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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE

PAGE

A. WHAT IS URBAN DESIGN?---------------------------------- P.2


WHO DOES THE WORK?
B. HISTORY OF PLANNING -------------------------------------P.3
TO P.5
C. URBAN DESIGN PROCES-------------------------------------P.6
D. ELEMENTS----------------------------------------------------------P.7
E. EXAMPLES AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION----------P.8
TO P.15
F. GLOSSARY---------------------------------------------------------P.16
G. BIBLIOGRAPHY---------------------------------------------------P.17

:URBAN DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS


1. STRUCTURE
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HOW A PLACE IS PUT TOGETHER AND HOW ITS PARTS RELATE TO EACH
OTHER

IS THE ARRANGEMENT OF LAND USE IN URBAN


AREAS. SOCIOLOGISTS, ECONOMISTS, AND GEOGRAPHERS HAVE
DEVELOPED SEVERAL MODELS, EXPLAINING WHERE DIFFERENT TYPES
OF PEOPLE AND BUSINESSES TEND TO EXIST WITHIN THE URBAN
SETTING. URBAN STRUCTURE CAN ALSO REFER TO THE URBAN
SPATIAL STRUCTURE, WHICH CONCERNS THE ARRANGEMENT OF
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACE IN CITIES AND THE DEGREE OF
CONNECTIVITY AND ACCESSIBILITY.

IS THE ARRANGEMENT OF URBAN PUBLIC SPACE. THE WAY THAT URBAN


PUBLIC SPACE IS ARRANGED AFFECTS MANY ASPECTS OF HOW CITIES
FUNCTION AND HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR ACCESSIBILITY,
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, SAFETY, SOCIAL EQUITY, SOCIAL
CAPITAL, CULTURAL CREATIVITY AND ECONOMICS.

2.ACCESSIBILITY

PROVIDING FOR EASE, SAFETY AND CHOICE WHEN MOVING TO AND


THROUGH PLACES

IS THE DEGREE TO WHICH A PRODUCT, DEVICE, SERVICE, OR


ENVIRONMENT IS AVAILABLE TO AS MANY PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE.
ACCESSIBILITY CAN BE VIEWED AS THE "ABILITY TO ACCESS" AND
BENEFIT FROM SOME SYSTEM OR ENTITY. THE CONCEPT OFTEN
FOCUSES ON PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES OR SPECIAL NEEDS (SUCH AS
THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES)
AND THEIR RIGHT OF ACCESS, ENABLING THE USE OF ASSISTIVE
TECHNOLOGY.

IS NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH USABILITY, WHICH IS THE EXTENT TO


WHICH A PRODUCT (SUCH AS A DEVICE, SERVICE, OR ENVIRONMENT)
CAN BE USED BY SPECIFIED USERS TO ACHIEVE SPECIFIED GOALS WITH
EFFECTIVENESS, EFFICIENCY AND SATISFACTION IN A SPECIFIED
CONTEXT OF USE.

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IS STRONGLY RELATED TO UNIVERSAL DESIGN WHEN THE APPROACH


INVOLVES "DIRECT ACCESS." THIS IS ABOUT MAKING THINGS
ACCESSIBLE TO ALL PEOPLE (WHETHER THEY HAVE A DISABILITY OR
NOT). AN ALTERNATIVE IS TO PROVIDE "INDIRECT ACCESS" BY HAVING
THE ENTITY SUPPORT THE USE OF A PERSON'S ASSISTIVE
TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE ACCESS (FOR EXAMPLE, COMPUTER SCREEN
READERS).

MOBILITY ACCESS

WHEELCHAIR ACCESSIBLE TRANSPORTATION

RESERVED PARKING

BARRIER-FREE MEETING ROOMS / RESTROOMS / PODIUM/SPEAKER'S


PLATFORM

ADA COMPLIANT RAMP ACCESS TO BUSINESSES AND PUBLIC PLACES [11]

ACCESSIBLE LODGING

HEARING ACCESS

ADVANCE COPIES OF PAPERS

AN ASSISTIVE LISTENING SYSTEM

SIGN LANGUAGE INTERPRETERS

A QUIET PLACE TO GATHER FOR SOCIAL CONVERSATION (A QUIETER SPACE


THAT IS STILL VISIBLE TO OTHERS SHOULD BE RESERVED AT SOCIAL EVENTS OR
DINNERS SO THAT PEOPLE WHO ARE HARD OF HEARING MAY GO THERE TO TALK
WITH THEIR COLLEAGUES.)

