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B SS Rm aie aR mA His Bani SPA OUR TSE EL TR ACRE EE RR OA ho AZALI ST TERR ERE ANE 5 SE rem, 212 HewBK St 7 FARA AS UHATER, MU EDR a Taye AAO SZC.” (p70) — BARB) ARR ZANE, RAP AT RE CREME MERRER OPERA, BR Rie “IRIGRUGR” Hse, “RAR AHH, EPMA WAAR ABTA, RMR GE” Sir Haltord John Mackinder, 1887 REAM BRR MMR IME, RECA PEASBSE EMS MEMS CPR BR: RGHER— PRUNE AMD: LER HE WAI (Greeley, 1976) ERE. “AREER, cma APRASTEEHY BO, CERMAK, LL ARMBA WE.” HAOMER ERNE AR, TE BRHEERA, MEH, a ARBRE RAM OM ARI, doh EA oh, SRRAMHE, CABMROMMA, Rides SEALER, JUNO Medora sn, ATR, ASHTRE AUT, ARTBEATS dO AS NALHERELHRMY, BEFPUMELROS AFORR, MERLE, Ake MR Rope RL LMET A, AFLTRERM ETHIE, Amr AMS BE, ALCRPAMAMMLELRARIL, HR PRAA Btw tA Boh thst, ALGRFL-OATRALHAT, CH RAST KM BOPA, MARABEAEM AE, BTA SALMA AAA, BALA ARAL AS RAMRERAGRE, RERAAAA RIM, at wR HADES ARMM HSCEFR ESATA LRA EB AT EH RM A LAE BE IG] EA e8 8-H HERE ABARAT ROM, ERICH: © 2008. Sidney Hanis. 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HO— ASE OIE, A ERIE IEE, RBA TIARA NOSE, Bin, SURI, BRCMFEAR, AULEABARARM HALRB ERMA BAS RADSL A, BiB fe, Lan, ia BECRELAR, AUARBACALARM, A UTNE AERA DA] Hh, BIB FEF, HAR, Anata”, FALMER MRE, MRL BAL RRR St, Fei tut eee aT ROR RMERE, FRATOTELIER, fA BRISA eM LIMIT, Hb, LP TAYE a NS MR, ANAL MERA He RA, iH ORBLE TE? HENRI “ANRIRERTIE .” B80 RSPR A, CAMELS, RON ME ABT LLP UE fe Asa MRAR- HL (Teigen, 1986) iL JeILAe MT RARE & ent eaae cH te \aaser REEREEX, HOBATER LSM AA, SERIE, © 2004 Sidney Hanis. Reprinted with permission. URE SIC MBS, HER TE. ME SIT “BRRMAT Bt, ASMAU MARS, FIRM RMR, eee tata TRE Bh. Mba, AIEEE SA A EE ACR ER POEMAT SPLOT, MELO “BARE CAMEO LF TAR MEO, AM, R RAGA AM, “REM, Ba REZ.” (CRN) LA nKREAT Ra MN, PHERZ” (ESMME AOR ER", RAR MMOTR,) AO LA Pe AT i AO AR, SURMISE (Colin, HARRI AE AAR, BEAR Re AC RAO), RAHN, AMER ERIMNMEAE, COLES, ES BMS, WIE METS MMM, HST LRM OER, (RM A IUHIM, SRE FERENE. 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NT — TREK, FBR LZAA S, SIL WAM TSAR, RRA TET AREA — OT, MBE MATRIC AS SARA. EMR ARF A1-HH, (Jules Henri Poincare) fF 7; REHFAME, AMARARBE, “eT JEERARS, RAI” ARARAUBT EA, ANCABS TREK A, AAT TRIE (hypotheses). BEALE AONE, AE, SATTET LUE ARSE. FE BIC ABR EA RASA th AA Ky RT LONTSEH I, MRE — MRP MARAT AN BEA EMS, I RRR ES FREMRRER, DOM TUR ORAM, He, ATA AR AR OR, =, STH CRO, JER em FL RAUB, — AM cad ET Lf NFARWS, MS/MS ORMT ARAL, BEARD: Copyright © The New Youker Collection, 1987, War. ren Miller, ffom eartoonhank.com, All Rights ReservedSRAMTTA, RATA RRMMTE, BRB DHEA BI (Kurt Lewin) SEPA AUR: “BL FAA HE te OE SE” WER PRM AMISH. bean, RARE 2), SAAT, TARR E+ RM lie RRA LITE: HUE MEAS B) TPA, SAMMI T FRA, LER, SR TRPRC, RFRA TRB RH, RAL AS TORI REE, SUR RATE AN—TABM “RHR” SHAT dr, IAA MERELEKMT Bi, PREMTARF) REAR FRAO OTE AEA — ie scat tite A, ML AILBO— TAHT, Meat ‘RES RRM RATT SHEP OUR AAT ETT BH, NARESH “See” MCRAE ? 