27 SOLUTIONS Examination Set A Paper 1 9 B Potassium and calcium are in Period 3 and thus their atoms have one more electron shell than those of sulfur, chlorine and argon, all Period 2 elements. Hence option Ais incorrect. There are 6, 7, 8, 1 and 2 valence electrons in atoms of sulfur, chlorine, argon, potassium and calcium, respectively. This number sequence Corresponds to the bar lengths in the graph. From sulfur to calcium, the number of protons in the atoms increases throughout, Hence option C is incorrect. Both potassium and calcium atoms have 20 neutrons. In the graph, their bar lengths are unequal. Hence option D is incorrect. 10 1 © Nitrogen and hydrogen exist as gases and are diatomic, i. each molecule is made up of 2 atoms. The equation for the reaction in the Haber process is Np + 3H» > 2NH;, as represented by option C. i D To purify a gas with a liquid, the gas must be allowed to pass through the liquid. The impurities in the gas will react with and remain in the liquid, while the pure gas will escape from the liquid and be collected. 18 B Since the aim of the experiment is to find the empirical formula of the crystals, itis important to drive off the water of crystallisation present in the crystals without decomposing the crystals chemically, hence the need to use gentle heating, The occasional stirring is to ensure that all the crystals are evenly heated so that all the water of crystallisation is expelled — options C and D are not the main reasons. D_ One productis a solid while the other is in aqueous form. Thus filtration is the best way to separate them, B Acharge of 2+ means there are 2 more protons than electrons. Since X®* has 10 electrons, then 12 protons are present. Number of neutrons: = number of nucleons — number of protons = 24-12 2 B_ The electronic configuration of K is 2.8.8.1 (since an atom of K has 19 electrons — refer to the Periodic Table). It forms a stable ion by losing 1 electron to become K’. Thus the electronic configuration of K* must be 2.8.8. B Solid graphite is the only non-metal that can conduct electricity. Sodium chloride can conduct electricity only in the molten or aqueous state. i tions to Examination Set A A The diagram shows Si covalently bonded to O. However, the presence of Mg® and O° indicates the presence of ionic bonding. Both types of bonding are present. © _ From the Periodic Table, element A (2.8.8.2) is calcium and element B (2.8.7) is chlorine. Since ‘Ais a metal it tends to form the A?* ion while B, a non-metal, tends to form the B-ion, giving the formula AB. for the compound formed between them. The compound is formed when a metal and a non-metal react. Hence its ioic. B The diagram shows covalent bonding through the sharing of valence electrons. The valence electrons of O and H are represented by crosses (), thus the valence electrons of Z are represented by dots («). Since there are 4 dots around Z, it means Z has 4 valence electrons and hence must belong to Group IV. D__ The mole refers to a number. Since water and ammonia are made up of molecules, one mole of each substance would have the same number of molecules. An analogy is buying one dozen eggs and one dozen pencils — you are buying the same number of eggs and pencils. C Since the reactants and products are gases, it means the mole ratio and the volume ratio are the same. The equation indicates that 1 volume of CH, reacts with 1 volume of HzO to produce 1 volume of CO and 3 volumes of Hp, thus 100 om? of CH, produces 100 cm? of CO and 300 cm’ of H2, which is a total of 400 cm? of gaseous products. Using the atomic mass of ltium, the lightest metal, to caleulte the percentage composition of M in M,CO; gives about 19%. r 5 17 oa ik 16276 Te * 100% | This means all other metals would give a percentage composition greater than 19%. Note: M need not be in Group |; other metals also form +1 ions, for example, silver carbonate is Ag,COs, Working: 45: ‘A Since the