x ,n y ,n z

2
c nx n y
=
+
2 Lx Ly

2
2
nz
(2.24)
+
L
z

: c , nx , n y , nz
Lx , Ly , Lz

,

.
,

(Finite
Elements Analysis / Boundary Elements Analysis).
: High Performance Loudspeakers, Olson.

27

()

()

2.7

() (Frequency response) ()
(Impulse response)
.


.

, .

,
( )
(
) .
,
25% .

28

2.1.7.2 , (Vented Box

/ Bass Reflex)

,
.

( , )

.
Helmholtz
9.
Helmholtz :
fo =

1
2

c2 S p
V leff

(2.25)

: S p , V , leff
( l + 8r / 3 , l
r ).
f o

(
). f o

.

.
f o
( ).


.

. f o


.
(2.25)

.

.

.
[Fundamentals of Acoustics, Kinsler et al.].

29

 2.8
.

2.8

() , (b) (c)

( )
,
.

.

:
1.

2. (
) .
3. Helmholtz
.
4. (
).
, ,
.
,
30

 .


.


.
,

() .
, ,
,
:

f mx ,my =
Bs =

12
2

7 1
1
4
1
4 + 4 + + 2 2
2 mx my 7 mx my
(2.26)

Bs

E t2
(1 c 2 )
12

: Bs , E Young (Youngs
Modulus), , t , c
mx / my .
1

(kgr/m3)

(kN/m2)

c (m/s)

670

0.33x 1010

3300

MDF

750

40x1013

3960

.


( 20
)
, ( ),
.
,
,
( ). ,

.
2.9
31

2.9

: (),
9
() (3)
9

12mm (). [Barlow,D.A. Sound output of loudspeaker cabinet walls, Proc
AES, 50th Convention, London, 1975]
2.1.8

Rayleigh A.Webster 20
(

).
,



.
50%,

, , 5%.
,
S ( S ( x ) ),
Webster:

32

1 2 p 1 dS p 2 p

= 0 (2.27)

c 2 t 2 S dx x x 2


.


(.
).

:
1. (conical horn) : S ( x ) = ax 2
2. (exponential horn) : S ( x ) = ae m x
3. (hyperbolic horn) :
S ( x ) = a cosh ( m x ) + b sinh ( m x ) , m > 0 , 0 < b < 1
2

4. (hyperbolic horn) : S ( x ) = a cosh 2 ( m x )

m > 0

2.10 :

33

 2.10

(1) , (2) , (3)
(4) .

:
1 dS 2
= (2.28)
S dx x

:
k2p

2 p 2 p

= 0 (2.29)
x x x 2

:
p( x) =

A ikx
(2.30)
e
x

:
co =

(2.31)
k

(2.30)
:

34

u=

p
(2.32)
x
i

:
(kx )2 + ikx
Z = c
(2.33)
2
(kx ) + 1

. 2.11

.

2.11

:
p( x) = A ei x ,
m m2 4k 2 (2.34)
=
2

( ).
:
c ph =

co
m2
1 2
4k

(2.35)

.
.
(dispersion). , m = 2k
.
35


.
:

m2
m
Z = c 1 2 + i (2.36)

2k
4k

, .
2.12 (
) .

(a)

(b)
2.12

(a) (b)

. ,

36

 (. 2.13
).

2.13



()
.


.

.
2.14 .

2.14

37

 (
).

.
,
/
,
( ).
,
:
1. (
).
2. ( ) (
).
3. () (
).

() .


(phase plug). 2.15
:

2.15

(a) , (b) , (c) , (d)
(f)

38

 phase plug
(
). phase
plug
.

2.1.9
, ,
Coulomb
.
(
),
.
.


.

.
.


.

. ,

/ ( )
.
, ,
,

.
, (
) .

,

(
).

.
,
( )

. , ,

(woofer).
39

,
(
,
). ,
(
2-16) .

,
.

.


.

2.16

(a) , (b) , (c) (d)

40

2.1.10 (Ribbon speakers)

,

.
. (
)
,
.
,


( ).
,
10
( )
,
(line arrays).
,

.

2.17

10

(
) ( )
90.

41

2.1.11 (panel loudspeakers)

,
().
.
,
(. )
,

.

.

..
(
) .

.
,
. ,
, ,
,
.

()

()

2.18

() ()

42

2.1.12
,

.

.
.. ( )
( ,
) ( )
. ,
11.
,

( )
.
Line Array.

2.1.6. (cross-over filters)

. ,
(cross-over filters),

.
:

(low pass filters):

,
f c .

(band pass filters):

f f x
.

(high pass filters):

, f c
.

.
Z L = RL + j L ,
,
.
11

.

(.. ).

43


Z C = RC + j / C .
2.19 .

2.19
(basic cross-over filter)

, ,
.
,

. ,

:

.
,
-3 /
36 /

.

() ,

(delay)
.
.

(ripples),
.

,
12.
(minimum phase filter).


(excess phase) .

12

. Hilbert .

44

,
, ,
, : ,
, ,
.

2.2.
2.2.1

:

front-to-random

, ,

2.2.2 (frequency response)

,
() .
(3 )
,
.
(5 ) .
,
(.. )
- -
100
(
),
.

2.2.3 (nominal impedance)

.
45

 -
(. ) 4,
8 16.
,
(
)
.

2.2.4. (sensitivity level, G)

. ,

1
, 1

1
.

. ( Ts ),
( / ) :
TS =

p
(2.37)
V

(free-field sensitivity, Td ). ,
(diffuse-field sensitivity, Tr ),
.

.

( T0 =1 / ) (sensitivity level, )

:

G S = 20 log

TS
(2.38)
T0

46

 2.20

1 , 1
!.
2.2.5 (nominal load capacity)

.
.

2.21


2.2.6 (power handling)

.
:

47

(program power)

.

(peak power ratings)

.
.

(EIA power handling)

Electronic Industries Association
.
,
6 .

2.2.7 front-to-random (front-to-random factor, ")

,
:

p% dS
2
0

L =

p% 2 ( ) dS

(2.39)

front-to-random
:

L = (

p% d r 2
) (2.40)
p% r Dc

p% d (

) r ( )
p% r ( )

Dc ( ).
front-to-random (front-to-random index, CL )
front-to-random :
CL = 10 log L (2.41)


.
3 /#$%'( front-to-random ,
.

48

 2.22
front-to-random

2.2.8 (angular directivity ratio, ))
,


,
:
L ( ) =

p% ( )
(2.42)
p% 0

(angular directivity gain, DL )
( ) :
DL ( ) = 20 log L ( ) (2.43)

,
2.43.
,
off-axis.

2.2.9 (angle of radiation)

3

. ,
.

49

2.2.10 (directivity deviation ratio, ) )

:
*L ( ) = L L ( ) (2.44)

.
(directivity factor, QL ) :
QL ( ) = L 2L ( ) (2.45)

(
) (directivity index, DI ) :
DI = 10 log QL ( ) (2.46)

2.23

(: , : , C: 1/4 , D: 1/8 )

50

 2.24
, ,

51

2.2.11 (efficiency, +)

.
:
n=

Pac EK2 4 r02

E2
n!
(2.47)
=
100% = 3 K %
L r !( n r ) !
Pel 0 c L

EK ( Pa

, -./, r0 ( ) L front-to-random.

W ), o c = 417

0.1 10%,
.
, , .
,
, ,
.
, ,
.

2.2.12 (distortion)
,
(intermodulation distortion).
.
,
(), .
,
(
).

52