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TURKISH
GRAMMAR
ENGLISH
TURKISH
GRAMMAR
FOREWORD
The Turkish Grammar book that you have just started reading is quite different from
the grammar books that you read in schools. This kind of Grammar is known as traditional
grammar. The main difference of a traditional grammar and that of a trans-formational one
is that the first one describes a natural language as a static object, but the second one
describes both the parts of the language engine and how it runs. Learning a traditional
grammar is like learning about a motionless car. There is some-thing lacking in this
description. It is the dynamics of the parts of a car that runs a hundred and twenty
kilometers an hour.
Traditional grammars describe only the physical appearance of a language; they do
not mind what goes on behind the curtain. The mind of a human being works like the
engine of a sports car. It arranges and chooses words matching one another, transforms
simple sentence units to use in different parts of sentences, and recollects morphemes
and phonemes to be produced by the human speech organs. All these activities are
simultaneously carried out by the human mind.
Another point that the traditional grammarians generally miss is that they write the
grammar of a certain language to teach it to those who have been learning it from the time
when they were born up to the time when they discover something called grammar. This
is like teaching a language to professional speakers.
Then, what is the use of a grammar? I believe most people were acquainted with it
when they started learning a foreign language. Therefore, a grammar written for those
who are trying to learn a second language is very useful both in teaching and learning a
second language.
I started teaching English as a second language in 1952, a long time ago. Years
passed and one day I found myself as a postgraduate Fulbright student at the University
of Texas at Austin in 1960. Although I studied there for only a short period, I learnt enough
from Prof. Archibald A. Hill and Dr. De Camp to stimulate me to learn more about
Linguistics.
After I came back to Turkey, it was difficult to find books on linguistics in booksellers in
Istanbul. Thanks to the American Library in Istanbul, I was able to borrow the books that
attracted my attention.
In those books, I discovered Noam Chomsky, whose name I had not heard during my stay
in the U.S.A.
I must confess that I am indebted to the scholars and the library above in writing this
Turkish Grammar.
I am also grateful to my son Dr. zgr Gknel who encouraged me to write this book
and to Vivatinell U.K., which sponsored to publish it.
YKSEL GKNEL
COMPLETALY REVISED
COLORED ADITION
2015
YKSEL GKNEL
Vivatinell Bilim-Kltr Yaynlar
2015
Grafik Tasarm Uygulamalar
Vivatinell Press
letiim:
Vivatinell Cosmopharmaceutics
Fetih Mah. Tunca Sk. No:2 34704
Ataehir / stanbul / TRKYE
Tel: +90 216 470 09 44
Faks: +90 216 470 09 48
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sleeps.
verb
predicate
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is
brave.
verb
subj complement
predicate
am coming.
subject
predicate
um (ge*li*yo*rum)
subject allomorph
In Turkish, a personal concept is expressed by a personal suffix either attached to a verb at the end of a sentence, or expressed by both a pronoun
or a noun in the beginning and a personal allomorph at the end of a sentence. Using personal suffixes attached to the ends of the Turkish sentences (except for the third person singular) is a grammatical necessity.
Furthermore, the subject + verb + object sequence of the English language differs in Turkish as subject + object + verb-personal allomorph
or object + verb-personal allomorph:
English:
We
are picking
subj (pron)
iek
Turkish 1: (Biz)
subj (pron)
Turkish 2: iek
object
verb
object
flowers.
object
The reason why there may be two identical alternative sentences in Turkish
is that one should compulsorily use a personal allomorph attached to the
verb in a sentence. However, if he wants to emphasize the subject, he could
also use a pronoun in the beginning of a sentence as well as a personal
allomorph representing the pronoun used in the beginning of the sentence.
If we use a sentence without a personal allomorph attached to the verb, the
sentence becomes ungrammatical although it is understandable:
*Ben yarn Ankara'ya gidiyor. (ungrammatical)
(Ben) yarn Ankara'ya gidiyor-um. (grammatical) (Ben could be ignored.)
*Ben sen-i seviyor. (ungrammatical)
(Ben) sen-i seviyor-um. (grammatical) (Ben could be ignored.)
As a general syllabication rule in Turkish, the single underlined consonants
of the words or allomorphs detach from their syllables, and attach to the first
vowels of the following morphemes as in the examples above. This opera-
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what?
what?
The boy who was walking along the street found a watch.
who?
what?
The boy who was walking along the street found the watch that I lost.
who?
what?
what?
where?
when?
how?
when?
what?
when?
what?
how?
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why?
whom?
where?
what?
for whom?
from where?
The parts that are not underlined in the sentences above are verbs. If
someone wants to ask about these verbs he says, What did Jack do?, and
for the underlined green parts he says, From where was Jack coming?,
Where was Jack coming from?, Whom did Jack see?, etc.
Consequently, it is possible to say that a person fills the subject and predicate logical storages using interrogative instruments in all languages.
As in all natural languages, the Turkish language production system governs
three groups of sequences. The first sequence is the logical sequence
which governs the basic network of a sentence in which all sentences take
form.
The second sequence is the morphemic sequence which arranges the sequence of the morphemes and allomorphs in Turkish sentences.
The third sequence is the oral or phonological sequence, which arranges
the syllables and the overall harmony of the words in a sentence.
TURKISH GRAMMAR
After the above short survey of the universal Transformational Generative
Grammar (with some interpretations of my own), we can begin with the
sound system of The Turkish language.
Turkish has 29 letters in its alphabet. Some of these letters / o, u, a, / and /
, , e, i / are vowels (nller), and the others / b, c, , d, f, g, , h, j, k, l,
m, n, p, r, s, , t, v, y, z / are consonants (nszler).
All the letters above represent phonemes, that is why they are shown between / / signs. Phonemics is not interested in detailed phonetic differences. Some of the vowels / , , / do not exist in English. They are pronounced: // as in English again; // as in German schn; and // as in
German htte respectively.
Among the consonants, there are the / , , / phonemes, which are pronounced as ch as in church, sh as in fish; and to produce the //
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e i
In both chains, the first vowels /o/ and // never repeat themselves. The
other vowels can be repeated as many times as necessary. The arrow ( )
points to the vowel that should follow the previous one. The arrows (),
pointing to both directions, show that /i/ may follow /e/, or /e/ may follow /i/.
In the hard vowel harmony chain, /a/ and // do the same. Furthermore,
besides the arrows, the letters r are put under repeatable vowels to
complete our diagrams:
ur ar r
r er ir
As one could see, the two diagrams look exactly like one another. All the
words in the Turkish language follow either the first or the second harmony
sequences. The words borrowed from other languages do not follow these
sequences as expected, but the suffixes that attach to them follow the
vowels of the last syllables of such words. Consequently, one could build
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(a*ra*ba*nn)
(tes*ti*nin)
(or*du*nun)
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makara-/n/n
mart-/n/n
(y*k*nn)
(ser*gi*nin)
(ka*fa*nn)
(ma*ka*ra*nn)
(mar*t*nn)
However, when pronouns are used in the possessive position, they are suffixed by the possessive [im, in, un, im, in, n] allomorphs:
ben-im (be*nim), sen-in (se*nin), o/n/-un (o*/n/un), biz-im (bi*zim), sizin (si*zin), o/n/-lar-n (o/n/*la*rn)
Note: The single underlined consonants in the examples above show the
consonants that detach from their syllables, and attach to the first vowels of
the following allomorphs to change the morphemes into syllables.
Exception: su (su*/y/un). Example: (a*ra*ba*/n/n / h*z), (su*/y/un / h*z)
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ev-cik (small house), kap-ck (small door), kpr-ck (small bridge), kutucuk (small box), eek-ik (small donkey), aa-k (small tree), kadn-ck
(little woman), tosun-cuk (big and healthy newborn baby).
[CE.IZ] allomorphs: [ce.iz, ca.z, e.iz, a.z] (innocence)
kedi-ce.iz (innocent cat), kz-ca.z (innocent girl), hayvan-ca.z (innocent animal), kpek-e.iz (innocent dog), ku-a.z (innocent bird).
[CE] allomorphs: [ce, ca, e, a]
ngiliz-ce (English), Alman-ca (German), Trk-e (Turkish), Rus-a (Russian), spanyol-ca (Spanish), Japon-ca (Japanese), in-ce (Chinese),
Arap-a (Arabic), Fransz-ca (French), talyan-ca (Italian), Rum-ca (Greek).
MORPHEMES ATTACHED TO NOUNS TO PRODUCE ADJECTIVES
[CL] allomorphs: [cil, cl, cl, cul, il, l, l, ul]
ev-cil (domestic), insan-cl (humane), ben-cil (selfish), ot-ul (herbivorous)
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[LK] allomorphs: [lik, lk, lk, luk] (iyi-lik = iyilik), (scak-lk= scaklk)
iyi-lik (favor), scak-lk (temperature), zgr-lk (freedom), uzun-luk
(length), geni-lik (width), gzel-lik (beauty), irkin-lik (ugliness), drstlk (honesty), aptal-lk (stupidity), sessiz-lik (silence), evli-lik (marriage),
baya-lk (meanness), iyimser-lik (optimism), ktmser-lik (pessimism),
uak-lk (servitude), yalnz-lk (loneliness), misafirsever-lik (hospitality),
kahraman-lk (heroism), vatansever-lik (patriotism), kaba-lk (rudeness),
duygusal-lk (sensitivity), dost-luk (frienship), kepaze-lik (scandal), retken-lik (productivity), kresel-lik (globalism), aalk kompleksi (inferiority
complex), arsz-lk (impudence), geveze-lik (chattering), dncesiz-lik
(inconsiderateness), mutsuz-luk (unhappiness), a-lk (hunger, starvation),
g-lk (difficulty), saydam-lk (transparency), utanga-lk (shyness),
uzak-lk (distance), yakn-lk (closeness, sympathy), kstah-lk (insolence),
kurak-lk (drought), rkek-lik (shyness), sersem-lik (dizziness), hovardalk (debauchery), alkan-lk (addiction), yksek-lik (height), derin-lik
(depth), krmz-lk (redness), kt-lk (wickedness, evil), kurnaz-lk
(craftiness), drst-lk (honesty), karamsar-lk (moodiness), kolay-lk
(ease, facility), tembel-lik (lazyness), kira-lk (ki*ra:*lk) (to let, for
hire) zel-lik (speciality), zgn-lk (originality, genuineness), kararsz-lk
(hesitation, uncertainty, instability, inconsistency), bol-luk (abundance),
srekli-lik (continuity), kararl-lk (determination), avare-lik (a:*va:*re*lik)
(idleness), yzeysel-lik (shallowness, superficiality), kt-lk (famine), sarknt-lk (molestation), kibar-lk (kindness, politeness), dayankl-lk (durability),
bo-luk (emptiness), yok-luk (poverty, absence, nonexistence), yal-lk
(agedness), sorumlu-luk (responsibility), sorumsuz-luk (irresponsibility),
gayretke-lik (zeal), vurdumduymaz-lk (callousness), tutarsz-lk (inconsistency), deli-lik (madness), bilgisiz-lik (cahil-lik) (ignorance), benzer-lik
(resemblance), karamsar-lk (moodiness), gzel-lik (beauty), kzgn-lk
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[KN] allomorphs: [gin, gn, gn, gun, kin, kn, kn, kun]
se-kin (se*kin) (exclusive, choice), kes-kin (sharp), a-kn (astonished),
ili-kin (concerning, connected), sus-kun (silent), pi-kin (well done, impudent), et-kin (functional), ger-gin (tight), az-gn (fierce), dz-gn (smooth),
ol-gun (ripe, mature), sol-gun (faded), yay-gn (common), bit-kin (discouraged, depressed, exhausted), yor-gun (tired), bas-kn (unexpected attack
(noun), dominant), ks-kn (offended), ge-kin (overripe), dur-gun (stagnant), dol-gun (plump), z-gn (original), say-gn (honorable), yay-gn
(common, widespread), kz-gn (angry), bez-gin (wretched), uy-gun (suitable, convenient), z-gn (sorry), et-kin (effective), yat-kn (inclined to do)
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def obj
def obj
def obj
def obj
In English: He saw me. He saw you. He saw him. He saw us. He saw them.
obj
obj
obj
obj
obj
Note: The single underlined consonants at the ends of the pronouns "ben-i",
"sen-i", "biz-i", "siz-i", "o/n/-lar-" detach from their syllables and attach to the
first vowels of the following morphemes in speech such as (be*ni), (se*ni),
(bi*zi), (si*zi), (on*la*r). The /n/ consonant in (o*/n/u) is a glide produced by
the oral system of the Turkish language to maintain the harmonic balance
between the o-u vowels. They do not carry meaning.
The proper nouns in Turkish, contrary to English, have to be attached by
one of the "i, , , u" allomorphs in accordance with the Turkish vowel
harmony rules when they are used as objects:
Ahmet Aye-/y/i gr-d. Fatma Hasan- bul-du. retmen Ahmet-i yakala-d.
def object
def object
def object
In English: Ahmet saw Aye. Fatma found Hasan. The teacher caught Ahmet.
def object
def object
def onject
Note: The /y/ glide (semivowel), which is a product of the Turkish sound system, is inserted between two vowels to provide a harmonious linkage.
As a general rule, when a definite noun, pronoun, or a nominal phrase is
used in the object position in a sentence, one of the [i, , , u] allomorphs is
compulsorily attached to them. If the common nouns are not definite, they
may be preceded by some indefinite modifiers as the ones in English:
Ahmet Hasan- grd. Ahmet ben-i grd. Ahmet tavan- grd.
definite obj
definite obj
definite obj
Ahmet (bir) araba ald. Ahmet kitap okuyor. Ahmet is reading a book.
indefinite obj
indefinite obj
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indefinite obj
indefinite obj
any books
indefinite obj
prepositional phrase
adverbial
adverbial
adverbial
subj complement
subj complement
subj complement
adverbial
subj complement
subj complement
subj complement
Kitap-n ben-de. Your book is with me. Onun ba- dert-te. He is in trouble.
subj comlement
subj complement
When the [de, da, te, ta] suffixes attach to nouns, they function as subject
complements or aderbials. The same subject complements and adverbials in
English are structurally prepositionai phrases.
[DEN] allomorphs: [den, dan, ten, tan]
When one of the allomorphs of the [DEN] morpheme is attached to a noun, a
pronoun or a nominal phrases, it signifies the starting point of an action, and
changes the function of the nominal into an adverbial:
Aye okul-dan geliyor. Aye is coming from school.
adverbial
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adverbial
adverbial
postp
adverbial
adverbial
NOMINAL PHRASES
It is considered that the mind has a logical system which manages three rational storages to fill to produce a sentence. These storeges are out of order
before someone is born. When he begins learning his native language,
these orderless storages are arranged in a sequence according to one's
native language. For an English speaking person his logical sequence is
"subject + verb + object", but for a Turkish spaking person, this sequence is
"(subject) + object + verb-personal suffix". For instance:
English sequence:
love
you.
subj verb
object
sen-i
seviyor-um.
In Turkish, using "ben", "sen", "o", "biz", "siz", "onlar" pronouns used at the
beginning of a sentence is optional. These pronouns are only used when
they are stressed. However, using the personal allomorphs representing
these pronouns at the ends of the sentences is a grammatical necessity.
Therefore, all Turkish pronouns are showed in parentheses.
However, although the third person singular has the pronoun "o", which
means "he", "she", or "it", the sentences containing these pronouns do not
need personal suffixes representing "o" pronoun. A sentence without a
personal suffix at the end of a sentence means that the sentence is the third
person singular. For instance the followig two Turkish sentences are identical:
(O) sen-i sev-i.yor. He, she, or it loves you.
Sen-i sev-i.yor. He, she, or it loves you.
Although the sentenes given above are all simple sentences, the human
mind uses the same flexible subject, verb, object storages to produce all
the sentences in a language whether they are long or short.