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(MCT TBM 843 HAM, EAE SRR — TE, MIEN T Re, HIE a ERPS BE PTA BR He I HEY, DR AIT we BRE, ESE Ras BE He MH TE. ROE 1-5 BRR, FER, TRAE, Ad iw. BBR BIDS BEB T Hat 5 a 2 IE B, WPL LIOR A ee RR) SAMAR, AO EERE ESM GOT A SC AOEAA RK, CRA, He SMAAK (HI, UREA MTSE TENGE), EMRE, A SL MOAT, TUN 17 350 MRE Ss ETT AY 10 SER RAATRRE, SHRTE RA, Meee LTE ARMIEC RE ME US 1.6 fe, SOR ASE LN SET IIS} SY EAT OY A oY 2.2 HAD 2.7 4H ( Adler & others, 1993, 1994), SEALANTS , adi 5 RR AE wae : Eis SteeseRiR16 S-® dees ERLRS EWR, Biase, “EA HPAL UP EA RO, “ARK ot BRT Hi 9 9 AF FLL AE Be EM BS EMAL BARTEL, UA TEER DLEE AA 48, RRS Rub i siemens aan, ALBA TERE RATER! RATTLER, Mt EWA LARP AARNE, LA, Et OAM? WP IERLM TAS Ath, alee mse TERM AUR TS AO CRC TAR AE oT EMM), HUSTLA TM, MESA RE Sea ie (lee) Hee Hak — ACRE CLEMO AREACE EASA SHE SE EK SBR AY RA. HRERR—TAR AA 5 ES FL, WAS NRT ET HRT RR (BRIE AT HEE, RATE ATLA PR: EMR TELA SARA MAM), MRI AWA IRE (1-6)? [FEAR FY PPELL EK SER SMT MHRA, EONS, SREPASS, SHRAY PSMA MARS RH EAA (Landers, 1988), a> AMA, THM SAEED] BEND “RRM ARES” TAT MERRIE #8. HA, AIAT MARIA GUM He RIEL AR BH, ERAT, HEM 30 TIM T 170 BH SRE HARB EBA MA, TLE ERA (Da mon, 1995), BE 3H IF (Dewes, 1994), SH -AS (Leary, 1998), BT -RAVEE (Seligman, 1994), VTE SBE -CUTENTA® (Baumeister, 2003) At 8 LEE — BURT ASE AR aR AR AE MD BA A, 4) PAHRMARM, Li, HRA. Tht RSP TAREM, LTE A MON ATLL ROR HRCI ARSC, BGMF MESURE ZB PATH Be BRE BF; PR ERT AS AMG, — 635 ARR MORTAR, COT ERLE FIR —FIS OE, BS BUS NTR SF BEM TT AB — PBF AY MLAS (Skanlvik Hagtvet, 1990). HA —APTTAR, SS RAR ZA KAA BSE TG we Mb ie % BADR — AGREE, Bp Ma AR 1 600 BHM AE, B—MISERA 745 PLEA JA > 4 (Bachman & O'Malley, 1977; Maruyama & others, 1981), SW S-RS RISES TESORO ALLE, GEIR MMR HSA T SUMKA TAB RARLR, oR AeA PARR RIAL, BT DAE URAC Pe HCASESMREEASAPRLZH, REREAD ESC), STH BA OAS Is Ue NER PEI” x aie Y Lok LR A ae ee TOE @ M16 BRSARR: SAVER RA, UF SAMEERA LATHEACRLOOREA, GAG, Aedthiad TWF Wh Be eke we ABS RRA MOR IA, CARAS ROAR, AES MaRS LOEB IEN. ) SRBNLINR— REM SOR ae IN SORUEIRE, HG TMRT LRM, tS APOLAADSEAE, KEWTRPERES, wR THAR, ASM OR, OLN ‘Aa, A A Se a ea ETS #, PATH, AROMAT, CR RRER TAGS, TBE RATT DARIN FAR, PERL, HPs EMME re Sea ae GE Ro ADS AOA, the FIR IE, ~ AEM, PAAR MT 25 ULE REDT HALE, BER 6k, AR Zs FIBRE VERT AMER AT HIN, ALE ADAGE REEL, RRR PATS RR OL ir SRBC ERE Oy TALE (Ceti T A, DIE aR AE EEAEA LOE ALRGALBLIE (random sample) ——#. 5190.8 AP, BPARRADD REA. ETE NK oe A, RUM ABE IEA, ‘AATT ZEEE TAS BPR RHEE STATE FH set Ht, Sie uoesee 17 KERMA — PMMA, BLP RHA, 1200 4 RRERLARCA B T FR S TPIT, $A O5e6 eo IB iB OR ER ad 3%, EAT T | RFS OR, HHSOMEF EAGAN, SOREN EM. BANA RERA 1200+, TiGILF HAST 10 000 MER 10 IZ, BBA FASS CoHD EAR U Arte Be 1 200 Pe, FEE 479 SSA FALE BM, BUR IIR SFIS MMR a SEMI, OTA MR ARE, RATE, tt 8 1950 EDO, ZEAE OST EAT a a ARE AE ROO HI SET OMe, ARILIRILE RE RAE T ARMA, ROUILRERI ERAS AHERN, FUSER, West TNMe ml aAROEE RR, TUR HRARRE ATMO RL, SA LET SEAGH. AEP MALHON Oe, RRA LLTIELA Far ase SHEAR AE EER AOE, TAT RRMA 7S, FSO, Seas, FRBRERORA EN, PAE R A aa ARERR EAR, Rae JOR Lea ts RE ROAR, 1984, SRR eR (Ann Landers) 327 —(VRS PROTO, itch aL VATE ERT. HON, “pe