Nhin lai phong tro phat gio 1963

1-Mc s Martin Luther King trong bi pht biu ca mnh ti New York vo thng
4-1967 cho rng Dim l mt trong nhng tn c ti i bi nht ca thi hin
i.(17) nlptpg1963 p.232
Nguyn vn ting Anh: the peasants watched again as we supported one of the
most vicious modern dictators () The peasants watched and cringed as Diem
ruthlessly routed out all opposition, supported their extortionist lanlords. Speech
delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., on April 4, 1967, at a meeting of Clergy
and Laity Concerned at Riverside Church in New York City, with the title:
Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence. Reese Williams, Unwinding the
Vietnam War: From War into Peace, The Real Comet Press, Seattle, 1987, p. 431.
2-Qun chng ha vo nhau nh nhng git nc trong i dng v trong tnh
yu ngi ta t thy mnh ln ln v khng cn s hi na(12). y l cuc u
tranh chnh tr quyt lit nht Si Gn trong my nm nay. N lm su sc
thm mu thun gia nhn dn ta vi ch c ti pht-xt M-Dim, y chng
vo tnh th b c lp hn bao gi ht(13)
-12. Tm Phong, Nh li cuc vn ng ca Pht gio, Tun bo Hi Triu m,
s 18, ngy 24/8/1964, tr. 10. 13. Ban Nghin cu Lch s ng Trung ng,
Nhng s kin lch s ng, Tp III, Nxb. Thng tin l lun, H Ni, 1985, tr. 268.
- nlptpg1963 p231
3-tu thieu: cuc hy sinh phi thng v dng cm ca Ha thng Thch Qung
c, hnh nh c ngi thng nh tng trong ngn la rc hng nhanh nh
mt ln sng in lm si ni d lun trong c nc Vit Nam v trn th gii.
nh ca v Ha thng Vit Nam Thch Qung c ngi trong ngn la c
ng trn hu ht cc bo khp nm chu, vi nhng dng ch ni ln s khm
phc(11). ---Trn Vn Giu, Min Nam gi vng thnh ng, Tp II, Nxb. Khoa
hc, H Ni, 1966, tr. 342. Nlptpg1963. P.230
4- gd2: Thay v xung nc v chp thun nhng yu cu chnh ng ny, th anh
em Dim Nhu li khc t, vn ngoan c khng c s nhn nhng no i vi
Pht gio(8)---Trn Trng Tn (ch bin), Lch s ng b ng Cng sn thnh
ph H Ch Minh, tp 2 (1954-1975), Nxb. Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2000, tr. 133.

5- nguyen nhan: Cng gio Vit Nam pht trin do chnh sch k th Pht gio mt
cch c h thng ca ng Ng nh Dim. Ngi Cng gio c dng trong cc
dch v dn s, trong khi nhng ngi Cng gio sng trong nhng lng mc
thng khng bt buc phi lm nhng cng vic nng nhc lm ng s v
nhng vic cng cng. Khng ging nh nhng cha Pht gio, nh th Cng gio
c c quyn s hu ti sn t ai, cng nh trong thi Php thuc. Vi thi
gian, s k th i vi tuyt i a s dn chng ny a n nhng phn i chnh
tr chng ng Dim ca nhng nh s Pht gio(5). --John Guilmartin, America in
Vietnam, New York: Military Press, 1991, p. 69. Nlptpg1963 p.227
6. nh hng: lch s o Pht cng nh lch s dn tc Vit Nam c nhng bc
thng trm, thnh suy, nhng d trong hon cnh no o Pht cng ha nhp vi
i sng dn tc, cng chung vn mnh vi dn tc v c nhiu cng hin i vi
dn tc(6).--Phan Huy L, H Ch tch vi dng vn ha Pht gio Vit Nam,
Ni san Nghin cu Pht hc, s c bit k nim ln th 100 ngy sinh ca Ch
tch H Ch Minh, thng 1-1991, tr. 9. -- nlptpg1963 p.227
7. Giai doan1: Cuc n p m mu ny khng lm dp tt m n cn thi thm
mt lung gi mi khin cho phong tro u tranh ca Pht gio vn m , ngm
ngm bng chy mnh m hn, bt u t Hu, nhanh chng lan rng vo Si Gn
nhiu ni khc trn khp min Nam Vit Nam, thnh mt phong tro rng ln,
c d lun trong v ngoi nc ng tnh ng h. -- nlptpg1963 p.228
8. Giai oan4: Trc chnh sch bt b, n p, khng b phong tro u tranh
Pht t ca Dim ln qu mc, Tng thng John Kennedy thi khng ng h
ng Dim na.(21) Joseph L. Daleiden (1994), The Final Superstition: A Critical
Evaluation of the Judeo-Christian Legacy, Prometheus Books, New York, p. 62.
Nlptpg1963: p.234
9. Kt qu: vi vic thc thi chnh sch c ti, khng b, k th, n p t do tn
ngng tn gio ca Ng nh Dim t nh ng ta. n p, khng b, bt,
git nhng ngi v ti khng gip cho ch c ti gia nh tr Ng nh
Dim bn vng m n ch cng lm cho s bt mn ca qun chng nhn dn i
vi Dim v gia nh ng ta ngy cng ln hn. V hu qu xy ra l Dim lm

