er eg cay rool DS erro Be Ag Bere eee er LyNow You Can Have the Economic and Fabricating Advantages of Thermoplastics for Moving-Parts Applications. Without the Traditional Limitations of Plastics. The ease and economics of manufacturing gears, cams, bearings, sides, ratchets, etc. with injection moldabie thermoplastic resins has ied to the widespread displace: ‘ment of metals for these applications. In adcition to the inherent processing advantages, parts made from these ‘materials have the ability to dampen shock and vibration, reduce part weight, run with lass power, provide corrosion resistance, run quietly and operate with litle or no mainte- ‘nance while giving the engineer tremendous dasign freedom, ‘These characteristics can be further enhanced and the application areas expanded by the addition o filas, rain: forcements, and internal lubricants. These additives when extrusion compounded with the appropriate base resin, yield an almost limitless choice of compounds providing increased load canying capacity, reduced coefficient of friction, improved thermal properties, greater fatigue endurance and creep resistance, and excellent dimension. al stability and reproducibility, The primary reinforcements and lubricants used in LNP's Lubricomp* internally lubricated composites are: PTFE- Low molecular weight modified polytetra- fluoroethylene High viscosity, low vapor pressure polysiloxane Glass Fiber— 00045 in. diameter, electrical grade rein- forcing fiber Carbon Fiber- High modulus, highly graphitized reinforcing fiber Aramid Fiber High modulus, liquid crystal fiber (Other lubricants such as graphite and molybdenum disulfide will also be discussed in another section ofthis brochure, Wear and Friction ‘The fnctional properties of thermoplastic composites vary ina unique way from metals. In contrast to metals, even highly reinforced resins have low modulus values and therefore do not behave according to the classic laws of friction. Metalithermoplastic friction is characterized by adhesion and deformation resulting in frictional forces which are not proportional to load (friction decreases as load increases) but are proportional to speed. Wear rate is generally defined as the volumetric loss of material over a unit of ime, Several mechanisms operate simultaneously to remove material from the wear interface, however, the primary mechanism is adhesive wear which is characterized by fine particles of polymer being removed trom the surtace. The presence of this powder is a good indication that the rubbing surfaces are wearing properly. The presence of melted polymer or large gouges ‘grooves at the interface is normally an indication that the ‘materials are abrading and not wearing andior the pressure velocity limits of the materials are being exceeded, Silicone— Wear (K) Factor Archard and other investigators contend that wear of an unlubricated surface is proportional to tha load multiplied by the distance traveled: W-FD. Ww-eVT Equation 1 Equation 2 introducing a factor of proportionality (K), equation (2) becomes W=KFVT Equation 3 solving for K and assigning units yields: (wear factor) « WH ation (wear factor) » Equation 4 W = volume wear (in) F = pressure (ibn. locity (fin ) T= elapsed time (hi) The wear (k) factor for a thermoplastic composite is gen- erated by the test procedure described on page 25 of this brochure. The static and dynamic coefficients of tition are also generated using this test. Once a K factor has been established it can be used by the engineer to calcu- late wear rates of bearings, gears, etc. However, because Wear rate is affected by material types, finishes, and hard hess as well as environmental temperature and part rf Uneaten 3000028 a9 Ss we meme = ee ase 20000 5.000 000 - 2 f man O48 ae oS Be 2 lt @ 91 fas : a 013 ot t7590 10000 10.000 32 Bf 0 Ole “on Unmecited 300 028 one 7503600 soo _ oe ‘7 Sopa feo 900 1.00 6 m5 01 Ose a Urmictos 2509 os: yo 500-200 5 i so bsk Ba 000 900 000, wt a 31 otryn0sa.000 con 18 5 % dcp 1813000 20000 30 300 eo > F 3 bee Ga ecco ac00 12.00 Boz lf 49 Gah = Gos) t8.000 35000 3.000 5 mt so nts 032200 38c00 "S500 5 2 GiB 020, Brspo Soom 18.500, a2 mo ban Ere Saco feo moe 823 Bae wine z - % Gis ar acco 800 5.60 a le 0% BB a nmestea 4000 0x8 or = 5 2 =o Dak E 2 5 5 Py ™ 92 (Oe = ae) % 09 Oe = 6 Sc eos. ee Unmet 1500 920 ar 000 5000 9.000 ts medi Gas Oe a el ® 0m 2 Se B 5% % O88 38, «zecto 35000 15.000 «2 i & oon 23 : * ON Bis 8500 9500 6.00 e 2 = 2 Got Os ie Unoctod 1 om ot 2500 2000 «2.000 » ? 