BRATRHEPE, REUHVR WMI Ba MZME? AFSL, DOBFT AED PEMA (cut poll, & RR OREeR TAH 2) He eM ae18 8h HSB Be, WOT OLRALIEHEIN A ae, Ze LCR 2 Bh, 220 (1995, PAS) TRA. “aka LSE PARA MSR, (8 AR TA A AE, LUA P STI MM, SAINTE PERMA GLANE TRE, CIMT” APMUL, GRA, BT Int rERT AA Be He 700 TRAE, IR aI MLN HE BSC BLE 699 PABHRIL? PPR CRELRIUIE SR Te Fu tO ARN T aE SP HOE Bh, 1936 4F, MINA RADY COMA) AOA FARMAN T GRO IR, FET SA RSBAOR, PU (AM Landon) WESREY RET A BA. MLR ECT CORA, SERRE T BIN, Des ‘Ss RRO SCALA LAI AO AT Ji, BOR IBMT fh bs SEA Rte 3h (Clegom, 1980). URE BRINN ARR, eile BALAI, MMA ALN. TLE * EL ASRCIRT 22° ESOT SET. eh FC 2 FRI” NT, MERE TALS (Schuman & Ludwig, 1983), Aili, FIRE SiMe AY AREAS }, ASALIMRAART THEMES, Bites WT RT, BD “Sea IRE BAS RELATE LER.” ASA HSE ‘SURE ECR, WT HRS, HR dTT Re A ee AA, SRA MM MA LRTI FEE A SARL. SATB ICA (Plight & others, 1987) RISA, (SI ERE PA Ok HE PRR, APR AE 1%, te LFA B-# BBA SKM AREIR A (1) BAB (2) MUR (3) Rihseih, MNP REM RES 21b FRA POT A AE ERP AAT ALE (Schuman & Scott, 1987) HORSE, (MTA B A, “PRYOR WSR MARBELLA, RUBIES FAR, DSR, RAMA ACS PRU AMEE LS,” 2 LR HEP, 3260 AAD AI OAM, TTR FA “PVRS RR RAE LT 2" ABET, (UA 19h ABSIT BCT MIE, STBLE HE — As MMM Heo TRATES, AHF OMA LeN eee, WARM, A Be RA VTE “BOAT be TEMA, TH SIM DOUBLE “FRAIL” Lteeiat A (CRRA, 1994), OU, AS BA TLL “RUINED” PETA Ho FERIA RRA” HOFF (Simon, 1996) , 2 35/1/61 G35 Se ke tee AANA) (Krosnick & Schuman, 1988; Schuman & Kalton, 1985), . “SRL” TRS “AS” Reka A MUZE 1940 4, SARA WRI “AIRY BRE KHREMTIC, MRA HREM UR LIE RRMA, 4 203K, —RSR MARA, S96 SERRA MER RAN TER ASTER “ALR SERS", MAUL aR, AAT 40m NH A, BRERA AMS SES, PORE 60 hE ARPRERRLTRE, T EAR ESL RE REE, LRA RS Hem,Bis HSOEESE 19 by Garry Trudeau a, ake, AAOER ASTRA £4, KEK SENMEMALKOKE “eee ee wh OR RAL RAR THAR mR “#82, Bh, ead PEM, ARdO mn wat, OREO RAK RemR ELAR OEM SERCH, DOONESBURY © BRAM HIRE, FL “ALLITHERNTWOOKETESR” (Moore, 2004), AE el EP SPAS, OE TAT PLAYA AeA HR I, SE LLL aT few Aw MIA, DA SERJ ATA SU SCH. EUS, UH) a A Eu Hit AUR Ree Heme, ate ECE 1994 fl SRS eT OSL A th, PATHE D, ROTER EDR ERE “a 3000 A", MTA IE “706A, 30N6RRIRR" Asie, MARZRM, TAT HY, FH PRIA MACE, RAB RACKET BMF a ARORA A, CO UO i SERA NOIE LS.” FAR, LORD AII AE Sank RBA S0 MEE DIABET REE BEAUTE. INL ANE RB BH HEL” PL, BE OETA RAE RAEI TIE IAN OCA 90 a fi, 281 ARMOR RR ATA. “HO ABTA HABIT”, EY BR ATARI at, He. MRO CPIM, RA PARI Lk, PRUNE A CAST AAMT, etre SPORT, AIT A a, RRA Mik, fe AmMat aa]? (Croser, 1993)] GH. Trudeau, Reprinted with pennssion of Univeral Press Syndicate, Al sghts reserved RWWA: RAGRAR (AL PR A 0 IE RIL TETRIS, BORK BAL 2 NaHS FF mA TY A ARAN F , Ae PEI HA STADE. EMR ES LF I LA TLS WL, FPR, ARIA IE ALOIS He fe SRE AT TREAT AR, LRT AT ASHE ASH EL ALAR, ASE AL RA Rt SERFS A ARE TM, FL, AT TAPE em OLE — OM LOOT LLIN PABA REGED A RENT Ae LIS HOO AT FRAY, BERL OIRO ROMA AAT, MeO a wT SURO, PORIRUA ES ROE. atch — Mat PR Fis SE (independent variables), SeAOESE HARI — Paw} ROBERT Se ett ARRAN, TE SO RADE OAM ARH, a ERLE RAUL ABLE. ARMAS RAS ARASIAM EVAL a IR Re TE SAMURAI CEE, the LAER SCHR FAT WARMTH, ILA MET REMET EA GAZ Va 5 PE en eH, FURR, HPAI HOS = AOI20 #-*% HEB MEAT LAMA (Higbee & others, 1982), MLS PLIMTMAERMBS (Adair & others, 1985). FH (PARRA RAMA REOE, ENELE TELA RAAT OAH, KARATE BEST. CATADRE TASER ECE I RRe ERATE ILL, AT TA Sy ABMS a0 BA PL te AT SHE TTS (Ryckman & others, 1989), HMA ER ATS RW wee AY BRR? METHHKHES, MEX-ABAH (Gortmaker & others, 1993) Hf 370. 