RF Link Budget and Dimensioning

WCDMA Link Budget & Network Dimensioning
Company Confidential
1
Nokia Siemens Networks
WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning/Deepak Yadav/Aug2008
Radio NW Planning
-> What is a good RF Network Plan?
A good network plan should address the coverage and capacity
requirement of the area considered, but also be sufficiently flexible to

allow network expansion without major change of the existing sites.
WCDMA RF Plan
In WCDMA, the coverage and capacity requirement cannot be
considered independently, but should be planned at the same time

with proper guidelines
2
WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning
Radio Network Planning Process

Radio Planning Objectives : Coverage, Capacity, Quality and Cost
Planning Process
Pre-planning
Pre-planning
information
Detailed planning
Optimisation
Model tuning
Site selection
Pre-launch
optimisation
Coverage and
capacity planning
Dimensioning
Scope of
Configuration
planning
Parameter
planning
Dimensioning
3
Pre-launch
Post-launch
optimisation
optimsation
Scope of Dimensioning
UTRAN
CN
Uu
Iu-CS
UE
Iub
Circuit
MSC/VLR
switched
(cs)
domain
RNC
Uu
Iur
UE
Iub
4
RNC
Iu-PS
packet
switched
SGSN
(ps)
domain
Radio Dimensioning flow

Input Parameters
Target
Service
System
Parameters
Eb/No
TX power
etc.
RF Planning
Parameters
interf marg
HO gain
environment
etc.
Infrastr.
Parameters
# of sectors
antennas
req cov
area
etc.
Traffic
Demand
per bearer
# of subs
GoS
etc.
Outputs
customer
Requirements
5
LINK BUDGET
Air Interface
Dimensioning
(Capacity: Rel99 + HSPA)
-Output toward Access

planning
Capacity
Per area and per Phase

Number of Node Bs
Node B Type
Node B Configuration
Node B Upgrade
Link Budget Overview
Noise
figure
Soft handover
gain,
antenna gain M
ns arg
LO PATH
SS
(L
)
Cable
losses
Body loss
Building
Penetration loss
Max
= Tx Signal + All Gains Other Losses Rx
Allowed
Sensitivity
Path Loss
(L)
6
Link Budget Overview
M
ns arg
i
BS noise figure
Required Eb/No
Processing gain
Uplink load
BTS cable and
connector losses
BTS antenna gain
7
LO PATH
SS
(L
)
Location probability
Propagation environment
Coverage criteria
SHO gain
MS out power
EbNo Required
Body loss
MS antenna gain
Building Penetration loss
Input Parameters Overview

Input Categories
CAPACITY RELATED
CAPACITY RELATED
Spectrum Available
Spectrum Available
Subscriber Growth
Subscriber Growth
Forecast
Forecast
Traffic Density Map
Traffic Density Map
COVERAGE RELATED
COVERAGE RELATED
Coverage Regions
Coverage Regions
Area Type Information
Area Type Information
Propagation Model
Propagation Model
QUALITY RELATED
QUALITY RELATED
Indoor/Outdoor Coverage
Indoor/Outdoor Coverage
Location Probability
Location Probability
Blocking Probability
Blocking Probability
8
Gives an Estimation of the

Equipment
Gives an Estimation
Necessaryof
tothe
Equipment
Necessary to
Meet
the Network
Meet the Network
Requirements
Requirements
Network Dimensioning
Activities
Activities
Radio Link Budget
Calculation
Radio Link Budget
Calculation
Cell Size Calculation
Cell Size Calculation
Capacity Calculation
Capacity Calculation
Number of Node B, RNC
Number of Node B, RNC
Iub, Iur & Iu
Transmission
Iub, Iur & Iu Capacity
Transmission Capacity
Radio networks Dimensioning
COVERAGE
COVERAGE
CAPACITY
CAPACITY
COMPROMISE
COMPROMISEBETWEEN
BETWEENCOVERAGE
COVERAGEAND
ANDCAPACITY
CAPACITY
10
WCDMA Capacity
11
Network Design Criteria: Limiting Link

It must be ensured that network is planned with limiting link to
ensure the coverage for all the bearers R99 uniformly in all
clutters.
Voice
HSPA
CS 64
13
UL
UL
UL
DL
DL
DL
In Design HSPA is the