TTY ACCESS OR INTERNET-BASED TRS

SIGHT ACCESS

LARGE PRINT/BRAILLE COPIES OF THE PROGRAM AND PAPERS

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A STUDENT VOLUNTEER TO GUIDE AND DESCRIBE THE ARTWORK, COMPUTER


WORK, ETC.

A TECH TO HELP WITH ASSISTIVE DEVICES AND SCREEN READERS


(E.G., JAWS)

GLOVES TO TOUCH THREE DIMENSIONAL WORK (WHERE PERMISSIBLE)

OTHER ISSUES

NOTIFICATION IF SOCIAL EVENTS INCLUDE FLASHING LIGHTS AND NOISES


(THESE CAN CAUSE SEIZURES, SO EITHER AVOID THEM OR ANNOUNCE THEM
AHEAD OF TIME).

NOTICES ASKING PARTICIPANTS TO REFRAIN FROM ALLERGY-PRODUCING


PROBLEMS (E.G., PERFUMES)

INFORM FOOD PROVIDERS OF FOOD ALLERGIES (E.G., PEANUTS, SHELLFISH,


ETC.)

REFERRAL INFORMATION FOR LOCAL PERSONAL CARE ATTENDANT AGENCIES

REFERRAL INFORMATION FOR VETERINARIAN CARE FOR SERVICE ANIMALS

ACCESS TO A PLACE TO REST DURING THE DAY (IF THE CONFERENCE VENUE
IS FAR FROM THE LODGINGS)

PLANNING FOR ACCESSIBILITY


ACCESSIBILITY BASED PLANNING IS A SPATIAL PLANNING METHODOLOGY

THAT CENTRALISES GOALS OF PEOPLE AND BUSINESSES AND DEFINES


ACCESSIBILITY POLICY AS ENHANCING PEOPLE AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES.
TRADITIONALLY, URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING HAS MAINLY FOCUSED
ON THE EFFICIENCY OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM ITSELF AND IS OFTEN RESPONDING

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TO PLANS MADE BY SPATIAL PLANNERS. SUCH AN APPROACH NEGLECTS THE


INFLUENCE OF INTERVENTIONS IN THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM ON BROADER AND
OFTEN CONFLICTING ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS.
ACCESSIBILITY BASED PLANNING DEFINES ACCESSIBILITY AS THE AMOUNT OF
SERVICES AND JOBS PEOPLE CAN ACCESS WITHIN A CERTAIN TRAVEL TIME,
CONSIDERING ONE OR MORE MODES OF TRANSPORT SUCH AS WALKING, CYCLING,
DRIVING OR PUBLIC TRANSPORT.
USING THIS DEFINITION ACCESSIBILITY DOES NOT ONLY RELATE TO THE
QUALITIES OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM (E.G. TRAVEL SPEED, TIME OR COSTS), BUT
ALSO TO THE QUALITIES OF THE LAND USE SYSTEM (E.G. DENSITIES AND MIXES OF
OPPORTUNITIES).
IT THUS PROVIDES PLANNERS WITH THE POSSIBILITY TO UNDERSTAND
INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN TRANSPORT AND LAND USE DEVELOPMENT.
ACCESSIBILITY PLANNING OPENS THE FLOOR TO A MORE NORMATIVE APPROACH TO
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING INVOLVING DIFFERENT ACTORS.
FOR POLITICIANS, CITIZENS AND FIRMS IT MIGHT BE EASIER TO DISCUSS THE
QUALITY OF ACCESS TO EDUCATION, SERVICES AND MARKETS THAN IT IS TO
DISCUSS THE INEFFICIENCIES OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM ITSELF.