01 Bt S000 vea00 “e.s00 - ee #3 010 S00 "too 2000 2 ou 580 Soo cd000 S00 ef om * ogr = oss, sea “aoco S00 6 mt te 03, = 39, Baaeo 15000 13.000 a 2 3 ats ba 3000 isco 13.000 FFD 2% 013 ba Fn 20000. tH.00 unmaated ts 02 use 000 7.000 4020 - % 10 0za ay 5 wo 2 Pe 008 a @ «018 820 sda 20000 17.000 Sen Ue er Den opinWear, Coetficients of Friction, and PV Limits of Reinforced Table 1 (cont'd) and Lubricated Thermoplastcs Against Steer \ ’ Your content ot ton unig vey, ! Glass Carton Fatior prresucone Foxe Hix” 10's! site oyname tw cote wt ee ee ee RIM iy eRe 10m 100%pm 100m an : ois ms 3 - San ato 3 oy 20 BES Se Rett i one som 2 ee we 3 3 ag ame (30 re Se 8 SH 848 sso t7san soson tprptore iengans 2 008 oon 099 9m reciees x 38 Sah RS Sa Shs 2 oa Sees ® @ és 3 sam Orbe e 2 8 3 ce ae Se Se is BS oe ms Sees 8 3 x 3 BFE CacSep-o-8a Frosty ® os aS 's moat rie & Bai 83 soso seasn geno aie ai Soe BR RS Pr ate . % be (88 pets a ora Urea om ast asp zo Sse 2 - "SBS 30 amo aes 3 a Se we 3 $m 8 ee oe " % Be bk RRR RR Br Ste s . 2 os Sa BO Same sae ort fo 8 Sf |b RD a ae io : re a ee wane m9 ase 30m 290 2500 venorneraons. a 2 ons Wee a - § sa ate oe B38 ‘4000 12600 a0 fein Pi gue rie s BoB - fe : s 8 be io - 8 ae 38 : sr i ® % 2 8 ‘2560 ar e # bE Ss Rees 8 8 be 20 ded ReWear Coefficients of Friction, and PV Limits of Reinforced Table 1 (cont'd) and Lubricated Thermoplastics Against Steel* PTFE NP Code, fo {49,p3i)_(40 psi, 50 fpm) 10 fpm__100 tp RC-1008 = = = 40 14 03 18 RCL-4036, % 2 = oo 19 Ont 015 RCL4536 3 2 2 3 8 0.10 on L-4040FR(94VO) %@ - 2 25 (O12 019 RL4610 a 1550.19 019 - 2 3% = 100 O14 015 nr 250 (O4t 018 = 2 9 = 6 019 026 Unmodities 18002 027 - - = S§ =H 30 009 016 = of = a 35015 018 = = = = 2 SE 155018 017 - of = Unmodified 340032 oar ec = 80 (027 032 - 2 2 F 55025 031 ee 180 030 034 ee 35 020 025 2 30 30018 024 Unmodities 200 022 028 > os = za 300.18 024 Ss = = 2 = 38 ota 021 = = yw 2 25 = 45 O18 020 = 5 ~ @ 1% = 3 f 10 023 ors | = — Unmodified = = 210 0.19 025 2 15 0.09 017 — 2 = = 50 009 016 we 2 = = 9 0.08 013 a 90 02a 27 : 1% 5 3 T 20 016 02% 3 2 3 L 12 Ont O12 = = 5 9 24 O12 ons Amorphous Nylon 1000 Unmodities 600 023 032 xL-4040 a 20 0.13 022 XF-1006 — = 30 380 028 034 XFL-4036 1% = 30 22 0.20 0.26 XC-1008 = os 2 90 019 024 Polyester Elastomer ¥-1000 Unmodities 1,000 027 059 Yeast = 2 30 021 022 ¥L-4030 we o> Lf 40 022 025 ¥L-4530 mw 2 5 ft 5 0.20 21 5 YE-1008, ee 400 025 0.40 = os = YFL-4536 3 2 30 = 25 019 020 = 5 = Modified Polyphenylone Oxide 2.1000 Unmodified 3000 032 039 750 500 600 21-4030 15 — = 100 0.10 0316 - = = 2-108 = 30 = 230026 O27 = = 271-4036 ne 45 020 022 18,000 22,000 9,000 e * S40 Tale for Dian PropertiesWear, Coefficients uf Friction, and PY Limits of Reinforced lable f (cont'd) and Lubricated Thermoplasties Against Stee!” ’ Wear Coetcientot Friction Limiting PV (LPY) ; Giass Carbon Factor PIFE Siicone Fiber Fiber 10° inmin’ Stale Dynamic LMP Code WET WES wt wh —Mlbte (40 psi) (40 p80 fpm) 10 lpm 100 pm 1000 tpm PEEK A Vietex PEEK 4506 Unmodties — - 200 m0 as - Vitter PEEK "3506130 - 99 %” 028 9.0 : eres PEEK ‘50CA30 2 019 - wana 2 023 - i Ure 4036 45 90 028 5 tot soe 5 6 920° 42000 40000 22,000 View PEER "S0FC30, prepnetany 19 038 020 40.000 45.000 28.000 PF-F-1000 Unmatea 1190 a1 FP FE-1000M 5 2 ON = - FFF s00um 20 23 ont FP Fe-1002 10 18 010 ont - FP-€-1000 Unmodi 500 05040 FP EF 1002 "0 3 0ab 088 - FP EF 1000 5 02 ba FPF 1004 - 1 030, FREF 1003 - oi oot FEF 1008 oF Ot - FP-EF 100s FR ert 4008 0 om oe FP EC 1003, won Ose - Fe-EU 4000 2 5 bw OTe Sane FP-v-1000 Unmecitied 1000 oat - Fe-voi003 - 1 M025 15.000 11,000 5.060 Fe-veL saz 0 2 i 008 FP-va2550 2% 100 - Fe -vatcaaso - 25 100 on FEC: 1000 ee) +000 029 FP 0-009, 15 8 037 FPL saz 0 2 on - FP 1000 Unmoditect 01 oss. FP PF tone 10 O12 Bia - FPPr-100uM 20 os OaS FP PM gore 5 ‘0 5 013s - Fp P2020 10 0s FP PC 1ovIM : on Ore 30,000 27,000 25.000 URLs BeyPOX-4208 POX 5156 Ny Kor” | KL 4320 PL43io Ny. Kon PRL a2r6 PRL A218, Ne-Kon RL a3t0 Ny-Kon A BFL-4216 AFL 4218 FP-EL 4320 ZB 4326 284305 ZML4394 Wear, Coefficients of Friction, and. and MoS; Lubricated Thermopla: SAN Giass Beads Poiysutone Minera Samo as above, except wear and Inction tt conducted in water Nyon 13 Glass Fiber Nylon 11 Bronze Nylon 11 Bronze Nyon 6/12, etal - Nylon 6 Nylon 6 Nyon 8 Glass Fter Nylon 6 Gass Fiter Nyjon 610 - Nyon 66 Nyon 66 Nylon 66 Glass Fiber Nylon 86 Giass Fiber ETrE Medtied PPO Glass Fibor Modtied PPO Glass