1a: All subj pronouns are nominal phrases that can be used as subjects
such as: "ben", "sen", "o", "biz", "siz", "o/n/-lar". (I, you, he, she, it, we, you,
they)
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def object
verb
predicate
def object
verb
predicate
nound compound-
definite object
predicate
|
verb
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|
verb
verb
subject complement
predicate
verb
verb
|
verb-subject
|
noun
|
noun
modifier subj complement
|
subject
predicate
subj complement
predicate
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adverbial
subject adverb
Kzlar snf-a nee-/y/le gir-di. The girls entered the class cheerfully.
subject adverbial
Fatma
adverbial
predicate
kap-/y/
a-n.ca
verb
subject
bir iskelet
verb
object
adverbial
predicate
gr-d.
|
verb
indef object
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predicate
predicate
predicate
predicate
nominal phrase
6. Roses are beautiful. the roses that are beautiful the beautiful roses
subject
predicate
nominal phrase
predicate
The human mind can insert the nominalized phrases above into the "subject"
or the object segment of the phrase structure rules. The "predicate" segment contains either an intransitive verb, which does not need an object, or
a transitive verb which needs an "object". Therefore, a "subject + predicate"
base sentence producing logical pattern may be rewritten either as "subject
+ intransitive verb" or "subject + transitive verb + object" for an English
speaking person. However, a person speaking Turkish uses a different sequence, such as "subject + object + transitive verb" or "subject + intransitive
verb in the basic sentence-producing pattern. Moreover, adverbs and
adverbials should also be included in the predicate segment because their
function is to add some significant concepts to verbs.
The following example sentences show how transformed nominalized sentences above are used as nominal phrases in the "subject + predicate"
logical pattern:
1. I
subj verb
adverbial
verb
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adverbial
predicate
verb
predicate
predicate
predicate
verb
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In Turkish, the [E], [DE], [DEN] and [LE] morphemes (in fact their allomorphs
[e,a], [de, da, te, ta], [den, dan, ten, tan], [le, la]) are attached to nouns,
pronouns or infinitives. When these nouns, pronouns, or infinitives are used
without these allomorphs, they may be used as subjects, or objects in sentences. These nouns are structurally and syntactically nouns. However,
when these nouns, pronouns or infinitives are attached to the allomorphs
above, they are structurally noun-e, noun-de, noun-den and noun-le
units (In Turkish, ismin e, de and den hali), which syntactically function
as adverbs and called adverbials in sentences:
(Ben) bir kitap al-d-m.
subj
det + noun
|
indef object verb-subj
predicate
I bought a book
subj
|
verb
det + noun
indef object
predicate
In the sentence above, Ben and kitap are structurally and syntactically
nouns. In the following sentences, however, the noun roots attached to [E],
[DE], [DEN], or [LE] morphemes undertake the role of adverbs in sentences.
Adverbial means a word or words that function as an adverb.
Jack
okul-a gitti.
noun
subj
noun-a verb
adverbial
verb
is
Jack
okul-da.
Jack
noun
subj
noun-da
subj complement
predicate
noun
subj
Jack okul-dan
noun
subj
noun-dan
adverbial
ev-e
prep + noun
prep phrase
adverbial
at school.
|
prep + noun
verb subj complement
predicate
otobs-le gel-di.
noun-e
noun-le
adverbial adverbial
predicate
|
verb
verb
noun
adverb
prep + noun
prep phrase
adverbial
prep noun
prep phrase
adverbial
The other transformed nouns and adverbs could be found in the transformation section.
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biz
siz
onlar
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noun compound-/n/e
adverbial
subject complement
verb
The following interrogative adverbs which ask for the adverbials, and the
adverbials themselves are some of the fundamental language concepts in
all natural languages:
Nere-/y/e? (nere*ye) (Where?); Nere-/y/e gitti? (nere*ye / git*ti)
(Where did he go?); Okul-a (To school.); Nere-de? (Where?); O nere-de?
(Where is he?); Okul-da. (In school.); Nere-den? (From where?); O nereden geli-yor? (Where is he comimg from?); Okul-dan. (From school.); Neden bk-t-n? (What are you tired of?) (I am tired of waiting.); Kim-le?
(kimle) (with whom?) Sinema-/y/a kim-le git-ti-in? (With whom did you
go to the cinema?; Ne/y/-le? (neyle) (How?) Ankara-/y/a ne/y/-le git-tiin? (How did you go to Ankara?) (By train.)
As it is seen in the examples above, the [E], [DE], [DEN] and [LE] morphemes follow nouns contrary to English prepositions. Therefore, they are
called postpositional allomorphs as all the suffixes of the Turkish language.
Some language learners might not know the difference between form and
function in a grammar. For instance, to school, until Sunday, at night,
at the table expressions are structurally prepositional phrases in English.
In other words, their forms are prepositional. However, when we consider
what role they play in a sentence, we can see that their function in a sentence is either adverbial or modifier:
They are playing in the garden. The boys in the garden.
adverbial
modifier
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adverbial
adverbial
56
def object
adverbial
verb
noun comp-/n/e
adverbial phrase
verb
verb
adverbial
verb
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Note: The /n/, and /y/ phonemes used in the examples above are glides.
The noun compounds in the above sentences are all written in black. When
the nouns, pronouns and infinitives above are attached to [e, a] allomorphs,
they form adverbials that generally show or imply the direction of a verb.
Note: The glides "/s/, /n/, /y/, and //" are the produce of the sound system
of the Turkish language. They do not carry meaning. Therefore, in this book,
they are showed between slash signs "/ /", which are not used in normal
writing.
Karde-im ev-de.
(kar*de*im / ev*de )
My brother is at home. (subj complement)
Mary masa-da otur-u.yor.
(mary / ma*sa*da / o*tu*ru*yor )
Mary is sitting at the table.
Mr. Brown hastane-de. (subj complement)
(mis*tr / brown / has*ta:*ne*de )
Mr. Brown is in hospital. (He is there to be cured.)
Mrs. Brown koca-/s/-/n/ gr-mek iin hastane-/y/e git-ti.
(mi*sis / brawn / ko*ca*s*n / gr*mek / i*in / has*ta:*ne*ye / git*ti )
Mrs. Brown went to the hospital to see her husband.
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common noun
proper noun
infinitive
common noun
infinitive
infinitive
infinitive
verb
O-/n/un al-tk-
irket
noun
det
noun
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owned
C-[in, n, n, un];
C-[i, , , u]
. ..C-[in, n, n, un]
V-[/s/i, /s/, /s/, /s/u]
V-[/n/in, /n/n, /n/n, /n/un] C-[i, , , u]
V-[/n/in, /n/n, /n/n, /n/un] V-[/s/i, /s/, /s/, /s/u]
example
Jack-in okul-u
Jack-in araba-/s/
perde-/n/in kuma-
Aye-/n/in anne-/s/i
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All the monosyllabic roots, and most words ending with /t/ do not change
their last consonants when they are suffixed:
at-m (a*tm) (my horse); st-m (s*tm) (my milk); krk-m (kr*km)
(my fur); ip-im (i*pim) (my rope); sa-m (sa*m) (my hair); hap-m
(ha*pm) (my pill); sepet-im (se*pe*tim) (my basket); saat-im (sa*a*tim)
(my watch); demet-im (de*me*tim) (my bunch); krk-n (kr*kn) (your
fur); at-lar-m.z (at*la*r*mz) (our horses).
When sen-in is used in the possessive position, the owned nouns are
suffixed with [in, n, n, un, en, an] possessive personal allomorphs:
defter-in (def*te*rin) (your notebook)
ba-n (ba*n) (your head)
gz-ler-in (gz*le*rin) (your eyes)
tuz-un (tu*zun) (your salt)
baba-an (ba*ban) (your father)
sandalye-en (san*dal*yen) (your chair)
If owned nouns end with wovels or /p, t, k, / unvoiced consonants, they
undergo the same changes as they do in the examples above:
kpek-in (k*pe*in), orap-n (o*ra*bn), gmlek-in (gm*le*in),
bak-n (b*a*n); but st-n (s*tn), sepet-in (se*pe*tin), araba-an
(a*ra*ban)
The third person owned nouns are suffixed with [i, , , u] allomorphs:
ev-i (e*vi), okul-u (o*ku*lu), kalem-i (ka*le*mi), ceket-i (ce*ke*ti), dn (d**n), gz- (g*z), ba- (ba*), ka- (ka*), oul-u (o*lu)
When a third person owned noun ends with a vowel, it takes an /s/ glide
when it is attached to a possessive personal suffix:
araba-/s/ (a*ra*ba*s) (his car); bahe-/s/i (bah*e*si) (his garden); tarla/s/ (tar*la*s) (his farm); hal-/s/ (ha*l*s) (his carpet); leke-/s/i (le*ke*si)
70
71
72
73
u gmlek senin.
u eyler onlarn.
Bu yanllar bizim.
74
75
predicate
76
77
78
79
80
81
verb
verb
verb
subj
82
verb
verb
subj
verb
verb
subj
verb
object
The [] and [i] are the allomorphs of the defining morpheme [].
When a possessive part of a compound ends with a consonant, it takes
one of the [in, n, n, un] allomorphs in agreement with the vowel harmony
rules; but when it ends with a vowel, it takes one of the same allomorphs
together with the glide /n/. Additionally, the single underlined consonants
detach from their syllables, and attach to the first vowels of the following
allomorphs if they start with vowels.
Words ending with consonants:
eker-in (e*ke*rin), dil-in (di*lin), hamal-n (ha*ma*ln), sakal-n
(sa*ka*ln), gl-n (g*ln), kz-n (*k*zn), okul-un (o*ku*lun),
somun-un (so*mu*nun), armut-un (ar*mu*dun), kitap-n (ki*ta*bn),
sokak-n (so*ka*n), et-in (e*tin), st-n (s*tn), dert-in (der*din)
Words ending with vowels:
tencere-/n/in
(ma*sa*nn);
grg-/n/n
(so*ru*nun);
(va*zo*nun);
When the owned part of a compound ends with a consonant, it takes one
of the allomorphs of [i, , , u] according to the vowel harmony rules; but if it
ends with a vowel, it takes one of the same allomorphs together with the
glide /s/:
Words ending with consonants:
i-i (i*i), ip-i (i*pi), sap- (sa*p), alt- (al*t), st- (s*t), kz- (*k*z), okul-u, torun-u, at-, kusur-u, eker-i, sepet-i, ay-, nefret-i, duman-,
hayran-, kurban-, tavan-, tavan-, rapor-u, teker-i, saman-, zaman-,
kmes-i, motor-u, ot-u (o*tu).
Words ending with vowels:
Sevgi-/s/i, tencere-/s/i, atk-/s/, bask-/s/, sng-/s/, grg-/s/, korku/s/u, koku-/s/u, kuku-/s/u, iki-/s/i, fke-/s/i, tatl-/s/, yavru-/s/u, kuzu-/s/u,
83
84
85
86
adverbials: [e,a], [de, da, te, ta] and [den, dan, ten, tan]
Jack okul-da.
Jack is at school.
subj complement
subject complement
adverbial
Top masa-/n/n alt--/n/a gitti. The ball went under the table.
noun compound -/n/a
adverbial
prep phrs
adverbial
Kpek it-in st-/n/-den atlad. The dog jumped over the fence.
noun comp/n/- den
adverbial
prep phrs
adverbial
87
Jack anahtar delik-i/n/-den bakyor. Jack is looking through the key hole.
noun compound /n/-den
adverbial
prep phrs
adverbial
verb
prepositional phrs
adverbial
In the examples above, the underlined English parts of the sentences are
structurally prepositional phrases, but they are syntactically adverbials as
they are in the Turkish sentences.
verb
object
verb
88
verb
verb
subject adverbial
verb
adverbial
verb
verb
adverbial
verb
def object
verb
89
simple sentence
postp
postp adverbial phrase
adverbial
verb
infinitive- den
adverbial
|
adverbial
predicate
|
adverbial
|
verb
verb
Go out!
adverbial phrase
indef obj
verb
subject
definite obj
verb
dolay (because of): noun or noun comp-[den. dan, ten, tan] + dolay
Youn trafik-ten dolay okul-a ge kald-m.
modifier + noun-den postp
postp adverbial phrs
adverbial
verb
noun compound-den
postp
postpositional adverbial phrase of cause
object
verb
adverbial phrase
adverbial
verb
adverbial
adv
verb
noun posp
modifier
verb
verb
subject
advebial phrs
adv
subj complement
adverbial phrs of comparison
ok
iyimser.
noun + postp
modifier
indefinite object
verb
91
noun (infinitive)
postp def obj
postp adverbial phrase of contrast
verb
iin (for, to): ben-im, sen-in, o-/n/un + iin; verb-[mek, mak] + iin
Baba-am ben-im iin bir bilgisayar al-d.
subject
postp phrase
adverbial
indefinite obj
verb
infinitive
postp adverbial
postp adverbial phrs of cause
verb
noun
postp
postp adverbial phrs
predicate
|
verb
noun comp
postp
postp adverbial phrase
verb
verb
|
verb
noun compound-i
definite object
verb
adverbial
indef obj
verb
93
verb
subject cmplement
predicate
94
LINKING VERBS
Present Positive
The compulsory personal allomorphs used with present be are as follows:
(ben): [im, m, m, um]; (sen): [sin, sn, sn, sun]; (o): []; (biz): [iz, z,
z, uz]; (siz):[sin.iz, sn.z, sn.z, sun.uz]; (onlar): [() (ler, lar)]
1. Noun: (Ben) retmen-im (*ret*me*nim) I am a teacher. (Sen)
doktor-sun (dok*tor*sun) You are a doctor. O bir doktor (dok*tor).
She is a doctor. Biz doktor-uz (dok*to*ruz) We are doctors. Siz bir
retmen-sin.iz (siz / *ret*men*si*niz) You are a teacher. Onlar
asker (on*lar / as*ker) They are soldiers.
(
(No time allomorphs are used when the linking verb is present in
Turkish.)
2. Adjective: (Ben) tembel-im (tem*be*lim) I am lazy. Sen alkan-sn
(a*l*kan*sn) You are hardworking. O mutlu(dur) (o / mut*lu). She is
happy. Biz iyi-/y/iz (biz / i*yi*yiz) We are all right. Yorgun-sun.uz
(yor*gun*su*nuz) You are tired. Onlar isteksiz. They are unwilling.
3. Prepositional phrase: The allomorphs [de, da, te, ta] are expressed in
English in the prepositions of in, at, on. For example:
95
96
97
98
99
Nerede-/y/iz? stanbul-da-/y/z.
(ne*re*de*yiz)
Where are we? We are in stanbul.
Ka ya-n-da-sn?
(ka / ya*n*da*sn)
How old are you?
LINKING VERBS
Past
The simpe past tense allomprphs of the linking verb be are [di, d, d, du,
ti, t, t, tu], which are followed by the personal allomorphs (ben) [im, m, m,
um], (sen) [in, n, n, un], (o) [], (biz) [ik, k, k, uk], (siz) [in.iz, n.z, n.z,
un.uz], (onlar) [ler-di, lar-d]. Follow the examoles:
Dn saat be-te ev-de/y/-di-im.
(dn / sa*at / be*te / ev*dey*dim)
I was at home at five yesterday.
All the [mi. m, m, mu] allomorphs are adverbial because they change the sentences
into question form.
100
(o / bu*ra*da)
He is here.
(Ben) bura-da-/y/m.
(bur*da*ym )
I am here.
Kedi ura-da.
(ke*di / u*ra*da ) or (ke*di / ur*da )
The cat is there.
Onlar ora-da.
(on*lar / o*ra*da)
They are there.
101
102
[im, m, m, um]
[sin, sn, sn, sun]
[]
[iz, z, z, uz]
[sin.iz, sn.z, sn.z, sun.uz]
[] ([ler, lar])
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
Simple Present:
(Ben)
(Sen)
(O)
(Biz)
111
Simple Past:
(Ben) [im, m, m, um], (Sen) [in, n, n, un]. (O) []. (Biz) [ik, k, k,
uk], (Siz) [in.iz, n.z, n.z, un.uz], (Onlar) [] or [ler, lar]
For instance: Se-ti-im mi? Al-d-m m? Gr-d-m m? Bul-du-um mu?