4 AEMEHE 16-24 8 TASHA ERT TES, TEI AAT DY, ITTARRR, HE 5 000 A ROE Se ‘RATE, 38 — AUP AG OAT te ea A POT A SEMI, BEZEL T TURD TE, ARV ICRA ZLIB, REARS ABASIC A THR HOSP MAPA 7000 Bho ERETHURMAR ZR, SARTRE RR BREA debt aie feaensa steer ‘SESE wR ERUEA. Ea (sopter & Haugen, 1994, 1995) (2, MANTLE 76 4 OE ARR PM BERENS 76 Bact HE EAT Te EK, HE -ZHRSESM—KRH, Hsia ESR RK, Hep BRR: (FAR TEASE KUM), AHMAR EM MEH, THER, FB He BUA ARERR TEE CHER TERROR TEU, Ate Sse TTR R, ARPA AR, Wk eM RAAT EE it, BRE SRR SRE, AG &, SEAR BMT ZEN, ETS MSHA “BERET Zeta SERRE “IESE” SAGMNIENR AOS MEDAL, TLS ELE BSN See, MZ Freie RIE, BE FUME RUA “beta”. ELMPI7RALRTRUAGRARLEZ A, ib AMAA CRREDASLEGHZAAKR, ALOR BNSRACETAOLE, RRR RAT SOL PR Aaa AT HoIw, SRILA AEE IT. RELAMGHR, LF WMIMECS HA, RA PHD. Al 1-5 ERI], AMAT MER AAR AFAR GAT ARGS ILA Ar ERB BARBRA?) HAOMFRTRREGNT ARATAMS, IB BUCA LERE RAT AOR, BRL RRB AP ARBERAG A, TAT MRR IT BR XEILAAT UF AAR, Chris Boyzatzis BESET (1995) BPE (TARIUEABE) WET — BE 20 “Mite2 90 SE ACRELAT . BARI RR Jy JL EAA) "a 9 a A". EMIT A SIS, Bab Lae a STAD AR A a AA LY LR 7 FS, RATE MAE HB FAM WM (dependent RAM LBD, ABP DANAE, BS SR OMIMR ATES FSSa HAN MA AME th, RRRILRB RA? SMRER CMM, CL eal)variable), SAMS, MT AH LF BIL RAP AWRAZ, BEAM RR, KAO T HT fi), REARS HEMI RSCER, RATT eae Ae—T AS, FARA, WR OB eR THER, BUR ATER, oti ae, AE RL NSA Se LE Se DAB A PACT HA AS Phe CL ERATLILE THA a ROR BREA ARCO SE OTR tT I LR RE, MUA ABIES AE Ay Be, PAUL, Bab PL TERA ANT, ERROR, RTF RAISE TERE (1 FARALAOTE AL) PRCT BARR Se ft, PHRBABREM TITRE (SEM Ml), PEAT OAM ROALD RI SAMAR Ae ROR, HOI AS DVR ATOR, (UE, BARREN PATTI SEAR, LELRAGEMAAOAR, R Vi, AR SURE BEE ACE. 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SUN TR MURATA PABA Ae ANE PILAR T BA, WETTER MA BL KARMA ATS (SHRIB). CULE UXT A PAE ATA LED MRI, AHI CEMENT RAH, ABT IL SAI TAT ARRAS AAI. 6AM AN WFP, HARI AM ATE BILE (Steele, 1997, & BM 9 fe), HERA -MEN (Cooley, 1902) FARR A aK, SHR MOSEL A SF GAT BARA, PALO, AUTRE AC AeA RAE TARR, Zt BATE RIG (Mead, 1934) MURTIE DALAL, Hal SRM ARMA RO ALMA THR LAUT TR 11, ROBT AITO, ATM AIR SIAL CAPRA ETE, CRIME) UR MA BT ARAN Ah, HCE Bm a (Shrauger & Schoeneman, 1979). GRBIK, EMMA SOME, MOC %5E., Shinobu Kitayama (1996) ‘ABE, FAA BGS ae SA A RT, Fo SB AIRE — DORR JE > ew, SLA RO AE ORM, AA, TRS ATA RM A fie, RTE se AA ART, UK, AST EABLET, Bush, RAUCH AT 4 IS RAR, ee A A AS Ae AIEEE ATES BIN ADE EES (Heine & others, 2001). RATHI MISE TH ALO THER I, ALATA JETEPRERIP IT, JEAN, YAM BLE SEALS ASI, th Seat a 0 A Be i, WANE (Leary, 1908) Heol), PEA HAE RAMA IEE, SC NEE Seal FRM eB BING A MOA AS. 