Limiting Link , Since
cell range for this link
is minimum, so
network should be
planned using this
cell range
Limiting Link
Network Planned with 20%
loading
Coverage holes in the

network When 30% loading
14
15
Coverage VS Capacity Dimensioning: Cell Breathing [1/2]
"actual" Loading, (ie from

the traffic inputs defined
in dimensioning)
Traffic distribution and forecase

uncertainty and imperfect site selection
CellA
CellA
CellB
CellB
CellC
CellC
Results =>
Coverage Holes!
e.g.. Forecasted Actual

UL load = 8%
16
Cell
breathing
e.g.. Real Actual UL

load = 30%
Coverage VS Capacity Dimensioning:

Fixed Uplink Load - To avoid Coverage holes [2/2]
This diagram shows a Fixed
Uplink Load design
"actual" Loading, (ie from

the traffic inputs defined
in dimensioning)
No (or minimum)
coverage holes
problems
CellB
CellA
CellA
CellB
CellD
CellH
Traffic mobility taken

into account.
CellF
CellE
CellC
CellG
eg. Actual UL
load = 8%
17
CellC
More cells required
eg. Fixed UL
load = 30%
Results => No or Min

Coverage Holes!
Inputs for Coverage

Planning
18
Coverage Planning
Requirements in Coverage Planning
Link Budget Parameters

Clutter Type
Size of Area
Bearers
cell load
Results from Coverage Planning
Cell Radius
Total number of NodeB
19
Key Inputs for Coverage Planning
20
Coverage Planning Inputs : Clutter Area Distribution
21
Inputs for Capacity

Planning
22
Capacity Planning
Requirements in Capacity Planning

No. of Subscribers
Services and Bearers
Traffic Profile per subscriber
Results from Capacity Planning

Cell Load
Channel Element
23
Capacity Inputs Number of Subscribers
24
Capacity Inputs Traffic Profile
25
Sample Format for Traffic Profile
26
Capacity Inputs Subscriber Distribution
Subscriber Distribution Clutter Level
Phase
27
Dense
Urban
Sub
Urban
Urban
Rural
Year 1
15%
45%
30%
10%
Year 2
17%
48%
28%
7%
Year 3
18%
48%
27%
7%
WCDMA Link Budget
28
Introduction
Link Budget Main Sections

General Settings
Supported Release (not shown, new for version v1.1.1),
Clutter Type, Channel Model, Bearer type, Operating
Band, RF part selection
Transmitting End Settings (NodeB and UE as well)

Feeder, Antenna, CCCH settings
Receiving End Settings (NodeB and UE)
TMA, Load settings
Pathloss Setting
Propagation Model selection, Standard Deviations,
Penetration Loss, Location Probability, Antenna height
Radio Network Configurations Settings

Site Layout, Area Size, Required Coverage settings
29
Link Budget : Tx End Parameters

UE Tx power = 21dBm
Node B Tx Power = 43 dBm
Antenna Gain (example): 18.5
dBi, X-pol, 650
Feeder Loss
Body proximity Loss
3 dB for voice services
1dB for Video Service
0 dB for data services
30
Link Budget: Rx End Parameters
Total noise power in the receiver is a

function of:
Boltzmans constant
Temperature
Bandwidth
Thermal Noise = kTB
31
Noise figure
Link Budget : Information Rate and Processing Gain
Path Loss = Processing Gain - Thermal Noise

= log (3840000/Information Rate) log (kTB)
= log (3840000) log (information rate)
log (kT)
log (3840000)
32
Link Budget: Load and Interference Margin
Interference margin is calculated from the UL

loading () value
From set maximum planned load
"sensitivity" is decreased due to the network
load (subscribers in the network) & in UL
indicates the loss in link budget due to load.
I Margin 10 Log 10 1
IMargin [dB]
dB
20
10
6
3
1.25
25%
33
50%
75%
99%
Load factor
Link Budget : Eb/No

