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**

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NSC-95-2411-H-001-058-MY2

2010 8 19 2010 12 27

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1917

1
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1973 1 857
1924 10 9

1937 8 7-8

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1924

4
3
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1966

1987 349-362

2002 2 53-66
2009

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5
(Joseph Fewsmith)

6
7

5
6
7

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91-105
2003 4 177-248

2006 11 49-54
John Fitzgerald, Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), pp. 287-288.
Joseph Fewsmith, Party, State, and Local Elites in Republican China: Merchant Organizations and
Politics in Shanghai, 1890-1930 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985), pp. 88-166.
(1927-1930)
5981989 10 19-49
61 22002 9
108-1381992 3 40-53
1492002 6
46-68
22002 5 1-21

(1924-1930)2004

30-31

52
58-59

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(1921-1925)1989 230
(1921-1925)
338

(1920-1925)
1997 507538575
(1921-1925)
490
1381925 12 10
1963 3 1256

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1911-1914
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1958 3 69-70
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33
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2007
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140
2009 214
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7-9

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(1924-1930) 20

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1954 76-77
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1983 422-423
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(1920-1925) 4121924 8

(1920-1925) 525

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1983 1 57
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1975 638
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2004 17-19

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(1921-1926)1983
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(1921-1926) 7484-85
(1921-1926) 279

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1989 49

-17-

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2002 5 43-45
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1963 2
131-132
347-348
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1924-1925

71
8 7
72

73

74

75

76

71
72
73

74
75
76

Daniel N. Jacobs, Borodin: Stalins Man in China (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp.
158-159.
92-96
2 69
3581924 8 25
3
1 904
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1924 8 21 7 8 29 8 9 1 7
2 38-39

-19-

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-20-

2 56-58

(1926-1927)1998 106
(1921-1926) 274

1978 2 4 1372
1924 10 9
8 8-9Jacobs
(Daniel N. Jacobs, Borodin:
Stalins Man in China, p. 160.)
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8
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1924-1925

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(1926-1927)

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87

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89

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1978 309
8 5
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(1920-1925) 564
Daniel N. Jacobs, Borodin: Stalins Man in China, p. 163.

1924-1925

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(1920-1925) 419-420435-445

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(1921-1925) 156
(1921-1925)
149-151
153-155

-23-

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105

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5
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1981 127
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(1924-1930) 30-31
107
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109

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48-49
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140
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2007 3 112-114
1992 53-55
117
1921 9 14 3 4
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118
1921 10 6 3 4
119
1921 9
16 10 6 3 4

-30-

1924-1925

120

121

122

1912
1923
1231924 5
124

120

1921 11 1 2 3
2007
3 117 55
122
2007
3 116-117
55-56
123

1982 25 240-249
124
7 72
1924 6 7 6
121

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125
7 10

126
127
128
129
9
130
9

131
125

126
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131

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1986
15 99

1986 48 242
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6 1925 12 21 10

1924 9 121516 12

1924-1925

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134

135
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132
133

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136
137

(1920-1925) 538-539

15 99-100
1884 19 1921
1923

1997 2

3741
1924 8 26 8
1924 8 27 12
1924 12 1 3

(1921-1926) 457483

-33-

138
139

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1925 2 141

142

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140
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142

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1924 11
22 7 4562-4
10681
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16
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1925 2 13
4562-4
67 1926 4 10 65-66

1924-1925

143

143

10681
4562-4

(1920-1926)
1986 181-182 1921-1926

-35-

144

145

144
145

-36-

1 900-901
1 912-914

1924-1925

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147

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149

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1924 8

146

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(1926-1927) 99-100
148

(1921-1925) 212
149
(1921-1925) 2531923 11

1994 404
150
John Fitzgerald, Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution, p. 319.
147

-37-

151
9

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155

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1924 10 29 6 10 31 67
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1925 4 3 1 3
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1985 728
2003 5 92
1924 11 21 7

-39-

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-40-

1924-1925

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176

171
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173
174
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176

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(1917-1925)1997 668
(1921-1925) 404-405
Daniel N. Jacobs, Borodin: Stalins Man in China, p. 177.
1925 5 2 2 2 5 6 2 1
1925 5 15 2 3
1925 5 4 3
1925 5 15 2 3
1925 5
28 3 6 1 6