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TER APTA SH) 829 000 RPE eee, UA Ade “4 JURIED kam FEE LAT AMIS , AAT CON ALAM A URAEI 10%, 79h 259008) ARAN A CIEL IH 191 RATERS A CMC METER, BRE HAPRERM ARES, ARG Maedcit ELAR RE UME HE SUE SH ARAL ARATE ANNA, TTAB EAA A, ROTTER LRM, SHRAPICLE BEE IT 5 BATE RHE FEY ACB BR A (Hl & others, 1989). BBR SMES AE BME T ALOE, “HE FRR", ASL ABI (Brown, 1990, p.79) i, REAGAN, REE, ba, BEL MTN, NE, MRT RTA HRA, LR BET ALI - BMA ( Weinstein, 1980, 1982) BATES, “RASA A ET om,” PH, AE Rungers Ace, AE AACE Me A CLE CH PUTTS LH, SURAT ARE BROS, MAMAN, TE 40 LSE ROBE i, SMA Net TT eee eA LAI Le aA AISEESOFT PAL, Aa 6 BS HR Ee 9 A AT A (Abrams, 1991; Pryor & Reeder, 1993), 1:55 T 1989 FRAO AMAMEZ I, ILS DR EAT SS — ET A AEF ATARI BABII AH 1 R MA, ERRATA, AA RIRM (illusory optimism) BHR T (Burger & Palmer, 1991). AA-DONT (Perloff, 1987) TERA, RAC EMS MARMOT, ATHIRAR RRA ER, RITE BR the BERIEL: Copyright ©) The New Yorker Callection, 1997, Robert Mankoff, from cartoonbank, All Rights Reserve, FE. 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RMD OMT RAMA AEM Culie Norem) SrA “By FDR BRA fH PB fi ES AB WT A Ss Ha OME MBZ ANAM (Robins & Beer, 2001), BAHE ELE NA SL a TELA a A Em) PERG, RSE", ARBRE FURIE eB, Mido] $e eB DS A Cte NES —— cea AE LA 19 ML (Prohaska, 19945 Sparrell & Shrauger, 1984) (OR 2 FRI A AEA A i—Tayor & Shepperd, 1998.) Abs 3} Fy RYE 2m HERHAR 51 PEAR AT A OE 5 AU THE Ha A 0 LP ATL, BL adh ee By Ba UCT eA HA 7, LAG EM SHAT AY ART (Coodhan, 1986; Norem & Contor, 1986; Showers & Ruben, 1987). SHEN, BEAR BE RR, AGO ES, MMR L SOMO VAS ORE, iz RS EA ma ATH -SHBRIM ARES, BATE AML ATE, NA RS AME, ERADH, RAMA MRA (RUE Ai, BOER Reem ee CZ (false consensus effect) ( Kraenger & Clement, 1994; Marks & Miller, 1987; Mullen & Goethals, 1990). RRA ISE IN RK AA aI NRT AS LIE, SSAA NUL BLA HEP PEADILA (Babad & oth- fer, 19925 Koceter, 1993). HAR TDA FH BLM BHR, RURBTT AER RIM, BUTTS, RUE RETEMIN, WREAERls, R PAM BE TiS, HTP Me At ALAR RSE AY (Sogarin & others, 1998), fee its. fh A fa Ag ASS “BORO , PAR tabi” IR ARATE NEA BARR. ASR AIOER RESRAGABE, SH by ERA, EB AOE erate,52 Bw HEH ibe, Se TMA Se EARN HT Fa A HA, WERT THM, RTS RTT A MA, TRL SEHE ERROR MRRHASDAMS AL EEA FM (Monin & Norton, 2003),, RNS ROR NASAM, MOM, Bade PROME TESOL OBS, MRP Ba (Boven & Lowenstein, 2003) fi), 88% i a a a eH PE ERAHAP RY STRUM, HAT AASB EKA, 28, 2000 SHAMELHEBRAR CH, THSADR NR BERER IL, AHRPRRAOAAREHHSA FER EER, kh, FRMEMAST ARES SEAM (Eibach & others, 2003), ARERR AA ARR ME ABR ATL HAR TLEA (Krueger, 1996), EER A A BRGR OURS RE ZANE LH RS, SEARS CTuhimad) Bs “ARATE AR AR LH ae 9, TULARC eA” MERDRIEZ VER, RMR HEE FURR — (AT RAUFER,, LR PR A ERAT HEN (Dawes, 1990), BURR KI, PARR MAS ACH “AA OR, MORE IIA eR A, FUEL O02 aE RR MEHARRY I RITE AAR RARE A AI AE, SAL ARR OSEPILLR, & REBATE PRE MHI, ARR RRAK Be, RR AICHE, BUR HUA) ah, TH AURAL ARE RAI!" (Talbert, 1997) | eet Wiehe A Dri, RITA, A BR HERAT (false uniquencss effect) JW SH 2 (Goethals & others, 1991), RAHE A CAP RI aE AUEAEF AM, COME COATES, ROPE, Atal AMMAR SAE TLS aah CARRY) 3H, FREMONT ORRUMNEHE) Re a ANE JME (Sule & others, 1988), ARATE SHH A MSE BS Ba co Aa] Fe, LF AY A I a GE {85% (Gros & Miller, 1997; Krueger, 1997; Krueger & Clement, 1997). SEAT AR7RM K, BATORAREE SE te HERE, (ATA 20 A A, LAAT SAN FACIE Ah BA OEE HiT BELA F 20%), RITE CURRIN, RCO SARE, AZ, RAUL, ARAM, HER, LURUOrE CoRR RATE, BARAT SE RIL SLO REE (HH 2-9), NERS the LOE tA — FB RAR RAC HB 2 PR AG ERI TRA fog A ACTH AAPA RATA D, FL FANT, EAP POA TEE 2 8 HORI ON, TE MOSER SHMUEL (Sicoly, 1979) BiH eH OY, HARARE di FRAT HAA BAA Me mae EAB AL SULT A CaCO A eM? SRE ALLS PMN, ACTMAAR, ARRDe eRe ARHIKMA ED, WB AAT SL SELLE ATER, ASE, FRAN EMER? She, eA A FURS STOLE SOTO? RE, MEIC BRIT ne RNAS, RINRARAR, BRIE AS He KAKUMAS AMADA RID, Mhewit, LEK, HARA LOReOS HA KOH 10%, ROAR ELE EKER? BHAT, William W. Haefeli, Saturday Review, 1/20/79amma A(Dunning, 1995), RUFRAREX, MBMESAR EZ (Sanitioso & others, 1990; Swann, 1996, 1997). RAP RAAT LIP BRTARBR (Sedikides, 1993), ARADOL MEE TF AMIE, SRRENSRRA RAN RR HSRRTELES, ARR HMA AMAR WHAM, MALAMEA LAER, MA, SARE ‘HPA RARE AL MRT RSL Aya Me RR SOAM, SHAE, TL, HRT AE AARRE ML, REAR AIC A THE, ELT, SAMRAT OA (PEE WF RARS), MEBANE A (Beaureguard & Dunning, 1998). H#% (ego) MSE B/Ol fie aE RUBE TT ADA Se RL TFB SPURS FAR ELT AL (McCarey & others, 1982), Wit AASB RBS, TBE AH AR RPE RL, SMR A eR aa Bt, OS. HANIA AE A C, RREME, PREACH AMM TRAC (RAPALA, ISCAS ALMONTE, MT ABB tei] AF BLA (Murray & others, 2002; Wills, 1981), EAAM AHS AREAS, FAPMARRGMLELERAR, AOE EM PRA, WEE A RA, Cem BOM RK, TASTE AM, ERAS Mom wenmAR 53 B29 ARMS RO eR “REM OH, RAATERT” BEAIL, Copyright © Tho New Yorker Collection 1996, Mike ‘Twohy, from cartooubank.com. All Rights Reserved. HBL AR ent, RSET GSA (Brown, 1986; Brown & others, 1988; Schlenker & others, 1990). BAAR SH te Robe ALE ASSN GO HRA —m. Se TOL, ACPA RATT, Ae ‘ES TSE BE AF OR A BLE OS) RE (Wood & others, 2003) ERLICH BRET SHS Lae RAE, WAFER AEST (Taylor & oth-54 8-H HEB es, 2003) Hid, “HUA LIP i KoA ‘BU AREER AS APO, TLR AR RYE AT PE A A a AHRVER" (Snyder & Higgins, 1988; Taylor & oth- ers, 2003). EIB AH fT BAF ORE Hak Hea SL PE AS, A eH Hr SER AS REI APO ABA BE K PRB 4H), HAHN A. (Greenberg, Solomon & Pyszczynski, 1997) felt) “RAW ERAGE” ob Bt BA ‘et — PRET, URI: HAAR. ERRATA, ARITA TAS BOR, DENRA, MURTHA SR, ROOT AA NATTA AR, RA, RRL UE “RW ARMR” SARI T. HAIER BAUOn, PUREE (CATON ATRIA HME ak) 2038 FT PLAT NDR AE REE AE CHORE, HIT AEST REN FAI MAREE GLAS RPI WX) AAPA ARO. TA, Sma a, SOREL CATE FEST APR REMIT, TAB SUR PIAE ETERS TITIAN AR. IATA ELSA PEMD, WH, eI, MAT ALOE, SPURL Se AO ER aD, ALATA CPE 108, MARAE SMR I (ARK SLES TURE a BRIAR th ILO A ik A RF TI te RA A A, Ete AAI AC PGB, WBE HAART MAMA AERA A eta LIN ASE AHR (Anderson & others, 1983; Newman & Langer, 1981; Peterson & others, 1981), i insanatee, kewheg ow | RAHI Galoazzo Cano im, The Ciano Dares, 1938 WEES EA (Schlenker, 1976; Schlenker & Miller, 19770, 1977) VESCTREAEAN , AUIS rede BERR AMRETA, AOL RBA AS F, APOSURIERS ORBLE a HARTI PMT ANP AONE, ESA ATO eve RA BM AA AT A U6” A BARD DERE BA SER, HARA PUR SUT TO. EO TCR, HibsM arse FEROS. PRISMA RCE