59 SOLUTIONS Examination Set B Paper 1 © At 10°C, the physical state of the substance is a liquid, which implies that its melting point must be below 10 °C. At 60 °C, its physical state is a vapour, and thus, its boiling point must be below 60°C but above 10 °C. ‘A The distilled water molecules, manganate(VIl) ions (which cause the solution to be purple) as well as the colourless potassium ions will diffuse. So, increasing the temperature of both liquids will cause the average speed of the particles to increase, and hence they diffuse faster. Increasing the pressure of the pocket of air above the liquids will have no effect on the rate of diffusion, 8 Burottes allow variable measurements of volumes to one decimal place. Pipettes can only measure fixed volumes like 20.0 or 25.0 om®. Measuring cylinders do not allow measurement to one decimal piace if the capacity is above 10 ml, and beakers should never be used to measure volumes of liquids as the uncertainty in the measurements will be very high. Beakers are used to hold liquids and the graduations at the sides provide an estimation of the volume of liquids in the beakers. ‘A The best way to determine the purity of water is to measure its boiling point. Placing the thermometer bulb above the water is akin to 10 measuring the temperature of the vapour in simple or fractional dstilation. The temperature of the vapour that is measured does not indicate the purity of the water in the flask as there could be solutes that are not as easily vaporised as water ‘As some solutes are also colourless and could also be volatile, such as alcohols, chromatography and checking for residue after evaporation are not good methods to determine the purity of water. B__ The prefix, ‘iso’, means ‘the same’. So, i ‘isoelectronic’ means ‘having the same electronic configuration’, The number of electrons in Cris 18, which is the same as that in an atom of the inert gas Ar. © Isotopes are atoms of the same element, so they must have the same number of protons but a diferent number of neutrons (or nucleons) in the nucleus. ‘A _XandY are metals from the same group in the Periodic Table as their atoms have the same number of valence electrons in their outermost shells, ie. 1 electron each. Atoms of X have one more electron shell than atoms of Y. Hence atoms of X can lose their valence electrons more easily ‘Sc utions to Examination Set B than atoms of Y due tothe larger atomic radi and 4reater inner electron shielding effect. Hence X is more reactive as it can form positive ions more easily than Y. Z is a halogen (7 valence electrons) and hence is more likely to form negative ions. Itis not possible to compare the reactivity of a metal (or ¥) against a non-metal (Z in this case) as both have very different properties. As X and Y are alkali metals, they will form basic oxides and not acidic oxides, which are generally oxides of nnon-metals. B Caisavery reactive metal. The fact that Ca forms a white solid with X indicates that the ‘compound is ionic and that X is a non-metal. X also has to be a Group V element based on the formula of the white solid, tis stated in the question that X is a gas, and referring to the Periodic Table, X has to be nitrogen as phosphorus is a solid at room temperature. D There are three covalent bonds between the two nitrogen atoms and as each covalent bond. has a pair of electrons, so a total of 6 electrons are involved in bonding. Each nitrogen atom has a total of 7 electrons each, and only 3 of them are involved in forming the 3 covalent bonds. Hence there are 4 electrons that are not bonded and the total number of unbonded electrons in the nitrogen molecule should be 4 x 2 = 8 D Calcium bromide has a ratio of 1 Ca2*ion to 2 Br ions and that differs from the 1:1 ratio in NaCI. Carbon monoxide is a covalent compound aand does not form a lattice structure unless itis Cooled into a solid. Copper is a metal and hence the structure should consist of copper(II) ions in a sea of electrons. The ratio of Mg fons to O* ions is the same as that between Na* and CI-, and as magnesium oxide is also ionic like sodium chloride, their lattice structures should be very similar. B Hydrogen chloride has a simple covalent molecular structure and hence, is expected to have very low melting and boiling points. itis a gas under room conditions. However, not al covalent compounds stay covalent when dissolved in water. In this case, hydrogen chloride ionises in water to form H* (or HO") and CI- ions. Hence hydrochloric acid is @ good conductor of electricity in the aqueous state as its ions function as charge carriers D The M, of Cl is 71, and hence the molar mass of Cz is 71 g/mol. So, 36.5 g of Ci. contains only 0.5 mol of molecules, and this value is x. 36 g of water is equivalent to 2 mol of water (M, of HzO = 18) and hence it contains 4x water molecules.13 A The number of moles of manganate(Vil) ions is concentration x volume, which is 73.0. am x 0.050 molidm? . The mole ratio between MnO. and Fe®*is 1 :§, and it means that for every 1 mol of MnO, ions in the reaction, there should be 5 mol of Fe ions for complete reaction. As there are (22.09. 