ACCESSIBILITY MODIFICATIONS TO CONVENTIONAL URBAN ENVIRONMENTS


HAS BECOME COMMON IN RECENT DECADES. THE USE OF A CURB CUT, OR KASSEL
KERB, TO ENABLE WHEELCHAIR OR WALKER MOVEMENT BETWEEN SIDEWALK AND
STREET LEVEL IS FOUND IN MOST MAJOR CITIES OF WEALTHY COUNTRIES. THE
CREATION OF PRIORITY PARKING SPACES AND OF DISABLED PARKING PERMITS HAS
MADE THEM A STANDARD FEATURE OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTS. FEATURES THAT
ASSIST PEOPLE WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS INCLUDE BRAILLE SIGNS AND TACTILE
PAVING TO ALLOW A USER WITH A CANE TO EASILY IDENTIFY STAIRWAYS, TRAIN
PLATFORMS, AND SIMILAR AREAS THAT COULD POSE A PHYSICAL DANGER TO
ANYONE WHO HAS A VISUAL IMPAIRMENT.
URBAN DESIGN FEATURES THAT MAY APPEAR TO BE SIMPLE CONVENIENCES
FOR PERSONS WITHOUT DISABILITIES ARE OFTEN ESSENTIAL TO ANYONE WHO HAS
A DISABILITY. THE LOSS OF THESE FEATURES PRESENTS A SIGNIFICANT BARRIER.

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FOR EXAMPLE, SOMETIMES A LACK OF PROMPT SNOW-CLEARING ON SIDEWALKS OF


MAJOR CANADIAN CITY STREETS MEANS THAT WHEELCHAIR AND WALKER USERS
CANNOT REACH PEDESTRIAN CROSSING BUTTONS ON CROSSWALK POSTS, DUE TO
SNOW BANK ACCUMULATION AROUND THE POSTS, MAKING THE CROSSING
BUTTONS INACCESSIBLE. PUBLIC SERVICES MUST TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE NEED
TO MAINTAIN ACCESSIBILITY FEATURES IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT.

3. LEGIBILITY AND WAYFINDING

HELPING PEOPLE TO FIND THEIR WAY AROUND AND UNDERSTAND HOW


A PLACE WORKS.

MODERN USAGE OF THE TERM

RECENTLY,

WAYFINDING

HAS

BEEN

USED

IN

THE

CONTEXT

OF ARCHITECTURE TO REFER TO THE USER EXPERIENCE OF ORIENTATION AND


CHOOSING A PATH WITHIN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT. IT CAN ALSO REFER TO THE
SET OF ARCHITECTURAL OR DESIGN ELEMENTS THAT AID ORIENTATION, AS WELL AS
IN REFERENCE TO PARKING MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES THAT HELP DRIVERS FIND
PARKING GARAGES. URBAN PLANNERKEVIN A. LYNCH BORROWED THE TERM FOR
HIS 1960 BOOK THE IMAGE OF THE CITY, WHERE HE DEFINED WAYFINDING AS "A
CONSISTENT USE AND ORGANIZATION OF DEFINITE SENSORY CUES FROM THE
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT."
IN 1984 ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST ROMEDI PASSINI PUBLISHED THE
FULL-LENGTH "WAYFINDING IN ARCHITECTURE" AND EXPANDED THE CONCEPT TO
INCLUDE SIGNAGE AND OTHER GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION, CLUES INHERENT IN THE
BUILDING'S

SPATIAL

GRAMMAR,

LOGICAL

SPACE

PLANNING,

AUDIBLE

COMMUNICATION, TACTILE ELEMENTS, AND PROVISIONS FOR SPECIAL-NEEDS


USERS.[CITATION NEEDED]
IN MODERN TRAVEL AND TOURISM LITERATURE, WAYFINDING CAN REFER TO
GETTING BETWEEN TWO POINTS IN THE EASIEST MANNER, OR TO NAVIGATING A
LOCATION FOR PLEASURE ("RECREATIONAL WAYFINDING").

4.ANIMATION
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DESIGNING PLACES TO STIMULATE PUBLIC ACTIVITY

URBAN ANIMATION IS AN AWARD WINNING EDINBURGH-BASED


PLANNING AND URBAN DESIGN CONSULTANCY. WE DEAL WITH ALL
ASPECTS OF THE PLANNING SYSTEM THROUGHOUT URBAN AND RURAL
SCOTLAND. WE ARE BEST KNOWN FOR OUR WORK IN MASTER
PLANNING AND MIXED USE, SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT EXTENSIONS.

URBAN ANIMATION BRINGS A CONTEMPORARY SLANT TO TRADITIONAL


PLACE MAKING, CREATING VIBRANT AND SUSTAINABLE PLACES FOR
PEOPLE TO LIVE, WORK AND ENJOY. PLEASE VISIT OUR PRACTICE
PROFILE PAGE TO LEARN MORE ABOUT OUR APPROACH.

