Analogovye Interfeisy

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EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY
SERI ES
Analog Interfacing
to Embedded
Microprocessors
by Stuart R. Ball
(fif) Newnes
An imprint of Elsevier Science
-1
2007
004.32
32.973
79
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-1, 2007. 360 .: . (
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15 978-5-94120-142-6

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Elsevier Inc., 200 Wheeler Road, 6th Floor, Burlington, MAO 1803, USA.
ISBN 978-5-94120-142-6 (pyc.)

ISBN 0-7506-7723-6 (.)
Elsevier Science (USA), 2004

-XXI, 2007

.................................................................................................................... 12
........................................................................................................................................ 13
.............................................................................................................................................. 14
1. ..................................................................................................... 15
1.1. ............................................................................................................ 15
1.2. ........................................................................................... 16
1.3. .................................................................................................................................... 16
1.4. ............................................................................................. 19
1.5. .......................................................................................... 20
1.5.1. .................................................................................................................... 21
1.5.2. .................................................................................................................... 21
1.5.3. ............................................................................21
1.5.4. ...........................................................................................22
1.5.5. ..................................................................... 22
1.5.6. .................................................................22
1.6. .............................................................................................................. 22
1.6.1. ............................................................................................................................. 23
1.6.2. ............................................................................23
1.7. .............................................................................................24
1.7.1. ........................................................................................ 24
1.7.2. ......................................................................................................24
1.7.3. ............................................................................................................24
1.7.4. ............................................................................................... 25
1.7.5. .................................................................................... 27
1.7.6. .................................................................................................................... 27
1.8. .................................................................................... 27
2. - ...................................................................30
2.1. ........................................................................................................................... 30
2.2. ............................................................................................................................. 32
2.2.1. ................................................................................................... 33
2.2.2. .............................................................................................................. 33
6
2.2.3. ..................................................................................................................... 33
2.3. .................................................................................................................................... 34
2.3.1. .............................................................................................................. 34
2.3.2. ...................................................................................................... 36
2.3.3. ................................................................... 37
2.3.4. ................................................................................ 38
2.3.5. - ........................................................................................................40
2.3.6. ............................................................................................................ 43
2.4. ...........................................................44
2.5. -............................................................................................... 45
2.6. .............................................................................................................. 48
2.6.1. ............................................................................................................ 48
2.6.2. ...................................................... 49
2.6.3. .............................. 49
2.6.4. ............................................................................................................ 49
2.7. ................................................................................................. 49
2.7.1. .................................................................................. 49
2.7.2. ...........................................................................................50
2.7.3. ................................................................................................................ 52
2.7.4. BUSY..................................................................................................................... 54
2.7.5. ...................................................................................... 54
2.7.6. .............................................................55
2.7.7. ........................................................................ 55
2.7.8. ............................................................... 56
2.8. .......................................................................................................... 56
2.9. ............................................................................................. 58
2.9.1. SPI/Microwire........................58
2.9.2. 12 ......................................................................................................................... 61
2.9.3. SM Bus................................................................................................................... 63
2.9.4. .....................................64
2.10. ............................................................................................................ 65
2.11. ................................................................................ 65
2.12. .......................................................................................................................................... 67
2.13. ................................................................................................................................67
2.14. ..................................................68
2.15. ...........................................................................................70
3. ............................................................................................................................. 71
3.1. ........................................................................................................... 71
3.1.1. ............................................................................................................ 71
3.1.2. ........................................................................................................75
3.1.3. ........................................................ 79
7
3.1.4. ..........................................................................81
3.1.5. ...........................................................................................................................81
3.1.6. ..........................................................84
3.2. ...................................................................................................................... 85
3.2.1. ................................................................................................................85
3.2.2. ...................................................................................................85
3.2.3. -......................................................................... 88
3.2.4. ......................................................................................90
3.2.5. ............................................................................................... 91
3.2.6. ......................................................................... 92
3.2.7. ................................................................ 94
3.2.8. ..................................................................................96
3.3. ....................................................................................................... 99
3.3.1. ......................................................................................................... 99
3.3.2. ......................................................................................... 101
3.3.3. -.............................................................................................................. 101
3.3.4. ................................................................................................. 103
3.3.5. ................................................................................................... 104
3.3.6. .................................................................................... 106
3.3.7. -............................................................. 106
3.3.8. ............................................................................................................ 107
3.3.9. ..................................................................... 107
3.3.10. ..................................................................................................... 108
3.3.11. .............................................................................................................. 110
3.3.12. ..................................................................................................................... 110
3.4. ..................................................................................................... 110
3.4.1. .............................................................................................................. 110
3.4.2. ............................................. 113
3.4.3. ..................................... 114
3.5. /........................................... 116
3.6. /............................................................................ 117
3.7. .......................................................................................................................................... 119
4. ..................................................................... 121
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
......................................................................................................................... 121
........................................................................................... 125
....................................................................................................................... 127
-.............................................................................. 129
4.4.1. ........................................................................................................ 130
4.4.2. .................................................................................................................. 131
4.5. ................................................................................................. 131
4.6. .................................................. 133
8
5. ...................................................................................................... 139
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
........................................................
.............................................................................................
.......................................................................
.............................................................................................
........................................................................................................
..........................................................................
139
139
140
141
144
144
5.7. -- ............................ 148

