Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIT 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATION
Introduction:
This unit introduces you to the concept of education and meaning of education in
general. A number of scholars are mentioned without many details about them. It
will be your personal interest to investigate further about them.
Learning outcomes
By the end of this unit you should be able to:
Define the term education.
Discuss the concepts in used in education
Illustrate different types of education.
1.2 EDUCATION
Education may also be looked as concept that might mean;
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Other scholars like Farrant describe education as a tool used to explain the
total process of human learning by which knowledge is imparted, faculties
trained, skills and competences developed.
1.0
INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATION
Introduction:
1.2 EDUCATION
TABLE OF CONTENT
UNIT 2
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Introduction:
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SUMMARY
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ACTIVITY
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UNIT 3
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3.0
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3.1MISSIONARY EDUCATION
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Introduction:
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nd
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SUMMARY
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UNIT 4
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3.0
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ACTIVITIY
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Introduction:
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5.1EDUCATION
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SUMMARY
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ACTIVITY
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UNIT 6
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Introduction:
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6.1 POLICY
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6.3 CHALLENGES
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6.4 TRANSFORMATIONS
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6.9.2 PROGRESSION
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6.9.3 CHALLENGES
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SUMMARY
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7.1.1 BACKGROUND:
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SUMMARY
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UNIT 8
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SUMMARY
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REFERENCES
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b)
potential.
c)
morally etc.
e)
Education for self expression- e.g in art, music, literature, drama etc.
f)
as a citizen.
b)
1. Explain the benefits of each aim to both the individual and the society.
2. Which aim explains well the aims of education and explain your answer.
orders, rules, modes of operating and instructions. The learner follows these
orders.
d)
and over until a person can do the skill without making a mistake.
e)
Characteristic Features
a)
-Learning
Formal
Education
done
Agents
in -Governments,
are
structured in form of
syllabus,
curriculum,
schemes, timetables
-Learning is supervised
by internal administrative
body
-Certificates awarded to
those who are successful
-People are trained and
employed to do the job
and are paid.
b)
Non
formal -Loosely
structured
individuals
programmes
-Certificate of attendance
maybe awarded
-No special buildings may
be required
-Loosely supervised at
times not supervised by
an internal administrative
body
c)
Informal
Education
-Learning is unplanned
-Learning
is
not
structured
-No awards of certificates
-Long life process
In this chapter, we have looked at the meaning of education and how various scholars
have defined it. The chapter has further discussed the aims and types of education,
including the common concepts found in education.
1. List down and give examples of the types of education that are found in
Zambia
2. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the types of education in question 1.
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UNIT 2
Learning Outcomes
Education is part of every society, whether simple or sophisticated. Each community
has evolved its own forms of education based on the religious, social, political,
economic and cultural values of that community (Tiberondwa: 1989). In this unit,
we are analyzing;
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
During the pre-colonial period, Africans had already developed their own systems of
education. The first Europeans, who came to Africa, viewed Africa as a savage, a
pagan with no history and culture to perpetuate that he was primitive, that he knew
nothing and that Africans never taught their young. This was a mistaken belief which
reflected the ignorance of the Europeans about African education systems. It also
help to explain why the first Europeans educationists never considered that the
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a communal perspective.
happened and why things happened the way they did. For example,
where did we come from, when, why did we settle here? Why are we
having the drought this year? Why floods along the Zambezi river for
example. The questions which were asked made the society develop
a sense of security consciousness, religious beliefs and sense of
belonging. The history was reflected much in the songs, dances
myths. The young were taught and reminded about their names,
surnames, clans, totems and cousin relationships. There were also
stories in the evenings around the fire places about heroic deeds of
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education stressed the skills according to sex roles. For example boys
were taught by men such as fathers, uncles, and grandfathers about
the uses of herbs, flowers and fruits, farming and raising cattle. They
also learnt how to set traps, hunting and other skills in line with men.
On the other hand girls learnt through close contact with mothers,
aunties and grandmothers in the kitchen. They learnt how to cook,
wash calabashes, pots and how to brew beer. They further learnt the
art of being good wives and mothers.
3.
Children learnt the correct way of greeting different ages, how to sit,
how to address other members of the tribe and elders among them.
They were to respect the old and to extend hospitality to all.
4.