5.FUNCTION AND FIT

SHAPING PLACES TO SUPPORT THEIR VARIED INTENDED USES

6.COMPLIMENTARY MIXED USES

LOCATING ACTIVITIES TO ALLOW CONSTRUCTIVE INTERACTION


BETWEEN THEM

IS IN A BROAD SENSE ANY URBAN, SUBURBAN OR VILLAGE


DEVELOPMENT, OR EVEN A SINGLE BUILDING, THAT BLENDS A
COMBINATION OF RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL, CULTURAL,
INSTITUTIONAL, OR INDUSTRIAL USES, WHERE THOSE FUNCTIONS
ARE PHYSICALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY INTEGRATED, AND THAT
PROVIDES PEDESTRIAN CONNECTIONS.[1][2] THE TERM ("A MIXED-USE
DEVELOPMENT") MAY ALSO BE USED MORE SPECIFICALLY TO REFER
TO A MIXED-USE REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTA BUILDING,
COMPLEX OF BUILDINGS, OR DISTRICT OF A TOWN OR CITY THAT IS
DEVELOPED FOR MIXED-USE BY A PRIVATE DEVELOPER, (QUASI-)
GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY, OR A COMBINATION THEREOF.

TRADITIONALLY, HUMAN SETTLEMENTS HAVE DEVELOPED IN MIXED-USE


PATTERNS. HOWEVER, WITH INDUSTRIALISATION AS WELL AS THE INVENTION OF
THE SKYSCRAPER, GOVERNMENTAL ZONING REGULATIONS WERE INTRODUCED
TO SEPARATE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS MANUFACTURING, FROM
RESIDENTIAL AREAS. IN THE UNITED STATES, THE HEYDAY OF SEPARATE-USE
ZONING IN THE U.S. WAS AFTER WORLD WAR II, BUT SINCE THE 1990S, MIXEDAR417B-PLANNING 3
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USE ZONING HAS ONCE AGAIN BECOME DESIRABLE AS THE BENEFITS ARE
RECOGNIZED. THESE BENEFITS INCLUDE:[3]

GREATER HOUSING VARIETY AND DENSITY

REDUCED DISTANCES BETWEEN HOUSING, WORKPLACES, RETAIL


BUSINESSES, AND OTHER DESTINATIONS

MORE COMPACT DEVELOPMENT

STRONGER NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER

PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE-FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENTS

BENEFITS OF MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT INCLUDE:

GREATER HOUSING VARIETY AND DENSITY, MORE AFFORDABLE


HOUSING (SMALLER UNITS), LIFE-CYCLE HOUSING (STARTER HOMES
TO LARGER HOMES TO SENIOR HOUSING)

REDUCED DISTANCES BETWEEN HOUSING, WORKPLACES, RETAIL


BUSINESSES, AND OTHER AMENITIES AND DESTINATIONS

BETTER ACCESS TO FRESH, HEALTHY FOODS (AS FOOD RETAIL AND


FARMERS MARKETS CAN BE ACCESSED ON FOOT/BIKE OR BY
TRANSIT)

MORE COMPACT DEVELOPMENT, LAND-USE SYNERGY (E.G.


RESIDENTS PROVIDE CUSTOMERS FOR RETAIL WHICH PROVIDE
AMENITIES FOR RESIDENTS)

STRONGER NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER, SENSE OF PLACE

WALKABLE, BIKE-ABLE NEIGHBORHOODS, INCREASED ACCESSIBILITY


VIA TRANSIT, BOTH RESULTING IN REDUCED TRANSPORTATION
COSTS

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A.

TYPES OF CONTEMPORARY MIXED-USE ZONING

NEIGHBORHOOD COMMERCIAL ZONING CONVENIENCE GOODS AND


SERVICES, SUCH AS CONVENIENCE STORES, PERMITTED IN OTHERWISE
STRICTLY RESIDENTIAL AREAS

MAIN STREET RESIDENTIAL/COMMERCIAL TWO TO THREE-STORY


BUILDINGS WITH RESIDENTIAL UNITS ABOVE AND COMMERCIAL UNITS ON
THE GROUND FLOOR FACING THE STREET

URBAN RESIDENTIAL/COMMERCIAL MULTI-STORY RESIDENTIAL


BUILDINGS WITH COMMERCIAL AND CIVIC USES ON GROUND FLOOR

OFFICE CONVENIENCE OFFICE BUILDINGS WITH SMALL RETAIL AND


SERVICE USES ORIENTED TO THE OFFICE WORKERS

OFFICE/RESIDENTIAL MULTI-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL UNITS WITHIN