In order to meet the defined quality
requirements (BLER) a certain
average bit-energy divided by
total noise+interference spectral
density (Eb/N0) is needed.
Eb/No depends on:
Service
MS speed
Radio channel
34
Link Budget: SHO Gain
Soft
HO
Softer HO
SHO gain, also called Macro Diversity
Combining, gives the Eb/N0 improvement in soft

handover situation compared to a single link
connection
In dimensioning SHO Gain is considered at the
cell edge
This phenomenon reduces the negative effect of
small scale fading
It allows to use lower the transmit power or EbNo
requirements
In Link Budget tool this parameters is covering
gain of soft and softer handover
35
Link Budget: Gain against shadowing

At cell edge there is the gain against shadowing. This is roughly the
gain of a handover algorithm, in which the best BTS can always be
chosen (based on minimal transmission power of MS)
In reality the gain against shadowing gain is a function of required
coverage probability and the standard deviation of the signal for the
environment.
36
This gain can be understood as reduction of Shadowing

Margin
Link Budget: Fast Fading Margin
Describes a margin taken into account as a

power backup at the transmitting end
This margin reflects the accuracy of the closed

loop fast power control algorithm to follow the
steep fluctuations of the link loss caused by the
fast fading
This is needed at cell edge for UEs to be able

to compensate fast fading
MS moving towards the cell edge
dB
25
20
15
10
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
20
dBm
10
0
-10
1.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Mobile transmission
power starts hitting
its maximum value
1
0.5
0
-0.5
dB
15
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Eb/N0 target
increases fast
10
5
37
Received quality
degrades, more
frame errors
0.5
1.5
2
Seconds
2.5
3.5
Link Budget: Radio Propagation specific Inputs
Antenna Height
Standard Deviation
Coverage Probability
Penetration Loss
Propagation Model
38
Link Budget Results
Allowed Pathloss
Cell Radius
39
Coverage Site Count Calculation

In the dimensioning process, the cell range [R]
is set by the shortest radio link (service class
With lowest cell range).
The number of sites can be determined by the
following relation:
# of sites = coverage area / site area

where: site area = K * R2
40
Sector
K value
Omni
2.6
0.65
1.30
1.95
2.60
WCDMA Radio NW Planning Dimensioning

Process Summary
Radio link specific :
- Data rate (processing gain)
Link Budget Calculation
- Average Eb/No
- SHO gain in dB
Max. allowed path loss
Interference
Margin
Estimat
ed
traffic
per CU
Load factor
Cell Range Calculation

Max. Cell Range in each
area type
Equipment specific :
- MS Power class
- MS/BS calc. sensitivity
- Antenna gain
etc
Propagation specific :
- Antenna height
- BPL and deviation
- Area correction factor
- Lognormal shadowing
margin
Max. traffic per CU

Capacity Estimate
If too low
capacity
No. of sites / Total supported

traffic in each area type
If fulfill the need
Equipment Requirement
BS HWs / Transmission / RNC
41
Load Calculation
42
Load Calculation
Load factor () predicts the amount of noise rise by treating
interference as wideband noise.
It is based on Eb/No, number of users, their service bit rate and
activity, other cell to own cell interference ratio, the amount of
uplink noise rise and orthogonality factor.
43
Load Calculation
In order to meet the defined quality requirements (BLER) a certain average bitenergy divided by total noise+interference spectral density (Eb/N0) is needed. So for
every user j and for given bit rate Rj we have:
Ij
Eb
W

N 0 j R j I tot I j
, where Ij is the received signal power of user j
Of course subscriber j is not active all the time, that is why the special activity factor
j should be introduced:
Ij
Eb
W
1
N 0 j R j I tot I j j
44
Load Calculation
Using the previous equation we can express the load caused by one subscriber as a
part of the total load:
I j load j I tot
, where:
load j
1
W Rj
Eb
N0 j
For N subscribers, the load caused inN the cell (so called load factor) is:
load j
j
45
Little i
The load factor calculation the other cell interference takes into account the
interference from other cells.
This can be introduced by means of the little i value, which describes how
much two cells overlap (bigger overlapping more inter-cell
interferences).
Sector
Little i
Omni
0.55
0.65
Iother
* recommended values
46
I ow n
Interference in UL
PRx_Other
iUL = PRx_Other / PRx_Own
47
PRx_Own
Interference in DL
Co
m
m
on
Ch
an
n
el
s
PTx_Common
PTx_Own
PTx_Own_DL
PTx_Other_DL
iDL = PTx_Other_DL / PTx_Own_DL