-41-

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1827 1

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181
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1925 5 12 7 5 18 6-7 5 25 9
1925 6 11 2 1
6 18 3 1
(1924-1930)
1925 6 216 3

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(1926-1927) 105-106

1924-1925

183
184

185

1924

183

(1926-1927) 106
25-28
184

(1924-1927)1975 206
185
28
331-336

-43-

-44-

1924-1925

10681
1-12
4562-4

1921-1924
19241928
1921-1925
1925
1923-1925

7
1963
67 1926 4 10 65-66

1958 3 49-72

21 121924 6 7-9

1954
(1921-1925)1989

(1917-1925)
1997
(1920-1925)
1997
(1926-1927)
1998

1989

-45-

1989
2 4
1978

1983

1973
1937
1999

7
1963

1981
45 1983 11 86-90
1968

15 1986

25 1982
1975
1993

(1924-1927)1975
1985

7
1963

48 1986

24
1979

1381925 12 10
3 1963

-46-

1924-1925
1924

1981

7
1963
1979
60 1927
1990
1924
2 1963

1997
(1920-1926)
1986
1992
(1921-1926)
1983

2002

1 1983

1966
1994
1975
2004
1996
(1924-1930)2004
1978
Fewsmith, Joseph. Party, State, and Local Elites in Republican China: Merchant Organizations and
Politics in Shanghai, 1890-1930. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985.
Fitzgerald, John. Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution. Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 1996.
Jacobs, Daniel N. Borodin: Stalins Man in China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.

-47-

1987
1911-1914
231994 6 237-282

2002 2
53-66

2003 5 89-96
2004 6
81-89

2009
1992 3 40-53
2003
4 177-248
1492002 6
46-68
2007 3
111-118

140 2009

22002 5 1-21
2006 11 49-54
(1927-1930)
5981989 10 19-49

61 22002 9 108-138

-48-

1924-1925

Between the Left and the Right: The Guomindang and

Guangdong Merchants during the First United Front, 1924-1925

Li Ta-chia

Abstract
As a result of the repeated failure of his revolutionary efforts, Sun
Yat-sen decided to borrow from the Soviet Unions successful experience.
But his advocacy of a total revolution by the whole people was essentially
contradictory to the proletarian revolution of Soviet Union. After the
Guomindang (KMT) reorganized and began to admit members of the
Chinese Communist Party, they gained considerable power within the KMT
and were able to influence its political line, which gave rise to an eruption of
ideological contradiction. Within the KMT, controversies erupted between
the left and the right, and in society conflicts emerged between merchants
and workers. By this time Guangdong merchants were already in a state of
discontent with the revolutionary government, because they had been
subjected to a range of severe harassments stemming from levies imposed by
both the government and visiting armies. After its reorganization, the KMT
headquarters established peasants and workers bureaus, but lacked any
corresponding merchants bureau. Its propaganda and policy were biased
toward the peasantry and workers to the neglect of merchants, which caused
the latter to suspect the KMT of promoting communism. As far this point is
concerned, the conflict between merchant militia and the government was
based on both ideological differences and practical fears. As well the left
and the right within the KMT and the CCP all engaged actively in the
conflict, in a struggle for revolutionary leadership. The right cultivated the
*

Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica

-49-

power of merchants and promoted party organizational reform, while the left
established an additional bureau of merchants in its fight against the right.
The establishment of this bureau by the KMT headquarters was on the one
hand a measure to pacify merchants in the wake of the conflict with
merchant militia, while on the other hand it implied a conflict of
revolutionary line. However, although the left established a merchants
bureau, it had no clear plan as to how to define the status of merchants in a
revolutionary program based primarily on the peasantry and workers. Not
until the second plenary conference of national representatives of the KMT,
was a merchants movement adopted as party policy. But owing to the
fundamental contradictions between the two ideologies and revolutionary
lines of the KMT and the CCP, the issues surrounding merchants were to
constantly reappear without resolution.
Keywords: Sun Yat-sen, Guomindang, Chinese Communist Party,
merchants, merchant militia

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