1.

Chemistry 2: Chapter 1 exercises

The Henry's Law constant (k) for carbon monoxide in water at 25C is 9.71 10-4 mol/(Latm). How many
grams of CO will dissolve in 1.00 L of water if the partial pressure of CO is 2.75 atm?
Answer :
7.48 10-2 g

2.

Potassium fluoride is used for frosting glass. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving
78.6 g of KF in enough water to produce 225 mL of solution.
Answer :
6.01 M

3.

Saccharin, one of the first non-nutritive sweeteners used in soft-drinks, is 500 times sweeter than sugar
in dilute aqueous solutions. The solubility of saccharin is 1.00 gram per 290 mL of solution. What is the
molarity of a saturated saccharin solution?
saccharin= 183.2 g/mol
Answer :
0.0188 M

4.

A 0.89% (w/v) sodium chloride solution is referred to as physiological saline solution because it has the
same concentration of salts as human blood. What is the molarity of a physiological saline solution?
Answer :
0.15 M

5.

The concentration of iodine in sea water is 60 ppb by mass. If one assumes that the iodine exists in the
form of iodide anions, what is the molarity of iodide in sea water? (The density of sea water is 1.025
g/mL.)
Answer :
4.8 10-7 M

6.

Safrole is used as a topical antiseptic. Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving
0.75 mol of safrole in 950 g of ethanol (
= 46.07 g/mol). Pethanol = 50.0 torr at 25C.
Answer :
48 torr

7.

Diethyl ether has a vapor pressure of 400.0 torr at 18C. When a sample of benzoic acid is dissolved in
ether, the vapor pressure of the solution is 342 torr. What is the mole fraction of benzoic acid in the
solution?
Answer :
0.145
Carbon tetrachloride, once widely used in fire extinguishers and as a dry cleaning fluid, has been found to
cause liver damage to those exposed to its vapors over long periods of time. What is the boiling point of a
solution prepared by dissolving 375 g of sulfur (S8,
= 256.5g/mol) in 1250 g of CCl4? Kb = 5.05C/m,
boiling point of pure CCl4 = 76.7C?
Answer :
82.6C

8.

9.

Dimethylglyoxime, DMG, is an organic compound used to test for aqueous nickel(II) ions. A solution
prepared by dissolving 65.0 g of DMG in 375 g of ethanol boils at 80.3C. What is the molar mass of
DMG?
Kb = 1.22C/m, boiling point of pure ethanol = 78.5C
Answer :
117 g/mol

10. Calculate the freezing point of a solution made by dissolving 3.50 g of potassium chloride (
= 74.55
g/mol) in 100.0 g of water. Assume ideal behavior for the solution; Kf = 1.86C/m.
Answer :
-1.7C
11. Lysine is an amino acid that is an essential part of nutrition but which is not synthesized by the human
body. What is the molar mass of lysine if 750.0 mL of a solution containing 8.60 g of lysine has an
osmotic pressure of 1.918 atm? T = 25.0C
Answer :
146 g/mol

12. The density of a 2.45 M aqueous solution of methanol (CH3OH)) is 0.976 g/mL. What is the molality
of the solution? Molar mass of methanol is 32.04 g/mol.
Answer:
2.73 m

1.

Chemistry 2: Chapter 2 exercises

The compound RX3 decomposes according to the equation:
3RX3 R + R2X3 + 3X2
In an experiment the following data were collected for the decomposition at 100C. What is the
average rate of reaction over the entire experiment?
t(s)
[RX3](mol L-1)
0
0.85
2
0.67
6
0.41
8
0.33
12
0.20
14
0.16
Answer : 0.049 mol L-1s-1

2. Consider the following reaction:

8A(g) + 5B(g) 8C(g) + 6D(g)
If [C] is increasing at the rate of 4.0 mol L-1s-1, at what rate is [B] changing?
Answer :
-2.5 mol L-1s-1
3.