5.7.1. ..................... 151
5.7.2. .............................. 153
5.7.3. - ........................................................................................ 155
5.7.4. -........................................... 156
5.7.5. ................................................................................................................... 157
5.7.6. ...................................................................................... 159
5.7.7. ................................................................................................... 159
5.7.8. ...................................................................................... 160
5.7.9. ........................................................................................ 161
5.8. .......................................................................................................... 161
5.8.1. ........................ 163
5.8.2. ................................................................................................... 165
5.8.3. ...................................................................................... 167
5.9. ................................................................................................. 168
5.10. .................................................... 169
5.10.1. / ........................................... 170
5.10.2. ....................................................................... 171
5.10.3. ................................................................. 173
5.11. -................................................................... 173
5.11.1. -....................................................................... 173
5.11.2. .................................................. 174
5.11.3. .................................................................................. 174
5.11.4.
............................................................................................175
5.11.5.
................................................................................. 176
5.11.6. ................................................................................ 177
5.12. ......................................................................................... 178
6. , ............................... 179
6.1. ..................................................................................................................................
6.1.1. ..................................................................................................................................
6.1.2. ................................................................................
6.1.3. / ....................................................................................
6.2. ......................................................................................................
179
179
180
182
185
9
6.2.1. .....................................................................................................
6.2.2. ..............................................................................................................
6.2.3. .........................................
6.3. .................................................................................................................................
6.3.1. ...................................................................................................
6.3.2. ................................................................................................................
6.4. ..................................................................................................................................
6.4.1. ..................................................
6.4.2. .....................................
6.5. ..............................................................................................................................................
186
187
188
191
191
191
193
195
196
198
6.6. ................................................................................................... 199

6.7. .....................................................................................................................202
6.7.1. .........................................................................................204
6.7.2. ............................................................................204
6.7.3. ..........................................................................................................205
7. .......................................................................................................................206
7.1. .................................................................................................................. 206
7.1.1. ........................................... 208
7.1.2. .........................................................................................................................210
7.1.3. ..............................................................................211
7.1.4. ..........................................................................214
7.1.5. ............................................................................215
7.1.6. ................................................................................................................ 216
7.1.7. .............................................................................................................. 220
7.1.8. ...................................................................................... 221
7.1.9. ....................................................................... 222
7.1.10. ............................................................................224
7.1.11. ............................................................................................... 225
7.2. ................................................................................................. 226
7.2.1. ........................................................ 227
7.2.2. ..................................................230
7.2.3. .......................................................................................................................234
7.2.4. ................................................237
7.2.5. ............................................................................242
7.3. ............................................. 244
7.4. .....................................246
7.5. .............................................................................................248
7.5.1. ....................................... 248
7.5.2. ..................................................248
7.5.3. ..............................................................................248
7.6. ....................................................................... 249
10
8. .................................................................................... 254
8.1. ...........................................................................................................................
8.1.1. ................................................................................................................
8.1.2. .......................................................................
8.2. ...................................................................................................
8.2.1. ....................................................
8.2.2. ...............................................................
254
258
259
260
260
261
9. .................................................................................... 264
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.
9.6.
9.7.
9.8.
9.9.
.........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
....................................................
........................................................................................
.......................................................................
...................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
9.9.1. ................................................................................
9.9.2. ......................................................................................................
9.10. .............................................................................................
264
266
267
268
269
270
272
273
275
275
277
278
9.11. ................................................................. 280

9.12. ........................................................................................................................................ 280
10. ........................................................................................ 281
10.1. 1 1451.2 ........................................................................................................ 281
10.1.1. ...................................................................................... 281
10.1.2. ............................................................................................... 282
10.1.3. ........................................... 282
10.2. 4-20 ................. 283
10.3. 15................................................................................................................. 283
11. ........................................................................................286
11.1. ................................................ 286
11.2. ................................................................................................................. 288
11.3. ..............................................................................289
11.4. ............................................................................ 291
11.5. ............................................................................ 293
11.6. ..................................................................... 294
11.6.1. ................................................................. 296
11.6.2. ........................................................................................ 296
11.6.3. ........................................................................................... 297
11.7. -................................................................................................................ 297
11
11.7.1. -....................................................................... 297
11.7.2. - ..................................................................... 299
11.8. .....................................301
11.9. ............................................................................................... 302
11.9.1. ............................................................................................... 305
11.9.2. ............................................................................305
11.9.3. -................................................................................................. 309
11.9.4. - ..................................................313
. ................................................................................314
. - .................................................................326
. ......................................................................... 339
. Python 11. Excel 4 ....................340
...........................................................................................................................345
.................................................................................................................. 348

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. 2.6, +V 0.5 , V 0.5 .
,

. ,
0.3 ,
-0 .8 ( -0 .5 ), 0.2 ( 0.5 ).
,
. , -
,
,
,
. , ,
0 .
. 2.6,
, 0.3 ,
2.3. 41
. 2.5.
20%, 80%.
0.5...0.5 .
.
(. 2.6) 20%/(20% + 80%) = 20% = 0.2.
.
- .
. 2.6 0.5...0.5 ,
1 . 1 2 .
-
. ,
1 ,
. , .
,
, .
, ,
.