Kz-d-n m? -ti-in mi?, Sr-d-n m? Oku-du-un mu? Al-ma-d m? Gezme-di-ik mi? Ka-t-k m? l-t-k m? Gr-d-n-z m? Ol-ma-d-n.z m?
Simple Future:
The same [M] adverb is used as in the Simple Present: For instance:
Gel-e.cek mi-/y/im? Al-a.cak m-sn? Sat-a.cak m? Bekle-/y/e.cek mi-/y/iz?
Bitir-e.cek mi-sin.iz? A-a.cak m-sn.z? Hatrla-ma-/y/a.cak-lar m?
Present Continuous:
The same [M] structure is used as in the Simple Present. For instance:
Gl-.yor mu-/y/um? Sat-.yor mu-sun? Anla-.yor mu? Bekle-i.yor mu-sun.uz?
Kal-.yor mu-/y/uz? Uyu-u.yor-lar m? al-ma-.yor mu-/y/uz? Gel-me-i.yor-lar m?
Past Continuous:
(Ben) [mu/y/-du-um?], (Sen) [mu/y/du-un?], [(O) [mu/y/-du?], (Biz) [mu/y/-du-uk?],
Future Continuous:
The same [M] structure is used as in the Simple Present. For instance:
Bekle-i.yor ol-a.cak m-/y/m? al--yor ol-a.cak m-sn? Yz-.yor ol-a.cak
m? Dengele-i.yor ol-a.cak m-/y/z? Bak-.yor ol-a.cak m-sn-z? Temzlei.yor ol-a.cak-lar m? (Bekliyor alyor words are subject complements.)
112
Past Perfect:
(Ben) [mi/y/-di-im, m/y/-d-m, m/y/-d-m, mu/y/-du-um (muy*dum)]
(Sen) [mi/y/-di-in, m/y/-d-n, m/y/-d-n, mu/y/-du-un (muy*dun)]
(O)
[mi/y/-di, m/y/-d, m/y/-d, mu/y/-du]
(Biz) [mi/y/-di-ik, m/y/-d-k, m/y/-d-k, mu/y/-du-uk (muy*duk)]
(Siz) [mi/y/-di-in.iz, m/y/-d-n.z, m/y/-d-n.z, mu/y/-du-un.uz]
(Onlar) [mi/y/-di-ler, m/y/-d-lar, m/y/-d-ler, mu/y/-du-lar]
For instance:
Oku-mu mu/y/-du-um? Gr-m m/y/-d-n? al-m m/y/-d? At-m
m/y/-d-k? Bala-m m/y/-d-n.z? Sor-mu mu/y/-du-lar?
Perfect Modals:
The same [M] structures are used as in the Past Perfect:
Bitir-me.li mi/y/-di-im? Bala-/y/a.bil-ir mi/y/-di-ik? Baar-a.maz m/y/-d-k?
Bitirme-em-iz gerek-ir mi/y/-di? Cezalandr-l-a.bil-ir mi/y/-di-ik? Bitir-e.mez
mi/y/-di-ler? Anla-a.maz m/y/-d-k? Gcen-e.bil-ir mi/y/-di-ler?
Note: The single underlined consonants detach from their syllables and
attach to the foollowing vowels. The consecudive vowels written in bold
face combine.
113
114
noun compound
115
: [im, m, m, um]
: [in, n, n, un]
: []
: [ik, k, k, uk]
: [in.iz, n.z, n.z, un.uz]
: [] [ler, lar]
Note: There are two kinds of first person plural personal morphemes "[Z]
and [K]" attached to time morphemes in Turkish. The time morphemes ending with consonants attach to the [iz, z, z, uz] allomorphs such as giter-iz, "kal-r-z, ksr-r-z, gel-i.yor-uz, etc. However, when the past
allomorphs [di, d, d, du, ti, t, t, tu], which end with vowels, attach to
the personal allomorphs, the first person plural allomorphs [ik, k, k, uk]
are used. As the last phonemes of the [di, d, d, du, ti, t, t, tu], and the
first phonemes of the [ik, k, k, uk] are vowels, the vowels of the past allomorphs coinciding with the vowels of the [ik, k, k, uk] allomorphs combine
and verbalize as a single vowel such as: gel-di-ik (gel*dik), gr-d-k
(gr*dk), yen-di-ik (yen*dik), anla-d-k (an*la*dk), l-d-k (l*dk).
As the condition allomorphs [se] and [sa] also end with vowels, they take the
[ek] and [ak] personal allomorphs, such as: al-sa-ak (a*l*sak), yr-seek (y*r*sek), anla-sa-ak (an*la*sak), bekle-se-ek (bek*le*sek), konusa-ak (ko*nu*sak), bala-sa-ak (ba*la*sak), dinle-se-ek, ezberle-se-ek.
Note: The glides "/n/, /s/, // and /y/" are the consonants (semivowels) produced by the phonological system of the Turkish language. These semivowels do not carry meaning. They only help to harmonize the speech production. Therefore, they are showed between slashes in the sentences in
this book. These slashes are not used in ordinary writing.
Follow the example sentences:
Dn hasta/y/-d-m.
(dn / has*tay*dm )
I was ill yesterday.
(The /y/ is a glide.)
Dn sinema-da/y/-d-n.z.
(dn / si*ne*ma*day*d*nz )
You were at the cinema yesterday. (The /y/ is a glide.)
116
(sen)
(o)
(biz)
117
118
INTERROGATIVE WORDS
There are two kinds of interrogative words in Turkish: Simple interrogative
words like "kim?" (who?), "ne?" (what?), "nasl?" (how?), "niin?" (why?),
and the simple interrogative words that are followed by some inflectional
morphemes such as "kim-sin?" (who are you?), "kim-im?" (who am I?), "kimiz? (who are we?), "kim-i?" (whom?), "kim-e?" (to whom?), "kim-den?" (from
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
Uak-ta on yolcu var-d. There were ten passengers on the plane. (Exist)
The negative form of var-d is yok-tu: there wasnt, didnt have:
Yirmi sene nce (ben-im) ok para-am yok-tu.
noun compound
127
128
129
WISH (stek)
To turn a verb root, stem or frame into the wish mood, [e, a] and the personal allomorphs are added:
130
131
:
:
:
:
:
:
[im, m, m, um]
[sin, sn, sn, sun]
[] morpheme. (No personal allomorphs are attached.)
[iz, z, z, uz]
[sin-iz, sn.z, sn.z, sun.uz]
[ler, lar]
When the main verbs ending with vowels attach to The Simple Present
Tense allomorphs [ir, r, r, ur, er, ar], the last vowels of the verbs and the
132
133
We swim.
We take or buy.
134
adverbial
adverbial
intr verb
adverbial
adverbial
intr verb
adverbial
elma sev-er-im.
indef obj
verb
predicate
indef obj
verb
preficate
I
subj
I
subj
like
apples
read
books.
verb
indef obj
predicate
135
(*t*le*rim ) I iron.
(er*te*le*riz ) We postpone.
(ya*ka*lar*lar ) They catch.
(a*ra*rz ) We search, look for.
(u*yu*ruz ) We sleep.
(y*r*rz ) We walk.
(ta*ra*rm ) I comb.
(bes*le*rim ) I feed.
(o*ku*ruz ) We read.
(an*lar*s*nz ) You understand.
(u*yu*ruz ) We sleep.
(ku*ru*la*rz ) We dry.
(y*r*rz) We walk.
(bek*le*ni*riz ) We are waited.
(ko*rur*lar) They protect.
(ya*ka*lar*lar) They catch.
U-ar-z.
Yen-er-iz.
Gez-er-iz.
Bak-ar-sn-z.
t-er-im.
Yak-ar-sn.z.
-er.
(u*a*rz) We fly.
(ye*ne*riz) We defeat.
(ge*ze*riz) We walk round.
(ba*kar*s*nz) You look.
(i*te*rim) I push.
(ya*kar*s*nz) You burn.
(i*er) He drinks.
136
Anla-r-z.
(an*la**rz ) We reach an agreement.
Gl--r-ler.
(g*l*r*ler ) They laugh all togetger.
Kayna-a-r-z.
(kay*na**rz ) We become friendly at once.
nsanlar dn-r. (in*san*lar / d**nr ) Human beings think.
al-an baar-r. (a*l*an / ba*a*rr ) Those who work succeed.
et: (Transitive)
O ben-im-le
subj
adverbial
alay
etti.
ben-i affetti. O
verb
biz-i
deli
etti
alay et (a*la*yet) (make fun of), affet (af*fet) (forgive), armaan et (ar*ma*ga*net) (present as a gift), ba et (ba*et) (manage, cope with), beraat et
(be*ra*a*tet) (be acquitted), beyan et (be*ya:*net) (declare), buyur et (bu*yu*ret) (invite someone to), davet et (da:*ve*tet) (invite), dahil et (da:*hi*let) (include something in), daktilo et (dak*ti*lo / et) (type), dans et (dan*set) (dance), deli et (de*li / et) (make someone mad), dert et (der* det)
(occupy oneself with problems), devam et (de*va:*met) (continue), dikkat et
(dik*ka*tet) (pay attention to, be careful), dua et (du*a: / et) (pray, say ones
prayers), elde et (el*de / et) (obtain), gayret et (gay*re*tet) (try hard, do
ones best), g et (g*et) (migrate), haberdar et (ha*ber*da:*ret) (inform
someone), hakaret et (ha*ka:*re*tet) (insult), hapset (hap*set) (put in prison, imprison), hareket et (ha*re*ke*tet) (act, behave, start), hata et (ha*ta: /
et) (make a mistake), hayl et (ha*y:*let) (dream, imagine, picture in ones
mind), hazmet (haz*met) (digest), hizmet et (hiz*me*tet) (serve, assist),
idare et (i*da:*re* / et) (manage, control), iftira et (if*ti*ra: / et) (slander),
ihanet et (i*ha:*ne*tet) (betray), ikram et (ik*ra:*met) (offer someone to eat
or drink something), ihll et (ih*l:*let) (violate), ikna et (ik*na: / et) (convince, persuade), ihra et (ih*ra:*cet) (export, expel), ikaz et (i:*ka:*zet)
(warn), Imza et (im*za: / et) (sign), iml et (i:*m:*let) (manufacture), intihar
et (in*ti*ha:*ret) (commit suicide), iptal et (ip*ta:*let) (cancel), isabet et
(i*sa:*be*tet) (hit the mark), israf et (is*ra:*fet) (vaste), istifa et (is*ti*fa: / et)
(resign), istifade et (is*ti*fa:*de / et) (benefit from), istirahat et
137
yap: The transitive verbs that are used after indefinite or definite objects:
Fatma kahve yapyor. Kahve-/y/i Fatma yap-sn.
subject
indef obj
verb
def object
subject
138
trans verb
139
In the second person singular, one of the [mez] or [maz] negation allomorphs is used after the verb, which is followed by one of the personal allomorphs [sin, sn, sn, sun]:
Gel-mez-sin.
(gel*mez*sin ) You do not come.
al-maz-sn. (a*l*maz*sn ) You do not work.
Oku-maz-sn. (o*ku*maz*sn ) You dont read.
Konu-maz-sn. (ko*nu*maz*sn ) You dont speak.
Atla-maz-sn. (at*la*maz*sn ) You dont jump.
Ka-n-maz-sn. (ka*n*maz*sn ) You dont avoid. (Reflexive)
As the third person singular takes a [] zero personal morpheme, only the
negation allomorphs [mez, maz] are used:
al-maz.
Oku-maz.
Yaz-maz.
Gr-mez.
Anla-maz.
Gl-mez.
Ye-mez.
-mez.
Uyu-maz.
Ka-n-maz.
The negative form of the first person plural takes [me, ma] negation allomorphs followed by [/y/iz, /y/z] personal allomorphs:
Ta-ma-/y/z. (ta**ma*yz ) We do not carry.
A-ma-/y/z.
(a*ma*yz ) We do not open.
Ala-ma-/y/z. (a*la*ma*yz ) We dont cry.
Dzenle-me-/y/iz. (d*zen*le*me*yiz ) We dont arrange.
Ka-ma-/y/z. (ka*ma*yz ) We dont escape.
140
141
142
143
144
To shorten these syllable structures, the first letters of them can be used as
v, c.v, v.c, v.c.c, c.v.c or c.v.c.c. The only exception to this rule
is the [T] morpheme used in the causative verb frames as in (ge*tirt), (al*drt). All Turkish morphemes and syllables are formed of one of these six
syllable types. In short, there are no morphemes in Turkish without vowells, but the phonological system drops or combines some of them while
rearranging the syllables of the morphemes to maintain the Turkish syllabication sequence.
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
Hepiniz-e gven-i.yor-um.
Bana gven-me-i.yor mu-sun?
(he*pi*ni*ze / g*ve*ni*yo*rum ) (ba*na / g*ven*mi*yor / mu*sun )
I trust all of you.
Do you not trust me?
Siz-i anla-.yor-um.
(si*zi / an*l*yo*rum )
I understand you.
Siz-i anla-ma-.yor-um.
(si*zi / an*la*m*yo*rum )
I do not understand you.
152
adverbial
adverbial phrs
indefinite object
tran verb
subject
153
tran verb
indefinite obj
adverbial
definite obj
tran verb
object
adverbial phrs
adverbial
intr verb
subj
adverbial
swim
in the river.
intr verb
adverbial
Olum gn-de sekiz saat uyur. My son sleeps eight hours a day.
subject
adverbial
adverbial
intr verb
subj
intr verb
adverbial
adverbial
adverbial
adverbial
intr verb
intr verb
adverbial
adverbial
adverbial
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
[im, m, m, um]
[in, n, n, un]
[]
[ik, k, k, uk]
165
Naturally, as all the allomorphs of the [D] morpheme [di, d, d, du, ti, t,
t, tu] end with vowels, and the personal allomorphs [im, m, m, um;
in, n, n, un; ik, k, k, uk; in.iz, n.z, n.z, un.uz] start with vowels,
the first vowels of the personal allomorphs coincide with the allomorphs of
the morpheme [D] and combine, such as in di-im (dim), d-m" (dm), dm" (dm), du-um" (dum), ti-im (tim), "t-m" (tm), "t-m" (tm), "tu-um"
(tum); "di-in" (din), "ti-in" (tin), "ti-ik" (tik), "di-in.iz" (di*niz), "ti-in.iz" (ti*niz).
ki saat nce i-im-i bit-ir-di-im.
(i*ki / sa*at / n*ce / i*i*mi / bi*tir*dim )
I finished my work two hours ago.
-im-i bit-ir-di-im.
(i*i*mi / bi*tir*dim )
I have finished my work. (My work is ready now.)
Onlar geen hafta sinema-/y/a git-ti.
(on*lar / ge*en / haf*ta / si*ne*ma*ya / git*ti )
They went to the cinema last week.
Onlar sinema-/y/a git-ti.
(on*lar / si*ne*ma*ya / git*ti )
They have gone to the cinema.
(They are at the cinema or on the way to the cinema.)
O kitap- geen sene oku-du-um.
(o / ki*ta*b / ge*en / se*ne / o*ku*dum )
I read that book last year.
Kitap- oku-du-um.
(ki*ta*b / o*ku*dum )
I have read the book. (I have finished reading it.)
Biz-e inan-ma-d-n.z.
(bi*ze / i*nan*ma*d*nz )
You didn't believe us.
Bulak-lar yka-an-d bile.
(bu*la*k*lar / y*kan*d / bi*le )
The dishes have already been washed. (The dishes are clean now.)
166
Positive question:
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
Negative:
After the verb roots, stems or frames, one of the [me, ma] negation allomorphs is used; and then only the [mi, m] allomorphs follow them according to the vowel harmony rules, and finally the personal allomorphs are
added:
Positive question:
175
Negative question:
In negative questions, the [me, ma] negation allomorphs are attached to
verb roots, stems or frames:
Kap-/y/ kilit-le-me-mi-ler mi?!