precision is to 1 decimal place, the best instrument is the burette. The pipette is usually not graduated, i.e. without smaller divisions of volume, while the syringe and the measuring cylinder are less precise. B pH is neutral while pH values smaller than 7 indicate acidity and pH values greater than 7 indicate alkalinity. Thus to obtain a solution of pH 7 we must mix an acid (pH<7) with an alkali (pH>7), ‘A Organic substances, such as ethanoic acid, can be burnt in oxygen, but a mineral acid, such as sulfuric acid, cannot be burnt.18 19 20 at 22 23 24 25 26 28 D__The three important amphoteric oxides are zinc oxide, aluminium oxide and lead{lt) oxide. (Think of ZAP, which stands for ZnO, A/,O3 and PeO) D To make a soluble salt such as copper(!!) sulfate, it is best to react an acid with a base (or a ar carbonate). Sometimes an acid-metal reaction may bbe used, but copper is low down in the reactivity series and does not react with dilute sulfuric acid, thus option C is wrong © Anacid would readily react with a base, such as iron(|l) hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, or a 28 carbonate, such as calcium carbonate. However, Tron(ll) hydroxide would react to form an iron({) salt solution which is pale green in colour, and calcium carbonate would react to give off carbon dioxide gas in addition to the salt solution. Silver nitrate would also react with hydrochloric acid to form silver chloride, a white precipitate. Thus, of the 4 options, only potassium hydroxide reacts 29 with HCI to give a colourless solution of potassium chloride (ie. salt and water only). D__Inthis equation we have to start with v= 1, a given. This means that y= 1 and z= 4 Subsequentty, w= 8. The right hand side of the equation now has an overall charge of +2, while the left hand side has an overall charge of -1 + 8 - x. In order for the overall charges on both sides to be balanced, x= 5. Thus, v+ w+ xs y+ 148154144 9, 30 ‘A. Oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons. For a positive ion such as Fe** to become more postive (Fe*), it must have lost an electron. For option D, the conversion of NO3- to NH is not just aloss of electrons; its also a loss of oxygen and gain of hydrogen. In such a case, itis better to work 31 with oxidation numbers: the oxidation number of N in NO,” is +5 while the oxidation number of N in NH, is ~3 — this is reduction, not oxidation, © The orange dichromate(VI) ion, Cr20;*, is readily reduced to the green chromiumitl) ion, 32 Cr, Among the common gases, SO2 is a strong reducing agent, thus the reduction of Cr.0;* is the chemical test for SO. © Hot air is pumped into the blast furnace to supply oxygen for the formation of CO>, which is then converted to CO, the main reducing agent in iron extraction. ‘A_ All metals are good conductors of electricity while the only non-metal that can conduct electricity is graphite (a form of carbon). When a non-metal, such as oxygen or chlorine, forms an ion, it tends to gain electrons, thus forming a negative ion. 33 D__ From the equation Ag* + e~ > Ag, one silver ion gains one electron to form one silver atom. Thus, if 0.5 mol of electrons are gained, then 0.5 mol of Ag atoms are formed. Since the molar mass of ‘Ag = 108 g/mol, it means that 0.5 x 108 = 54 g of silver are formed. ‘Solutions to Examination Set A In aluminium nitrate solution, the two cations present are A and H". Since H* gains elactrons more easily than AP*, itis preferentially discharged, and no Al is formed The diagram indicates that the anion has a charge of -1 while the cation has a charge of +2. The anion is discharged at the anode, and among the four options, only bromine forms an anion with a charge of ~1, Br-. The cation in option is thus Poe D When sodium hydroxide is added to the unknown solution and heated, and no ammonia {gas Is released, it means that the unknown solution is not an ammonium compound. However, if aluminium metal is present as