0,050) moles of MaO,-ions, that means that there should be (5 x 289°. x 0,050) mol of Fe?* ions. So, the concentration, which is number of moles divided by the volume, 23.00 0,050 ] mol 250 gra ooo ¢™ which simplifies to the answer A. [5x should be 14 A Based on the equation, the mole ratio of H2S : 0, : SO» should be 2 :3 : 2. As equal number cof moles of any two gases occupy the same volume at the same temperature and pressure, their volume ratio is also 2 : 3 : 2. Hence if 5 dm? of HSis present, then the volume of ©, should be 7.5 dm?, and O; is in excess (as 9 dm? is provided). Thus, the volume of SO, obtained is the same as, the volume of H,S that reacted, which is 5 dm®, 15 DM, of NaOH is 40. So, the number of moles in 18g NeOHte 18 = O.4mel Aa tho concntraton is 0.2 mol/dm®, the volume that can be prepared is 0.4 a ge72am 16 B_ A,ofNais 23. So, 230 g of Nais equivalent to 10 moles of Na. NaCl > Nat + Cr Hence the number of moles of Cr" ions discharged is also 10 moles, and that is equivalent to 5 moles of chlorine molecules or chlorine gas. 2Cr > Cp +26 As the molar volume is 24 dm? at r.t.p., 5 moles of chlorine gas will occupy a volume of 120 dm? at rp. 17 A Cations are attracted to the cathode while anions are attracted to the anode. Both SO,* and OH ions should migrate to the anode but only OH is discharged as oxygen gas, while Cu®> and H+ ions migrate to the cathode. As copper is below hydrogen in the reactivity series, copper will be discharged at the cathode, forming a plating on the electrode. 48 © Allreactions involving oxidation with oxygen are exothermic, like combustion and rusting. Likewise, the direct combination of a metal and a halogen to form a halide is exothermic as the halogen behaves very much like oxygen with a metal in this case. Photosynthesis involves the absorption of sunlight to form sugar and thus it is endothermic, 19 A 2H,O,{aq) > 2H,0()) + O29) ‘The above equation can be rewritten as follows to show all the bonds. °. O— 0 > 2 4 N\ +0= ™~ wou Solutions to Examination Set 8 60 20 21 22 23 24 26 In the decomposition of two moles of hydrogen peroxide, 2 moles of O—O bond break while one mole of O=0 bond forms, and the enthalpy change, AH, Is ~496 + 2(148) = ~204 kJ. So, for one mole of hydrogen peroxide, the value should be 102 ki. © _Aniincrease in temperature causes the particles to gain energy and thus, move faster and Collide more frequently. Also, as the particles gain more energy due to the increase in temperature, the proportion of particles with an energy level greater than the activation energy (minimum energy required for a reaction to occur) also increases. Activation energy can only be changed by the use of a catalyst while the change in enthalpy, AH, remains a constant. A Inexperiment 1, as the amount of hydrochloric acd is just sufficient to react with al the calcium carbonate, there is no excess. Hence to obtain the second graph for experiment 2, both the hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate ‘must increase in quantity. The volume of the acid in experiment 2 is higher while its starting concentration remains the same. Hence, the rate of change in concentration ofthe acid will be slower. [Note that the starting concentrations of the acids in experiment 1 and experiment 2 are the same. However, as more acid is used in experiment 2, the decrease in concentration will take a longer time.