Beads 30 Same as above, excopt wear and ‘rcton test conducted in water. Modtied PPO Mineral 20 ‘Molybdenum disulfide (Moly) Lubricated Nylon ‘mn adatton tots inherent idbrcty. Moly also imoroves wear charactenstics of nylon by a nucleating etfect, which provides a better wearing exystaline siracture fo the normally amorphous skin of the part PV Limits of Graphite, Bronze istics Against Steel” = as 029 022 2 30 021 018 - 15 aso o27 oat 4 ~ 2 —+— > 10 ge be Ae « | 4 2—+— ° t 2090 40 80 60 Shaft Hardnese—R Fig. 4. Etfect of shaft hardness on wear of bearing e materials lubricated with PTFE |Composites Ky AL4040 16 on E1006 142 4 RFL4036 20 os RFL-458 20 08 RC-1006 36 06 RCL4038 27 o4 RAL4022 18 04 DFL4035 75 35 OFL-4038 28 150 FP-EL-4060__10 13 — — Ra = 50-70 Composite’ _K, Ky ie K, RL-4040 7 oy 0.05 03 0.04 0.09 RE1006 33, 05 0.2 on 0.40 0.18 RFL-aoss 32 02 O17 02 013 0.15 RFL4535 15 02 017 07 O15 O18 RC-1006 24 01 out ot Ott O17 ACL4035 15, 02 017 03 018 020 RAL-so22 18. 02 0.08 08 oor 0.1 DFL4038 20, os 0.10 08 0.09 0.15 OFL4035 “4 02 0.10 5, 0100.15 = Rar Composite’*_k, Kw My L-4040 7 4 02 0.08 RE-1006 48, 05 02 05 RFL4038 22 02 02 013 RFL4536 59 20 03 0.10 RC-1006 1 Os 01 0.13 RCL4036 16 02 4 015 RAU-so22 18 03 03 0.08 OFL4038 24 05 13 0.19 OFL-4036 11 03 03 O15 ha = Average roughness oat Sapien ‘See Table er composton ot eon or congaund zB = mal eutace th of laste ry a eS & Pr 5Wear behavior of thermoplastic composites and Table 6 70/30 brass as a function of the brass surface finish ——— ha 28-16. = —— Composite kK, PPK, Me _K, He tp RL-4049 8 38 55 02 009 21 03 005 0.09 RE1006 53 163° -4a0 022 52 70 O16 019 REL-4035 214758 120 015 18 20 016 015 RFL4596 20, Bo 12.0 O17 18 2.0 O19 O48 Re-1006 0, 40 340, 021 34 9.0 O18 0.18 RCL4096 18 “50 01s 13 60 013 O18 RAL4022 16 5302 O18 19 03 0.10 O18 DFL-2036 23 53 80 O17 12 40 010 0.15 OFL4036 “9 ‘040 O14 10 151 71 4058 O11 O14 Tost caraueieg al 200 PV al ps 50pm) Wear behavior of thermoplastic composites and Table 7 __2024 aluminum as a function of the aluminum surface finish Rat = 8-12 — an 12-16 a= 50-70 — Composite” Ky Ky ls ie Kp PPh Ky MM, gp Ke PLP) KyM My tis itp, A440 260 10 0.07 0.09 26 30 -200 6 18 -700 0.06 0.09 105 95-20) 6 45 200 0080.10 RE 1006 >4,000 >4,000 0.18 0.20 400 160 -209 265 15 200 0.15 0.20 2,000 155-200 100 1 -200 O46 O21 RFL-4096 2,250 1,500 0.15 0.18 320 85 200 175 19-200 0.15 0.18 1.800 47 200 75 54-209 0140.19 Ral-so22 "500 "8 O10 O17 48 904 1584 O11 O18 "128 157 200 “5 50 08009017 AICL-4036 2,500 600019 O14 175 140 105 16169 012 012 247 165 “153181 19 176012013 Tos cance at 2.000 PV(80 ps, SBM) Wear behavior of tluoropolymer composites and Table 8 __metals as a function of countertace metal PTFE-based Filler or — Steel, Ra* = 12-16 —— Aluminum, Ri Compositet feinforcement Kp Ky lig lp Ka a Fo-103 15%Miledglass ~—70~—=«O4 «005-009 1880 380 024 0.19 FC122 10% Graphite powder 60 02 005 007 ard OB B07 O13 Foe ‘Oe Cokellour 12007 O08 «oor 8a U3 te Ot Fo-186 SO% Bronze 5083 ar 2 93 O10 O14 Fe-13.9M 1S%eSynergisie MoS: 3.0 <1 0.08 0 <0) 010 020 Poa Pes eliorcan 10 “Bt OD 0 “Os O14 028 PG149 PPS +iubriam = 20 <4 G08 2 02 013 028 PC-158 PPS lubreant = 40 <1. Bor 7 02 021 09e Pete! Polyorybenzoate 5.0 <0 08, 1 <01 012 O21 PC.184 PPS riubrcant’ = $0 <4 908 5 201 012 0.19 POX-B1199 Mineral 14 “06 ott @ “06 013048 “a= Avraga roughness otal sar pe.pi od at 5.000 PV(G9°3 py 150 em)G o Plastic Against Metal Results In the tests mating the thermoplastic composites and AISI 1141 cold-rolled steel counterfaces, the highest composite wear factors (greatest wear) resulted with the smoothest range (8 to 12 xin.) of metal surface finishes, This result, contrary to what might be expected intuitively, is attributed to the adhesion-and-deformation fiction mechanism of metal/plastic combinations. The 12 to 16 sn. range yielded the lowest wear factors, and the 50 to 70 win, surlace-finish range generally produced intermediate weer-factors for most ‘composites (unreinforced formulations were exceptions) PTFE-lubricated, glass-fiber-reinforced polycarbonate was the only material to experience an increase in surface roughness when tested against a steel counterface. Surface oughness ofthe other plastic composites was reduced to a3 litle as one-eighth in the same test, In all eases, the ‘metal surface became rougher Wear behavior of thermoplastic composites, asa function of the surface finish of stainless-steel and brass counterfaces, was tested at only two