. ,
--
42 2. -
. 2.6. -
.
( )
, . -
. ,
1 , ,
+ . .
2.3. 43
-
. ,
. -
, . ,
, , -
.
-
,
. -

.
2.3.6.
. 2.7 .
8- 32
256. 4- (16 )
.
4-
.
,
4-
.
4-
(16 )

(4 )

(4 )
. 2.7.
44 2. -
,
0...5 = 3.1 (. 2.7),
:
( . 2.7)
......................
............................................... 9
9 16 19.53 = 2.8125

. . . 3.1 2.8125 = 0.2875
( . 2.7)
...............
................... 1

9, 158!
3 ; 12-
, , 3 ,
4 . 4
, 4-
.
, 4- .
, ,
, , .
2.4.
. 2.8
: , -,
. ,
(12...24 ) - ,
(12...20 ) . . (. 2.86)
. ,
-
, ,
.
. ,

8... 16 , 16-
. (
) 12- , 6-
8-.

. --
2.5. - 45
16
24
[]
~ I ----------- 1--------------------------1--------1---------------- 1---------------- 1---------------- 11
10 100 1 10
1 100
. [] ( )
. 2.8.
,
.
-
,
, ,
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2.5. -

. ,
? . 2.9 ,
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, 2.3 .
117(1 75.
46 2. -
( ),
2.5 .
2.5 , 6
. ,
12710 (716).
2.8 , 14310 (8]).
,
5-
2.3
( 117d = 75h)
2.8
( 143d - 8Fh)
4-
3
9 17,
21
2.34375
0111 5111 1000\
1.25
0100 0000
1.875
0110 0000
2.4218
2.4804
\
01111111

2 4fi0Q

01111110
0111 1100
I-------1-------1------- I------- 1------I

. 2.9. ,
(12710)
2.48 . (2.3 )
(2.8 ).
.
,
.
-,
,
.

- (sample-and-hold circuit, S/H )
. . 2.10 , - ().
.
(), ,
,
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.
2.5. - 47
-
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,

,
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,

.

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,
( )
( ).

(droop rate) /, / /.
,
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.
, .
, ,
48 2. -
,
(acquisition time) .
,
-,
.
(full power bandwidth)
.
, ,
.

(feedthrough) .
(output offset)
.

.
2.6.

, .
2.6.1.

0...5 .
,
. AD570 Analog Devices
10 .
, 5...5 ,
0...10 . ,

.
2.5 3 .

,

. ,
5 0...5 .
3.3
2.7 0...VS.
2.7. 49
2.6.2.

().
V ref = 2.5 AD872 Analog Devices.

.
. ,
.
,
,
.
2.6.3.

,
.
,
. ,
, VREF
0.1 .
2.6.4.
, , , 191 MAXIM/Dallas,
.

.
2.7.
2.7.1.
,
,
, ,
,
.
.
,
50 2. -
,
( ) .

.
.
- (Binary Coded Decimal, BCD).
,
. ,
; 12-
0 4095, - 12-
(0...3999). (BCD)
.
2.7.2.

.

.
151 MAXIM/Dallas 10 8-
. . 2.11,
151 8 ,
: CS (chip select) (), RD (read strobe)
- , BUSY . 151
- ().
RD CS
, -.
CS
RD.
,
BUSY () . BUSY
, .
, MAXIM
(Slow Memory Mode), ,
RD CS
. BUSY
RD () WAIT () . -
2.7.
CS
RD
BUSY
N-1
DATA
N
__
RD

BUSY

,
BUSY

CS
RD
1__
BUSY
<Z>
DATA
N
__
RD
t

,

BUSY
. 2.11. 151 MAXIM
52 2. -
, .
151 2.5 .
(ROM mode).
,
, .
.
BUSY . ,
BUSY
(polling)
.
BUSY ,
,
. (data sheets)
,
:
RD CS
.
,
.
RD CS
, .
,
; RD CS
,
.
151
.