48
Orthogonality
Orthogonality [] is a measure how well separate code signals are
uncorrelated
In DL the own cell interference are reduced by factor (1-). This is due to the
synchronised orthogonal channelisation codes, which are used in DL.
recommended value: [] = 50%
49
Load Calculation
After introduction of the little i the load factor in the cell will be:
1 i load j
j
In DL the own cell interference is reduced by factor (1-). This is due to the
synchronised orthogonal channelisation codes, which are used in DL:
DL 1 j i load j
N
j
Ortogonality factor j is between 0.4 and 0.9

Typical values:
ITU vehicular subscriber (Macro Cell) j=0.6

ITU pedestrian subscriber (Micro Cell) j=0.9
50
Power Rise
For UEs located in the other cells the power increase caused by Fast Loop PC
procedure is harmful for the own cell interference conditions
Non-fading channel
Received power
Fading channel
Transmitted power
Power rise
Average transmitted power
recommended value: [pwr_rise] = 0.7 dB

51
Load Calculation
Because of power rise in the UL load calculation, the little i should be corrected (little i is
multiplied by pw_rise parameter)
UL 1 pw _ rise i load j
j
UL load affects the noise level at the Node B receiver. Noise
Rise
A typical cell load value for dimensioning ranges from 30% to 70 %.
18
16
14
loss/dB
12
10
8
6
4
2
98
95
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
loading/%
50% is a good compromise between the number of sites and the offered capacity.
Breathing effect: UL load limits the Coverage.
52
Dimensioning Results
RF DIMENSIONING
RESULTS
Number of base stations
Configuration of base stations
Number of subscribers per area
mErl / subs for voice and RT data
mErl / sub for NRT data
54
Iub/Iur/Iu INTERFACE
DIMENSIONING
RNC
DIMENSIONING
Cell Load Calculation
55
WCDMA Network Dimensioning

Results Analysis
56
Understanding Target Service CS64 (DL)
AMR12.2
PS128
CS64
AMR12.2
CS64
PS64
PS384
PS128
PS64
CS64
AMR12.2
AMR12.2
PS384
CS64
AMR12.2
Cell Edge
57
AMR12.2
PS64
Understanding Target Service CS64 (UL)
AMR12.2
CS64
AMR12.2
CS64
PS64
PS128
PS64
CS64
AMR12.2
AMR12.2
PS384
CS64
AMR12.2
Cell Edge
58
AMR12.2
PS64
Understanding Target Service HSDPA
High Throughput
Cell Edge
Low Throughput
59
Target Service
New Zealand
CS64
Taiwan
PS64
Malaysia
PS128
Philippines 1
PS64
Philippines 2
PS64
Singapore
HSDPA512/PS128
Indonesia
PS64
60
Service v/s Cell Radius [ Asymmetrical Traffic]
With UL fixed at 64Kbps, Limiting Link is CS64

61
Service v/s Cell Radius [ Symmetrical Traffic]
In Symmetrical traffic environment, PS384Kbps is the limiting link

62
Sample Site Count Comparison Change of

Target Service
63

Interference Margins
IMargin [dB]
20
I Margin 10 Log 10 1
10
6
3
1.25
25%
50%
75%
1.75dB
64
99%
Load factor
dB

Interference Margins
15%
15%
1.5dB
65
1.5dB
Deviation In Results Change of Planning Inputs
66
GSM900 v/s GSM1800 v/s WCDMA
67
GSM900 v/s GSM1800 v/s WCDMA
68
WCDMA Network Planning

Sample Case
69
Top 19 cities planning An Overview
70
Nominal Planning Process
Import exiting sites in planning tool

And evaluate based on design criteria
Coverage Prediction
Too Much
Coverage
Overlap?
No
Yes
Add new 3G sites to fill up

coverage holes in network
Any
Coverage
Holes?
No
Generate Coverage Stats
No
Coverage Stats
fulfilling the criteria?
Yes
71
Target Design
Yes
Remove Existing Sites

which are too close to each
other
Summary of Link Budget I CS64
72
Summary of Link Budget II Cell Range
73
Radio Planning Results - Summary of Site Count
74
Understanding Results Comparison of Reuse