metal roughness values instead of three. As was expected, wear factors ofall composites increased whan the surface roughness af the mating 304 stainless stee! counterface was increased from the range of 8 to 16xin. to that of 50 to 70 xin, Friction coetficients, how. ever tended fo decrease as the surface roughness of the mating metal counterface was increased. Wear factors of the plastic composites and friction coef- ficients of the wear pairs were generally greater with 440 stainless stee! than with the 304 grade. The 440 material also had a higher wear factor than the 304 grade~probably because the 304 grade work-hardens with wear Plastic wear factors against 8 to 16 jin. brass surface finishes are essentially the same as those for the stainless steels. However the brass specimens wear up to eighty times faster than the stainless steel when mated with glass- fiber or carbon-fber-reinforced composites. PTFE-lubricated nylon 6/6 and PTFE-Iubricated, aramid-liber-oinforced ‘nylon 6/6 composites produced extremely low wear on the brass samples. However, the final surface finish of some brass specimens was as much as four times rougher than that of stainless stee! in analogous wear pairs. Compared to the other metal finishes, those on aluminum alloy 2024 counterfaces proved to have a narrower toler. ance range to yield acceptable wear factors for the plastic ‘composites. The lowest wear rates occurred with the 12 to 16 pin. finish on the aluminum, PTFE-Iubricated unreinforced, nylon 6/6 and the PTFE-lubricated, aramid-fiber- reinforced ‘nylon 6/6 composites provided the lowest wear rates of any ‘mating pair involving the aluminum alloy However, the wear factors ofall plastic composites tested against aluminum \were higher than the corresponding wear factors genorated against steel, stainless stoel, or brass. Excessive system wear with phosphor bronze countertaces was noted with all thermoplastic composites except for those tested with the ‘same two PTFE-Iubricated formulations Wear behavior of fluoropolymer-based composites against Stee! and aluminum was also tested. PTFE composites. {containing inorganic fillers such as graphite powder, coke flour, and milled-glass fibers yielded higher composite wear factors and mating-surface wear when run against aluminum than against stool. In contrast, PTFE composites Containing bronze and synergistic MoS,, yield lower Composite and mating-metal wear rates against aluminum than against steel. PTFE composites containing PPS, Polyoxybenzoate, and other organic filers produced similar Wear rates and mating-surfacs wear when run agains! stool and aluminum. With all uoropalymer composites, Coetficients of friction were greater against aluminum than against steel Reinforced thermoplastics based on ‘Several resins are used in 23 of the 25 molded components of this ask drive because of dimensional stabiliy, strength, and rigidity. Head ‘components require the addtional qualfication of wear resistance against the stainless-steel dive Screw, which has a precision-ground thread. Bere eoenHow Plastics Wear Against Plastics Wear characteristics of one plastic against anothor vary widely, even among those materials with good natural lubricity When an application calls for plastic-o-plastic bearings, shafts, gears, or other wear members, the combination ‘must be chosen carefully. Because plastics are not rigid bodies, they do not behave ‘according to the classic laws of friction. tis these deviations Which cause some of the unexpected results when plastics, are run against metals, Frictional forces are not proportional to load, fiction increases with increasing speed and the slatic coefficient of friction is lower than the dynamic. When two viscoelastic, low modulus materials are run against each other additional inconsistencies result. Despite these inconsistencies, one trend remains clear: the wear factor generated when the same thermoplastic is run against itself is extremely high unless the operating temperature {and pressure are extremely low. In applications requiring all Helix drive shaft Helical drive shafts demand the precision molding ‘capability of reinforced, lubricated amorphous composites. These helical shafts provide the precise ‘registration demanded by matrix personal printers. The Inbological properties of these composites ensure the ‘easy, quiet operation expected in the lite of these devices. (Moder: Complex Tooling, Boulder CO) 13 plastic components, the wear