(ka*p*y / ki*lit*le*me*mi*ler / mi)
Do they say that they didn't lock the door? (Im shocked to hear that.)
Ben-i gr-me-mi mi?
(be*ni / gr*me*mi / mi)
Does he say that he didn't see me? (I can't believe!) (Incredible!)
Ev dev-i-/n/i yap-ma-m m?
(ev / *de*vi*ni~ / yap*ma*m / m)
Does he say that he hasn't done his homework? (Anger and astonishment)
Daha kalk-ma-m m?
(da*ha / kalk*ma*m / m) (Surprise)
Do you say that he hasnt got up yet? (How lazy he is!)
176
177
Negative:
The negative making allomorphs of this tense are [me] or [ma], which are
followed by [e.cek] or [a.cak] allomorphs. When "me-/y/e.cek" or "ma/y/a.cak" allomorphs follow one another, the successive /e/ or /a/ vowels are
linked by the /y/ glides to maintain the harmonious link between these vowels:
Toplant-/y/a git-me-/y/e.cek-im.
(top*lan*t*ya / git*me*ye*ce*im ), or impolitely, (git*miy*cem)
I wont go to the meeting. (Refusal).
The /y/ glide is inserted between the successive e-e vowels, and the unvoiced consonant /k/ changes into the voiced form //.
Onlar-n teklif-i-/n/i kabul et-me-/y/e.cek-iz.
(on*la*rn / tek*li:*fi*ni / ka*bl / et*me*ye*ce*iz )
We will not accept their proposal.
(The /n/ and /y/ are the glides inserted between the successive i-i and e-e
vowels. The /k/ unvoiced consonant in ecek changes into the voiced //.)
Yamur ya-ma-/y/a.cak.
(ya*mur / ya*ma*ya*cak )
It is not going to rain.
(The /y/ glide is inserted between the successive a-a vowels.)
178
Negative question:
In the negative question form, [me] or [ma] negation allomorphs follow the
verb roots, stems or frames:
Biz-im-le gel-me-/y/e.cek mi-sin?
(bi*zim*le / gel*me*ye*cek / mi*sin )
Wont you come with us?
(The /y/ glide links the successive /e/ vowels.)
When the question words are involved, mi-/y/im, mi-sin, etc. are not
used:
179
180
181
Negative:
Although the negative making allomorphs of this tense are [me] and [ma],
their last vowels drop when they are attached to the allomorphs of [.YOR]:
Gel-me-i.yor-lar-d. (The /e/ drops, and the /m/ attaches to /i/.)
(gel*mi*yor*lar*d )
They were not coming.
Onlar- bekle-me-i.yor-du-uk. (Bekle is transitive in Turkish.)
(on*la*r / bek*le*mi*yor*duk )
We were not waiting for them. (Wait is intransitive in English.)
O ben-i sev-me-i.yor-du.
(o / be*ni / sev*mi*yor*du )
She wasnt in love with me. (In love is the subject complement.)
O ben-i anla-ma-.yor-du. (O ben-i anla-ma-d.)
(o / be*ni / an*la*m*yor*du )
She didnt understand me.
Uyu-ma-u.yor-du-um.
(u*yu*mu*yor*dum )
I wasn't sleeping.
Positive question:
The question allomorphs of this tense are [mi, m, m, mu]. Each one of
these allomorphs may be separately used after any stressed word in a sentence:
182
Negative question :
The [me, ma] negative allomorphs are used in negative questions as usual:
Onlar otobs-le git-me-i.yor-lar m/y/-d?
(on*lar / o*to*bs*le / git*mi*yor*lar / my*d )
Were they not going by bus?
The double underlined /e/ drops, the /m/ attaches to /i/ and the /y/ glide is
inserted between [mu] and [du]. Instead of Gitmiyor-lar myd?, Gitmiyor
muydular? is often heard.
When the question words are involved, the [mi, m, m, mu] allomorphs are
not used, and the verbs are in positive form:
Ne yap-.yor-du-un?
(ne / ya*p*yor*dun)
What were you doing?
183
Snav son-a er-dik-i/n/-de iki saattir soru-lar-a cevap ver-me-/y/e al.yor-du-um. I had been trying to answer the questions for two hours
when the exam ended. (er-dik and ver-me are infinitives.)
Iklar sn-dk-/n/-de iki saat-tir ev dev-im-i yap-.yor-du-um.
(*k*lar / sn*d*n*de / i*ki / sa*at*tir / ev / *de*vi*mi / ya*p*yor*dum)
When the lights went off, I had been doing my homework for two hours.
Otobs durak-/n/-da bekle-i.yor-du-um.
(o*to*bs / du*ra*n*da / bek*li*yor*dum )
I was waiting at the bus stop. (Past Continuous)
184
185
USED TO
Geni Zamann Hikyesi
The equivalent of the expression of used to is used in Turkish as it is used
in English. To form this expression, the simple present tense allomorphs of
[R], [ir, r, r, ur, er, ar], are used followed by [di, d, d, du] past allomorphs; and finally, (ben) [im, m, m, um]; (sen) [in, n, n, un]; (o)
[]; (biz) [ik, k, k, uk]; (siz) [in.iz, n.z, n.z, un.uz]; (onlar) [lerdi, lar-d] personal allomorphs are added. The identical i-i, -, -, u-u
vowels combine and verbalize as single vowels:
Onsekiz ya-m-da/y/-ken futbol oyna-ar-d-m.
(on*se*kiz / ya*m*day*ken / fut*bol / oy*nar*dm )
I used to play football when I was eighteen.
Biz her akam televizyon seyret-er-di-ik.
(biz / her / ak*am / te*le*viz*yon / sey*re*der*dik)
We used to watch television every evening.
Negative:
The negation allomorph, which is used without the /z/ consonant for the first
person in The Simple Present Tense (Geni Zaman) negative, is used with
the phoneme /z/ in negative used to tenses, such as git-mez, oku-maz.
After this, the allomorphs of the morpheme [D] and the personal allomorphs
follow:
Gen-ken (ben) basketbol oyna-maz-d-m.
(gen*ken / bas*ket*bol / oy*na*maz*dm )
I didnt use(d) to play basketball when I was young.
Okul-a otobs-le git-mez-di-ik.
(o*ku*la / o*to*bs*le / git*mez*dik )
We didnt use(d) to go to school by bus.
Babam gzlk-ler-i-/n/i tak-ma-am-a izin ver-mez-di.
(ba*bam / gz*lk*le*ri*ni / tak*ma*ma / i*zin / ver*mez*di )
My father didnt use(d) to let me wear his eyeglasses.
186
187
In all [mi, m, m, mu] sentences the origin and the time of the rumor
are either unknown or unimportant.
Bekle-me.li/y/-mi-im. (bek*le*me*liy*mi*im) They say that I must wait.
Bekle-me-me.li/y/-mi-im. (bek*le*me*me*liy*mi*im) They say that I mustn't wait.
Bekle-me.li mi/y/-mi-im? (bek*le*me*li / miy*mi*im) Do they say that I must wait?
Bekle-me-me.li mi/y/-mi-im? (bek*le*me*me*li / miy*mi*im) Do they say I mustn't
Bitir-e.bil-ir-mi-im. (bi*ti*re*bi*lir*mi*im) They say that I can finish.
Bitir-e.mez-mi-sin. (bi*ti*re*mez*mi*sin) They say that you can't finish.
Bitir-e.mez mi/y/-mi-im? (bi*ti*re*mez / miy*mi*im) Do they say I can't finish?
al-a.maz-lar m/y/-m? (a*l*a*maz*lar / my*m) ... that they can't work?
Jack bir Rus kz--/n/ m sev-i.yor-mu?
(jack~ / bir / rus / k*z*n / m /se*vi*yor* mu ) (Surprise)
Do they say that Jack is (was) in love with a Russian girl?
188
Jack says (or I have heard) that all girls are in love with him, which is
unbelievable.
"Mi mi", "m m", "m m", "mu mu" express unbelievable rumor.
Ben-i tan-ma-.yor mu/y/-mu? Daha neler!
(be*ni / ta*n*m*yor / muy*mu) (da*ha / ne*ler)
Does he (she) say that he (she) doesn't know me? Ridiculous!
Jack bekr deil mi/y/-mi?
(jack / be*kr / de*il / mi/y/*mi)
Have you heard that Jack isn't bachelor?
Patron bugn ok megul-mu.
(pat*ron / bu*gn / ok / me*gul*mu)
They say that the boss is very busy today.
189
subject
verb
adverb
When I arrived at the airport, the plane had already taken off.
(O) (ben-im) hangi lke-ler-e git-tik-im-i
subj
ren-mek
iste-di.
object of iste
verb
190
My wife will have been cooking in the kitchen for three hours by the
time the visitors arrive.
191
192
193
1 (b).The same [mek, mak] infinitives are used before yerine and
iin postpositions:
Bahe-de al-mak yerine tenis oyna-d-k.
infinitive (noun)
postp
postp phrs (adverbial)
194
(The functions of English infinitives are of two kinds; some of them are
adverbal written in green, some others are nominal written in black.)
Yepyeni bir araba al-mak iin para biriktir-i.yor-uz.
(yep*ye*ni / bir / a*ra*ba / al*mak / i*in / pa*ra / bi*rik*ti*ri*yo*ruz )
We are saving money to buy a brand new car.
Onlar- gr-mek iin pencere-den bak-t-m.
(on*la*r / gr*mek / i*in ~/ pen*ce*re*den / bak*tm )
I looked out of the window to see them.
Onu bitir-mek iin zaman-a ihtiya-m.z var.
(o*nu / bi*tir*mek / i*in ~/ za*ma:*na / ih*ti*ya:*c*mz / var )
We need time to finish it.
Cumhurbakan-/n/ gr-mek iin herkes ayak-a kalk-t. (a*ya*a)
Everybody stood up to see the president.
Yabanc dil ren-mek iin ok al-mak zorunda-sn.
(ya*ban*c / dil / *ren*mek / i*in~ / ok / a*l*mak / zo*run*da*sn )
You have to study hard to learn a foreign language.
Ben-i anla-mak iin dikkat-le dinle.
(be*ni / an*la*mak / i*in ~/ dik*kat*le / din*le )
Listen carefully to understand me.
Islan-ma-mak iin emsiye-/s/i-/n/i al-d. (Negative infinitive)
(s*lan*ma*mak / i*in / em*si*ye*si*ni / al*d )
She took her umbrella not to get wet.
Beni daha iyi gr-mek iin gzlk-ler-i-/n/i tak-t.
(be*ni / da*ha / i*yi / gr*mek / i*in / gz*lk*le*ri*ni / tak*t )
She put her glasses on to see me better.
195
1 (c). The infinitives with [mek, mak] are used as objects of the
verb iste" and the adverbial "zoru/n/-da" ("want, wish" and "have
to")
Trke ren-mek iste-i.yor-um.
(trk*e / *ren*mek / is*ti*yo*rum )
I want to learn Turkish. (The infinitives written in black are objects.)
Trke ren-mek zoru/n/-da-/y/m.
(trk*e / *ren*mek / zo*run*da*ym )
I have to learn Turkish.
Bulak-lar- yka-mak iste-me-i.yor-um.
(bu*la*k*la*r / y*ka*mak / is*te*mi*yo*rum )
I dont want to wash the dishes.
Bu kitap- oku-mak iste-i.yor mu-sun?
(bu / ki*ta*b / o*ku*mak / is*ti*yor / mu*sun )
Do you want to read this book?
Canm okul-a git-mek iste-me-i.yor.
(ca*nm / o*ku*la / git*mek / is*te*mi*yor )
I dont feel like going to school.
196
197
All the shared identical e-e, a-a vowels combine, and the single underlined syllables detach from their syllables and attach to the first vowels of
the following allomorphs.
198
verb
(biz-im)
zaman-n-da
The rain
prevented
us
from going
to the theatre
in time.
subject
verb
object
prep phrs
adverbial
prep phrs
adverbial
prep phrs
adverbial
(Ben)
subj
(sen-in)
byle
davran-ma-an-
199
anla-ma-.yor-um.
verb
adverbial possessive
owned-u
possessive
owned
indef obj verb
definite noun comp (obj of tle) def noun comp (obj of rica et)
definite object
definite object
(chain noun compound) definite object
The mental development of this last sentence contains two simple sentences:
1 . O ben-im siyah pantolonum-u tlesin. 2. Ben ondan bu-/n/u rica ettim.
The first simple sentence is transformed and nominalized as onun benim
siyah pantolonumu tlemesi, and then it is embedded and used in place
of the object bu-/n/u in the second sentence:
(Ben) o/n/-dan (benim) siyah pantolon-um-u (onun) tle-me-/s/i-/n/i rica et-ti-im
(si*yah / pan*to*lo*nu*mu / *t*le*me*si*ni / ri*ca: / et*tim )
I asked her to iron my black trousers.
Ben, benim and onun words are optional because they are understood
from the suffixes in etti-/im/", "pantolon-um and tle-me-/s/i
(Ben) Mary/n/in
piyano
al-ma-/s/-/n/ seyret-ti-im.
|
verb
|
verb
onun-la
evlen-me-em
possessive
adverbial
owned
(noun compound) subject
subject complement
200
verb
201
202
indefinite obj
ver-di.
verb
possessive noun
adv
adv
adverbial
owned-/n/e
(noun + infinitive compound + [e]) adverbial phrase
verb
My father got angry about my sisters going to the cinema alone at night.
Babam, araba-/s/-/n/ (ben-im) kullan-ma-am-a hi izin ver-me-i.yor.
(ba*bam / a*ra*ba*s*n / kul*lan*ma*ma / hi / i*zin / ver*mi*yor )
My father is never allowing me to use his car. (Benim is optional.)
Babam (ben-im) balk tut-ma-/y/a git-me-em-e itiraz et-ti.
(ba*bam / ba*lk / tut*ma*ya / git*me*me / i:*ti*ra:z / et*ti )
My father objected to my going fishing.
203
verb
her ey-i
anla-ma-/s//n/-dan
owned-dan
kork-u.yor-um.
verb
subj complement
204
3 (a). The third kind of noun + infinitive compounds are made by adding
[i, , , u] allomorphs to verb roots, stems or frames such as: ben-im
gl--m, sen-in bak--n, which means my way of smiling, your way
of looking, etc. When these compounds take [E], [DE] or [DEN] morphemes,
they become adverbials:
Gl--m-e (g*l**me) hayran-dr.
She adores my way of smiling.
Bana bak--n- zle-di-im. (ba*k**n)
I missed your way of looking at me.
Gitar al--m- sev-er. (a*l**m)
He likes my way of playing the guitar.
Ev-e dn--m-den mutlu ol-du-lar.
They became happy about my coming back home.
4 (a). The following noun + infinitive compound is widely used in transforming simple sentences into syntactic nominal phrases or "modifiers".
The following example shows how a simple sentence is transformed into a
noun + infinitive compound, and then how it is used as a syntactic nominal phrase in a sentence:
possessive pronoun + verb - [dik, dk, dk, duk, tik, tk, tk, tuk][possessive personal allomorph]
(ben-im)
yz-dk-m
possessive
owned
(O)
subj
verb
Note: In the sentence above, the /k/ phoneme changes into the voiced //,
and the last [] is the definer that defines the nominal phrase benim
deniz-de yz-dk-m.
205
modifier
subj complement
subj complement
The owned parts of the noun + infinitive compounds are also used as
objects of postpositions (English prepositions):
(Ben-im) her zaman okula ge geldik-im iin ngilizce gretmeni-im beni azarlad.
noun infinitive comp (object of iin) +
postp
postpositional adverbial phrase of cause
subject
object
verb
preposition
nominal phrs (object of because of)
prepositional adverbial phrase of cause
A final note that should be added to the above explanations is that as the
infinitives are made up of verbs, they can take objects like verbs when they
are transitive, but if they are intransitive, they can take only adverbs or
adverbials. The sentences that contain infinitives are produced as follows:
1. O ben-i bekle-sin. o-/n/un ben-i bekle-me-/s/i
2. Ben bu-/n/u istiyor-um.
If the first nominalized phrase is used in the place of bunu in the second
sentence, we produce the following sentence containing a noun compound:
(Ben) (o-/n/un) ben-i bekle-me-/s/i-/n/i iste-i.yor-um.