151 .
2.7.3.
151 180
(. 2.12). ,
, 180 -~
RD (, CS ,
RD ).
,
RD. 151
, -
2.7. 53
'----------
+------
,

( )

151
CS ]
__ >
RD
RD
CS
CS
RD

151

^ZZ>-
. 2.12.
151
54 2. -
. , (,

) , , ,
151 ,
.
2.7.4. BUSY
BUSY 151
200 RD.
,
.
, RD WAIT
,
. ,
,
RD. : ,
BUSY .
, 8088,
(wait-state generator)
.
80188 ,
, .
. 2.12,
, BUSY
,
.
, 50 .
, (wait request)

BUSY
.
2.7.5.
151
(bus relinquish) 100 . , 151
100 , RD
.
-
2.7. 55
151, .
80186,
. ,
, .
151 ,
.
151 .
151,
. , RD
CS , ,
. 151 ,
,
( 0, 1) ,
.
, ,
.
, 151
. 80960,
.
2.7.6.
151 ,
, .
,
,
.
,

.
RD 300
(ROM mode). RD
- .
2.7.7.
151
, .
150 . ,
. ,

56 2. -
, .
150 .
, 151
500 ,
50 .
1 , 1.5 .
BUSY RD
151.
2.7.8.
,
, ,
.
, . ,
1 LSB (
). , 10- 4
, 1 8 /1024 7.8 .
,
9. ,
. ,
( ,
. .)
.
2.8.
151 , ,
, 80960,
. 2.13. 80960
RD.
,
, RD.

.
. 2.13
.
, .
,
.
2.8. 57
151. , 151
,
( )
( , ).
,
,
, .
,
.
. RD,
,
.

(ROM m ode). (Slow Memory mode)
2.5 ,
151, 82 80960 33 .
S
,
!

V
X
<z>
151

151

151
151

. 2.13.
58 2. -
2.9.

.
-
, ,
.

.
,
.
2.9.1.
SPI/Microwire
SPI/Microwire
,
.
2 , ,
,
SPI (, , , . .).
SPI
(clock), () (chip select),
(data input) (data output),
.
(. 2.14). , SPI
CS, .
-. ,
, 8-
.
.
( )
,
CS. 8 ,
16-

.
.
1242 MAXIM/DaWas
SPI. 1242 10-
8- . . 2.15 -
2.9. 59
SPI/Microwire
(CLK)
(DATA)
(CS)
. 2.14. SPI
1242.
CS ,
7.5 . CS , 1242
(data output) 0.
(data output)
.
,
(clock line) D OUT (data
output) 1242. , 10 ,
1242 (sub-bits) SI SO.
13 0,
DOUT (data output).
. 2.15 , 1242
SPI/M icrowire .
SCLK 1242 SCK SPI
, D OUT 1242 SPI
.
CS 1242. , CS
CS ,
. , SPI
,
, .
, SPI-,
.
, 1242
() SPI- .

. , ,
SPI-. -
60 2. -
1242

,

1242
. 2.15. 1242
SPI-
() .
, , ,
- .
. 2.15. D OU T
1242 IN TR ()
. CS , ,
DOUT , .

-.
SPI HCAD7823
Analog Devices. 1242, AD7823
3 : SCLK (), D OU T (
) CONVST (),
CS 1242. AD7823 8-
2.9. 61
.
5.5 .

.
1242, 07823
, ,
1
.
, ,
. ,
- , , ,
.
.
, .
2.9.2. 12
12 2 :
()
(). 8
. ( 8
) ()
(), : .

, ,
.
8 ,
. ,

.
,
,
-. ,
, -. . 2.16
I .
-,
7 , ,
, / (0 , 1 ). 7-
12- 27, 128,
: 400 .
62 2. -
12
8(_
!.
____
_____
\ _____
J ------------
__/------ V
B/W
..
7-
,

DATA
8
.. ...
1
. 2.16. 12
/ (/\0
: /
()
, 0. (1)
()
, . , 7 ,
,
/ , ,
( )

, ,
/.
,
, .
.
, .
8 ,
8-
. .
2.9. 63

.
/ (data/acknowledge)
, .
.
, 12 .
100 . /
100 /.
12, (Fast), 400 /.
(High-speed)
12 3.4 /. Fast high-speed
10- ,
1024 . high-speed Fast-
12,

. ,
.
,
.
, 12, PCF8591
Philips. , .
12-, PCF8591 : , 1 2.

.
, PCF8591 1001,
2, 1 .
PCF8591 12-.
2.9.3. SMBus
SMBus 12, Intel
1995 . 12
.
SMBus , ,
.
SMBus , ,
( ) (3...5 )
. SMBus 12
, SMBus
, - '
, .
64 2. -
2.9.4.
.
1101 MAXIM/Dallas. 8 ,
(). 1101
4 : M ODE ( ), LOAD (), DATA (
) SCLK (). M O DE ,
(1 , 0 ). DATA
, SCLK ,
, LOAD

. 1101
SPI, , (chip
select),
. 1101
.

,
/. 8031,
, ,
.

.
,
.
.
12 , , 20 , 12 SPI-.

SPI/Microwire, 12.

.
100000 / 8
SPI-, ,
1/(100000x8), 1.25 , .
-
,
SPI.
1,
-., .
2.10. 65
SPI , ,
,
. ,
.
2.10.
.