rate can be reduced tit crystalline resins are being used) by running dissimilar plastics against each other it amorphous resins are involved or if environmental or manufacturing procedures require that only a single compound be used, that compound should contain an internat lubricant, such as PTFE at loadings of 15-20%. Wear is often greater on the moving surface when dissimilar ‘eat resins are paired, and similar behavior occurs with pairs consisting of lubricated (unreinforced) resins running ‘against themselves or against dissimilar lubricated (unrein= forced) resins, The addition ofa reinforcing fiber generally produces increased wear in a mating unreinforced resin or ‘composite. The addition ofa reinforcing fiber to both sur- faces may resull in decreased wear, compared to unrein- forced resins, \Wear factors of glass fiber containing composites are lower than those of carbon fiber reinforced composites when run against the carbon reinforced materials because glass fibers are much harder than carbon fibers. Lubrication of composites with PTFE dramatically reduces wear factors in both similar or dissimilar mating resins. Dur- ing the initial break-in period, a film of PTFE is transferred to the mating surface, creating a PTFE-1o-PTFE bearing con- ition. This condition lowers the woar factors for both moving and stationary surfaces. The addition of PTFE lubricant to the mating material reduces the detrimental effects of glass fibers (with respect to wear) on the opposing surtace. ‘The addition of silicone fluid to thermoplastic composites, results in compounds with reduced wear factors when com- pared to the neat resin, but wear factors are greater than those of PTFE-lubricated composites. In plastic-on-plastic ‘wear applications, composite pairs having similar wear fac- tors when run against each other are preferred to pairs having large differences in wear factor, provided that the total wear in the system is acceptably low. Xerox Telecopier Gear Glass Fiber Reinforced lubricated elastomer gave the wear, ‘toughness and quiet sunning characteristics required. The gear is used in the scanning mechanism as the telecopier transmits pictures over telephone lines.Wear Factors and Coefficients of Friction of Plastics Against Plastics Moviog surisce” surtace ‘State, ‘Wool surface (10°? ini -tBche) ‘Opal 50 fom DFLaoas 1,900 65 0.04 2.08 AFL aba 1,300 800 0.08 0.10 AFL-aoad 1.200 350 0.10 oe DFLaoas 750 210 0.06 2.08 1000 975,000 54/000 0.08 0.05 AL-4530 32 3t 0.06 0.06 kL-aoao 26 380 0.06, 0.4 ALaaio 20 408 o08 008 RL-soa0 150 150 0.08 01 F-10068, 18,500 13,000 016 027 DF-1008 4,000 31500 0.30 032 -1000 10 1.400 05 0.18 AL-aogo : 23 0.06 907 FL s530, 20 140 0.08 0.08 FLaaio, 20 34,000 0.10 ota C-1008, 110 130 0.09 0.10 KL-aoag 10 11,700 0.09 ony KFLaaa6 210 11460 0.08 a0 DEL-a036 350 310 0.08 0.08 OF 4036 35, 7 0.04 0.05, GFL 4036, is 12 0.05 0.07 UHMWPE a 18 008 0.03 8.1000 55 78 0.06 0.07 K-1000, 10,200 14,000 019 015 KL-so40 F-10086 38 30 0.05 0.08 KL-4040 FL aoae 32 25 0.05 0.06 kL-4040 RL-4o4o 30 6 0.03, 04 KL-4040 KLaoag 35 40 0.10 0.09 KFL-4036 RLasio 940 50 210 an KFL-4036 ACL 4036 28 60 0.05 007 pps. OFL-4036 OFL-4036 160 149 0.08 007 OFL-4036, FL 4326 750 710 0.13 012 OFL-4326 OFL 4036, 800 760 16 0.13 OF L-4038 DFL-4036 550 700 0.10 ont Nylon 6/10. QFL-4036 OL-s020 15 30 0.04 0.06 QFL-4036 DFL-an34 18 14 0.08 07 QFL-4036, UHMINEE: 15 18 006 0.08 Da ee etm <1) F) *See ble 1 or compeston of resin or compound, Bron deer Rote]Wear Factors and Coefficients of Friction of Plastics Against Plastics Table 9 (Cont) Resin or Compound War factor Cootetento theton Sttonary Moving Dynamic Stationary to ‘ure nrc Stat, ‘pet turtae sce (0% minnie) ao sohom Nylon 6/6, Bes000 1.100 2500 006 oor Fc1000 700 io 838 8% 1000 200 8000 038 oa fo00 %0 *0 84 O03 Fao 2 Ey oa cer ‘ $ Aaode 3 33 O03 8o8 Ataouo 2 3 ous oo aod 3 is 808 oor A450 109 4500 oes oa f1008 388 28500 oor 808 Re 1008 $ 38 803 393 1008 8 250 803 ota RF 1008 30 Pa 808 dor f-1008 600 03 or of fi 1008 500 $30 dor 015 RF 1008 % 300 oo ane f-1008 By 809 oe ont E1008 3.000 275000 on ot Ae 1008 5 180 805 cor fr-1006 3 5.500 oor 009 rae iS 3B 898 oo8 eCdOae 2 3 98 38 fr aoa 4 98 oe ° f-4098 i too ot of et-4038 33 #80 ot on fri-aoae 2 8 cag 08 fans o ae 805 oige ' o8 fans 8 3500 oor 38 i 20 ous H 4096 2 #30 of oar Accatte i ot aoae i 30 dos 80g Rceaa98 28 0 010 o%0 Reade 3 200 810 a3 Roc abe 2 300 o10 a3 fick 409 130 30 a9 ots 108 80 Sos on RCL-4036- 90, 80 0.10 