(be*ni / bek*le*me*si*ni / is*ti*yo*rum )
I want him to wait for me.
206
207
MODALS
PRESENT MODALS
While English modals are made of auxiliary verbs, Turkish modals are made
either of morphemes, or of words, or of both. They convey nearly the same
concepts as they do in English. Therefore, instead of giving detailed boring
explanations of the Turkish modals, we prefer giving English equivalents of
them, which we think, might be more useful. Moreover, the English sentences given as the equivalents of the Turkish modals can be considered more
satisfactory and precise than detailed English explanations of them, which
may lead to misunderstanding.
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
should or ought to
(Gerek-ir) (Advice)
In order to compose this modal concept, one of the personal possessive
allomorphs is attached to the owned part of a noun + infinitive compound. In the second parts of this compound, the second type of infinitives
are used, which are made by attaching [me, or ma] allomorphs to verb roots,
stems or frames, such as: git-me, bekle-me, bekle-en-me, satn al-ma,
satn al-n-ma, ezberle-me, ezber-len-me, spr-l-me, etc.
The personal possessive allomorphs attached to the infinitive parts of the
noun + infinitive compounds are in the following list:
(ben-im)
(sen-in)
(o-/n/un)
(biz-im)
(siz-in)
(onlar-n)
[em, am]
[en, an]
[/s/i, /s/]
[em.iz, am.z]
[en.iz, an.z]
[/s/i, /s/] or [leri, lar]
(bekle-me-em) ( ko-ma-am)
(bekle-me-en) (ko-ma-an)
(bekle-me-si) (ko-ma-s)
(bekle-me-em.iz) (ko-ma-am.z)
(bekle-me-en.iz) (ko-ma-an.z)
(bekle-me-si) (ko-ma-s)
In short, bekle-me-em means ben-im bekle-me-em because the em attached to bekle-me means ben-m. Therefore, the possessive pronoun
ben-im is generally ignored.
Finally, after the above possessive pronoun + infinitive compounds
gerek-ir verb is used as a separate word:
216
verb
verb
217
PAST MODALS
Could
Could expresses ability in the past. To express the same concept in
Turkish, main verb-[e.bil, a.bil]-[i.yor]-[du]-[pers] verb composition
should be used:
Yedi ya-m-da/y/-ken yz-e.bil-i.yor-du-um.
(ye*di / ya*m*day*ken / y*ze*bi*li*yor*dum )
I could swim when I was seven years old. (Ability in the past)
218
219
220
PERFECT MODALS
must have verb - [mi, m, m, mu] + [ol-ma.l]-[pers]
221
222
cant have
The verb chain above is used to form a verb composition to convey past
impossibility. In doing this, when [a.maz] negation allomorph is attached to
the first person personal allomorph [am], the /z/ consonant drops, the /a-a/
vowels combine, and they verbalize as a single vowel:
223
224
225
226
227
TRANSFORMATIONS (ENGLISH)
The transformational activity of the mind has two interactive functions. One
of these functions is to recall the morphemes of his native language matching his set of thought before producing a simple sentence using the innate
228
229
predicate
You can see the boys (who are) swimming in the lake.
subj
verb
230
verb
where (adverbial)
how (adverbial)
why (adverbial)
The question words under the lines and the answers to them on the lines
are the basic conceptual elements of thought of simple sentences in languages. Therefore, I avoid using the term kernel sentence in this book. For
instance, when you hear the word went, you want to find answers in your
mind to the questions who? and where? because only the word went
does not convey satisfactory information. If you hear the sentence Jane
went to the supermarket, your mind accepts it as a reasonable and satisfactory sentence. Additionally, when the simple sentences are nominalized in
Turkish, they are nominalized together with the adverbials that they contain.
231
know
it.
subj
verb
object
What do I know?
I know that Jane went to the supermarket by bus to buy some toys for her children.
subj verb
232
The same nominal phrases can be used as the objects of some prepositions, as well:
It depends on what Jane says.
object of on
233
Why didnt you come to the party? why I didnt come to the party
Jane wonders why I didnt come to the party.
(nominal phrase) object
Where am I? where I am
You cant guess where I am.
(nominal phrase) object
What am I interested in? what I am interested in
You cant guess what I am interested in.
(nominal phrase) object
234
noun
noun
To modify the underlined noun girls, the girls that (who) is put in the
beginning of the sentence, and the rest of it is added to it without being
changed:
the girls who were picking flowers in the garden" is constructionally a
noun + modifier compound, but syntactically it is a syntactic nominal
phrase that can be used as a subject or an object in a sentence:
The girls who were picking flowers in the garden were my students.
det
noun
modifier
(synt nominal phrase) subject
subject complement
predicate
The same simple sentence can also be transformed so as the noun flowers could be modified by the rest of the sentence. To carry out this transformation activity, the flowers that (which) is used as the head of the
transformed phrase, and the rest of the sentence is left unchanged.
In this way, the transformed phrase the flowers that the girls were
picking in the garden can be used in "NP+VP" logical sentence pattern
as a NP. Incidentally, it is necessary to say that all the suffxes used in
transforming sentences into nominal phrases in Turkish are inflectional.
The flowers that the girls were picking in the garden were beautiful.
det
noun
(nominal phrase) subject
modifier
subject complement
predicate
saw the flowers that the girls were picking in the fields.
subj verb
The same process above can also be initiated to modify the noun garden:
the garden in which (where) the girls were picking flowers
det
noun
modifier
nominal phrase
The garden in which the girls were picking flowers was not in good condition.
(nominal phrase) subject
subject complement
The same transformed phrases can be used in other parts of different sentences, as well:
I
didnt know
subj
verb
235
verb
The simple sentences with verbs be and have (got) are transformed as
follows:
The roses were red the roses that were red the red roses
simple sentence
nominal phrase
There are some books on the table. the books that are on the table
simple sentence
nominal phrase
want
to borrow
subj
verb
are
mine
nominal phrase
nominal phrase
The car that I have got is a second-hand car. My car is a second-hand car.
(nominal phrase) subject
subject complement
subject
subject complement
236
verb complement
noun
successive modifiers
(nominal phrase) object
Contrary to the above sentence production, if we start with the first simple
sentence, the complex sentence will become as follows:
Jack caught the fish that Mr. Brown cleaned that Mary fried that Jane ate.
If you try to understand the sentence above, it sounds funny, doesnt it? How
can Jack catch the fish that Jane ate? A fish cannot be caught after it has
been eaten.
This example shows us that while producing complex sentences out of simple sentences, one should be careful about the sequence of the modifiers.
Furthermore, only the words that jack caught that Mr. Brown cleaned
that Mary fried that Jane ate do not make sense without the words the
fish, which complete the chain of modifiers as a NP although the words
the fish are in the beginning of the sentence. Therefore, one can say that
all natural languages may be infinitely long as long as they are approved by
the Phrase Structure rules, and so long as the human short-term memory
can tolerate them.
An example from a Turkish sentence may clarify the explanation above:
Jackin yakalad, Mr. Brownn temizledii, Marynin piirdii (?) sequence of words do not make sense without the word balk, which is the
final word of the nominal phrase in Turkish. Moreover, to complete this
237
verb
complemet
To sum up, we can say that whether sentences are infinitely long or short,
they end up in NP + VP inborn logical sentence-producing system.
A final point to add to the explanations above is that the final word in Turkish
is at the end of a NP, but in English, it is in the beginning. The reason
why we begin organizing the logical simple sentences beginning with the last
simple sentence and going on to the first one in English is that the mind organizes the transformed phrases starting with the last one and going to the
first. However, in Turkish, this process is just the opposite; the mind does
not start with the last sentence, it starts with the first one, and goes on to
the last because the final word balk, which binds the nominal phrase, is
at the end of the nominal phrase.
when, while, before, after, as soon as, until, since, just as,
PLACE
where, wherever
MANNER
as, how
DEGREE
as... as, not so ...as, the ... the, so long as, as long as
COMPARISON
CAUSE
CONTRAST
PURPOSE
RESULT
CONDITION:
if, unless
238
when:
while:
before:
after:
as soon as:
until:
by the time:
just as:
since:
where:
wherever:
as:
as ... as:
so ... as:
than:
because:
as:
since:
239
although:
even if:
while:
so that:
They ran to the bus stop so that they shouldnt miss the bus.
in case:
so... that:
The book was so boring that I was able to read only a few
pages.
Such... that:
leave home.
so:
if :
unless:
240
kime?
niin?
ne zaman?
nasl?
nereye?
ne yapt?
def object
verb
subj
def object
(Ben) Aye/n/in okul-a git-tik-i-/n/i bil-i.yor-um. I know that Aye went to school.
subject (noun compound) definite object
predicate
verb
subj verb
241
passive verb
passive verb
noun
modifier
nominal phrase
def obj
verb
In the sentence above, no question words are used, and the noun compound is used as a subject.
Kimin spermaket-e git-tik-i ben-i ilgilendir-mez. (git-tik is an infinitve.)
(The question word kim-in is added.) (*Kimin gitmesi is not used.)
Aye/n/in supermarket-e niin git-tik-i ben-i ilgilendir-mez.
(git*ti*i) (The question word niin is added.)
242
verb
def object
verb
verb
object
verb
(Ben) onun ben-i sev-dik-i-/n/i tahmin et-i.yor-um. I guess that she loves me.
subject (noun compound) def object indef obj
predicate
243
verb
244
245
The infinitives with [dik, dk, dk, duk, tik, tk, tk, tuk]:
(Ben) balk tut-ar-m. (Simple Present) ben-im balk tut-tuk-um
(Ben) balk tut-u.yor-um. (Present Continuous) ben-im balk tut-tuk-um
(Ben) balk tut-u.yor-du-um. (Past continuous) ben-im balk tut-tuk-um
(Ben) balk tut-ar-d-m. (used to) ben-im balk tut-tuk-um
(Ben) iki saat-tir balk tut-u.yor-um. ben-im iki saat-tir balk tut-tuk-um
(Ben) balk tut-a.cak-m. (Simple Future) ben-im balk tut-a.cak-m
(Ben) balk tut-mu-tu-um. (Past Perfect) ben-im balk tut-mu ol-duk-um
In the examples above, the single underlined consonants detach from their
syllables and attach to the first vowels of the following morphemes, and if the
e-e, a-a, i-i, -, -, u-u identical vowels follow one another,
they combine and verbalize as single vowels e, a, i, , , u
according to the harmony rule. Besides, the /k/ unvoiced consonants change
into their voiced counterpart // when they detach from their syllables and
attach to the first vowels of the following morphemes.
As the two parts of the noun compounds have personal possessive suffixes
(allomorphs) loaded with the same meaning, only the owned parts of the
compounds can be used without the possessive parts (possessive adjectives).
For instance:
In the sentence, (Ben-im) baba-am (ben-im) al-ma-am- istiyor, babaam means, ben-im baba-am, and al-ma-am means, ben-im al-ma-
246
verb
subject
verb
predicate
predicate
verb
subject
(Sen) balk tut-tuk-um-u gr-m-yor mu-sun? Don't you see that I am catching fish?
Subject (noun comp) def obj
predicate
verb
247
verb
verb
cant guess
subj
indef obj
verb
verb
kesin
deil.
subj complement
verb
is not
certain.
The (ben) and (benim) parts of the above compounds are optional. They are
not used unless they are intentionally stressed.
verb
248
|
verb
Even I don't know when Ill have finished it. (Even" is an intensifier.)
subject
verb
indef obj
verb
verb
249
possessive
owned
owned
owned
sen-in anne-en-in kitap--/n/n kapak--/n/n renk-i = four possessives and one owned
chain possessives
nominal phrase
owned
owned
The last nonsense word ey-i ends the sequence and turns it into a nominal phrase.
The possessive sequences that are not put into Nominal Phrases are incomplete chains of words. For instance, that Jack built that Mary bought
that Mr. Brown lived in is an incomplete infinite sequence of modifiers if
the house is not put in the beginning of the sequence. When this is done,
the house that Jack built that Mary bought that Mr. Brown lived in becomes
a nominal phrase suitable to be used in the subject and predicate logical
sentence-producing system.
In such English sequences, the noun that ends the infinite sequence of modifiers is at the beginning of a nominal phrase contrary to a Turkish nominal
phrase, where the final word is at the end.
As it is seen in the meaningless chain, the infinite chain is ended with ey-i.
All noun compounds, whether they are made up of two, three, or even more
parts (chain noun compounds), they syntactically function as one single
nominal phrase in sentences:
(Ben) onu hatrla-.yor-um. I remember her.
subj def obj
verb
subj
verb
250
def object
verb
subj
verb
definite object
verb
subj
verb
verb
subj verb
The underlined part of the Turkish sentence above is a chain noun compound that acts as a syntactic nominal phrase in the sentence. In the
Turkish sentence, the /k/ consonant changes into the // voiced consonant,
and the /n/ glide links the last two vowels.
(Sen) doktor-sun. (sen-in) doktor ol-duk-un (ol*du*un)
simple sentence
noun compound
Herkes (sen-in) doktor ol-duk-un-u biliyor. Everybody knows that you are a doctor.
subject
verb
subject
verb
The [u] allomorph above is one of the allomorphs of the defining [] morpheme.
Btn kzlar gzel-dir. btn kzlar-n gzel ol-duk-u- (ol*du*u)
simple sentence
noun compound
noun clause
verb
noun compound
251
noun clause
nemli deil.
noun compound
noun clause
verb
verb
verb
verb
noun clause
The simple sentences containing verbs other than be are also nominalized
using possessive + owned noun compounds. As there are no clauses in
Turkish, they lose their time concepts as usual when simple sentences are
transformed into noun compounds. However, some others keep them when
they are nominalized. The tenses that result in the same transformed nominal phrases are as follows:
(Ben) ev-i temizle-er-im. (benim) ev-i temizle-dik-im-(i) (Simple Present)
(Ben) ev-i temizle-i.yor-um. (benim) ev-i temizle-dik-im-(i) (Present continuous or Present Perfect Continuous)
252
verb
verb
verb
subj verb
253
verb
254
nominal phrase
predicate
I will sell my old car tomorrow. that I will sell my old car tomorrow
simple sentence
That I will sell my old car tomorrow is not certain. (It is not certain that
subject (noun clause)
predicate
(Sen) (ben-im) yarn eski araba-am- sat-a.cak-m- bil-me-i.yor mu-sun?
subj
verb
nominal phrase
subj
verb
255
verb
verb
verb
I
subj
verb
256
subj complement
subj complemet
def object
verb
verb
object
verb (passive)
(The reason) why the questions were so difficult should have been
explained by the teacher.
(Sen-in) dolap-ta gr-dk-n bir iskelet ol-a.maz.
(noun compound) subject
subj complement
verb
subject complement
257
verb (passive)
verb (passive)
adverb
subject complement
adverbial phrase
verb (passive)
verb (passive)
adverbial phrase
noun 2
noun 3
1. tarlalar-da iek topla-/y/an kzlar the girls who are picking flowers in the fields
modifier
noun
2. kzlar-n iek topla-dk- tarlalar the fields where the girls are picking flowers
modifier
noun
3. kzlar-n tarlalar-da topla-dk- iekler the flowers that the girls are picking in the fiels
modifier
noun
258
modifier
259
noun
modifier
noun
modifier
noun
As all the modifier + noun (Turkish), or noun + modifier (English) compounds are syntactic nominal phrases, they can be used in the subject +
predicate basic sentence pattern as Nominal Phrases because they constitute nominal phrases together.