cho qun chng nhn dn cng gn nhau hn, khi h c cng chung l tng v
mc ch. Nlptpg1963:234
10. nh hng phong tro gii phng: Trong Bo co v tn gio ca y ban
Trung ng Mt trn Dn tc Gii phng min Nam Vit Nam ti i hi Mt trn
ln th hai (1964) vit: Trong phong tro chung ca cc tn gio chng ch
c ti pht-xt M-Dim v i t do dn ch, t do tn ngng, bnh ng tn
gio, phong tro u tranh ca ng bo theo o Pht va qua ghi m nt
trong lch s u tranh gii phng dn tc ca nhn dn min Nam nlptpg1963:
p.235
11.nh huong phong trao gii phng: Bn v ngha ca phong tro u tranh ca
Pht gio min Nam nm 1963, Tng B th L Dun vit: C trong thnh th
cng dy ln nhng ln sng cch mng quyt lit, lm ri lon hu phng ca
ch, lm lung lay tn gc ch b nhn. Hoang mang trc s ln mnh v th
tin cng cch mng, quc M buc phi thay i tay sai, ph b Ng nh
Dim hng ci thin tnh hnh chnh tr v qun s cu vn tht bi. Song M
phm phi sai lm. Sau s sp ca Dim, chin tranh cch mng pht trin
ln mt bc mi(23). --L Dun, Th vo Nam, Nxb. S tht, H Ni, 1985, tr.
248. Nlptpg 1963: p235
12. Ht thich qung c: B tt Thch Qung c, th danh l Lm Vn Tc
(Tut) sinh nm inh Du (1897) ti lng Hi Khnh, huyn Vn Ninh, tnh Khnh
Ha, trong mt gia nh m Pht, thn ph l Lm Hu ng v thn mu l
Nguyn Th Nng. Nm ln by tui, ngi xut gia tu hc vi Ha thng Thch
Hong Thm, va l bn s, va l cu rut, c Ha thng Hong Thm nhn
lm con chnh thc, nn ly tn l Nguyn Vn Khit, nm mi lm tui th gii
Sa-di, nm hai mi tui (1916) th gii T-kheo, php hiu l Qung c. T ,
ngi bt u hong dng chnh php, ha chng sinh. Sau nhiu nm vn du
min Trung, sau nm 1945(1) ngi vo Nam gio ha, tng n Campuchia v
Lo vi nm hc tp v nghin cu kinh in theo truyn thng Pht gio
Nguyn thy (Theravada). Khong nm 1960-1961, Ngi v li qu hng Khnh
Ha hnh o, sau mi v li Si Gn tr tr cha Quan Th m Ph Nhun.
Nlptpg1963: p251