On i406 ° Pr a0 318 cL-4036 130 ioe ot oz cca 2 “0 008 oa fctao9e & 30 a8 o%3 RCL-4536 50 45 012 O14 Aecasoe 2 s ont ots CL4806 betasse 180 cod O13 a8 Polvester (7) e000 1000 2.800 3,000 oxr 024 Wesoao Wesoto 2 3 o16 808 * S00 be 1 for cmpostion olen or compound roHow Lubricomp* Composites Wear At Elevated Temperatures Arise in the ambient temperature will cause a decrease in limiting PV, coupled with an increase in the wear rate (K Factor) and the static/dynamic coetficients of friction. The ‘00m temperature wear factor of RFL-4036 (20% glass fiber, 15% PTFE, 85% nylon 6/6) is $6 and the K factor generated at 300°F is 200. The $/D coottcients of friction increase {from 0.19/0.26 to 0.35/0.39 over the same temperature range. Increases such as this are considered typical, but vary depending on the thermal characteristics of the base rosin and the type and amounts of filers, eeinforcements and lubricants, Filled PTFE composites provide an excellent balance of bearing properties and chemical resistance, along with high elongation. Wear factors changed le if any at temper. atures at 400°F in all PTFE composites tested, The lowest ‘wear factor measured at 500°F was for the carbon-graphite/ PTFE materials, The lowest wear factor to 400°F was for the PPS-filed composite, making it wall suited for valve soats and sealing rings. Bronze-filled PTFE, with the highest modulus and thermal Conductivity and the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion ‘and deformation under load, also demonstrated the highest LPV values at all test temperatures. These composites are Used in transmission seals and compressor rings, Friction values for the filed PTFE composites were the lowest of almost all materials tested, at all test temperatures, Fluoromett’ melt processible fluorapolymers offer many properties similar to those of PTFE materials, and some ‘even greater For example, the chemical and thermal prop= erties of PFA approximate those of PTFE, and deformation resistance of PFA at elevated temperature is superior Wear properties of the carbon fiber reinforced PFA, however, were ot as good as those ofthe filed-PTFE composites, but significantly better up to 400°F than those of almost all of the other composites tested The test specimens of carbon fiber reinforced PVDF were lunabie to sustain the conditions of the wear test at 300°F probably because the PY limit of the composite at thal tem erature may have been exceeded. The PVDF composite also had the lowest LPV value ofall materials investigated Heat and Corrosion Resistance This conveyor-chain as Sombly is made up of hwo entirely citferent compounds ‘0 provide optimum wear service. Siicone-lubricated ‘ABS was chosen for the plates that must move ‘Smoothly on their pivot rods without binding or wearing. The links are molded trom a ‘compound of nylon 6/12 Containing PTFE and glass hbers. which provides heat resistance, dimensional Stability, and wear resist ance and ensures smooth action between inks. Corrosion Resistance Polyphenylene sulide (PPS) is resistant to virtually all ‘chemicals and solvents. This makes PPS, lubricated with PTFE and reinforced with glass fiber, an excellent candidate for chemical pumps. Represented here are centritugal, siding vane, and gear pump parts, Heat Resistance ‘Nylon 6:6, reinforced with carbon fiber and PTFE, was Selected for these throtle-contral sensor components for its ability o operate in an automotive under-the- hood ‘environment with temperatures as high a 300°F. The pplication involves low operating torque requiting low ‘ction and minimum wear to ensure precise positioning of ‘the throtle mechanism, Sebel Peeks eoeoe LTD Sarco boa dog uBISeq VisteEngineering thermoplastics were tested for wear at an applied PY of 2,000 (5,000 was used for the filled- PTFE composites). These applied values of PV in the thrust-washer test are substantially less than the LPV values reported in the full journal bearing test at elevated temperatures. Con- ‘sequently, caution is advised in interpreting PV capabilities of these composites at temperatures above 400°F ‘The nylon 6/6 composite (15% PTFE, 30% glass fiber) retained a high precentage of room-lemperature LPV value throughout the range of test temperatures. Wear resistance at elevated temperatures is only fal; however, so the materia Can be considered only for intermittent use in service to ‘about 400°F. ‘The Vietrex* PEEK composites, with a deflection temper- ature of 600°, are