Factors
75
Understanding Results Comparison of Reuse

Factors
Avg Reuse approx 85%
76
Delhi Radio NW Planning Results Analysis
77
Coverage Planning Delhi Clutter Map
78
Delhi Coverage Planning Outcome
65-70% sites in DU and U area
*Site count
shown above is inidicative and purely based on certain assumptions. Also

significant clutter area details used in above figures is based on map area details provided by
map vendor to NSN
79
Coverage Planning : RSCP Plots
80
Delhi Coverage Planning : Ec/Io Plots
81
Delhi Coverage Planning: SHO Area Analysis
82
WCDMA Network Dimensioning

CE Dimensioning Aspects
83
Flexi WCDMA BTS Site Capacity

Baseband (BB) capacity
Channel Element (CE) refers to the capacity requirement of 1
User voice/16 kbps (UL&DL)

Upgrades in min. 1CE (Channel Element) steps
Additional CE by SW license key
HW supports CCH, DCH, HSDPA and HSUPA
384 kbps supported in UL and DL for both HSDPA and R99
services
84
Flexi BTS Base Band CE Requirements For R99 Users
User data
85
CE required
16kbps/ voice
32kbps
64kbps
128kps (64/128)
128kps (128/128)
256kps (DL)
(64/256)
384kbps (64/384)
12
384kbps (128/384)
12
384kbps (384/384)
12
Flexi WCDMA BTS BB Example
Carrier
Carrier11
Common channels
Common channels
HSDPA Users
Carrier
Carrier11
Based on traffic
requirements
Carrier
Carrier11
activated CE
HSUPA Users
Traffic channels
Remaining available
capacity for R99 traffic
86
Channels Element Calculation

1. Traffic per Cell
Erlang or kbit/s
2. Traffic Channels
3. Physical Channels
(=traffic channels*SHO)
Hardware Channels
The code channels (HW channels)

needed for different services are as
follows:
Service
87
Code
Channel
Voice
64 kbps service
(RT/NRT)
128 kbps service

(RT/NRT)
384 kbps service

(RT/NRT)
12
Network Dimensioning Summary

Complete Network dimensioning in the end should provide following results
Cell Range
Site Area
Coverage Thresholds
Number of Coverage Sites
Achieved Loading
Number of carriers per cell
Number of capacity sites
CE requirement per site
Total Number of sites
Dimensioning Outputs from Link Budget [ Libu Tool] :
Cell Range
Site Area
Coverage Thresholds
Number of Coverage Sites
Dimensioning Outputs from Dim Tool :
Achieved Loading
Number of capacity sites [ If possible]
Total Number of Sites
CE requirement per site
88
Thanks!
89

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WCDMA Link Budget & Network Dimensioning

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning/Deepak Yadav/Aug2008

A good network plan should address the coverage and capacity

requirement of the area considered, but also be sufficiently flexible to

In WCDMA, the coverage and capacity requirement cannot be

considered independently, but should be planned at the same time

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Radio Network Planning Process

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Radio Dimensioning flow

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

-Output toward Access

Per area and per Phase

Link Budget Overview

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Link Budget Overview

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Input Parameters Overview

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Gives an Estimation of the

Radio networks Dimensioning

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Network Design Criteria: Limiting Link

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

In Design HSPA is the

Coverage holes in the

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Coverage VS Capacity Dimensioning: Cell Breathing [1/2]

"actual" Loading, (ie from

Traffic distribution and forecase

e.g.. Forecasted Actual

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

e.g.. Real Actual UL

Coverage VS Capacity Dimensioning:

"actual" Loading, (ie from

Traffic mobility taken

More cells required

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Results => No or Min

Inputs for Coverage

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Link Budget Parameters

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Key Inputs for Coverage Planning

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Coverage Planning Inputs : Clutter Area Distribution

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Inputs for Capacity

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Requirements in Capacity Planning

Results from Capacity Planning

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Capacity Inputs Number of Subscribers

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Capacity Inputs Traffic Profile

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Sample Format for Traffic Profile

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning

Capacity Inputs Subscriber Distribution

Subscriber Distribution Clutter Level

WCDMA Network Link Budget and Dimensioning