URHGIT, AMIRI Sem SULA, ERTS, RUN ATAES ASR AL A TREE FUSER. MIL DE, KERA RU ECR ATOR, RBA, AA SBME ATA, AUR S SLO OLA, SUR EC Btls TES FORM, LA CNR ILE BA I A OO , ARRAS RSA, OR AR EE RRR OGM AED TBA fc HR FEE, ARASH AY (Blackburn & others, 1980; Cross, 1977). fF ab, SECA BMD, OAR A ER OE PEACE NBS, MEUM AIA CRA IR ER Te 2 “RAGES JUIN, (UNE HO, —Seneca, De tra, A.D.43 “BOORELARAD), KREMRES SRA GC ARE-US AHAB L OT,” —vonathan Sacks, MRAM, 2000 ARRSAREST AMT A DRI, Me TRMEZ LETH ROT, SBCA AC OER LRA iA (CoWlol, 1976; Jourden & Heath, 1996; Taylor & Doria, 1981), © SRAFLERM SNR AMUN ECAR Fifa Seth dee ACS Hm ABE ok AO AL 53Gb A BEAD 2H AI Wh HB HAGA, RAT 1H ADA HE MAHL IO AH % (Buunk & van der Eijnden, 1997), $6 HRMADH LAT RABALERHITAR A AB, SKLAR LEMS (64%) WABSE HAL FMI AEC HD (Whitman, 1996), * ASRDUARP RISEN SHER EOE HAR AAMKH (Kidd & Morgan, 1969; Larwood & White taker, 1977).a “MAEMELRAR, ANALBAR KLE, RRARRE BA IUD.” ARAN 8 RBS Reece A A, GEMS, Copyiight © The New Yorker Colleaton, 1983, Dana Fradon, from cartoanbank:.com. All Rights Reserved. RAS ARE RR MM EIS, MRE RAS BaP ATAU N BCI ERE EAR GRACIA A SLAP RM KE 17 HR Bi AAR EVAL TEAS, LIL AI HATTA GOEL. RA RAMTEC PARE”, Ok Eee ASE EAE 16 A AUNDEIAR” Spiegel, 1971, p.243). AR THERE HEE ih IE FF A AH ER, FUL RR BLT TE, ERE ER SE SU BITRATE, Teanga (isch A Seae a A, SPARE A RTE, (TURE AB FST. POSH EHD, SMEAR — aa HE. ESS, ERP CREZLE, ARCA A FCM, SBOE bat A LADEN? RS, MURR AR, RES MRE AC HRA ER ABM (C. 8. Lewis) AY hee, AAMAROAL DM, BHACBACR, aH AREME. AE Cys oy 7 ReMi May BC Be FRAME. [James Friedrich (1996) HR, AERA UH, “MRE MONIC eRe”, RAR A ANZA!) BEAR, SHEE te nO RR ih, BRULEE AC, EWI BO SKMRE, A-FABLEREOUT MAM eK, Kom terneR 55 a 4S SRATHEARLRI AR AER HE” R WAAL, ARAM ALS AAA BGI, Riba ELE PAT AR, ARAL RRS RAAB RARE ERA, RMN RL 8 AE PLONE BATE, READ —RAR, PAT AG, RAR AAT RSD, AI BGT CR RAH ROB CREEL), Plat 48 CRA fe ah oh ah (BARA), At HR RALR NSU “Habe AE” Hebi, Bs BUA AL ERATE AP, Aly SB ALARA DR ih A Re Aaa RMARUPFRU RACHA ARAB, BHURRAARAMEAR REL, MA, BA “PRER” ASA WERT ARR BT HH? RERNELAS, ARM RATS OHO, 5 Ran RR Hn A eas ah, TA RAR PREBLE HSA]. WBA ARAL RAMEE AG AMAL eae, RATA FBR) RIE, AMIRI APOE ROU He th ee Hh — RRMA? REBT R SATA, RRA RA Be ALAM, ROG BME AR MEMS, mA Wh. WHT KMAC SHA HA ARMAES SH AFT. BHARREL ARON ARMS, BE RR RANE OSL, A RAAT” HRS A AR: “MARE EER RSA GRAN RANI, SPUR WTA, RU WADA, WDE” RAE AMZ ERLE A, GRA, WANE LEMAR MMF AA, RAEI, DR. STARS EE, (EER A56 BS HERE y “ERE RAD RAO — Aa Rte ta Rochotoucauld, Maxims, 1665 BMRA ARAIER, HORAN ACRE BK. RT, SRR MAM, MT, AE T Fly wy” TE 17 HE OE CON AT, HE, UA SHUR A HMA (Could, Brounstein, & Sigall, 1977) 8 3, ERSOHATFO, Se CRNA MCAT MA TBASLMNI SINE, (LT, HES MPM H, MACHR, ULI AR AOI, SPREE OT Ae AE ALAR (Cidson & Sachau, 2000)., EP Rc RAID SL fe Hh OBOE, GIS A Sn CUA AMEE. BI MERIOTBL, HR TAP HEART (Maureen Staple- ton) ARAVA ALATA T ARONA AG RS, DADA" ARAM RRO, EAS AIT BENNER T A Lm ROA HT Oe? ATHABA— A, WAR FA (Baumeister & Tho, 1995) BORE (75 M9 “vom anes Di" SCA, ARERR 2 AS EI ER A, a 2 A A 35. SERA, PEM LURE, AIR, HONE