13. D hi cui th k XIV, vo thi vn Trn, lc H Qu Ly lm T tng ph

chnh i thn c ch trng bi xch Pht gio, c bt p mt s s tng di 50
tui phi hon tc. C chuyn ny l bi hi y vo nm 1389 c mt nh s tn l
Phm S n ni dy l Quc Oai thng chng li H Qu Ly chuyn quyn.
Vic ny i Vit s k ton th c chp K nh Trn: Thun Tng hong
(10). Xin xem: i Vit s k ton th, bn dch ca Vin S hc, tp 2, Nxb
KHXH, HN, 1971, tr.207 nlptpg1963 p. 258
14. Introduction: S tht ca lch s Pht gio Vit Nam trong ngy 11-6-1963
b cc th lc th nghch Pht gio bp mo, c bit l tuyn truyn chuyn t
Ha thng Thch Qung c, nh mt on phim Youtube.com, din li ton
cnh Ha thng Thch Qung c b thiu. H cho din li(1) v vit nhng
bi ni rng: Ngi nhn tm ti xng ln thn Ha thng chnh l ng Nguyn
Cng Hoan (Hunh Vn Thnh). n nm 1976, th ng ta c nh nc Cng
Sn tr n bng ci chc i din Quc Hi n v Ph Khnh Nha Trang Vit
Nam(2) v cn nhiu li sai s tht khc.
Minh Thnh, Clip HT. Thch Qung c T Thiu Din T im Nhn Chuyn
Mn: http://www.thuvienhoasen.org /D_1-2_2-139_4-14308_5-50_6-1_17-46_141_15-1/ 2. http://vietluanonline.com/250211/LichsuPhatgiaoVN11-061963dabidanhtrao.html.
Nlpt pg 1963 p. 299 .
15. Nguyn nhn. Ngi vo ng Cn lao phi tuyn th c s chng gim ca
mt linh mc, th chin u v Cha v em ht th xc v linh hn cho n hi
th cui cng chng cng sn v thn, chng Pht gio ma qu, chng cc ng
phi quc gia(15). Chu Bng Lnh. ng Cn Lao. Nxb. M Vit Nam, San
Diego, CA, USA, 1993, tr. 165. Nlptpg1963 p.311
16.nguyn nhn: vi chnh sch dinh in, i tng b cng bc di dn ch yu
l tn Pht gio, trc ht l nhng tn thun thnh, tch cc hay ct cn ca
cc t chc Pht gio a phng. B phn ny d cho c nh to, rung nhiu
vn b em ra bnh ngh bt i di dn, mt s bnh ngh c b tr cng khai
khng b cc nn nhn v dn chng vn phn ng cng chung tn ngng Pht
gio(21). V nu khng chu theo Thin Cha gio th nh nghin rng, ngm

nc mt m p nh, bn rung, bng con, trng ch ra i v tr thnh t nhn

sut ng i cng nh vnh vin ni h b a n(22 . Thch Tr Quang.
Cuc vn ng ca Pht gio Vit Nam. Bo Hi Triu m, s 14, ngy 23-71964, tr. 2. Nlptpg 1963 p.312
17. Nguyn nhn. Trong lnh vc nh trng, ngi ta c th ghi nhn nhng vi
phm sau y nh nhng hnh ng chng li tinh thn dn ch v t do tn
ngng. V d, bt buc phi theo mt tn gio v khng th ni khc c, hoc
tuyn m gio s phi theo tn gio, thc h m chnh quyn mun nng ;
phi c thin cm hay theo thc h ca chnh quyn. i vi sinh vin, hc sinh,
th d phi biu l trong bi v nhng ngha, lp trng i vi tn gio, thc
h chnh thc mi c nhn vo hc nlptpg1963 p. 314
18. Nguyn nhn: Di con mt ca Pht gio: Dim mun thng nht c nc
thnh mt khi Cng gio v chuyn cc tn gio v ng phi sang Cng gio.
Cng gio Vit Nam l ch ngha t bn. Gio hi l i din ca chnh ph. Nu
anh mun giu sang, nu anh mun tr thnh s quan, anh phi l Cng gio(36)
Jerrold Schecter. The New Face of Buddha. John Weatherhill, Tokyo, 1967, tr.
172. Nlptpg1963. P.315

19. nh hng: Theo chng ti, d nhin l nhiu nguyn nhn su xa khc
na, nhng phi khng nh rng phong tro Pht gio min Nam nm 1963 l
yu t trc tip a n s co chung ca ch c ti gia nh tr, gio tr Ng
nh Dim. Nlptpg1963 p.318
20. nh huong: Mt l, phong tro qui t, tp hp c mi t chc, mi tng
lp x hi d khc mu da, chnh kin, quc tch vo cng mt khi u tranh v
mc tiu cng bng x hi. Nlptpg1963 p.319
21. Giai doanj 3: hoc trong iu kin lc lng Dim bao vy bn b sau K
hoch nc l vn c nhng ph n bt chp him nguy, vt qua lc lng cnh
st mang th n Ta i s M, nh ngy 24-8-1963, 2 n sinh v 2 ph n(46)
n Ta i s M yu cu can thip Tng Ni b bt gi c tr t do. H
mang theo biu ng vi ni dung Yu cu ng i s M gii quyt vn k th