particularly suited for use al elevated temperatures. These materials have excellent wear factors, {and coefficients of friction are comparable to those of PTFE ‘composites at temperatures to 500°F The carbon fiber ret forced Victrex PEEK composite had the highest LPV values at 400 and 500°F of all materials investigated and was the Only injection-moldable composite that had a measurable wear factor at 500°F: al others failed at or below that, temperature, The PPS composites, also with an excellent combination of ‘mechanical and thermal properties, are good candidates for ‘gear and bearing applications at elevated temperatures. Wear factors are low at temperatures to 400°F—ess than those of unmodified nylon 6/6 at room temperature. LPV values of all PPS composites were acceptable at all test temperatures to 400° In general the addition of PTFE to the fiber-reinforced com- osites improves tribological properties at all temperatures. ‘Also, composites containing carbon-flber reinforcement have better bearing properties than those of their glass- fiber-containing analogs, In the tests, limiting PV values were determined for most Composites at higher temperatures than the maximum tom= erature for which a wear factor could be determined. This ‘seemingly anomalous behavior is thought to be due to the. Support provided the bearing material By the specimen holder in the LPV test 7 “In Tank” Automotive Fuel Pump The chemical resistance and dimensional stability demanded by this critical application are provided by a specially developed acetal composite. Internal lubricants re required to prevent the impellor trom solzing ifthe car ‘should run out of gasoline and the pump should run “dry” Lubricated PEEK Composites The low wear factors and coefficients of friction and high PV capability of rainforced and lubricatad PEEK composites provide the high temperature performance ‘demanded in vehicie transmission piston seal nngs aind thrust washers. PEEK and other composites can be formulated to act syneristicaly with automotive Haid and ‘chemicals such as motor oil, automatic transmission fluid and water.0 Elevated Temperature Performance of Lubricomp’ Composites Tribological properties of engineering Table 10 __ plastic composites at elevated temperatures ——Fillerireint (%) — Base Glass Carbon — 200 = 500 LNP Code resin PTFE fiber fiber Kis up Kis tip K “ily pK “ity lig JFL-4088 PES 15 90° - 120 «0.27 030 -Flwed - - - - Vicirex* PESPOX-86174 PES 15 - 30 970.24 0.29 -Flowed - - - - EC-1006 Per 5, «3077027 033 100-030 036 ~ Flowed - = EFL4036 Pei 418 32 - 40 0.24 0.29 100 032 038 — Flowed coe RFL-4036 ion 88 15 30 60 0.29 0.24 300 026 032 700 037 040 — Fale — OFL-4036 BPs 15 30-135. «033 038 150 0.33 038 200 O34 O38 _ Fale — 06-1006 Pps = 1800.34 038 160 034 028 210 O34 O38 — Falk — OCL-4036, pes 15 = 00 780.28 O31 75 030 O32 “75 030 O32 — Fale Lubricomp-0-8G PPS Propriotary ~ = =" 31 041 017 38 0.09 020 — Failed — Victrex PEEK '450CA30 PEEK — 30 600.41 0.06 60 0.15 0.14 120 012 0.09 170 0:15 014 victrex PEEK 150FC30 PEEK Propriotary > > = O10 or -~ ~~ 49 013 022 foLdosseM PEEK 15 ~ 15 5 oor ots OBIS OR Limiting PV for engineering plastic Table 11__ composites at elevated temperatures ——— Limiting PV (pal x tom) — — Fillerireint (%) — ——-— At 100 fpm st At 800 fpm_ = ———— Base, Glass Carbon —— Temperature F) —— tempera f) ANP Code__resin PTFE fiber’ tlber”” 73 200°"200"""460" 50073 a0" eT—tWP LGl-au33EM PEEK 15 — 45 40.000 40.000 40,000 98000 35,000 24,000 24,000 2.000 23.000 F000 Oc:1008 pps 30 201000 20,000 30,000 18,000 8900 11"000 s11000 it 00 41.900 41°96 QCiso3 PPS 15 = 30 25,000 38.000 35,000 38.000 30,000 31000 auigee. 26990 £8 958 4000 OFt-4038, PPS 1530 ~' 30,000 30,000 30,000 29,000 28.000 30,000 Segos. Seem 4enN8 30 808 Luicomae Sac” PPS Proprstary 70000 == 7.000 63500 = = FRFL-4036__Nylon 6615 "30" "Y._20,000 20,000 20,000 26/000 18.000 17.500 17.500 17/00 18,000 13,600 Tribological properties of tluoropolymers Table 12 at elevated temperatures Base ; ek e280 300 — —— 400 — 509 —— LNP Code _resih Filler We ue ugh KP ig Kip tip K My ip MO iy FC1003 PTFE 15% miledglass 7 0.05 009 7 0.06 0.09 7 006 0097 b08 012 70 O08 O10 FO182 PTFE $5% bronze, 5% MoS, 5 0.07 0.13 § 0.08 913 5 009 Did 91 O90 OIE Goce ncias FC191 PIFE 25% carborigraphite 6 0.08 009 6 O11 O13 B O12 O13 10 ote Sie Bere R PG.15 PTFE PPS 1007 013 1 003018 4 O11 O15 |S OTT O18 80 O18 O19 EP-PC-1003 PFA 15% carbon ber 13. 