OFFICE BUILDING(S)

SHOPPING MALL CONVERSION RESIDENTIAL AND/OR OFFICE UNITS


ADDED (ADJACENT) TO AN EXISTING STANDALONE SHOPPING MALL

RETAIL DISTRICT RETROFIT RETROFITTING OF A SUBURBAN RETAIL


AREA TO A MORE VILLAGE-LIKE APPEARANCE AND MIX OF USES

LIVE/WORK RESIDENTS CAN OPERATE SMALL BUSINESSES ON THE


GROUND FLOOR OF THE BUILDING WHERE THEY LIVE

STUDIO/LIGHT INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTS MAY OPERATE STUDIOS OR


SMALL WORKSHOPS IN THE BUILDING WHERE THEY LIVE

HOTEL/RESIDENCE MIX HOTEL SPACE AND HIGH-END MULTI-FAMILY


RESIDENTIAL

PARKING STRUCTURE WITH GROUND-FLOOR RETAIL

SINGLE-FAMILY DETACHED HOME DISTRICT WITH STANDALONE


SHOPPING CENTER

7.CHARACTER AND MEANING


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RECOGNIZING AND VALUING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ONE


PLACE AND ANOTHER

8.ORDER AND INCIDENT

BALANCING CONSISTENCY AND VARIETY IN THE URBAN


ENVIRONMENT IN THE INTERESTS OF APPRECIATING BOTH

9.CONTINUITY AND CHANGE

LOCATING PEOPLE IN TIME AND PLACE, INCLUDING RESPECT


FOR HERITAGE AND SUPPORT FOR CONTEMPORARY CULTURE

10.

CIVIL SOCIETY
CIVIL SOCIETY IS THE "AGGREGATE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS THAT MANIFEST INTERESTS
AND WILL OF CITIZENS."

CIVIL SOCIETY INCLUDES THE FAMILY AND THE PRIVATE SPHERE,


REFERRED TO AS THE "THIRD SECTOR" OF SOCIETY, DISTINCT
FROM GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS.

THE AGGREGATE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND


INSTITUTIONS THAT MANIFEST INTERESTS AND WILL OF CITIZENS
OR 2) INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS IN A SOCIETY WHICH ARE
INDEPENDENT OF THE GOVERNMENT.

SOMETIMES THE TERM CIVIL SOCIETY IS USED IN THE MORE


GENERAL SENSE OF "THE ELEMENTS SUCH AS FREEDOM OF
SPEECH, AN INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY, ETC, THAT MAKE UP A
DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY" (COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY).
ESPECIALLY IN THE DISCUSSIONS AMONG THINKERS OF EASTERN
AND CENTRAL EUROPE, CIVIL SOCIETY IS SEEN ALSO AS A CONCEPT
OF CIVIC VALUES. ONE WIDELY KNOWN REPRESENTATIVE OF THIS
CONCEPT IS THE POLISH FORMER DISSIDENT ADAM MICHNIK.

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VOLUNTEERING IS OFTEN CONSIDERED A DEFINING


CHARACTERISTIC OF THE ORGANIZATIONS THAT CONSTITUTE CIVIL
SOCIETY, WHICH IN TURN ARE OFTEN CALLED "NGOS", OR "NPOS".

MOST AUTHORITIES HAVE IN MIND THE REALM OF PUBLIC


PARTICIPATION IN VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS, TRADE UNIONS AND
THE LIKE,[4] BUT IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO BELONG TO ALL OF
THESE TO BE A PART OF CIVIL SOCIETY.

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES
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URBAN STRUCTURE

ACCESSIBILITY
Schematic representation of strategic and local design options

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LEGIBILITY AND WAYFINDING


A
I
A
O

N
M
TI
N

F
N
TI

U
C
ON AND FIT

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COMPLIMENTARY MIXED USES

CHARACTER AND MEANING

ORDER AND INCIDENT

CONTINUITY AND CHANGE

CIVIL SOCIETY

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Bibliography
Internet:
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/urban_design
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/urban_structure
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/accessibility
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wayfinding
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/civil_society
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/urban_spatial_structure
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aesthetics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-use_development
http://www.victoria.ca/assets/Departments/Planning~Development/Communi
ty~Planning/Documents/Downtown~Core~Area~Plan/downtown-core-areaplan-chapter2.pdf
http://www.hvceo.org/regionalplan_mixedlanduse.php

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