1. Mutfakta patates soy-an iki kz ben-im kzlar-m-dr. (so*yan)
(nominal phrase) subject
verb
If the simple sentences from which the transformed phrases were in different
tenses, except the future and the past perfect tenses, the result would also
be the same transformed phrases above:
Mutfakta iki kz patates soyar, soyuyor, soydu, soyuyordu, soyard are
all transformed as mutfakta patates soyan kzlar or kzlarn soyduu
patatesler, or kzlarn patates soyduu mutfak.
The English equivalents of the sentences above are as follows:
1. the two girls that are peeling potatoes in the kitchen
noun (1)
modifier
modifier
modifier
As all the noun + modifier compounds are syntactic nominal phrases, they
can be used in the subject + predicate basic sentence pattern as Nominal
Phrases:
The two girls that are peeling potatoes in the kitchen are my daughters.
(nominal phrase) subject
The kitchen where the two girls are peeling potatoes is very large.
(nominal phrase) subject
260
saw the two girls that were peeling potatoes in the kitchen.
subj verb
As an exception, the sentences in The Simple Future and The Past Perfect Tenses are transformed as follows:
(Ben) bir problem z-e.cek-im. (ben-im) z-e.cek-im problem
simple sentence
modifier
noun
noun
modifier
(Benim) z-e.cek-im problem ok zor. The problem that I will solve is very difficult.
(nominal phrase) subject
subj comp
ok zor-du.
noun
intransitive verb
passive verb
261
sol-du
Geen hafta bana bir cep telefon-u al-d-n. geen hafta bana al-dk-n cep telefon-u
Geen hafta bana al-dk-n cep telefon-u-/n/u kaybet-ti-im.
(nominal phrase) definite object
verb
262
The students who have been waiting for their teachers for an hour are being impatient.
(nominal phrase) subject
263
(noun compound)
(noun compound)
(noun compound)
(noun compound)
When the same sentence is transformed into the modifier+noun compound, the transformed phrases may change as follows:
"ben-im dn bahe-de bulduum
"bahe-de ben-im dn bulduum
"dn ben-im bahe-de bulduum
"ben-im bahe-de dn bulduum
As one can notice, the indefinite modifier "bir" is not used in the above transformed phrases because the word "bul-duk-um" becomes a definite modifier
that modifies the noun "saat", which proves that "benim dn bahede bulduum" and the following three are modifiers. In the transformed phrases
above, the last syllables before the words bul-duk-um are primarily
stressed which shows the importance given to these words. If the second
noun "bahe" is modified, the transformed phrase becomes as follows:
264
We can give the following table to sum up the above transformational rules:
1. benim gitmem
= NP
2. benim gidiim
= NP
3. benim gittiim
4. benim gittiim
5. benim gideceim
= NP
6. benim gideceim
= NP
= NP
= NP
= NP
= NP
In the examples above, only the first person is given; the other persons
might have been given accordingly, which would not change the result. Nr.1
and Nr.2 compounds can only be used as noun compounds, such as
Benim oraya gitmem olanaksz. or Benim gidiim-i bekliyor
Nr. 3 and 4; 5 and 6; 7 and 8; and 9 and 10 are used both as noun compounds and as modifiers such as: Benim gittiim-i grd. (syntactic nominal phrase). However, Benim gittiim okul" is structurally a modifier +
noun compound, but syntactically it is a nominal phrase. Therefore, these
noun compounds are used both as noun compounds and as modifiers. As
in all infinitives, the infinitive parts of these compounds may have one or
more adverbials preceding to supply them with time, place, reason, etc:
Benim
geen hafta bir futbol ma seyretmek iin Bursaya gitme-em karm- kzdr-d.
possessive adverbial.
adverbial
owned
def obj
verb
My going to Bursa last week to watch a football match made my wife mad.
(Ben-im) geen hafta bir ift ayakkab almak iin git-tik-im dkkn ok kalablk-t.
modifier
noun
The shop where I went to buy a pair of shoes last week was very crowded.
265
When a verb ends with a consonant (V ), one of the [il, l, l, ul] allomorphs is attached to it before the time and personal allomorphs:
passive verb
predicate
|
passive verb
predicate
Davetiye-ler bas-l-.yor.
(da:*ve*ti*ye*ler / ba*s*l*yor )
The invitations are being printed.
imdi ne yap-l-a.bil-ir?
(im*di / ne / ya*p*la*bi*lir )
What can be done now?
266
267
The verbs ending with vowels (V ) are put into the passive form by using
the following verb composition. In this composition, as the last vowels and
the first vowels of the passive making allomorphs are identical, they combine and they are used as single vowels:
268
269
TRANSITIVE
CAUSATIVE
PASSIVE
REFLEXIVE
a
ak
a
akt
al
anla
anlat
atr
akttr
aldr
al
aktl
aln
anlal
anlatl
al
anlattr
270
RECIPROCAL
aln
anla
art
atla
az
bak
bat
bala
bayl
bekle
bin
bit
bk
cay
co
al
al
arp
atla
k
dal
dayan
damla
TRANSITIVE
CAUSATIVE
PASSIVE
ara
artr
as
ar
aykla
at
atlat
azdr
bitir
bktr
boz
bl
bul
bk
caydr
cotur
al
al(tr)
arptr
atlat
ek
iz
rp
kert
z
daldr
daya
arat
artrt
astr
art
ayklat
attr
atlattr
azdrt
baktr
bastr
batrt
balattr
baylt
beklet
beklettir
beslet
bitir
bildir
bindir
bitirt
bktrt
bozdur
bldr
buldur
bktr
caydrt
coturt
aldr
altrt
arptrt
atlattr
ektir
izdir
rptr
kerttir
zdr
daldrt
dayat
aran
artrl
asl
arl
ayklan
atl
atlatl
azdrl
bakl
basl
batrl
balatl
bayltl
beklen
bekletil
beslen
biil
bilin
binil
bitiril
bkl
bozul
bln
bulun
bkl
cayl
damlat
damlattr
bas
batr
balat
bayl
bekle
beklet
besle
bi
bil
aln
altrl
arpl
atlatl
ekil
izil
rpl
kertil
zl
daldrl
dayatl
dayanl
damlatl
271
REFLEXIVE
RECIPROCAL
at
bakn
bak
balan
bekle
beslen
bozul
bln
bozu
bl
bulu
arp
ekin
eki
rpn
zn
z
dala
dayan
de
dei
do
dol
don
doy
dn
dn
d
dn
es
esne
ge
gel
gez
TRANSITIVE
CAUSATIVE
PASSIVE
de
dedir
dein
deitir
del
dene
denetle
dengele
dik
dinle
dila
dour
doku
doldur
dondur
doyur
dk
dndr
dndr
duy
drt
dr
dn
ekle
elle
engelle
ertele
estir
dedirt
dedirt
denil
deil
deinil
deitiril
delin
denen
denetlen
dengelen
dikil
dinlen
dlan
dourul
dokun
doldurul
dondurul
doyurul
dkl
dndrl
dnl
duyurul
drtl
drl
dnl
eklen
ellen
engellen
ertelen
estiril
eitle
esnet
et
ez
frlat
ge
ger
getir
gez
gster
eitlet
esnet
ettir
ezdir
frlattr
geir
gerdir
getirt
gezdir
gstert
deitirt
deldir
denet
denetlet
dengelet
diktir
dinlet
dlat
dourt
dokut
doldurt
dondurt
doyurt
dktr
dndrt
dndrt
duyurt
drttr
drt
dndrt
eklet
ellet
engellet
ertelet
estirt
eitlen
esnetil
edil
ezil
frlatl
geil
geril
getiril
gezdiril
gsteril
giril
gir
272
REFLEXVE
RECIPROCAL
dei
dolu
dkn
dn
drt
elle
esnen
esne
gein
gerin
gezin
giri
TRANSITIVE
CAUSATIVE
git
gl
in
sr
ile
ka
kal
kan
kar
karla
kzar
kok
giy
gr
gster
gldr
hala
hatrla
hazrla
hesapla
i
indir
sr
slat
iit
ilet
inkr et
it
izle
kar
gstert
gldrt
halat
hatrlat
hazrlat
hesaplat
iir
indirt
srt
slattr
iittir
ilettir
inkr ettir
ittir
izlet
kart
kandr
kap
kapat
kapla
karala
kartr
karlatr
kas
ka
kat
kaydet
kayr
kaz
kes
kr
ky
kz
kzart
kokla
kandrt
kaptr
kapattr
kaplat
karalat
kartrt
karlatrt
kastr
kat
kattr
kaydettir
kayrt
kazdr
kestir
krdr
kydr
kzdr
kzarttr
koklat
273
PASSIVE
gidil
giyil
grl
gsteril
gln
halan
hatrlan
hazrlan
hesaplan
iil
indiril
srl
slatl
iitil
iletil
inkr edil
itil
izlen
karl
kaln
kandrl
kapl
kapatl
kaplan
karalan
karl
karlatrl
kasl
kan
yaydedil
kay()rl
kazl
kesil
krl
kyl
kzl
kzartl
koklan
REFLEXIVE
RECIPROCAL
giyin
grn
gr
gl
hazrlan
hesapla
slan
iti
kan
ka
kap
kapan
kasl
kan
kesi
kr
kz
kokla
TRANSITIVE
CAUSATIVE
PASSIVE
kon
konu
kop
kork
kondur
konutur
kopar
korkut
koru
kondurt
konuturt
kopart
korkut
korut
kotur
koydur
kurdur
kuruttur
kurulat
kusturt
kstrt
kuruttur
kurulat
lekelet
okuttur
onart
oturttur
oydur
oyalat
oynat
ltr
det
ldrt
ptr
rdr
rttr
ttrt
vdr
patlattr
piirt
kondurul
konuul
koparl
korkutul
korun
koul
koyul
kurul
kurutul
kurulan
kusul
ksl
kurutul
kurulan
lekelen
okun
onarl
oturul
oyul
ko
kuru
kus
ks
kuru
oku
otur
oyna
patla
pi
sap
sark
koy
kur
kurut
kurula
kustur
kstr
kurut
kurula
lekele
oku
onar
oturt
oy
oyala
oyna
l
de
ldr
p
r
rt
ttr
v
patlat
piir
san
sakla
saptr
sar
sarkt
sars
sat
say
se
REFLEXIVE
RECIPROCAL
korun
kou
kurulan
ks
kurulan
oturu
oyalan
oynan
ll
den
ldrl
pl
rl
rtl
vl
patlatl
piiril
sanl
saklan
saptrl
sarl
sarktl
sarsl
satl
sayl
seil
saklat
saptrt
sardr
sarkt(tr)
sarstr
sattr
saydr
setir
274
oyna
l
de
ln
p
rtn
rt
t
vn
saklan
sarn
sarsl
say
TRANSITIVE
CAUSATIVE
PASSIVE
REFLEXIVE
RECIPROCAL
sevdir
seyrettir
sezdir
sdrt
sevil
seyredil
sezil
sl
sevin
sevi
sev
seyret
sez
sdr
sn
sk
szdr
sil
sindir
sout
soldur
sor
sorgula
soy
sk
sndr
sktr
szdrt
sildir
sindirt
souttur
soldurt
sordurt
sorgulat
soydur
sktr
sndrt
svdr
sylet
skl
szdrl
silin
sindiril
soutul
soldurul
sorul
sorgulan
soyul
skl
sndrl
skn
sk
sylen
sunul
susturul
srtl
sslen
szl
artl
iiril
takl
taran
tarl
sylen
tan
tan
temizlen
tercih edil
tutul
uurul
umul
unutul
uydurul
uyarl
uygulan
uyutul
temizlen
sz
sin
sou
sol
sn
sv
sus
a
i
ta
uy
uyu
syle
sun
sustur
srt
ssle
sz
art
iir
tak
tara
tar
ta
tat
temizle
tercih et
tut
uur
um
unut
uydur
uyar
uygula
uyut
susturt
srttr
sslet
szdr
arttr
iirt
taktr
tarat
tart
tat
tattr
temizlet
tercih ettir
tuttur
uurt
unuttur
uydurt
uyart
uygulat
uyuttur
275
soyun
srtn
sslen
ar
iin
takn
taran
sv
syle
susu
srt
tak
tutu
uu
uyu
uyun
ya
yan
yaa
yerle
yeti
yksel
yr
yz
uzattr
flet
tlet
zdr
verdir
vurdur
yadrt
yakalat
yaktr
yaattr
yazdr
yedirt
uzat
fle
tle
z
ver
vur
yadr
yakala
yak
yaat
yaz
yedir
yen
yerletir
yetitir
y
yka
yldr
yrt
yut
yor
ykselt
yrt
yzdr
uzatl
flen
tlen
zl
veril
vurul
yakalan
yakl
yaatl
yazdrl
yediril
yenil
yerleil
yetiil
yl
ykan
yldrl
yrtl
yutul
yorul
ykseltil
yrtl
yzl
yerletirt
yetitirt
ydr
ykat
yldrt
yrttr
yuttur
ykselttir
yrttr
yzdrt
uzan
vuru
yakn
yaan
yaz
yeni
ykan
yrtn
yorul
yrn
yz
276
Double causative forms are rarely used in Turkish, therefore they are not
put in the verb frames list above:
Araba-am- ykat-trt-t-m.
(a*ra*ba*m / y*kat*trt*tm )
I asked someone to have my car washed. (double causative)
277
278
a:
iek-ler sabah-le.yin a-ar.
(i*ek*ler / sa*bah*le*yin / a*ar )
Flowers open in the morning. (Open is an intransitive verb.)
Jack kap-/y/ a-t.
(jack / ka*p*y / a*t )
Jack opened the door. (Open is a transitive verb.)
Jacke kap-/y/ a-tr-d-m. (Causative)
(ce*ke / ka*p*y / a*tr*dm )
I made (had) Jack open the door.
Kap-/y/ a-tr-d-m. (Causative)
(ka*p*y / a*tr*dm )
I had the door opened.
Kap bil-in-me-/y/en bir kii tarafndan a-l-d. (Passive)
(ka*p / bi*lin*me*yen / bir / ki*i / ta*ra*fn*dan / a*l*d )
The door was opened by an unknown person.
279
al:
Kitap- al-d-m. (Transitive)
(ki*ta*b / al*dm )
I have taken (received, bought) the book.
Kitap- satn aldr-d-m. (Causative)
(ki*ta*b / sa*t *nal*dr*dm ) (Liaison)
I (have) had the book bought.
Kitap- satn al-drt-t-m. (Double causative)
(ki*ta*b / sa*t*nal*dr(t)*tm ) (Liaison)
I asked someone to have the book bought.
Kitap satn al-n-d. (Passive)
(ki*tap / sa*t*na*ln*d ) (Liaison)
The book has been bought.
Kitap- satn al-dr-d-m. (Causative)
(ki*ta*b / sa*tn / al*dr*dm )
I have had the book bought.
Aldr-ma! (An expression)
(al*dr*ma )
Never mind!
Elma-lar Ahmete al-dr-l-d. (Passive causative)
(el*ma*lar / ah*me*te / al*d*rl*d )
Ahmet was made to buy the apples.
Elma-lar- Ahmete al-dr-d. (Causative)
(el*ma*la*r / ah*me*te / al*dr*d )
She had Ahmet buy the apples.
280
anla:
Jack ders-i anla-d. (Transitive)
(jack / der*si / an*la*d )
Jack understood the lesson.)
Ders anla-l-d. (Passive)
(ders / an*la*l*d )
The lesson has been understood.
Onlar anla-t-lar. (Reciprocal)
(on*lar / an*la*t*lar )
They (have) reached an agreement.
anlat:
Jack biz-e bir masal anlat-t.
(jack / bi*ze / bir / ma*sa*lan*lat*t ) (Liaison)
Jack told us a story. (transitive)
retmen masal- Ahmete anlat-tr-d. (Causative)
(*ret*men / ma*sa*l / ah*me*te / an*lat*tr*d )
The teacher made (had) Ahmet tell the story.
281
art:
Hz art-t. (Intransitive)
(hz / art*t)
The speed increased.
