ROLL NO, sreessesereesscseeee 24046 B. Tech. 3rd Sem. (Mechanical Engg.) Examination — December, 2012 THERMODYNAMICS Paper : ME-201-F Time : Three hours ] [ Maximum Marks : 100 Before answering the questions, candidates should ensure that they have been supplied the correct and complete question paper. No complain in this regard, will be entertained after examination. Note: Attempt five questions in all, selecting at least one question from each section. Question No. 1 is compulsory. All questions carry equal marks. Use of steam tables /Mollier chart is allowed. 1. (i) An open system defined for a fixed region and a control volume are synonymous. Explain. (ii) Explain what you understand by thermodynamic equilibrium. 24046-9,950-(P-7)(Q-9) (12) P.T.O.(iii) What is a quasi-static process ? What is its characteristic feature ? (iv) Why does free expansion have zero work transfer? (v) Why is an isentropic process not necessarily an adiabatic process? (vi) Show that for an ideal gas the internal energy depends only on its temperature. (vii)Show that ina diffusion process at constant temperature the entropy increases and the Gibbs function decreases. (viii)Explain Joule-Kelvin effect. What is inversion temperature? (ix) Draw the phase equilibrium diagram for a pure substance on t-s plot with relevant constant property lines. (x) Give the Nernst-Simon statement of the third law of thermodynamics. 2x10 24046-9,950-(P-7)(Q-9) (12) (2)ee eee acre cere coeee SECTION ~A 2. (a) Distinguish between the terms ‘change of state’, ‘path’, and ‘process’, (b) Show that heat is a path function, and not a Property. (c) A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a relationship p=a+bv, where a and b are constants. The initial and final Pressures are 1000 kPa and 200 kPa respectively and the corresponding volumes are 0.20 m3 and 1.20 m%. The specific internal energy of the gas is given by the relation u= 1.5 Pv-85 kJ/kg where p is the kPa and v is in m5/kg Calculate the net heat transfer and the maximum internal energy of the gas attained during expansion. 4+4412 3. (a) Which Property of system increases when heat is transferred: i) at constant volume, ii) at constant pressure? (b) What is a PMM1? Why it is impossible? 24046-9,950-(P-7)(Q-9) (12) (3) P.T.O.(c) In a steam power station, steam flows steadily through a 0.2 m diameter pipeline from the boiler to the turbine. At the boiler end, the steam conditions are found to be: p = 4 MPa, t = 400° C, h 3213.6 kJ/kg, and v-= 0.073 m°/kg. At the turbine end, the conditions are found to be : Pp = 3.5 MPa, t = 392° C, h =3202.6 kJ/kg, and v = O.084m3 /kg. There is a heat loss of 8.5 kJ/kg from the pipeline. Calculate the steam flow rate. 4+44+12 SECTION -B 4. (a) What is a heat pump? How does it differ from a refrigerator? (b) What are the causes of irreversibility of a process? (c) One kg of ice at -5°C is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 20° C. The ice melts and comes into thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere. (i) Determine the entropy increase of the universe. 24046-9,950-(P-7(Q-9) (12) (4)(ii) What is the minimum amount of work necessary to convert the water back into the ice at -5°C ? Cp of ice is 2.093 kJ/kg K and latent heat of fusion of ice is 333.3 kJ/kg. 444412 5. (a) What are Helmholtz function and Gibbs function? (b) Define the second jaw efficiency. How is it different from the first law efficiency in the case of a simple power plant ? (c) What is the deficiency of the first law efficiency? How does the second law efficiency make up this deficiency ? (d Establish the inequality of Clausius. 5+5+5+5 SECTION -C 6. (a) Show that in’ a diffusion process a gas undergoes a free expansion from the total pressure to the relevant partial pressure. (b) Steam at 0.8 C MPa, 250°C and flowing at the rate of 1 kg/s passes into a pipe carrying wet steam at 0.8 MPa, 0.95 dry. After adiabatic mixing the flow rate is 2.3 kg/s. Determine the condition of steam 24046-9,950-(P-7)(Q-9) (12) (5) P.T.O.after mixing. The mixture is now expanding in a frictionless nozzle isentropically to a pressure of 0.4 MPa. Determine the velocity of the steam in the pipeline. 8+12 7. (a) Derive the expression of work transfer for an ideal gas in a reversible isothermal process. (b) Write down the Van der Waals equation of state. How does it differ from the ideal gas equation of state. What is force of cohesion? (c) Why does the Gibbs function remain constant during phase transition? 8+84+4 SECTION —D 8. (a) Over a certain range of pressure and temperatures the equation of a certain substance is given by the relation v=RT/p-C/T Where C is a constant, others have their usual meanings Derive an expression for: (a) the change of enthalpy and (b) the change of entropy, of this substance in an isothermal process. 24046-9,950-(P-7)(Q-9) (12) (6)(b) Derive the expression of optimum Pressure ratio for maximum net work output in an ideal Brayton cycle. What is the corresponding cycle efficiency ? 10 +10 9. (a) In an air standard diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 16, and at the beginning of isentropic compression, the temperature is 15° C and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. Heat is added until the temperature at the end of the constant pressure process is 1480 ° C. Calculate (a) the cut-off ratio, (b) the heat supplied per kg of air, (c) the cycle efficiency, and (d) the m.e.p. (b) For the same compression ratio and heat rejection, which cycle is most efficient: Otto, Diesel or Dual? Explain with p-v and T-s diagrams. 124+8 24046-9,950-(P-7)(Q-9) (12) (7)