0.11 O18 18 O17 O21 98 O28 0.38108 0:96 bas Frag FPVC1003 PVDF 15% carbon fiber__14 025 025 15 034 0.39 Powad = 2 Unis or wef, 10m mat "ge ie cutout ot eto: y= ore coat eon Limiting PV for fluoropolymer Table 13 composites at elevated temperatures _—_—— Limiting PV (psi x fpr) — a8 100 tpn dP en at0 pm = Bose wand emperature -F) —_—_Termporature (F) ————~ LNP Code _ resin Filer 73200” "300 "400" 50073200" "300" “Goo 500 FC-103 PTFE 18% miled glass 1,000 18,000 16,000 17,000 16,000 76,000 16,000 76,000 14000 12.000 Fo1e2 PTFE 3676 bronze. 5% MoS, 21,000 211000 21,000 18.000 17000 17000 17.000 tose 13900 13.000 EC191 IEE 28%. carboniraprte "20000 20,000 30,000 17,000 16.000 18000 1Sam9 15000 1seey 1ooey PC-185 PTFE PS 48:00 15.000 15,000 141000 13,000 10.000 10,000 10,000 ‘S000 ‘2500, FE Uc-1003 BFA. 15% carbon fiber 27,000 27,000 23,000 18.000 18.000 25,000 2800) 23,000 1y'009 19.900 FP-VC-1003 _ PVDF 15% carbon fiber __11,000 7,000 “7,000 £5,000 <8,000 <8.00 igs i ed fem mon cam cman a on ee is foe 6 (fl es ee | 2 ik ate es he 2 if ie Be Fe a i iy 2 ff Be ie pee 8 iS eee a eee 8 Ee ee a pees hie ie e a ee i eS Boe ie samc : mem aR ate eS om ff aS e on pet 8 eke rE ems bf Be i im ae aan e ee ER ae i pee, > BS E res 3 Ge ia pee ES ity 8 5, is Be i * S00 Table or composition of a compound.Test Methods Wear ‘Wear tests are conducted with a thrust washer test appa- ratus. The sample thrust washer is mounted in an antitition bearing equipped with a torque arm The test specimen holder is drilled to accept a thermo- ‘couple probe. The raised portion of the thrust washer bears against a dry, cold-rolled, carbon-steel wear ring with 12 to 16 micro-inch finish, 18 to 22 Rockwell C scale hardness at ‘oom temperature. Each evaluation is conducted with a new Wear ring which has been cleaned and weighed on an ‘analytical balance. Bearing temperature and friction torque are continuously monitored. L &@ a Puan a ] ; — ine se The test duration is dependent upon the period required to achieve 360 degree contact between the raised portion of the thrust washer and the wear ring, The average wear factor and duration of this break-in period are reported Reported wear factors for each compound are based on ‘equilibrium wear rate independent of break-in wear Volume wear is calculated as follows: ht loss Density 25 where W is volume wear (cm), weight loss is in milligrams, and density isin grams/em? This volume is used for eal. ‘ulation of wear factor (K). w K (wear factor) “FVT W volume wear (in) V-= velocity ft/min.) F = pressure (IbJin:) T= elapsed time (hr) Friction Coefficient of friction data were obtained with the thrust washer test apparatus, The test specimen is "run in against the standard wear ring until 360 degree contact between the raised portion of the thrust washer and wear ring is achieved, Temperature ofthe test specimen is then allowed to stabilize atthe test conditions (generally 40 psi 50, {t/min, room temperature, and dry), After thermal equilibrium ‘occurs, the dynamic titional torque generated is measured with the torque arm mounted on the antifrction bearing The average of a minimum of five readings is taken Limiting PY ‘To determine the limiting PV for a composition, a sample cylindrical half bearing, generally 1 by 1 by 0.060 in, wall, is installed in an antitrction bearing mounted in the test ‘apparatus. The aniifrition bearing holder is equipped with ‘a torque arm. Load is applied through the aniifriction bearing to the test bearing, The shaft can be rotated at surface velocities trom 10 to 1000 f./min, The load (psi, velocity (ft/min), friction torque {lbft) and the temperature (°F) at the bearing holder, 0.125 in. from the rubbing sur faces, are continuously monitored, A minimum of tree. velocities are selected to cover a practical range, ie. 10, 100 and 1000 ft/min. At each velocity. a load-stepping lest | conducted. Fiction torque and bearing temperature, which are plotted continuously are allowed to reach equilibrium at zach loading (Fig. 7). The equilibrium condition is maintained for approximately 30 min, then the load is increased. At an ‘advanced load increment, the friction torque and/or tem. erature willnot stabilize. The slope of the curve will increase Sharply in the friction torque and/or temperature plot. The increase in temperature and/or torque will result in bearing failure. The pressure limits at several velocities provide @ ‘curve of the limiting-PY capabilty of the bearing material, Fig. 7 Load Stepping Test