Hz- artr-d. (Transitive)
(h*z / ar*tr*d )
He increased the speed.
Hz artr-l-d. (Passive)
(hz / ar*t*rl*d )
The speed has been increased.
Ona hz--n artrt-t. (Causative)
(o*na / h*z*n / ar*trt*t )
He made him increase his speed.
Hz- artrt-t. (Causative)
(h*z / ar*trt*t )
He had the speed increased.
282
bala:
Oyun bala-d. (Intransitive)
(o*yun / ba*la*d )
The game (has) started.
Hakem oyun-u balat-t. (Transitive)
(ha*kem / o*yu*nu / ba*lat*t )
The referee started the game.
Hakem oyun-u Ahmete balat-t. (Causative)
(ha*kem / o*yu*nu / ah*me*te / ba*lat*t )
The referee made Ahmet start the game.
Oyun Ahmete balat-l-d. (Passive causative)
(o*yun / ah*me*te / ba*la*tl*d )
Ahmet was made to start the game.
Oyun balat-l-d. (Passive)
(o*yun / ba*la*tl*d )
The game was started (by someone).
Oyun-a bala-an-d. (Passive shaped intransitive verb)
(o*yu*na / ba*lan*d )
The game was started.
bat:
kinci Dnya Sava-/n/da birok gemi bat-t. (Intransitive)
(i*kin*ci / dn*ya: / sa*va*n*da / bir*ok / ge*mi / bat*t )
A lot of ships sank during The Second World War.
kinci Dnya Sava/n/-da ok gemi batr-d-lar. (Transitive)
(i*kin*ci / dn*ya: / sa*va*n*da / ok / ge*mi / ba*tr*d*lar )
They sank a lot of ships during The Second World War.
283
bul:
Yzk--/n/ bul-du. (Transitive)
(y*z**n / bul*du )
She has found her ring.
Yzk--/n/ koca-/s/-/n/a bul-dur-du. (Causative) .
(y*z**n / ko*ca*s*na / bul*dur*du )
She got her husband to find her ring.
Yzk koca-/s/-/n/a bul-dur-ul-du. (Passive causative)
(y*zk / ko*ca*s*na / bul*du*rul*du )
Her husband was made to find the ring.
Yzk--/n/ bul-dur-du. (Causative)
(y*z**n / bul*dur*du )
She had her ring found.
Yzk- bul-un-du. (Passive)
(y*z* / bu*lun*du )
Her ring has been found.
al:
Birisi o-/n/un anta-/s/-/n/ al-d. (Transitive)
(bi*ri*si / o*nun / an*ta*s*n / al*d )
Somebody stole her handbag.
284
arp:
Top pencere-/y/e arp-t.
(top / pen*ce*re*ye / arp*t ), or (top / pen*ce*re*ye / carp*t )
The ball hit the window.
(Turkish is intransitive; English is transitive)
Klp-im sen-in iin arp-.yor. (Intransitive)
(kl*bim / se*nin / i*in / ar*p*yor )
My heart is beating for you.
Araba-/s/-/n/ elektrik direk-i-/n/e arp-t. (Intransitive)
(a*ra*ba*s*n / e*lek*trik / di*re*i*ne / arp*t )
She hit her car to a lamppost.
Kap-/y/ arp-t. (Transitive)
(ka*p*y / arp*t )
He slammed the door.
Kap arp-l-d. (Passive)
(ka*p / ar*pl*d )
The door was slammed.
285
al:
Almanyada al-.yor. (Intransitive)
(al*man*ya*da / a*l**yor )
He is working in Germany.
Motor-u al-tr-a.ma-d. (Transitive)
(mo*to*ru / a*l*t*ra*ma*d )
He couldnt start the engine.
Kar-/s/-/n/ al-tr-ma-.yor. (Causative)
(ka*r*s*n / a*l*tr*m*yor )
He doesnt let his wife work.
Eskiden otomobil motor-lar- el-le al-tr-l-r-d. (Passive)
(es*ki*den / o*to*mo*bil / mo*tor*la*r / el*le / a*l*t*r*lr*d )
In the past car engines used to be manually started.
Bu fabrika-da kask-sz al-l-maz.
(bu / fab*ri*ka*da / kask*sz / a*l*l*maz )
It is forbidden (dangerous) to work without helmets in this factory.
(Passive shaped intransitive verb)
atla:
Bardak atla-d. (Intransitive)
(bar*dak / at*la*d )
The glass (has) cracked.
Kaynar su bardak- atla-at-t. (Transitive)
(kay*nar / su / bar*da* / at*lat*t )
The boiling water cracked the glass.
Bardak- sen atla-at-t-n. (Causative)
(bar*da* / sen / at*lat*tn )
You made the glass crack. (You cracked the glass.)
286
ek:
Bu baca iyi ek-er. (Intransitive)
(bu / ba*ca / i*yi / e*ker )
This chimney draws well.
Anne-/s/i-/n/e ek-mi. (Intransitive)
(an*ne*si*ne / ek*mi )
She seems to have taken after her mother.
Araba-/y/ iki at ek-i.yor-du. (Transitive)
(a*ra*ba*y / i*ki / at / e*ki*yor*du )
Two horses were pulling the cart.
Kl--/n/ ek-ti. (Transitive)
(k*l*c*n / ek*ti )
He drew his sword.
Ac ek-i.yor. (Transitive)
(a*c / e*ki*yor )
He is suffering.
Eskiden insan-lar kuyu-lar-dan su cek-er-di. (Transitive)
(es*ki*den / in*san*lar ~ / ku*yu*lar*dan / su / e*ker*di )
People used to draw water from wells in the past.
Teklif dikkat-im-i ek-ti. (Transitive)
(tek*lif / dik*ka*ti*mi / ek*ti )
The proposal attracted my attention.
Araba-am ek-il-di.
(a*ra*bam / e*kil*di), or (a*ra*bam / e*kil*di )
My car has been towed away. (Passive)
Araba-am- ek-tir-di-im.
(a*ra*ba*m / ek*tir*dim )
I had my car towed. (Causative)
287
k:
Ev-den k-t. (Intransitive)
(ev*den / k*t )
He (has) left home.
Ceket-i-/n/i kar-d.
(ce*ke*ti*ni / *kar*d )
He took off his coat. (Transitive)
apka-am- kart-t. (Causative)
(ap*ka*m / *kart*t )
He made me take off my hat.
Dar k-ar-l-d. (Passive)
(d*a*r / *ka*rl*d )
He was taken out.
Boyuna sorun kar-.yor. (Transitive)
(bo*yu*na / so*run / *ka*r*yor )
He is always creating problems.
z:
Bir problem z-.yor. (Transitive)
(bir / prob*lem / *z*yor )
He is solving a problem.
288
daya:
Merdiven-i duvar-a daya-d. (Transitive)
(mer*di*ve*ni / du*va*ra / da*ya*d )
He leaned the ladder against the wall.
Merdiven-i duvar-a dayat-t. (Causative)
(mer*di*ve*ni / du*va*ra / da*yat*t )
He had the ladder leaned against the wall.
Merdiven duvar-a daya-an-d. (Passive)
(mer*di*ven / du*va*ra / da*yan*d )
The ladder has been leaned against the wall.
dayan:
Bu ayakkab-lar daha ok daya-an-r. (Intransitive)
(bu / a*yak*ka*b*lar ~ / da*ha / ok / da*ya*nr )
These shoes last longer.
Bu scak-a dayan-a.ma-.yor-um. (Intransitive)
(bu / s*ca*a / da*ya*na*m*yo*rum )
I can't endure (tolerate) this warm weather.
dal:
Deniz-e dal-d. (Intransitive)
(de*ni*ze / dal*d )
He dived into the sea.
289
dei:
Sen-i son gr-dk-m-den beri ok dei-ti-in (deimisin).
(se*ni / son / gr*d*m*den / be*ri / ok / de*i*tin )
You have changed a lot since I last saw you. (Intransitive)
Ev-e gel-in.ce giysi-ler-i-/n/i dei-tir-di.
(e*ve / ge*lin*ce~ / giy*si*le*ri*ni / de*i*tir*di )
He changed his clothes when he came home. (Transitive)
Eski lastik-ler-im-i dei-tirt-i.yor-um.
(es*ki / las*tik*le*ri*mi / de*i*tir*ti*yo*rum )
I am having my old tires changed. (Causative)
Kirli masa rt-/s/ dei-tir-il-di.
(kir*li / ma*sa / r*t*s / de*i*ti*ril*di )
The dirty tablecloth has been changed. (Passive)
Futbol kural-lar- degi-tir-il-e.cek.
(fut*bol / ku*ral*la*r / de*i*ti*ri*le*cek )
The football rules are going to be changed. (Passive)
dinle:
Syle-dik-im-i dinle.
(sy*le*di*i*mi / din*le )
Listen to what I say. (Turkish transitive; English intransitive)
Bana ark-/s/-/n/ dinle-et-ti.
(ba*na / ar*k*s*n / din*let*ti )
She got me to listen to her song. (Causative)
do:
Ben Adanada do-du-um.
(ben / a*da*na*da / do*dum )
I was born in Adana. (Turkish intransitive, English passive)
290
dol:
Okul hemen ocuk-lar-la dol-du.
(o*kul / he*men / o*cuk*lar*la / dol*du )
The school soon filled with children. (Intransitive)
Sepet-i-/n/i elma/y/-la doldur-du.
(se*pe*ti*ni / el*may*la / dol*dur*du )
She filled her basket with apples. (Transitive)
Sepet-i-/n/i bana elma/y/-la dol-durt-tu.
(se*pe*ti*ni / ba*na / el*may*la / dol*durt*tu )
She made me fill her basket with apples. (Causative)
(onun) sepet-i elma/y/-la dol-dur-ul-du.
(o*nun / se*pe*ti / el*may*la / dol*du*rul*du )
Her basked was filled with apples. (Passive)
Sepet bana dol-durt-ul-du.
(se*pet / ba*na / dol*dur*tul*du )
I was made to fill the basket. (Passive causative)
dn:
Tekerlek-ler yava yava dn-.yor.
(te*ker*lek*ler / ya*va / ya*va / d*n*yor )
The wheels are turning slowly. (Intransitive)
Geri dn.
(ge*ri / dn )
Turn back. (Intransitive)
291
d:
Kalem-im yer-e d-t.
(ka*le*mim / ye*re / d*t )
My pen fell on the floor. (Intransitive)
Kalem-im-i dr-d-m.
(ka*le*mi*mi / d*r*dm )
I dropped my pencil. (Transitive)
Ben-i dr-d.
(be*ni / d*r*d )
He made me fall down. (Causative)
Ar bavul-u-/n/u dr-d.
(a*r / ba*vu*lu*nu / d*r*d )
He let his heavy bag fall. (Transitive)
Dr-l-d-m.
(d**rl*dm )
I was made to fall down. (Passive causative)
ge:
Araba-lar n-m-den ge-i.yor.
(a*ra*ba*lar / *nm*den / ge*i*yor )
Cars are passing in front of me. (Intransitive)
292
gr:
Yanllk- gr-me-di-im.
(yan*l*l* / gr*me*dim )
I didnt (notice) see the mistake. (Transitive)
Yorgun gr-n-.yor-sun. (Reflexive)
(yor*gun / g*r*n*yor*sun )
You look tired. (Tired is a subject complement.)
Bu teklif ilgin gr-n-.yor. (Reflexive)
( bu / tek*lif / il*gin / g*r*n*yor )
This proposal sounds interesting. (Interesting is a subject complement.)
mkn-sz gr-n-.yor. (Reflexive)
(im*kn*sz / g*r*n*yor )
It seems (sounds) impossible. (mpossible is a subject complement.)
gl:
Bebek gl-.yor.
(be*bek / g*l*yor )
The baby is laughing. (Intransitive)
O ben-i her zaman gl-dr-r.
(o / be*ni / her*za*man / gl*d*rr )
She always makes me laugh. (Causative)
Gl-dr-l-d-m.
(gl*d*rl*dm )
I was made to laugh. (Passive causative)
293
hatrla:
Onun ism-i-/n/i hatrla-.yor-um.
(o*nun / is*mi*ni / ha*tr*l*yo*rum )
I remember her name. (Transitive)
Kar-m k-lar- kapat-ma-am- hatrlat-t. (Transitive)
(ka*rm / *k*la*r / ka*pat*ma*m / ha*tr*lat*t )
My wife reminded me to turn the lights off.
Bu eski fotograf bana bykanne-em-i hatrlat-.yor. (Transitive)
(bu / es*ki / fo*tog*ra *lar / ba*na / b*y*kan*ne*mi / ha*tr*la*t*yor )
This old photograph reminds me of my grandmother.
Bu zafer uzun sre hatrla-an-a.cak. (Passive)
(bu / za*fer / u*zun / s*re / ha*tr*la*na*cak )
This victory will be remembered for a long time.
hazrla:
Annem le yemek-i-/n/i hazrla-d. (Transitive)
(an*nem / *le / ye*me*i*ni / ha*zr*la*d )
Mother has prepared the lunch.
Annem yemek-i bana hazrla-at-t. (Causative)
(an*nem / ye*me*i / ba*na / ha*zr*lat*t )
Mother made me prepare the lunch.
Yemek hazrla-an-d. (Passive)
(ye*mek / ha*zr*lan*d )
The lunch has been prepared.
Hazrla-an-.yor-um. (Reflexive) (*I am preparing myself.)
(ha*zr*la*n*yo*rum )
I am getting ready. (Ready is subject complement.)
294
iit:
yi iit-e-bil-i.yor mu-sun? (Intransitive)
(i*yi / i*i*te*bi*li*yor / mu*sun )
Can you hear well?
Onun Londrada olduk-u-/n/u iit-ti-im. (Transitive)
(o*nun / Lon*dra*da / ol*du*u*nu / i*it*tim )
I heard that he is (was) in London.
Onun yalan syle-dik-i hi iit-il-me-di. (Passive)
(o*nun / ya*lan / sy*le*di*i / hi / i*i*til*me*di )
He has never been heard to tell a lie.
sr:
Havla-/y/an kpek sr-maz. (Intransitive)
(hav*la*yan / k*pek / *sr*maz )
A barking dog never bites. (a proverb)
(Sen-in) kopek-in dn bacak-m- sr-d. (Transitive)
(K*pe*in / dn / ba*ca**m / *sr*d)
Your dog bit my leg yesterday.
Kuduz bir kpek tarafndan sr-l-d. (Passive)
(ku*duz / bir / k*pek / ta*ra*fn*dan / *s*rl*d)
She was bitten by a mad dog.
295
ka:
ki hkml hapis-ten ka-t. (Intransitive)
(i*ki / h*km*l / ha*pis*ten / ka*t )
Two prisoners (have) escaped from prison.
ki kii be ya-n-da bir ocuk-u kar-d.
(i*ki / ki*i / be / ya*n*da / bir / o*cu*u / ka*r*d )
Two men kidnapped a five year old child. (Transitive.)
Herkes gen kadn-n kar-l-dk--/n/ dn-.yor.
(her*kes / gen / ka*d*nn / ka**rl*d**n / d**n*yor ) (Passive)
Everybody thinks that the young woman has been abducted.
ocuk-lar- bahe-den kart-t. (Causative)
(o*cuk*la*r / bah*e*den / ka*rt*t )
He frightened the children away from the garden.
Grev-in-i yap-mak-tan ka-n-ma-ma.l-sn. (Reflexive)
(g*re*vi*ni / yap*mak*tan / ka*n*ma*ma*l*sn )
You shouldnt avoid doing your duty.
Herkes dei-ik ynler-e ka--t. (Reciprocal)
(her*kes / de*i*ik / yn*le*re / ka**t )
Everybody ran to different directions.
Akl-/n/ ka-r-d. (Idiomatic) (Transitive)
(ak*l*n / ka*r*d )
He went mad. (Mad is subject complement.)
it:
Ben-i kenar-a it-ti. (Transitive)
(be*ni / ke*na*ra / it*ti )
He pushed me aside.