tn gio ti min Nam Vit Nam(47); c c nhng ph n bt khut cht trc

hng sng ca k th nh Quch Th Trang

--46. Hai n sinh l Nguyn Th Cm Nhung, 15 tui, hc sinh trng Din Hng
v Nguyn Th Th, 17 tui, hc sinh trng Nguyn Khuyn; hai ph n l Trn
Th Lang, sinh nm 1919, ti Rch Gi v Trn Th Linh, 63 tui, cu gio vin,
thng tr ti s 164-P, ng T c, Si Gn...
--47. Nha Tng Gim c Cnh st Quc gia, B Ni v, s 17357/TGQG/C/
U/2/M ngy 24-8-1963. Bn tin hot ng tn gio. Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia
II, K hiu ti liu: TM-HS 686.
Nlptpg1963 p .319
22. Gd2: nh Linh mc L Quang Onh cng 9 linh mc v gio dn gi Huyt l
th cho gii lnh o Pht gio (12-5-1963) ln n chnh quyn Ng nh Dim:
Chng ti ln n ti bt cng git hi ng bo v ti. Tht l tn bo, d man,
phn dn ch, phn t do, phn o c, lm nhc cho quc th Vt Nam, mt
nc vn hin trn bn ngn nm lch s. Dm qu quyt rng nhn ngha s
thng(51). R rng, phong tro u tranh ca ng bo Pht gio min Nam
vt khi ranh gii n thun tn gio m hnh thnh mt phong tro yu nc
rng ri trong ton dn(52).------52. Nhng vn kin ch yu ca Mt trn Dn
tc Gii phng min Nam Vit Nam (t thng 12-1963 n thng 10-1964). Nxb.
S Tht, H Ni, 1964, tr. 66. Nlptpg1963 p.320
23. Gd3. iu ny gii thch ti sao ngy 28-81963, Ch tch H Ch Minh ra Li
tuyn b v tnh hnh min Nam Vit Nam hin nay khng nh: C th gii u
ln ting phn i, nhn dn tin b M cng t lng bt bnh v by t s cm
n nhn dn th gii ng h cuc u tranh chng ch bo quyn Ng nh
Dim ca Tng, tn Pht t min Nam: Thay mt nhn dn Vit Nam, ti chn
thnh cm n nhn dn v chnh ph cc nc Pht gio, cc nc x hi ch
ngha anh em, cm n nhn dn yu chung ha bnh v chnh ngha trn th gii,
cm n nhn dn v nhn s tin b nc M nghim khc ln n M - Dim v
nhit lit ng h nhn dn min Nam(53). Nlptpg1963 p.321

24. Bat bao dng: Hai l, ln u tin trong lch s dn tc, ngha thc tin ca
phng php bt bo ng c khng nh. i vi Pht gio lng t bi em
li cho chng sinh tt c s yn n c v tinh thn ln vt cht. Nhng t bi ca
Pht gio cng i hi k no ng trng pht th phi c trng pht. Nh Lai
khng dy rng nhng ngi tham chin bo v chnh ngha l ng trch sau
khi ht mi phng tin duy tr ha bnh(54); v cng theo Pht gio th tht
khng g di dt hn l th ng a thn ra cho k bo tn dy xo... Khng nn
ly on bo on nhng phi bit bo v ly mnh chng li mi bo tn(55). l
chn ngha ca l thuyt bt bo ng ca Pht gio. ---------------54. S.
Radhakishman. Chin tranh v ha bnh (Thch Qung dch). Nxb. Hoa Mun
Phng, Si Gn, 1970, tr. 123. -----55. L Cung. Bt bo ng t l thuyt n
hin thc. Gic Ng, s 77, Tp. H Ch Minh, 1994, tr. 10. Nlptpg1963 p. 321-322
25. Bat bao dong: Vi Gandhi, bt bo ng khng phi l ng la vi ti c,
cng khng phi t hn ch mnh mt cch hn trc nhng bt cng bo tn.
Gandhi tng ch r: Ch ngha bt bo ng ca ng khng? chp nhn s chy
trn nguy him, mc cho nhng ngi thn yu khng c bo v. Gia bo
ng v chy trn mt cch hn nht, ng ch chn ly bo ng(56). S.
Radhakishman. Chin tranh v ha bnh (Thch Qung dch). Nxb. Hoa Mun
Phng, Si Gn, 1970, tr. 123. Nlptpg1963. P.322
25. Anh huong phong trao giai phong: Trong thc t, ngha ca phong tro ny
cn vt xa hn, trong vn ni tri nht chnh l ch phong tro bc u
gp phn lm ph sn chnh sch can thip ca M Vit Nam, to cho phong
tro cch mng min Nam i n thng li trn vn cho i thng ma Xun nm
1975(69). L Cung. Bn v Phong tro Pht gio min Nam nm 1963 trong
gio trnh Lch s Vit Nam hin i bc i hc v cao ng. Nghin cu Lch
s, S 1 (369), 2007, tr. 69-70. Nlptpg1963 p. 325
26. Anh huong: iu ny gii thch ti sao, trong hn mt thp k tr li y,
phong tro Pht gio min Nam nm 1963 c a vo ging dy chuyn
mt s trng i hc trong nc. Cao hn, n c cu to vi mt dung
lng ln trong Gio trnh Lch s Vit Nam (1954-1975) bc i hc v cao
ng(70). y chnh l mt trong nhng kt qu c ngha nht trong qu trnh

