Introduction to

Bonding
Standard 7

Making Ions

Ion is made from an atom that has either

gained or lost electrons

There are two kinds of ions:

1.
2.

Cation positive ions

Anion negative ions

Making Ions
Ion

charged particle due to an unequal

number of protons and electrons
Two Types of Ions:

Cation
positively charged ion formed by a metal
losing electrons
Anion
-- negatively charged ion formed by a nonmetal
gaining electrons

LOSE

STAY

LOSE /
GAIN

Bohr Models: Gain or Lose?

GAIN

Making Cations lose electrons

11p
11n

11p
11n

Sodium Atom

Sodium Ion

11 protons

11 protons

11 electrons

10 electrons

Na

Na+1

Sodium wants to lose an electron so it can look like a Noble Gas.

Making Anions gain electrons

Chlorine gains an electron so it looks like a Noble Gas.

17p
18n

17p
18n

Chlorine

Chloride ion

17 protons

17protons

17 electrons

18 electrons

Cl

Cl-1

Ion Charges

+1
+2

+2
can be other
charges

0
+3 +4 -3 -2 -1

Electron Dot Diagrams

Symbol

+ valence electrons

Sr

Al

Sn

Br

Xe

Valence Electrons
Lewis Dot Structures

Lewis Dot Structures for

Valence Electrons

chemical formula
-- represents the kind and number of atoms
present in a compound

H20
subscript
-- SMALL numbers used to indicate the
number of atoms of a certain element (only if
its GREATER than 1)

Ionic Compounds
Ionic

bonds TRANSFER electrons

Ionic

bonds form between a metal and

nonmetal

Metal loses electrons forms cation + charge

Nonmetal gains electrons forms anion charge

cation

and anion have opposite charges =

strongly attracted to each other

Positive

ion always written FIRST in formula

Negative

ion changes ending to --IDE

Ionic Bonding transfer of electrons from

the metal to the nonmetal.

The Rule of Zero Charge

Metal CATION + Nonmetal ANION
=
overall ZERO charge
The

charges on the ions cancel each other

out to make a neutral compound

Na

Cl

Activity:
Drawing Ionic Compounds
1. Lithium + Chlorine

Simple Binary Ionic

Compounds
Binary

compounds --made of two elements

one metallic ion

one nonmetallic ion

NaCl,

sodium chloride, is an example

Ternary Ionic Compounds

Made

of 3 or more elements

Contain a polyatomic ion

Polyatomic

ion group of atoms that carry a

charge

Using more than one polyatomic ion

parentheses must be used with subscript

NO3-1 SO4-2 PO3-3

Nitrate

Names

Sulfate

end in ate or ite

Phosphite

Activity:
Making Ternary Compounds
Chemical
Formula

Name of
compound

Nitrate
NO3 -1

NaNO3

Sodium
Nitrate

Beryllium
Be +2

Hydroxide
OH-1

Be(OH) 2

Beryllium
Hydroxide

Potassium
K +1

Phosphate
PO4-3

K3PO4

Potassium
Phosphate

Ammonium
NH4+1

Oxide
O -2

(NH4) 2O

Ammonium
Oxide

Cation

Anion

Sodium
Na +1

Covalent Compounds
Covalent

compounds form covalent bonds

Covalent

bonds SHARE electrons

Covalent

bonds form between two

nonmetals

Types

of covalent bonds:

Single bond sharing one pair of electrons

Double bond sharing two pairs of electrons

Triple bond sharing three pairs of electrons

Single Bond
Hydrogen + Chlorine

Hydrogen + Oxygen

Double Bond
Carbon + Oxygen + Oxygen

Triple Bond
Nitrogen + Nitrogen

Covalent bonding sharing a pair of

electrons

Prefix System:
Binary Covalent Compounds
Use

a prefix to indicate the number of atoms of

the element

First element use prefix ONLY if it is greater than one

Second Element ALWAYS use a prefix

Mono = 1
Hexa = 6
Di = 2 Hepta = 7
Tri = 3 Octo = 8
Tetra = 4
Nona = 9
Penta = 5
Deca = 10

Activity: Covalent Compounds

CO _________________________
CO2 _________________________
N2O7 _________________________
SF6 _________________________
CCl4 _________________________
P2O5 _________________________

Diatomic Molecules always

bond with themselves

Br2

I2

N2

Cl2

H2

O2 F2

HONC if You Like Molecules

HONC

1234 Rule:

Hydrogen 1 line connecting

Oxygen 2 lines connecting

Nitrogen 3 lines connecting

Carbon 4 lines connecting

Ionic vs. Covalent

What is the difference?
Ionic

metal + nonmetal transfer e-

Covalent

IONIC

nonmetal + nonmetal share e-

or COVALENT?

NaBr
H 2O

_______________
_______________

CO2

_______________

LiCl

_______________

Covalent Bonds vs. Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Metal + Nonmetal

Nonmetal + Nonmetal

Transfers electrons

Shares electrons

Solid state
Usually crystalline

Amorphous solids (soft solid)

-- Usually liquids or gases

High melting points

Low melting points

Soluble in water

Insoluble in water

Good conductor of
electricity (electrolytes)

Poor conductor of electricity

(nonelectrolytes)

Polar VS. Nonpolar

Electronegativity
Electronegativity

-- rates the strength of an atom

to pull electrons towards itself
Scale: 0-4

Weak Elements (Penguin) near 0

Strong Elements (Polar Bear) near 4

Electronegativity Questions:

1.

Which atoms would score a zero?

2.

Which atoms would be close to a 4?

3.

Which atoms would be less than 1?

Electronegativity values for

selected elements.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond:

-- elements share electrons evenly
-- Electronegativity difference = < 0.5

Polar Bear + Polar Bear

OR

Penguin + Penguin

Polar Covalent Bond:

-- elements do not share electrons evenly
-- Electronegativity difference = > 0.5

Penguin

VS.

Polar Bear

Ionic Bond
-- electrons are transferred from one
element to another
-- metal and a nonmetal

Shapes of Molecules

LINEAR

PYRAMIDAL

BENT
TETRAHEDRAL

Symmetry
The

human face is symmetrical.

If a line is drawn down the center of the face,
each half is a mirror image.

Molecular Shape and Polarity

If

a molecule has symmetry, then it is

nonpolar.
H

H C H

FOF
If

a molecule lacks symmetry, then it is polar.

HNH

HF

Like Dissolves Like

Objects

of the SAME polarity will dissolve each

other.
Polar

dissolves polar

Nonpolar

Polar

dissolves nonpolar

CAN NOT dissolve nonpolar

Nonpolar CAN NOT dissolve polar

Water = Polar

Water gas

Attracted to itself but is far

apart due to high energy

Water is a polar molecule

Water liquid

attracted to itself = forms

drops
Has surface tension

Hydrogen bonding is
hydrogen from one
molecule attracted to
an oxygen from
another molecule

Water is a polar molecule

Water solid

Forms ring structures

Expands as it freezes
Solid state = less dense
than liquid state because
the volume is larger