} D__ Mis the symbol of an element, hence its ‘oxidation state is zero. The oxidation state of ‘oxygen is -2. If we let the oxidation state of Mn in MnO,-to be x, then x+ 4(-2) =—1, and this gives X= #7, In MnO and MnOs, the oxidation states of Mn are +2 and +4 respectively, based on the same ‘method of determination. A Cris the reducing agent as it causes the oxidation state of Fe to reduce from +3 (in Fe*) to 0 (in Fe), and its oxidation state is increased from 0 (in Cr) t0 43 (in Cr? © Silicon dioxide is the oxide of a non-metal and is an example of an acidic oxide. Hence it can be neutralised by a base, such as aqueous sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide neutralises silicon dioxide to form sodium silicate, thus fusing the Glass bottle and the glass stopper together. D__Amphotetic oxides are metal oxides (but the converse is not true). Amphoteric oxides react with both acids and bases to form salts. © Ethanoic acid is a weak acid and partially ionises into ions. It still consists of mainly ethanoic acid molecules, which are neutral. There are few hydrogen ions and thus the pH is about 4. The other three options are either strong acids or strong bases, which ionise completely when dissolved in water. Thus their pHs are either close to 1 (for acids) or 14 (for bases) but not close to 7.D__ Firstly, the unknown substance forms a colourless solution and hence it must be soluble in water. That rules out calcium sulfate, which is insoluble in water. Secondly, al nitrates are soluble in water and hence will not form precipitates with barium ions. Lastly, it forms a white precipitate with barium nitrate solution, Hence, the unknown substance must be a sulfate as the white precipitate is the insoluble barium sulfate. B_ The gas that turns limewater milky is carbon dioxide. Calcium carbonate precipitate is formed, thus causing the miky appearance. Next, the gas that changes the colour of acidified potassium dichromate(V\) from orange to green is sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide reduces the chromium in the dichromate(V1) from +6 oxidation state (orange) to +3 oxidation state (green). D__Allthe alkali metals have very low melting and boiling points. In fact, caesium can melt in your hands (ifit does not react with the sweat from your hands). B__ Indium has a valency of 3 while sulfur has a valency of 2. The formula of the compound formed is thus IngS3 B Across a period, as the atomic number increases, the nuclear charge increases and hence the atomic radius will decrease. Also, the last element, a noble gas, is the only element in a period with atoms that have completely filed ‘outermost shells. The valence electrons increase by one with each successive element across the Period for Periods 1 to 3. B Between caesium and sodium, the former is the more reactive alkali metal. Between chlorine and iodine, the former is the more reactive halogen Hence the reaction between caesium and chlorine will be the most vigorous. B As can displace X from its salt, Y is more reactive than X. Also, the sulfate of Z easily decomposes. This means that Z is a more stable ‘element than both X or Y © The best test for metals isthe electrical conductivity test. Some metals, such as the Group | and II metals, have lower melting points and boiling points than the other metals. Also, some metals such as gold and platinum are unreactive and do not form oxides or salts easily. ‘A The members of the homologous series share the same general formula. Their empirical formula is usually diferent, and each successive member differs from the previous member by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms. As the molecules of successive members get bigger and heavier, the intermolecular forces of attraction increase and hence their boiling points will also increase. B Concentrated sulfuric acid is a powerful dehydrating agent. It will remove a water molecule from an alcohol molecule, forming an alkene in the process, tions to Examination Set B 37 B__ Atemperature that is too high, such as above 32°C (depending on the yeast species), will cause the enzymes involved in fermentation to denature and the process of fermentation will be slowed down significantly. 38 A This is due to the formation of colourless dibromoalkane from the unsaturated alkene. Incidentally, this is also a common test for unsaturation in Organic Chemistry. 38 D_— Asystematic manner to determine the polymer is shown below. Step 1: Draw the structure of at least 3 monomers. in the following manner. aq occa ca oa ce oc cc oo f | | | | CH, Ci CH; Cl CH; Cr Step 2: Remove the double covalent bonds. ci cr ci cr ci ci c c ¢ ¢ ¢c ¢ CH, Cl CH, Cl CHp Ci Step 3: Insert single bonds between all carbon atoms in the chain. ca ococaiai ica ca —c—¢—c—c —c—c— CHy Cl CH, Ci CH, Cl 40 © The monomers can be determined as follows: Step 1: Draw the polymer as shown below. 