a reactant together with the alkali, and ammonia is released, it means that the unknown solution is a nitrate compound. ©The observation of effervescence when an acid is added to an unknown substance is the standard test for the presence of a carbonate, Thus the answer is either option A or option C. Both zinc and aluminium ions form their corresponding hydroxides with aqueous ammonia —both hydroxides are white precipitates. However, only zinc hydroxide can dissolve in excess aqueous ‘ammonia to form a colourless zine complex solution. © Chlorine (the more reactive halogen) displaces bromine (the less reactive halogen) from its compound. Thus: Cly + 2Br~ > Bra + 2CI~. ‘The bromine, Br,, produced is reddish-brown. Since 2Br~ lose electrons to form Bp, itis oxidised: and Clp is the oxidising agent. ‘A ‘Flue gas’ means waste gas, and ‘desulfurisation’ means removal of sulfur. The main suifur-containing air pollutant is sultur dioxide, and itis removed by reacting it wth limestone, CaCOs, The equation is CaCO; + SO, > CaSOs + COz. D__ Since experiment 2 uses a more concentrated acid (1.00 mol/dm®) it must be the faster reaction, thus the answer must be option B, C or D, where the graph of experiment 2 has the steeper slope ‘The amount of HC! used in experiment 1 is 100 100 0.200 Tog 02 mol while that used in Since all the acid is used up in both experiments, the amount of products must be the same. Thus both graphs must show the same (otal volume of gas collected — option D. B_ Amount of heat absorbed to break C-H bond = 412 ku/mol ‘Amount of heat absorbed to break Cl-C/ bond = 242 kJ/mol Amount of heat released when H-C! bond is formed = 431 kJ/mol Amount of heat released when C-Ci bond is formed =x29 ‘Quantity of heat absorbed is given + sign while ‘quantity of heat released is given ~ sign ‘Thus, AH = +(412 x 4) + (242 x 4) ~ (431 x 4) 4x. 460 1648 + 968 - 1724 - 4x =—460 the alcohol loses the H here, X= 938 kJimol leaving the O free to bond with [To break 1 CH, is to break 4 C-H bonds; to form the carbon atom ofthe acid 1 CCl, is to form 4 O-Ci bonds} 34 D Inthe fuel cell, the Hy molecules lose , electrons to form H* fons. Those electrons leave I the fuel cell and enter the external circuit, thus the H—c—o—H electrode where the electrons leave the fuel cell becomes the negative electrode. In the diagram, \ substance X enters at the positive electrode, thus, the carboxylic acd loses the © it cannot be Hp gas. X must be O gas. The Oz and H, leaving the C tre to bond gas gains the electrons coming back into the with the © of the alcohol fuel cell and reacts with the H* ions (that diffuses across from the other electrode) to form water: 2+ 4H* + 4e- > 2H,0. Electron gain is reduction. Examination Set A Paper 2 B__ Since the general formula of alcohol is CrHan.sOH, the formula of octanol is CgHp,9,1OH = (CoH70H. Section A ‘A Bromine, which is reddish-brown in colour, At P_ F/CI/Br/I/Atleither one} i reacts with the carbon-carbon double bond of ac ft] an alkene. As the bromine reacts, the colour R Mn tt) disappears. Chlorine can also react with the S_ Lif Na’ K/ Rb/ Csi carbon-carbon double bond, but the reaction is not Mg/ Ca/ Sr Ba [either one] (1) observable since chlorine water is colourless. ‘A2_ (a) This extract contains xanthophyll, chlorophyll © Of the thre fractions, naphtha isthe lightest and phaeophytin [1] and also an unknown while diesel is the heaviest, thus naphtha contains substance. [1] the smallest molecules while diesel contains the largest molecules. ) A-S-05 1 33. _D__ Inthe experimental set-up, the heat vaporises (©) Phaoophytn is present inthe extract from the liquid alkane, which breaks down, with the frozen spinach but hot in the extract trom market help ofthe aluminium oxide catalyst, to form small spinach 1 alkanes and ethene. Ethene exists as a gas, Since phaeophytin is formed trom old chlorophyll, The process of breaking down large alkanes into its presence