Consider the general reaction:

5Br-(aq) + BrO3-(aq) + 6H+(aq) 3Br2(aq) + 3H2O(aq)
Provide the rate expression of all the species the same as [Br2]/t :
Answer : [H2O]/t, -0.6[Br-]/t, -3[BrO3-]/t, -0.5[H+]/t

4. For the reaction:

3A(g) + 2B(g) 2C(g) + 2D(g), the following data was collected at
constant temperature. Determine the correct rate law for this reaction.
Trial Initial [A]
Initial [B]
Initial Rate
(mol/L)
(mol/L)
(mol/(Lmin))
1
0.200
0.100
6.00 10-2
2
0.100
0.100
1.50 10-2
3
0.200
0.200
1.20 10-1
4
0.300
0.200
2.70 10-1
Answer
: Rate = k[A]2[B]
5. For the reaction: 2A + B + 2C D + E, the following initial rate data was collected at constant
temperature. Determine the correct rate law for this reaction. All units are arbitrary.
Trial
[A]
[B]
[C]
Rate
1
0.225
0.150
0.350
0.0217
2
0.320
0.150
0.350
0.0439
3
0.225
0.250
0.350
0.0362
4
0.225
0.150
0.600
0.01270
Answer
: Rate = k [A]2[B][C]-1
6.

Sulfuryl chloride, SO2Cl2(g), decomposes at high temperature to form SO2(g) and Cl2(g). The rate
constant at a certain temperature is 4.68 10-5s-1. What is the order of the reaction?
Answer
: first

7.

Cyclopropane is converted to propene in a first-order process. The rate constant is 5.4 10-2 hr-1. If the
initial concentration of cyclopropane is 0.150 M, what will its concentration be after 22.0 hours?
Answer
: 0.0457 M

8.

The rate constant for the reaction 3A 4B is 6.00 10-3 L mol-1min-1. How long will it take the
concentration of A to drop from 0.75 M to 0.25 M?
Answer
440 min
The reaction CH3NC(g) CH3CN(g) is first-order with respect to methyl isocyanide, CH3NC. If it takes
10.3 minutes for exactly one quarter of the initial amount of methyl isocyanide to react, what is the rate
constant in units of min-1?
Answer
0.0279 min-1

9.

10. Ammonia will react with oxygen in the presence of a copper catalyst to form nitrogen and water. From
164.5C to 179.0C, the rate constant increases by a factor of 4.27. What is the activation energy of this
oxidation reaction?
Answer
165 kJ/mol
11. A rate constant obeys the Arrhenius equation, the factor A being 2.2 1013 s-1 and the activation energy
being 150. kJ mol-1. What is the value of the rate constant at 227C, in s-1?
Answer
4.7 10-3 s-1
12.

Consider the following mechanism for the oxidation of bromide ions by hydrogen peroxide in aqueous
acid solution.
H+ + H2O2
H2O+-OH (rapid equilibrium)
+
H2O -OH + Br HOBr + H2O (slow)
HOBr + H+ + Br- Br2 + H2O (fast)
a. What is the overall reaction equation for this process?
b. Derive the rate law consistent with the mechanism.
Answer
a.
2H+ + 2Br- + H2O2 Br2 + 2H2O
b.
Rate = k[H2O2][H+][Br-]

13. A chemical reaction of the general type : A 2B, is first-order, with a rate constant of 1.52 10-4 s-1.
a. Calculate the half-life of A.
b. Assuming the initial concentration of A is 0.067 mol L-1, calculate the time needed for the
concentration to fall to 0.010 mol L-1.
Answer:

a.

t = 4.56 103 s,

b.

1.25 104 s

14. Consider the general gas-phase reaction of a molecular substance, A

1. A B
At very low pressures many such reactions occur by the following mechanism:
2. A + A A* + A (slow)
3. A* B
(fast)
(A* represents a molecule with sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier.)
a. Which of the three reactions above is/are elementary?
b. Where appropriate, identify the molecularity of the reactions.
c. Show that the proposed mechanism is consistent with reaction 1, the observed reaction.
d. Given the mechanism above, suggest a likely rate law for reaction (1).
Answer:
a. Reactions 2 and 3 are elementary.
b. Reaction 2 is bimolecular; reaction 3 is unimolecular.
c. When reactions 2 and 3 are added, the result is A B, i.e., the same as reaction 1.
d. Reaction 2, being slow, is the rate-determining step of the mechanism. The overall rate will be the rate of
this reaction, i.e., rate = k2[A]2.