9° oi ° ° i i | — Nom CANCE C—N-me ONO — | H H H H Step 2: Cleave the bond between the carbonyl (C=O) and (N-H) as shown below. ° ° ° 9 I t I YEOH OF NO FNC H H H 4 Stop 3: Separate the cleaved fragments as shown below. Omit repeated fragmentsStep 4: Complete the monomers by adding a water molecule to each monomer; -OH to the C=O part of the monomer and an H to N-H part of the monomer. ° I H-N-m-C—O-—H H Examination Set B Paper 2 Section A At (a) They are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. t1 (o) Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons = | Formula £ 1 10 oe | 4 2 L [1 mark for every 2 correct answers) ‘AZ (a) It lowers the pH of water and soil, and thus kills plants and fish. (1) Itoorrodes buildings and metal structures. ft] (©) (i) From lightning activty/intemal combustion engines ti (i) From volcanoes/combustion of fossil fuels 0] A3_ (a) Itis the average mass of one atom of an 1 element compared to 75 of the mass of one atom of carbon-12 ('2C). a) (b) Chlorine has two main isotopes; “C/ and 37Cy, m CI has an abundance of 75% while °7C/ has a relative abundance of 25%, i (6) (9) Colourtess solution turns brown. tt) Cix(q) + 2Ki(aq) > 2KCi(aq) + Io2q) (2) [1,(s) is also acceptable as iodine is not very soluble in water. Thus the solution not only turns brown due to dissolved fodine, black solid deposits may also be seen due to iodine cexystals formed) [1 mark for correct state symbols and 1 mark for balanced equation with correct chemical formulae] (i) Colourless liquid begins to appear. [1] CHa) + Ce{a) > CHACK!) + HCG) 2) [1 mark for correct state symbols and 1 mark for balanced equation with correct chemical formulae} Solutions to Examination Set B aa (d) Ci, — oxidation state is 0 (zero). t [Ci is an element, and the oxidation state of an element is always zero] NaCt- oxidation state of Clis 1 tt] [Cl exists as Cr ions in NaCi, and the oxidation state follows the charge of the ion. NaOC! - oxidation state of Clis +1 tt] [The oxidation state of oxygen in a compound is ~2, and that for Na is +1. Since the overall oxidation state of NaOCl is 0 (zero), the oxidation state of CI has to be +1.] (@) Covalent bonding tH (b) C-O bond a One mole of C-O bond requires the least amount of energy to break. tt] (c) Bond energy of C-O bond twice the bond energy = 360 x 2 Bond energy of C=O bond = 743 ku/mol ‘The bond energy of C=O bond is more than twice the bond energy of C-O bond. No, the energy needed to break a mole of double bond is more than twice the energy needed to break a mole of single bond between two identical elements. 1) (@) (i) Reactants: Type of bond and | Bondbreaking | quantity energy (ks) 6C-H 4126 20-0 360 x2 20-H 43x2 | | 30. | 496x3 | a Total eneray needed for bond breaking 412 6 + 360 x 2 + 463 2 + 496 x 3 5056 kd a Products | Type of bond and | Bond forming | quantity energy (kd) [4c | 143 x4 80-H 468 x8 | i Total energy given out in bond forming = 743 x 4 +463 x8 6676 kJ i {i AH =05 x (-6676 + 5056) =-810KJ ia) INote that the chemical equation and all the Previous workings are for 2 moles of methanol, So, in the final calculation for one mole of ‘methanol, the difference in bond energies has to be divided by 2 (or multiplied by 0.5). Also, combustion is exothermic, hence AH is negative.)63 (e) energy reactants \ jaH products 13] [Deduct 1 mark for each of the following that is incorrect, up to a maximum of 3 marks: + correct shape of graph; + energy level of products is lower than energy level of reactants; + labeling of activation energy, E, (arrow must point up as it gains heat); + labelting of enthalpy change AH (direction of arrow must be downwards as itis exothermic i.e, heat is lost)] AS (a) (i) Molar mass of H,Op = 1x24 16x2 =34 Concentration of HO; = me = 0.500 molidm? [1] (ii) No. of moles of HzO. 100 = Im? x ~ = 0.800 mold? x 5 = 0.0500 mot tt) am? From the equatio ‘no. of moles of HzO, 2x no. of moles of Oz 0.0500 2 = 0.0260 mol io} So, no. of moles of O2 Volume of O, = 0.0250 x 24 (0.600 dm? "1 (b) Use a glowing splint. oT if oxygen is produced, the glowing splint will be relighted (1 {c) Store hydrogen peroxide in opaque bottles. [1] Store hydrogen peroxide in dark and cool or cold places t AB (a) Cs—Cy 10] (b) Petroleum gas ) Itis used as fuel for cooking. tf (6) Cs- Cy n Solutions to Examination Set B (d) High temperature (1) Use of a catalyst ny (e) CopHsa(s) > C2He(9) + 13C2H.