AD7824 Analog Devices. AD7824 8-
8- .
AD7824 151,
(0...2) .
151, AD7824 ,
,
, .
, ,
,
. AD7824 ,
.
2.11.
.
11677 Microchip AT90S4434 Atmel.

,
, .
11677 8-
.
4 8 .

. . , .
.
Microchip ,
(VREF). . ,
:
= (V 1N / V REF) 256.
66 2. -
Microchip
VREF ,
.
5 5 , .
3.2
:
* 256
3.2 256
=
--------- 1 6 3 ' 0 - 3 -

, Vs. 1% 5.05 ,
-
3.2 256 _ 1/ _
5.05
- 162,0 - 2 16.
, Vs ,
.
2 3 ,
.
Vs: ,
. .
,
. 1242
MAXIM .
O...VREF.
VREF 2.5 , 2.47 2.53 .
, 2
:

2 1024
0~
VREF = 2.47 , =
= 829 = 2.53 , = ^ 2* 53^ " = 80910. 1024 , 10- .
, 20
.
.
2.12. 67
2.12.
(codec)
compressor/decompressor coder/decoder. ,
2 :
- ,
^.
LM4546 National Semiconductor
,
18- .

(3D).
LM4546 .
3054 National Semiconductor ,
, , . 3054
.
2.13.
151 3.3 ,
, 303000 .
33 , ,
110 .

. ,
4 ,
.

. ,
,
( ,
). , ,
. ,

. , ,
80186 386.

. (. . .)
68 2. -
2.14.
I/O , .

, , 8- Atmel
ATiny , 20- 28- Atmel AVR Microchip PIC .

. . 2.17 ,
.
2.5 .
, VREF
5
.
2.5-
( ), , 2.5
128d = 80h 8- .
(. 2.17).
3
2 .
, ,
, ,
.
,
. ,

.
,
.
, , ,

2.5 , .
. 2.176 ,
. ,
5 . S1 , a S2 , 3.9 .
S2 , a S1 , 3.4 , , ,
, 2.9 .
,
.
2.14. 69
+5

+5
+5
2.2
VI
1
2
8.2
1 , 2 , VI = 5
1 , 2 , VI = 3.9
1 , !32 , VI = 3.4
1 , 2 , VI = 2.9
( )
4.7
. 2.17.
. 2.17 ,
.

.
1,
0. ,
, ,
70 2. -

3 . . 2.17, ,

,
.
2.15.
,
.
: ,
.
SPI , ,
, ,
,
SPI .
,
, ,
, .
,
.
(bypass capacitor) VREF ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
3.1.
,
. ,
, .

: , ,
,
.. , ,
...
.
3.1.1.
,
.
(negative
temperature coefficient, NTC),
.
, ,

(positive temperature coefficient, ),
.
,
(
).
.
72 3.

. ,
.
10 100 ,
.
,
25.
- . 3.1.
3.1.
NTC
[]
R/R25
[]
R/R25
-50
39.03
30
0.8276
-40
21.47
40
0.6406
-30
12.28
50
0.5758
-20
7.28
60
0.4086
-10
4.46
70
0.2954
2.81
80
0.2172
10
1.82
90
0.1622
20
1.21
100
0.1229
25
110
0.09446
Dale,
(N TC -).
R /R 25.
25 (R 25)
28.1 (10 2.81 = 28.1 ) 0
4.086 (10 0.4086 = 4.086 ) 60.
R 25== 5 25,
14.050 (5 2.81 = 14.050 ) 0.
. 3.1
, . 3.1. ,'

, . 3.1.
10,
5 1.
3.1. 73

.
:
, , , ,
.
.

. , 1 10%.

.

.
0.2. . 3.2
.
.
-2 0
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
[]
. 3.1.
74 3.
. 3.2.
VREF
2.5 .
,
.
,
VREF.
,
. .
R1 ,

, ,
.
, ,
, (
), (dissipation constant, DC), .
, 1
. R1, , . ,
5, ,
, 0.1.
:
= ,
R , .
, 2 /,
0.5,
:
2 / 0.5 = 1 .
3.1. 75
, ,
, , , ,
0.5 . ,
. ,
R 25 10 ,
0 25. 25
10 .
0.5 , VREF = 2.5 , (pull-up)
(R1 . 3.2) :
= 0.5 10 .
()
2
/--------
( = ) = J P x R . R,
:
70.0005 X 10000 = 2.23 .
= 2.23 / = 223 .
R1 = 2.5 2.23 = 0.27 .
R1 () = 0.27 /223 = 1210 .
, ,
0...50. (. . 3.1)
50 5758 .
R1, 2725 .
,
1210 .
3.1.2.

,
. . 3.3
. Rth
0...5 8- , , 17
Microchip.
. VI :
2.5 R h
VI = --------- .
Rth + R l
R l 10 , . . 3.3.