Supreme Being who controlled all the tribal fortunes. The young
learnt the influence of the spirits in the society and how to appease
the spirit of the departed. They also learnt about different spirits (bad
and good spirits) and the mysteries of religion.
5.
the puberty stage and it marked an epoch in ones life as the child was
being introduced by elders to the legends surrounding previous
exploits of ones tribe and community responsibilities. It was an
intensive course of instruction which was done in seclusion and the
initiates were exposed to tests of physical endurance. For example
Nyau among the Chewa people in Zambia were exposed to harsh
environment and taught survival skills such as swimming. They were
also exposed to hot pots as a way of training them endurance. Of
course there were clever women who could only put the pot on the
fire when they were about to come and pick it. They were given
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b)
c)
d)
Practice,
not
theory-
what
was
learnt
was
put
to
use-
IMITATION
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social praise e.g mum, I can cook like you, sing, jump like you.
c)
ii.
Sometimes girls were sent to take care of the elderly relatives to see
how they could manage. This was in view of the other elderly people
that one might live with in future especially after marriage as African
societies lived in communities.
iii.
iv.
v.
The cultures that were pastoralists, boys were asked to identify their
cattle or goats from the rest of the herds of the community.
vi.
Some societies asked the children to name the relatives both the
maternal and the paternal.
ii.
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iv.
v.
c)
It was tribal and so skills of one tribe could not be transmitted to the
e)
are today. But measured against the people it had to serve. Traditional
education was very successful. Snelson (1974) contends that this form of
education was conservative and not progressive, some teachers were
incompetent, so were some learners. Kelly (2006) adds that it was orally
based with no written records, it could not fully cope with scientific concepts,
it was static and did not embrace aspects of innovation inquiry and change.
In the final analysis, the onus is on the modern student to critically analyse
and subject the aforesaid to reason and take a position out of an academic and
informed decision.
SUMMARY
The chapter has apart from defining what indigenous or traditional education means,
also discussed the components, curriculum, methods, merits and demerits of
Indigenous Education.
ACTIVITY
1. There are some elements in traditional education which are relevant to an
individuals life in a community. Discuss this assertion in relation to modern
way of life.
2. Discuss the weaknesses of indigenous education.
3. African Indigenous education was very primitive. Discuss the assertion.
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UNIT 3
3.0 EDUCATION BETWEEN 1890 TO 1924
3.1MISSIONARY EDUCATION
Introduction:
The unit looks at the education that prevailed during the time of the
Missionaries and the British South African Company (BSACo).
By the end of this unit, you should be able to:
To define missionary education.
Explain for coming of missionaries in Africa.
Compare between the indigenous education and missionary education
Trace the first schools in Zambia
Explain the characteristics of missionary education
Discuss the involvement of the BSACo in Education.
Missionary education refers to Western education as opposed to the African
indigenous education. It was based on literacy (ability to read and write) and
numeracy (ability to work with numbers) There are differences between the two
types of education mentioned above in many aspects.
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i)
Draw the map of Zambia. On it show mission stations and years when
established.
ii)
Below the map, make a list of these church groups indicating who were
their leaders at that time. For instance
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of
Jesus
(Jesuits)-Chikuni
Mission
in
Chisekesi,
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maintenance
and
endowment
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of
schools
and
industrial
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Reverend Edwin Smith was elected chairperson of the conference. Rev. John Fell
presented a paper on Ideas and Methods in Native Education-it was the main agenda
item.
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educationists.
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SUMMARY
The Chapter looked at the coming of the missionaries and what was referred to as
Missionary Education. It also looked at the BSA Company and what it had to offer in
terms of education
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UNIT 4
3.0 EDUCATION IN NORTHERN RHODESIA
1931-1953
Introduction:
This unit will introduce you to the activities that followed after the two groups
involvement in education as observed in unit 3.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this unit you should be able to:
Discuss the Phelps Stoke Commission
Illustrate the recommendations by the Phelps Stoke Commission.
Explain the challenges faced by the Phelps Stoke Commission.
Analyse the British policy in Tropical Africa.
A lot of educational events took place between the time of Lathan left Northern
Rhodesia in July 1931 and the time when the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
started in 1953.
In order to capture as many events as possible in this period of time (era), the time
chart method will be applied. This is to capture events that happened as early as
when Northern Rhodesia became a British Protectorate or British Crown in 1924.