indicates thatthe frozen spinach is ‘smaller alkanes and alkenes (or hydrogen) is called older than the market spinach, thus showing that ‘racking. market spinach is fresher. i © ‘Hydration’ means addition of water, thus 'A3. (a) By pushing the plungers alternately, airs CoH, + H.O > CoH,OH, passed over the iron repeatedly. i ‘Hydrogenation’ means addition of hydrogen, thus CzH, + Ho > CaHs. lkenes, such as ethene, (b) Allthe oxygen is used up when the volume of undergo addition reactions gas in the syringe is constant i D__Ethanol reacts with methanoie acid to form the ) 80 ester, ethyl methanoate. The first part of the ester's (©) Volume of gas remaining = —i9* 80 name, ethyl, comes from the alcohol (ethanol = 64.0m? i while the second part, methanoate, comes from the carboxylic acid (methanove acid), The other product (3) The volume of a gas is different ata diferent is water, with the alcohol contributing the H and the emperature, thus temperature must be a constant acid contributing the O and H to form the H,0. variable. 1 (e) If iron fills up the whole tube, air will only be present in the syringes. Hence the initial volume of air can be measured accurately. fy ‘Sc tions to Examination Set AItairis present in the glass tube, and this is not accounted for in the initial measurement, the oxygen present in this air can also react with iron. As it was not measured initially, this causes inaccuracy in measurements, resulting in error. [1] ‘AS (a) CH, [or any gas with molar mass smaller than that of Oz) tt] (0) CH, has a smaller relative molecular mass than Oe. t ‘Thus, CH, molecules diffuse into the porous pot faster than O, molecules can diffuse out of the pot. [1] ‘The gas pressure in the pot increases, pushing down the liquid level at P a) AS (a) Indium-115 has two more neutrons than indium-113. t) (0) Let the abundance of in-113 be x. Then the abundance of In-115 is (100 — x)% x 41g 4 100-x Fag * 19+ SX x 115 = 114.92 1] 413x411 500 —115x = 11 492 11800-11492 = 115x—113x tt] ‘Thus, abundance of In-113 is 4% and abundance of In-115 is 96%. 0 (©) InN tt) (@) (i) anode to cathode (] (i) cathode i (i) anode: In > In + 3e~ oR cathode: In®* +3e~ > In f) (iv) In the molten or aqueous state, the ions are moving freely, thus they can carry charges to and from the electrodes. (1) 0) ) (2) AB (a) (b) Lightning (i) 4NO, + O2 + 2H.0 > 4HNOs (i) 2H*(aq) + CaCO,(s) > COA(g) + H_O(l) + Ca®*(aq) [1 mark for equation, 1 mark for correct state symbols} (ii) If excess alkali is added to the lake, the lake becomes alkaline, which is also undesirable. It excess limestone is added, it remains undissolved in the lake and the lake's pH remains neutral. 1] La] () (i) Forthe reaction: 2NO, > x02 + No ‘The oxidation number of oxygen increases from -2 (in NO,) to 0 (in O2), thus oxidation has taken place. The oxidation number of nitrogen decreases from +2 (in NO,) to 0 (in Nz), thus reduction has taken place. (1) a] Solutions to Examination Set A 30 AT AB oR For the reaction: 2CO +2 > 2602 ‘The oxidation number of carbon increases from 42 (in CO) to +4 (in CO2), thus oxidation has taken place. (1 ‘The oxidation number of oxygen decreases from 0 (in O,) to ~2 (in CO,), thus reduction has taken place. tl (i) Oxygen (in ait) is a reactant in the reactions thus the more air (and oxygen) present in the converter, the more likely the reactions will take place, ft (a) Repeat the experiment but weigh the dry mass of manganese(IV) oxide before and after the experiment. [1] The two masses should be the same, [1] indicating that manganese(IV) oxide does not react. Hence it acts as a catalyst. [1] OR Repeat the experiment but without adding the manganese(IV) oxide. [1] The speed of this reaction is slower as it takes a longer time to collect the same total volume of gas, [1] thus showing that manganese(|V) oxide speeds up the reaction, while not affecting the quantity of the product formed. Hence it acts as a