(9) 12 [1 mark for equation, mark for balancing the equation] (f) Bubble the products into reddish-brown bromine Section B water. tt] Ethene will decolourise bromine. tt] (a) acidified water reservoir hydrogen gas platinum platinum electrode electrode positive negative electrode electrode (anode) (cathode) gy {1 mark for diagram above to measure volume of gases] {1 mark for labelling cathode, anode, oxygen gas and hydrogen gas} (0) (i) Cathode: 2H"(aq) + 22° > H,(9) (1) ‘Anode: 40H-(aq) > O,{g) + 2H-0() +4e- [1] Ratio of volume of hydrogen to volume of oxygen = 2:7 t (il) Oxygen gas is more soluble than hydrogen {gas and some of it dissolves in water. AS a result, the volume of oxygen gas collected is less than half of the hydrogen gas collected. [1] (©) () Over time, the chloride ion in the electrolyte becomes more concentrated as hydroxide ions are oxidised to oxygen. Hence chlorine is discharged. it) (i) 15% i) [Based on the trend, the increase is 5% for every 10 minutes.) (il) Chlorine is a very reactive element, Some of it reacted with the platinum anode to form platinum chloride. i ‘The platinum chioride formed is insoluble in water. I formed a layer on the anode and acted as an insulator, thus preventing the transfer of electrons between the chloride ions and the anode. 0BB (a) As temperature gets higher, the kinetic energy of the particles increases. [1] Hence the particles move with greater average speed [1] and collide more frequent, [1] leading to a faster rate of reaction. Also, with a higher energy level, more particles will possess an energy that is greater than the activation energy. [1] Hence the frequency of successful collisions, leading to formation of products, will increase. (1] (b) There is less ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface due to the blocking by clouds and atmospheric gases. [1] (c) Light from the photocopying machine provides the energy to spit O, molecules to O atoms [1] and the O atoms combine with O» molecules to form ozone, O3 [1] (d) Ozone is used for kiling microorganisms in the purification of water. m (e) When the ozone layer is thinned or depleted, harmful ultraviolet rays will not be fully absorbed by the ozone layer but can penetrate the atmosphere. These ultraviolet rays can damage skin tissue and even cause skin cancer. 1] EITHER B9 (a) (i) ce | ou ° semass | 62.1 103 276 | Mole ratio | 62.1. 10.3 276 12 1 16 5.175 |=103 | = 1.725 simplest [6.175 | 103 4.725 ratio 1725 «| 4.725 | 1.725 =3 =6 1 i) Empirical formula is C3H,0. ni (i) No. of motes of NaOH = 0.10 mold x P55. am? = 0.00259 mol t) No. of moles of carboxylic acid = no. of moles of NaOH, 80, M, of carboxylic acid = __mass of carboxylic acid NO. of moles of carboxylic acid 0.30 0.00258, =116 ty ‘Solutions to Examination Set B Lot the molecular formula be CarHarOrp 80 M,=12x3m+1x6m+16xm 16 36m-+ m+ 16m 58m Hence the molecular formula is CeH;20, 1 (0) () Add acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to the alcohol and warm the mixture. tt] ‘The colour ofthe dichromate( VI) will turn from ‘range to green. (1) {i Aweak acid is one that ionises partially into ions when dissolved in water. t) (ii) Method 1 : Comparing rate of reaction Measure the rate of reaction with a metal, such as magnesium, or a metal carbonate, such as calcium carbonate, with each of the acids. All other reaction conditions, such as concentration and temperature, should remain the same for both tests to ensure a fair test. [1] Hydrochloric acid will react faster than ethanoic acid. ty OR Method 2: Finding pH Measure the pH of hydrochlorio acid and ethancic acid, with both acids at the same concentration and temperature. fay The pH of the hydrochloric acid will be lower. ful oR 9 (a) Calcium reacts very fast with hydrochloric acid while zinc reacts moderately fast with hydrochloric acid. (i) Calcium reacts more vigorously than zine. Oi) Effervescence is observed in both reactions. [1] Ca+ 2HCI > CaCl, + Hy OR Zn + 2HCI> ZnCl, + He 0 Copper does not react with hydrochloric acid. [1] The rate of reaction of these metals with acid indicates the reactivity of these metals. Thus the trend in reactivity of these metals, in decreasing ‘order, is calcium, zine and copper. "1 (b) The metals used should have the same number ‘of moles instead of the same mass. {i} This is because the metals have different relative ‘atomic masses and hence the same mass of these ‘metals have different molar quantities. As a result the number of atoms for each of the metals would be different: Since the initial number of reacting articles is different, itis not a fair experiment. [1] () Sulfuric acid reacts with calcium to form insoluble calcium sulfate. 1 ‘The calcium sulfate forms a layer on the surface of the calcium metal and prevents the metal from coming into contact with the acid, thus stopping the reaction. ti]