, VI .
76 3.
[]
< []
VI []
-10
44.6
2.04
28.1
1.84
10
18.2
1.61
25
10
1.25
30
8.276
1.13
40
6.406
0.976
50
4.08
0.7244
70
2.954
0.569
100
1.229
0.273
, ,
...40 1( 0.333 1 ).
,
:
10 = (1.61/5) 256 = 82.
40 = (0.976/5) 256 = 49.
82 49 = 33 , 40 10 = 30 ().
, 33 / 30 = 1 .1 .
, ,
. ,
(...40)
.
...40 0.976 1.61 ,
1.61 0.976 = 0.634 . , 5 ,
5/0.634 = 7.88 .
...40
7.67 12.67 . 5 ,
(0...5 ). ,
() (
) .
. 3.3 ,
.
:
0-2 ] - 2 _ 2
3.1. 77
=2.5
[']
-10
44.6
28.1
18.2
100
6.406
5.758
2.954
1.229
[]
0
10
VI
42
10
25
40
50
70

10 40
[]
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100
40
. 3.3.
, VI = 2,
:
0 - 1
,
- 1
,
VI
.
0, :
(
*-
V = VI 1 + ^ +
,
,
,
VI 1 + +
V. ^

.
.

. , ,
...40 0.5 4.5 .
,
78 3.
.
204 30,
6.8 . 0.634
4.5 0.5 = 4 . 4/0.634 = 6.3 .
:
1 6.3, :
0.976 x6.3 = 6.14 ;
1.61 6 .3 = 10.143 .
, (10.14 6.14 = 4 ) ,
.
.
6.14 - 0.5 = 5.64 10.14 4.5 = 5.64 .
,
.

:
(6.3 = 1 + / + /) (5.64 = 1 ^/1 ^)

.
2.5 , (. 3.3). ,
2.5 ,
. 5 .

. , .
100
:
- 100
= 2.5 , :
3.1. 79
, :
= 44.32 ;
= 32.85 .
.
1% 44.2 ( +1%) 33.2 (
-1 % ). 0,
6.27 5.65 .
:
[]
Rh []
[]
10
18.2
4.44
227
25
10
2.18
111
30
8.276
1.44
74
40
6.406
0.467
23
,
, ,
.
1.
0 5 ,
,

(. . rail to rail ).
(227 23)/30 = 6.8 .
3.1.3.

() , .
1%
,
. ,
?
. 3.2.
80 3.
3.2. , 1% (44.642 44.2 )

= 44.2
[]
= 44.64
[]
0 []
, []
10
18.2
4.44
227
4.48
229
25
10
2.18
111
2.21
113
30
8.276
1.44
74
1.47
75
40
6.406
0.467
23
0.50
25
,
1% (44.64 ),
(32.868 )? . . 3.3.
3.3. ,
1%,
1^,
[]
^ []
1%
1%
[]
10
18.2
4.44
227
4.47
229
25
10
2.18
111
2.19
112
30
8.276
1.44
74
1.45
74
40
6.406
0.467
23
0.478
24

, .

1%
.
,
.
0.1 %, . . 3.4.
3.4. , 0.1%, 1 0.1%
),,
[]
, ,
, []
0 []
% []
10
18.2
4.44
227
4.47
229
25
10
2.18
111
2.19
112
30
8.276
1.44
74
1.45
74
40
6.406
0.467
23
0.478
24
3.1. 81
. ,

.

.
, ,
. ,
, ,
.

.
( ),
.
3.1.4.
()

,
. , ,
-.
, ,
, .
0.
, 100 0,
100.39 1 119.4 50.
, .
:
0.01...0.03%;
0.2%;
- 0.5%.
,
, .
3.1.5.

() . 1821
, -
82 3.
1\
-
( ),
. ,
.
: - ( .1), - ( ) - ( ).
, , ,
.
40 .
:
0.1
4 . ,
,

- ,
. ()

, .
,
.

. . ,
(. . 3.4).
,
, .

.

,
.
100...300, ,
, .

. , :
, ,
( ).
, . . (. . .)
3.1. 83
+ (,
>
<s>
. <
>
. 3.4.

,

(). .
.
Analog Devices
J, AD594/595. AD594/595
/>-- ,
,
,
.
0...300.

.
, ,
, .
,
,
.

, ,
.
84 3.
3.1.6.

, , -- .

/?--,
1.88 .
1617 MAXIM/Dallas,
/?-- ,
2N3904.
, . 1617
SMBus.
LM335 (. 3.5) National Semiconductor
, .
10 . 0
2.73 , 100 3.73. LM335 0.4 5 .
LM 34/35 National Semiconductor
4...20 ,
. LM35 500 50
10 . LM34
, a LM35 .
LM34/LM35
.
+v
LM 74 National Semiconductor 13-
-

55...+150 .
SPI/M icroware, -----
'!
. LM74
8- . 3.5. LM335
(SMT).
3.3 5 . LM75 LM74,

12
55...+125. LM 75 National
Semiconductor 9-
,
.
( )
12 , ,
.
3.2. 85
3.2.