1928
1931
1938
1946
1947
1951
One major characteristic of education in the era under review was an attempt to
implement mass education. An attempt was also made to phase out racial school.
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ii.
To ascertain the extent to which peoples needs were being met in rural areas.
iii.
The commission set out to do its work by sending an education commission to west,
south and Equatorial Africa in 1920-1921. The report of the first tour encouraged the
Phelps Stokes Commission to send another group to survey educational needs of
local people in east and Central Africa. This decision was made in 1923, and
implemented between January and July 1924. The countries visited were: French
Somaliland,
Abyssinia
(Ethiopia),
Kenya,
Uganda,
Tanganyika,
Zanzibar,
ii.
iii.
iv.
Providing funds for the training and employment of visiting teachers based on
the Jeanes School operating in USA.
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ii.
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ii.
The curriculum for village (rural) and station (urban) schools were put in
place.
iii.
iv.
v.
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ACTIVITIY
a) Lathan came to be known as father of African Education in Northern
Rhodesia. What were his achievements as director of Native
Education from 1924-1931?
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SUMMARY
This chapter looked at the Phelps-Stokes Commission, its recommendations and the
British Colonial Policy in Tropical Africa or Northern Rhodesia.
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UNIT 5
5.1EDUCATION
Education was racially structured. Northern Rhodesian government was responsible
for Africans while Federal government was responsible for whites and other races.
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SUMMARY
This chapter looked at education between 1924-1953; in particular, it looked at the
development of Secondary Education in Zambia, the 1961 Addis Ababa Conference
and the search for human resource strategy.
ACTIVITY
1. Identify and discuss both the long term and short term recommendations of
the 1961 Addis Ababa Conference on Education.
2. Discuss the provision of School education in Zambia during the Federal
period of 1953-1963.
3. Critically discuss reasons that triggered the need for a search for human
resource strategies in Africa and Zambia in the 1960s.
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UNIT 6
6.0 POST-INDEPENDENCE EDUCATION PROVISION
Introduction:
The unit looks at the happenings in the education provision in the independent
Zambia.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this unit, you should be able to:
Explain the post independence education provision
Discuss the education system at different levels
Analyse the education system in Zambia.
Post-independence refers to the period after 1964, when Zambia got her
independence. Therefore the topic makes an attempt to review the approach used to
provide education to citizens in Zambia, more so in the first ten years 964 1974.
The review will cover these levels: Primary, Secondary, Technical and Vocational
and University.
6.1 POLICY
At Independence in 1964, government policy was the accelerated facilities. Universal
Primary Education was to be compulsory, free and given to all citizens regardless of
their creed, colour and sex. Zambia advocated for multi-racial education system.
The government used the 1966 Education Act and the First National Development
Plan to execute its initial policy on education, during the republican formative years.
National Policy on education :through the First National Development Plan was very
precise on both Primary and Secondary levels. For instance, at Primary level, it set
to:
(a) Provide sufficient places for primary education for every child aged seven in
Zambia.
(b) Provide opportunities for all upper primary school children in urban schools.
(c) 75% of children in rural areas to complete a 7year primary course.
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6.3 CHALLENGES
In spite of successes recorded there were also notable challenges which included the
following: Poor infrastructure (buildings), shortage of teachers accommodation.
Poor conditions of service that led to major strikes e.g: 1968, 1970, large classes,
triple sessions, made grade 7 repetition a visible gap in training between the old and
young teachers as well as high drop-out rates more so with girls at grades 4 and 7.
This phenomenon seem to have been more in rural than urban areas.
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6.4 TRANSFORMATIONS
A lot of innovations have taken place in the Primary School sector since mid 1970s.
Many primary schools have been built, many teachers trained as well, courses for
both pupils and teachers have been revised and changed from time to time eg:
Zambia Primary Course (ZPC), to Zambia Basic Course (ZBEC), to Zambia Teacher
Education Course (ZATEC) which is being phased out for another course to be
announced by MOE.
The term Primary is replaced with Basic. Basic education runs from grade1-9. Grade
1-4 is lower basic, grade 5-7 is middle basic, grade 8-9 is upper basic.
Government with partners such as churches, NGOs, IMF, World Bank and many
others have continued to put their financial and human resources together to develop
primary now basic education.