nghin cu phong tro Pht gio min Nam Vit Nam nm 1963. -----Gio trnh
lch s Vit Nam, Tp VII (t 1954 n 1975). Nxb. i hc S phm, H Ni,
2007. Nlptpg1963 p.325
27. Nguyen nhan: cp n ch ngha c ti Cng gio v chnh sch n p
Pht gio mt cch tn nhn, Avro Manhattan nhn xt rt chnh xc nh sau:
Tng thng Ng nh Dim ca Nam Vit Nam l mt ngi theo o Cng gio
cai tr Nam Vit Nam bng mt bn tay st ng c hng y Spellman v
gio hong Pius XII trng vo ci gh tng thng. ng bin ci ngi v tng
thng thnh mt nh c ti Cng gio, tn nhn nghin nt nhng i lp chnh tr
v tn gio(12). Avro Manhattan. Vietnam: Why Did We Go? CA: Chick
Publications, 1984, tr. 56. Ntpg1963. 333
28. Nguyen nhan: K gi ngi c Denis Warner cho rng: Trong nhiu nm, ci
ch bo ngc chuyn ch m Ty phng ng minh vi Saigon (ch
Ng nh Dim) th cn t hn l ci ch m Ty phng ang chin u
chng (ch CS). Dim v gia nh ng ta git hoc lu y tt c nhng th
i lp. Dim mt i s tin cy v trung thnh ca dn chng nh B Trng
McNamara nhn nh ngy 26 thng 3-1964(14).-----Avro Manhattan.
Vietnam: Why Did We Go? CA: Chick Publications, 1984, tr. 89. Nlptpg1963. P.
333
29. Ba bao dong: Sau ny, trit l v hnh ng ca Gandhi c mt nhn vt li
lc khc, Martin Luther King, tip ni trong cuc vn ng chng chnh sch bt
bnh ng chng tc M vo nhng nm 60. King tm tt ng li bt bo ng
y trong su im: Th nht, tranh u bt bo ng khng phi l phng php
ca k hn nht. Ngi no vin phng php v s hay ch v thiu kh c ca
bo lc, ngi y khng phi l mt ngi bt bo ng ng ngha.
Th hai, bt bo ng khng nhm nh bi hoc lm nhc i th, m nhm
chim c tnh bn v lng hiu bit ca i th. Bt hp tc khng phi l cu
cnh m ch l phng tin lm thc tnh thc h thn v o c ni i
phng. H qu ca bt bo ng l to ra mt tp th thn i, tri li h qu ca
bo lc l cay ng bi t.

Th ba, bt bo ng l chng li ci c, khng chng li con ngi lm c; chng

li bt cng, khng chng li ngi t ra bt cng.
Th t, bt bo ng l chp nhn au kh khng tr th, chp nhn c m khng
m tr li. Mu c th chy trc khi t c t do, nhng l mu ca ta.
Ngi tranh u cho bt bo ng khng trn trnh t ngc. Nu vo t l cn thit
Gandhi ni, th vo t nh l ch r i vo phng c du.
Th nm, bt bo ng khng phi l ch trnh bo ng bng th xc m cn bng
c tinh thn; Ngi tranh u bt bo ng khng phi ch t chi khng bn i
th m cn t chi khng ght. Tn y lng ca thi bt bo ng l tnh
thng.
Th su, cn bn ca bt bo ng l lng tin chc rng c v tr ng v pha
cng l. H qu l ngi tranh u bt bo ng c lng tin su xa vo tng lai.
Chnh v tin nh vy m ngi y chp nhn au kh, khng tr th(4).
Martin Luther King, Stride Toward Freedom, trong King on nonviolence,
1964, sfr-21.org/king-nonviolence.html. Nlptpg1963 p. 409-410

It has been reckoned, and the figures although lacking any

officialconfirmation are considered to be concretely reliable, that during this period
of terrorthat is from 1955 to 1960at least 24,000 were wounded, 80,000
people were executed or otherwise murdered, 275,000 had been detained,
interrogated with or without physical torture, and about 500,000 were sent to
concentration or detention camps. This is a conservative estimate