SOE SCRA CE AR. ETT BARGE, Ree ER MM” ——rp Ii RRA Pb TAO, TEEN A cP a, RABBIT ACM. SAR GTREM AA, JBM RATA RERE, FR i LTH AEA OA BPR A, AREA te EL AF Pid — URI SMT AKANE AS (Exline & Lobel, 1999) #62 “FRE PLB” AUTRE A SED RA IE (PTA AS, I A PR OC eS es, Bros FRA MT A AB RL EG RH TT HEAR AUR ARIS, TMB TA ROR 5 FAY (Arkin & others, 1986; Baumeister & Scher, 1988; Rhodewelt, 1987), “#36 BW HO) RAAB ME THE. nthe MOH HT RT No ZF GRE, RATE ANC BR PR EL RHP EMAR, AMERMTOIO EA, EAT TT IM TTA, RUE RAT A NOR HEM, “AD PMATAMT” Si “BERT T PRMCHNEE HRCI” MCL A TE, AUR CTE TEBE FC T, FRAOSATLISENT A CR eee, Re FRRRRAT, BECTURARTMARDM, A BS REA AF EAH MIF — 2 BY OR CRAMER RE EMART") MAME WARNE 1 OES, MUTATOR AION EM AER. RRM, REHAB BAER, WEEK 6 RH, (OFM), 1800 SRBC AUER (Berglas & Jones, 1978) #2485 8 BIGTH (ccl-handicapping) MAE, CAABIER, 304 PRB “BALA TRIE" 09, UR FU RAL, AAG, SMALE TA RI edn, “AURA LAURA Spee ae OD ERAT, A RIM AL, OORT He — Ae, PHAR TRE, AES ALA Poe HE, A AMAT EIA, MAA, Wo SC A, EA A Neh REO men BORNE, PERBRAM, SARWAT Manan? ete? | —te RATER T ARRON, FH me, MS: © BARRPA LEAL ARB HEE (Rhodewalt & others, 1984), HMFAR—LA AL (Shepperd & Arkin, 1991), ESM TEM T, MARAE TAR #8 MB (Baumgardner & Brownlee, 1987),* EMBRAM RHR HDRES HA a (Hormuth, 1986; Pyszozynski & Greenberg, 1987; Riggs, 1992; Tamer & Pratkanis, 1993) [ARLE LG, MRE RIN RGAE ACA, SRR RHR ERI CRRA A, AM, BH BHe%, RIEMABT .” (Prankel & Say der, 1987)] AREER EPRI. Re OSC SEh A FR BRB am MER OREA, CAMBER L, RUE AE BALA RMR, AO RAESARE, Beh AE RAL RHA T, fyb, PALAU FARA Re BRRR (sclf-presentation) RAR] EA SRK GALA) AVATAR (A) RRR AOTE R, RMAF SMA FMAM, RARER PRARTARALRR (1 AMRIT ARER (ehlenker & Weigold, 1992), ERA HS, praeze FRELVSS ROLE, RARER, pine © ATARER IES LOE CARED ENR, Be {eee ee ERE BARRED, BRDLRAS SRARLOLM RE BH AEH T (Leary & oth ers, 1994; Tice & others, 1995), IRIE Gas A E44 AROS, RUTTER SSA TR NT HFRS AARNE, AERIS A SEMA, TRE A RUE KS “8, RARER ENE Mek ueRNAR 57 (Arkin & Baumgardner, 1985), (4, A (I aie M SL BEM RAN ALA BF se Be ESS BIBRA R: MATACEAM ARM, MMMM (Leary & others, 1994), 4A, AGIA Rae, cose atae eK SOCAHMRBS Ht, MAR RBA (Arkin & others, 1980; Riess & others, 1981; Weary & others, 1982), Ske Mae Lema RTH, BATRA SENE A 8s, XRT, A ABUL ARR LiP eae Ke AMINTSREMAE A CMT, TERIOR, RIE ACHAT ALBA OREM, Abt aR Me Geolf-monitoring) (IRA LAMB RED A (REAR RL RMF MAMA BORT”) MBA (8 A —§ HH 017 1 ET A BT (Snyder, 1987; Gangestad & Synder, 2000), 8 TIEST AT WARTIME Re IE ER ABRAM (Zanna & Olson, 1982), FAB) AAR TEZE, UMM Sta 8 ab a TT ah. MFRARMSA MO, TAS RWS RE ARGH. CATE RR GEMMA A RARE Re HE RAIS EE, RP ATES AHI, (EES WR EME, ATES mie Ae AU ABGCR (McCann & Hancock, 1983). #1583 {LTTE PF MEI, (WISE AAR A Uh, TREMBLE (Klein & others, *IEF). BUNKER FAT RTE 8 BAA UN FE AZ i, AOARRCRL—M; HHAM LTP BR, AMMA, REER—Aaam eae Ra” RHE DR, (Mm, 1930 FBLA CLA Rete mab 2. MAAR eR), Mal eat SiH (Carlston & Shovar, 1983), HALT DUAE RRND R, AHS. AE, BONNER. aR V2 AE FE FRE AA (Miller & Schlenker, 1985), MHA TATI MARIE, At Shi Hh (RAMA, RATA") RITA RF Ak EUROS. BI AA ER,