-, .
(optoisolator) (
) (
).
3.2.1.
. 3.6 (slotted
optical switch).
,
,
.
,
. , , ,
.
, , ,
. , , ,
.
.
. 3.6.
3.2.2.
. 3.7
(reflective sensor). ,
, , ,
.
86 3.
,
.
0.254... 1.270 ( 0.1 0.5 ).

.
. 3.7.
,
. ,
.
.

,
. 8 ,
50 .
- .

-
, . ,
,
, (Current Transfer Ratio, CTR).
0.1. ,
10 , ,
3.2. 87
1 . ,
,
.

.

. -,
(. 3.8),

.
. ,
10 , 0.1,
5 .
(- ) ,
, ,
,
.
,
.

, > 1,
, 20%
.
, .
"
______
"
. 3.8.
88 3.
.
,
.

,
. , QT Optoelectronics
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-. , Wintune BestSoft
(www.bestsoft.com) - National
Instruments (www.ni.com).
5.11. -
Basic
-, .
5.11.1. -
Read input (actual position, speed, temp, whatever) from sensor, save as
CurrentValue.
Error = TargetValue - CurrentValue
Derivative = Error - PreviousErrorValue
Integral = Integral + Error
ControlValue = Kl*Integral + K2*Derivative + K3*Error
PreviousErrorValue = Error (for use with next sample)
Output ControlValue to control hardware
Definitions:
K1 = integral gain
K2 = Derivative gain
= Error gain
Integral = Integral term
Derivatiove = Derivative term
Error = Error term, setpoint minus actual value read from sensor
TargetValue = Setpoint, the desired input
CurrentValue = Current value read from sensor
PreviousErrorValue = The value of Error from the previous sample
. Error, Derivative Integral

, . ,
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174 5.
5.11.2.
(antiwindup)
:
Read input from sensor, save as CurrentValue
Derivative = error - PreviousErrorValue
If Integral > MaximumlntegralValue, then
Integral = MaximumlntegralValue.
ControlValue =
Kl*Integral + K2*Derivative + K3*Error
PreviousErrorValue = Error(for use with next sample)
Definition:
MaximumlntegralValue = maximum value of integral term; represents 100%
, ,
:
Read input from sensor, save as CurrentValue.
If absolute value of Error < IntegralBand
Else Integral = 0.
ControlValue =
Kl*Integral + K2*Derivative + Error
PreviousErrorValue = Error(for use with next sample)
Definition:
IntegralBand = the range of error values for which the integral calculation
is enabled. Note that IntegralBand can be a constant or a fraction of the
setpoint.
5.11.3.
,
, .
,
5.11. - 175
.
-
.

. ,
8 . 10
80 .
Read input from sensor, add to CurrentValue.
Increment SampleCounter
If SampleCounter = 8,
[
SampleCounter = 0
CurrentValue = CurrentValue/8
PreviousErrorValue = Error
CurrentValue = 0 (reset to zero so next accumulation can start)
, 8.
, .
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5.11.4.

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New ControlValue = Kl*Integral + K2*Derivative + K3*Error
If new ControlValue > MaximumControlValue,
176 5.
ControlValue = MaximumControlValue
Set MaximumPowerExceeded flag.
,
, ControlValue,
, (MaximumPowerExceeded),
, .
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5.11.5.

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10 .
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10, 10 .
AveragePower = sum of values in AvgPwrArray [0] through AvgPwrArray [9]
If AveragePower > MaximumAllowablePower*10,
Set MaximumPowerExceeded flag.
ControlValue =
MaximumAllowablePower - AveragePower + AvgPwrArray [0]
If ControlValue < 0, ControlValue = 0
(The following discards the oldest value in AvgPwrArray [0] and
makes room for the newest)
For AvgPwrArray [0 through 8], AvgPwrArray [n] =
AvgP\ Array [n + 1]
5.11. - 177
AvgPwrArray[9] = ControlValue
ControlValue =
MaximumAllowablePower - AveragePower + AvgPwrArray [0]
ControlValue ,
10
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e-mail: uriy_muray@macroteam.ru
www.platan.ru
SICK
^ ^ x ^ fh in e o n
International
International
t o s Rectifier
Panasonic
..... Tyco Electronics

EPCOS
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Honeywell
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2
2

1
1
. 7.15. L6201 LM18200 Multiwatt
222 7.

LM18200 National Semiconductor.
, . L6201, L M 18200
.
, L M 18200
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LM 628/LM 629 National Semiconductor.
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LM628 8- 12- ( ,
)
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(LM629), LM628/629
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.

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www.analog.com
Analog Devices
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Clarostata
QT
340 . Python 11. Excel 4
. Python 11.
Excel 4
Python
-
, 11. PWM ADCREAD
-
, .
Python time
. PC 115200 /.
, ,
, .
.
Microsoft Word ,
Excel .
Python,
www.python.org. 256 (samples)
, waveform.
, , .
:
PWM(254)
# 100%
count = 0
time = clock()
while count < 256:
while clock() - time < .001: pass
#
time = clock()
adc = ADCREAD().
#
waveform.append(rd(adc))#
count + = 1
PWM(l)
#
print waveform
# waveform
1

waveform
.