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6.9.3 CHALLENGES
Many challenges are associated with provision of university education. They include:
shortage of lecturers, adequate infrastructure, LTM, finances and support services:
transport, equipment, communication and changing technology. At implementation
level, classroom or teaching: a host of them exist too.
SUMMARY
This chapter tried to look at Post Independence Education Provision at Primary,
Secondary, Technical and Vocational Training and University levels.
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UNIT 7
7.0 POST INDEPENDENCE EDUCATION PROVISION
7.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION UPTO 1974 (FIRST
TEN YEARS)
Introduction:
This unit further explores the provision between 1974 and 1986.
By the end of this unit, you should be able to:
Explain the development of education up to 1974
Discuss the evolution of policies
Analyse the concepts of each of the major policies
Illustrate the recommendations of the policies.
7.1.1 BACKGROUND:
There was what was called the educational reform movement of the 1970, world
wide. These were large scale innovations and reforms which aimed at reorganizing
existing educational structures and to modernize teaching content and methods.
The reform movement is believed to have been precipitated by external events. For
instance in the United Kingdom new society had been introduced by the second
world war (1939-1945), In USA, there was a shock in the 19505 at Russian ability to
launch a spacecraft and in Africa and in Asia there was felt impact at the end of
colonialism.
Apart from the above the general causes, there were specific factors to the 19705
Education Reform Movement in newly independent countries.
Among these factors were:
(i)
In the 1960s stress was put on expansion of the education system and
quantity.
(ii)
National desires to come up with their own new and different programs
and institution.
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changes
in
school
curriculum
and
out
of
school
education/training network.
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
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The ERIP Report was published in the wake of Zambias break with the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) on 1st May, 1987. As a consequence to Zambias economic
break with IMF, and in the light of funding of the ERIP report, Education Policy
shifted to or it led to the next policy document.
SUMMARY
This chapter looked at the development of education up to 1974. Also, it looked at
the evolution of policies and what led to the evolution of these policies. In particular,
it looked at Education for Development 1976, Proposals and Recommendations 1977
and the ERIP report of 1986.
1) Examine and discuss the reasons that led to the need to change or
introduce education reforms in Zambia in the 1970s.
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UNIT 8
8.0 POST INDEPENDENCE EDUCATION POLICIES
8.1 Focus on Learning 1992.
The general objectives of this document were as follows;
a) Ensure that the focus in all schools is on learning
b) To expand and rehabilitate existing schools and equip schools with books
and other kinds of educational materials.
c) To transform the secondary selection examination so that it could serve
truly educational objectives
d) Improve teacher education
e) Motivate teachers
f) Enhance monitoring of quality education
g) Create conditions for effective coordination of policies, plans and
programmes
h) Strengthen school heads
i) Bias with Special Education Needs Education
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ii.
iii.
iv.
Management or mitigation of the impact of HIV and AIDS. The strategic plan
is a document which improves on how to administer education in Zambia.
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SUMMARY
This chapter mainly dwelt on the Education Policies and what emphasis was made in
each of the following policies: Education for All, Jomtein Conference, Focus on
Learning 1992, Educating our Future, 1996, Millenium Development Goals, Basic
Education Sub-sector Investment Programme (BESSIP), Ministry of Education
Strategic Plan 2003- 2007, Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP) and Vision
2030.
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REFERENCES
Carmody, B (2004), The Evolution of Education in Zambia. Lusaka. Bookworld.
Farrant, J.S (1980), Principles and Practice of Education. London. Longman
Kaunda K. D. (1973) Letter to My Children: London. Veritas
Kelly M. J. (1999), The Origins and Development of Education in Zambia: From
Pre-Colonial Times to 1996. Lusaka. Image Publishers Limited.
MOE (1996), Educating Our Future. Lusaka: Zambia Publishing House.
MOE (1992), Focus on Learning. Lusaka. Zambia Publishing House.
Mwanakatwe, J. (1968), The Growth and Development of Education in Zambia
Since Independence: Oxford University Press.
Snelson, P. (1990) Educational Development in Northern Rhodesia 1883-1945:
Lusaka. Kenneth Kaunda Foundation.
Scanlon D, G. (ed) (1964), Traditions of African Education. Columbia: William
Bryd Press.
Tiberondwa A, K. (1989), Missionary Teachers as Agents of Colonialism: A
Study of their Acitivities in Uganda, 1877-1925. Lusaka. Kenneth Kaunda
Foundation
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