catalyst. [1] {b) No. There was more gas formed in this experiment, which can be shown by comparing graph 8 with graph A. Hence substance X cannot be a catalyst. tt] © volume of gas graph C —______— graph 8 graph a ————+ time [Graph C must indicate twice the volume of gas compared to graph A] t (a) NaOH + HCI > NaCi + H,0 ) (b) Amount of HC/ required = amount of NaOH used = 0.100 molidm? x 0.025 dm? =2.50x 10 mol (1) (c) Initial amount of HG! = 1.00 dm? x 0.200 mova? = 0.200 mol ti 2.50 x 10° ‘Amount of HC! reacted = 0.200 - 2:55 -% 200 - 0.109 = 0.091 mol i]31 (@) CaCO, + 2HCI> CaCl; + CO, + H,0 B10 (a) From the equation, 1 mol CaCO, reacts with 2 mol HCI. tu) @ neutrons Thus, 0.091 mol HC! reacted with 0.0455 mol Caco. ti Molar mass of CaCO; = 40 + 12 + 16 + 16+ 16 = 100 gimol Thus, mass of 0.0455 mol CaCO, (0455 mol x 100 g/mol 55Q tt % of CaCOs in the shell = 493. 100% =91% tt) Section B BO (a) Two i} (b) (This increases the surface area of the copper and results in a faster reaction. i i) air without water vapour and carbon dioxide limewater [1] drying agent, 0.4, concentrated sulfuric acid {1} [1 mark for correct set-up of tubes that bubble air into the chemicals] (©) (i) This gas is denser than nitrogen gas. [1] When this gas is mixed with nitrogen in Experiment 1, the density of the mixture is greater than the density of pure nitrogen which was obtained in Experiment 3. i) (i) There is an unexpected difference in the results of Experiments 1 and 2 thus Experiment 3 is carried out to determine the density of pure nitrogen i OR The difference in the results of experiments 4 and 2s very small, thus experiment 3 is carried out to see if this difference is significant. i) (@) (i) No+ 3Hp > 2NHs ty (i) The process is carried out at 450 °C and 200 atmospheres. i Hence a lot of energy is required to maintain the high temperature and pressure. i) (ii) Before the Haber Process was invented, fertlisers came from animal dung. Haber Process allowed Man to make ammonia, which ‘was subsequently used to manufacture a lot of ferilisers quickly for agricuture. As a result, global food production increased greatly a Solutions to Examination Set A © protons x electrons 0) There are 2 protons, 2 neutrons and 2 electrons. [1] (b) Their atoms have the stable octet structure, rendering them inert (except helium atoms which have the stable duplet structure}, fy (¢) Argon is used to provide an inert atmosphere during stee! production 1] if there is air present, the hot iron would react with the oxygen in the air. Replacing air with argon ensures that the hot iron will not react with oxygen. tl (@) () Argon (i) Aprocess of separating miscible liquids based on their differences in bolting points. i) (il) Argon ti EITHER, B11 (a) (i) Alkene tt] @H oH HOH (i) Since isobutylene and isoprene are organic compounds, they are molecular in nature and 0 would dissolve in organic solvents such as chloromethane. (1) They are insoluble in water. {i}fi) Amide linkage (1) (iii) In addition polymerisation, only one product. (the polymer is formed ti] In condensation polymerisation, small molecules such as water are formed together with the polymer. (1 oR B11 (a) By fractional distillation ti) By cracking of larger petroleum fractions that are in lower demand (1) (>) Acompound made up of hydrogen and carbon only tt] (6) It boils over a range of temperatures. ft] (0) The Cs alkane has a lower boiling point than the C,2 alkane, ft This is because the Cs alkane molecule is smaller ‘and lighter than the C;2 alkane molecule. Hence the forces of attraction between the Cs alkane molecules are weaker than those between C12 alkane molecules and require less energy to overcome. tt) {e) The trimethylpentane molecule has more surface area for combustion to take place. The heptane molecule has only 2 ends that can start burning while the trimethylpentane molecule has many ends that can start burning. or Solutions to Examination Set A 32 (3)