:
PWM(250)
#
1.5 .
time = clock()
while clock() - time < 1.5: pass # 1
count =
time = clock()
. Python 11. Excel 4 341

PWM(l)
# .
while count < 256:

time = clock()
# 1
adc = ADCREAD()
#
waveform.append(ord(adc))
# waveform
count + = 1
# ,
print waveform
:
setpoint= 100
count = 0
waveform = []
control = []
#
#
#
#
#
#
# (Waveform)
#

,
. 1.
PWM (250)
while clock() - starttime < 1: pass
time = clock( )
#
#
#
,
0.001 .
0.004 , , 4.
while count < 256:

# 1
time = clock()
adc = ADCREAD()
#
adcint = ord(adc)
# (integer)
waveform.append(adcint)
# < (setpoint), .
# > (setpoint), (100%).
if adcint < setpoint:
PWM (1)
Control.append(0)
else:
# (adcint>= (setpoin)
PWM (250)
control.append(1)
count + = 1
# , .
PWM(l)
# .
print waveform

setpoint = 150
offset = 200
gain = 10
count = 0
waveform = []
control = []
#
#
#
#
#
#

,
.
1 .
PWM (254)
while clock() - starttime < 1: pass
time = clock()
while count < 256:
while clock() - time < .001: pass # 1
time = clock()
adc = ADCREAD()
#
adcint = ord(adc) # (integer)
waveform.append(adcint) # waveform
# ,
# ( = )
# 1-254
output = offset + (adcint - setpoint)*gain

if output < 1 : output = 1
if output > 254 : output = 254
PWM(output)
control.append(output)
count + = 1
# , .
PWM(l)
#
print waveform
-:
setpoint =150
offset = 200
# -
#
# .
# ,
#
GI = 2
#
GD = 2
#
GP = 4
#
. Python 11. Excel 4 343
derivative =
integral =
count =
waveform = []
control = []
I - []
D = [ ]
preverr =
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
# ,
#

,
.
1 :
PWM(254)
while clock( ) - starttime < 1: pass
time = clock()
while count < 256:
# 1
time = clockO
adc - ADCREAD()
#
adcint = ord(adc)
# integer
waveform.append(adcint)
#
# . , adc - setpoint
# setpoint - adc. , ,
#
#
error = adcint - setpoint
# ,
derivative = error - preverr
preverr = error
#
D.append (derivative)
# , 10% ,
#
# integral + error. 10%
# , 0.
# (windup) ,
if error < setpoint/10 : integral = integral + error
eise: integral = 0
I .append(integral)
# ,
# 1-254.
output = offset + (error*GP) + (derivative*GD) + (integral*GI)
if output < 1 : output = 1
if output > 254 : output = 254
PWM(output)
Control.append(output)
count + = 1
# ,
PWM(l)
#
print w a v eform
(Print result) .
. 4.1 Microsoft Excel.

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120

: 2007
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ISBN: 978-5-94120-111-2
: 70x100/16

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LPC2000, ARM7TDMI-S, ,

LPC2000, - .
- IDE IAR Embedded Workbench -
Flash- LPC2000 Flash Utility ,
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: 2007
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e-mail: books@dodeca.ru

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Analog Interfacing to
Embedded Microprocessors.
Real World Design

ELSEVIER
Elsevier Inc.

Analogovye Interfeisy

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An imprint of Elsevier Science

ISBN 978-5-94120-142-6 (pyc.)

Elsevier Science (USA), 2004

5.7. -- ............................ 148

6.6. ................................................................................................... 199

9.11. ................................................................. 280

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. 2.11. 151 MAXIM

(6.3 = 1 + / + /) (5.64 = 1 ^/1 ^)

3.2. , 1% (44.642 44.2 )

3.3 5 . LM75 LM74,

I------ 1____I------ 1___ I------ U ------ 1__ I------ 1__

4.1. , 100 1000

------------------------- 1-------------------------------1------------------------------- 1----

_ | ____________ |________ |__________ | _

. Error, Derivative Integral

>__ Y' \VT1

..... Tyco Electronics

^ > ___^ __ "

HCAD5203 Analog Devices (4-)

LMD18200 11- Multiwatt

. 7.15. L6201 LM18200 Multiwatt

. 7.19. L297 SG S-Thom pson

. 7.31. LM628/629 National Semiconductor

10.1. IEEE 1451.2

10.2. 4-20 283

10.3. Fieldbus 285

Performance Motion Devices

Eastern Air Devices

340 . Python 11. Excel 4

. Python 11. Excel 4 341

while count < 256:

while count < 256:

342 . Python 11. Excel 4

output = offset + (adcint - setpoint)*gain

. Python 11. Excel 4 343

344 . Python 11. Excel 4

. 4.1 Microsoft Excel.

1101 64, 110

12, 51/, , 8 -23 2/48 5/42 2,

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