Kenar-a it-il-di-im. (Passive)
(ke*na*ra / i*til*dim )
I was pushed aside.
296
kandr:
Adam ben-i kandr-d. (Transitive)
(a*dam / be*ni / kan*dr*d )
The man cheated me.
Kandr-l-d-m. (Passive)
(kan*d*rl*dm )
I was cheated.
Ben-i kandr-ma-/y/a al-ma! (Transitive)
(be*ni / kan*dr*ma*ya / a*l*ma )
Don't try to deceive me!
kap:
Kk bir ocuk anta-am- kap-t. (Transitive)
(k*k / bir / o*cuk / an*ta*m / kap*t )
A little boy snatched my handbag.
anta-am- kap-tr-d-m. (Causative)
(an*ta*m / kap*tr*dm )
I had my handbag snatched.
anta-am kap-l-d. (Passive)
(an*tam / ka*pl*d ) (an*tam / ka*pl*d )
My handbag has been (was) snatched.
kapat:
297
karla:
Araba-/s/-/n/ ben-im-ki/y/-le karla-tr-d. (Transitive)
(a*ra*ba*s*n / be*nim*kiy*le / kar**la*tr*d )
He compared his car with mine.
retmen bana ngilizce/y/le Franszca/y/ karla-trt-t. (Causative)
(*ret*men / ba*na / in*gi*liz*cey*le / fran*sz*ca*y / kar**la*trt*t )
The techer made me compare English to French.
Mutluluk-la znt karlatr-l-a.maz. (Passive)
(mut*lu*luk*la / *zn*t / kar**la*t*r*la*maz )
Happiness and sorrow cant be compared.
Onlar sokak-ta karla-t. (Reciprocal)
(on*lar / so*kak*ta / kar**la*t )
They came across in the street.
ka:
298
kr:
Vazo-/y/u sen kr-d-n, deil mi? (Transitive)
(va*zo*yu / sen / kr*dn / de*il / mi )
You broke the vase, didnt you?
Vazo dn kr-l-d. (Passive)
(va*zo / dn / k*rl*d )
The vase was broken yesterday.
Sen ben-i kr-d-n. You refused me. (Transitive)
(sen / be*ni / kr*dn )
You hurt my feelings. .
Klp-im-i kr-d-n. (Transitive)
(kl*bi*mi / kr*dn )
You broke my heart.
Kr-l-d-m.
(k*rl*dm )
I was hurt.
Tahta kutu-/y/u bana kr-dr-d.
(tah*ta / ku*tu*yu / ba*na / kr*dr*d )
She made me break the wooden box. (Causative)
kz:
299
kzar:
Balk-lar kzar-.yor.
(ba*lk*lar / k*za*r*yor )
The fish are frying. (Intransitive)
Balk kzart-.yor. (Transitive)
(ba*lk / k*zar*t*yor )
She is frying fish.
Tm balk-lar- bana kzart-t. (Causative)
(tm / ba*lk*la*r / ba*na / k*zart*t )
She made me fry all the fish.
Tm balk-lar kzart-l-d. (Passive)
(tm / ba*lk*lar / k*zar*tl*d )
All the fish have been fried.
Yz- kzar-d. (Intransitive)
(y*z / k*zar*d )
Her face reddened. She blushed with shame.
kok:
Bu balk bayat kok-u.yor. (kokmak is an action verb.)
(bu / ba*lk / ba*yat / ko*ku*yor )
This fish smells stale. (Subject complement)
300
konu:
Onun-la yarn konu-a.cak-m. (Intransitive)
(o*nun*la / ya*rn / ko*nu*a*ca*m )
I will talk (speak) to him tomorrow.
Polis onu konu-tur-a-bil-ir. (Causative)
(po*lis / o*nu / ko*nu*tu*ra*bi*lir )
The police can make him talk.
O, iki dil konu-ur (konu-u.yor). (Transitive)
(o / i*ki / dil / ko*nu*ur )
She speaks two languages.
Trkiyede Trke konu-ul-ur. (Passive)
(tr*ki*ye*de / trk*e / ko*nu*u*lur )
Turkish is spoken in Turkey.
kop:
p kop-tu. (Intransitive)
(ip / kop*tu )
The rope broke.
301
ko:
Baz ocuk-lar okul-a ko-u.yor. (Intransitive)
(ba:*z / o*cuk*lar / o*ku*la / ko*u*yor )
Some children are running to school.
At--/n/ drtnal ko-tur-du. (Causative)
(a*t*n / drt*nal / ko*tur*du )
He made his horse run at a gallop.
At- drtnal ko-tur-ul-du. (Passive causative)
(a*t / drt*nal / ko*tu*rul*du )
His horse was made to run at a gallop.
ocuk-lar bahe-de ko-u-u.yor-lar. (Reciprocal)
(o*cuk*lar / bah*e*de / ko*u*u*yor*lar )
The children are running about in the garden.
Bu tarla-da ko-ul-maz. (Passive shaped intransitive)
(bu / tar*la*da / ko*ul*maz )
It is impossible to run in this field.) (Subject complement)
kuru:
iek-ler-im-den baz-lar- kuru-du. (Intransitive)
(i*ek*le*rim*den / ba:*z*la*r / ku*ru*du )
Some of my flowers dried.
Yaz-n baz nehir-ler kuru-ur. (Intransitive)
(ya*zn / ba:*z / ne*hir*ler / ku*rur )
Some rivers dry up in summer.
302
oku:
Osmann baba-/s/ gazete-/s/i-/n/i oku-u.yor. (Transitive)
(os*ma*nn / ba*ba*s / ga*ze*te*si*ni / o*ku*yor )
Osmans father is reading his newspaper.
Mektup-u bana okut-tu.
(mek*tu*bu / ba*na / o*kut*tu )
He made (had) me read the letter. (Causative)
Btn hikye bana okut-ul-du. (Passive causative)
(b*tn / hi*k:*ye / ba*na / o*ku*tul*du )
I was made to read all the story.
u ana kadar on sayfa oku-un-du. (Passive)
(u / a:*na / ka*dar / on / say*fa / o*kun*du )
Ten pages have been read up to now.
onar:
Musluk-u sz-an bir boru-/y/u onar-.yor. (Transitive)
(mus*luk*u / s*zan / bir / bo*ru*yu / o*na*r*yor )
The plumber is repairing (fixing) a leaking pipe.
Bu sz-an boru-/y/u onart-ma.l-sn. (Causative)
(bu / s*zan / bo*ru*yu / o*nart*ma*l*sn )
You must have this leaking pipe repaired.
303
otur:
Onlar bir bank-ta otur-u.yor-lar. (Intransitive)
(on*lar / bir / bank*ta / o*tu*ru*yor*lar )
They are sitting on a bench.
Kk ocuk-u masa-/y/a oturt-tu. (Causative)
(k*k / o*cu*u / ma*sa*ya / o*turt*tu )
He made (helped) the little boy sit on the table.
Ke-/y/e oturt-ul-du. (Passive causative)
(o~/ k*e*ye / o*tur*tul*du )
He was made to sit in the corner.
Hl otur-u-u,yor-sun.uz. (Reciprocal) (Complaint)
(h:*l: / o*tu*ru*u*yor*su*nuz )
You are still sitting and doing nothing.
Kadkyde otur-u.yor. (Intransitive)
(ka*d*ky*de / o*tu*ru*yor )
He lives in Kadky.
Bu ev-de otur-ul-maz. (Passive shaped intransitive)
(bu / ev*de / o*tu*rul*maz )
It is impossible to live in this house. (Subject complement)
oyna:
ocuk-lar bahe-de basketbol oyna-u.yor-lar. (Transitive)
(o*cuk*lar / bah*e*de / bas*ket*bol / oy*nu*yor*lar )
The children are playing basketball in the garden.
Ko onu ma-ta oynat-ma-d. (Causative)
(ko / o*nu / ma*ta / oy*nat*ma*d )
The coach didnt let him play in the match.
304
l:
O, 1920de l-d. (Intransitive)
(o~/ bin / do*kuz / yz / yir*mi*de / l*d )
He died in 1920.
Onu yanl-lk-la ldr-d. (Transitive)
(o*nu / yan*l*lk*la / l*dr*d )
He killed him by mistake.
O-/n/u o-/n/a ldrt-t. (Causative)
(o*nu~ / o*na / l*drt*t )
She made him kill her.
O, ona ldrt-l-d. (Passive causative)
(o~/ o*na / l*dr*tl*d )
He was made to kill her.
Vatan iin l-n-r. (Reflexive)
(va*tan / i*in / *l*nr )
One can sacrifice himself for his country.
rt:
305
t:
Ku-lar t-er. (Liaison) (Intransitive)
(ku*la*r*ter ) (ku*lar / *ter )
Birds sing.
Hakem ddk--/n/ t-tr-d (al*d). (Transitive)
(ha*kem / d*d**n / al*d )
The referee blew his whistle.
O gzel ark syle-er.
( o / g*zel / ar*k / sy*ler )
She sings beautifully. (Turkish transitive; English intransitive).
Ddk-m- t-trt-t. (Causative
(d*d**m / t*trt*t )
He made (let) me blow my whistle.)
Ddk al-n-d. (Passive)
(d*dk / a*ln*d )
The whistle has been blown.
Ku-lar t--.yor. (Reciprocal)
(ku*lar / *t**yor )
The birds are singing. (Intransitive)
306
v:
O ben-i v-d. (Transitive)
(o / be*ni / v*d )
He praised me.
O, kz karde-i-/n/i bana v-drt-t. (Causative)
(o~/ kz*kar*de*i*ni / ba*na / v*drt*t )
He made me praise his sister.
O, karde-i tarafndan ok v-l-r. (Passive).
(o~ / kz*kar*de*i / ta*ra*fn*dan / ok / *v*lr )
He is praised a lot by his sister.
Boyuna v-n-.yor. (Reflexive) (He is praising himself.)
(o / bo*yu*na / *v*n*yor )
He is always boasting. (Intransitive)
patla:
Bir su boru-/s/u patla-d ve ev su/y/-la dol-du. (Intransitive)
(bir / su / bo*ru*su / pat*la*d~/ ve / ev / suy*la / dol*du )
A water pipe burst, and the house filled with water.
Bir bomba patla-d. (Intransitive)
(bir / bom*ba / pat*la*d )
A bomb exploded.
Bir bomba patlat-t-lar. (Transitive)
(bir / bom*ba / pat*lat*t*lar )
They exploded a bomb.
Bomba-/y/, ona patla-at-tr-d-lar. (Causative)
(bom*ba*y / o*na / pat*lat*tr*d*lar )
They made him explode the bomb.
Bomba ona patla-at-tr-l-d. (Passive causative)
(bom*ba / o*na / pat*lat*t*rl*d )
He was made to explode the bomb.
307
pi:
Yemek pi-i.yor. (Intransitive)
(ye*mek / pi*i*yor )
The meal is cooking.
Anne-em mutfak-ta yemek pi-ir-i.yor.
(an*nem / mut*fak*ta / ye*mek / pi*i*ri*yor )
Mother is cooking in the kitchen. (Turkish is transitive; English is intransitive.)
Anne-em mutfak-ta bana yemek piirt-ti. (Causative)
(an*nem / mut*fak*ta / ba*na / ye*mek / pi*irt*ti )
Mother made me cook in the kitchen.
Yemek pi-ir-il-i.yor. (Passive)
(ye*mek / pi*i*ri*li*yor) (ye*mek / pi*i*ri*li*yor )
The meal is being cooked.
sakla:
ocuk, oyuncak-lar--/n/ dolap-n arka-/s/-/n/a sakla-d. (Transitive)
(o*cuk / o*yun*cak*la*r*n / do*la*bn / ar*ka*s*na / sak*la*d )
The boy hid his toys behind the cupboard.
Jack, yrtk gmlek-i-/n/i bana sakla-at-t. (Causative)
(jack~ / yr*tk / gm*le*i*ni / ba*na / sak*lat*t )
Jack made me hide his torn shirt.
al-n-m mal-lar bir maara-/y/a sakla-an-d. (Passive)
(a*ln*m / mal*lar / bir / ma*a*ra*ya / sak*lan*d )
The stolen goods were hidden in a cave.
Kedi koltuk-un arka-/s/-/n/a sakla-an-d. Reflexive) (It hid itself.)
(ke*di / kol*tu*un / ar*ka*s*na / sak*lan*d )
The cat hid behind the armchair.
sark:
308
sars:
Patlama yer-i sars-t. (Transitive)
(pat*la*ma / ye*ri / sars*t )
The explosion shook the ground.
Yer sars-l-d.
(yer / sar*sl*d )
The ground was shaken. The ground shook.
(Turkish and English are both passive and reflexive.)
sat:
Eski araba-/s/-/n/ sat-t. (Transitive)
(es*ki / a*ra*ba*s*n / sat*t )
He has sold his old car.
Eski araba-/s/-/n/ bana sat-tr-d. (Causative)
(es*ki / a*ra*ba*s*n / ba*na / sat*tr*d )
He made me sell his old car.
(Ben-im) eski araba-am sat-l-d.
(es*ki / a*ra*bam / sa*tl*d )
My old car has been sold. (Passive)
sev:
309
seyret:
Boyuna televizyon seyret.i.yor. (Transitive) (Complaint)
(bo*yu*na / te*le*viz*yon / sey*re*di*yor )
She is always watching television.
Anne-em bana televizyon izlet-tir-me-i.yor. (Causative)
(an*nem / ba*na / te*le*viz*yon / iz*let*tir*mi*yor )
Mother doesnt let me watch TV.
Byle televizyon program-lar- seyret-il-me-me.li. (Passive)
(by*le / te*le*viz*yon / prog*ram*la*r / sey*re*dil*me*me*li )
Such TV programs shouldnt be watched.
Byle televizyon program-lar- ocuk-lar-a seyret-tir-il-me-me.li.
(by*le / te*le*viz*yon / prog*ram*la*r / o*cuk*la*ra / sey*ret*ti*ril*me*me*li )
Children shouldnt be allowed to watch such TV programs. (Passive)
Baz televizyon program-lar- seyret-me-/y/e (izlenmeye) de-mez.
(ba*z / te*le*viz*yon / prog*ram*la*r / sey*ret*me*ye / de*mez )
Some TV programs are not worth watching.
310
sou:
Hava sou-du. (Sou is an intransitive verb.)
(ha*va / so*u*du )
It became (turned) cold. (Cold is a subject complement.)
-me-den nce limonata-an- sout. (Transitive)
(i*me*den / n*ce / li*mo*na*ta*n / so*ut )
Cool your lemonade before you drink it.
Sou-du-um. (Intransitive) (Idiomatic)
(so*u*dum )
I have lost my interest or desire.
soy:
Patates soy-u.yor. (Transitive)
(pa*ta*tes / so*yu*yor )
She is peeling potatoes.
Elma-lar soy-ul-u.yor. (Passive)
(el*ma*lar / so*yu*lu*yor )
The apples are being peeled.
Patates-ler-i hep bana soy-dur-u.yor. (Causative) (Complaint)
(pa*ta*tes*le*ri / hep / ba*na / soy*du*ru*yor )
She is always making me peel the potatoes.
311
syle:
Bana bir ey syle-me-di. (Transitive)
(ba*na / bir / ey / sy*le*me*di)
He didnt tell me anything.
Ne iste-dik-in-i bana syle. (Transitive)
(ne / is*te*di*i*ni / ba*na / sy*le )
Tell me what you want.
Ona herey-i sylet-ti-ler. (Causative)
(o*na / her*e*yi / sy*let*ti*ler )
They made him tell everything.
Byle ey-ler syle-en-mez. (Passive)
(by*le / ey*ler / sy*len*mez )
Such things are never mentioned.
O boyuna syle-en-i.yor (homurdan-.yor). (Reflexive)
(o / bo*yu*na / sy*le*ni*yor )
He is always grumbling.) (*He is talking to himself.)
O-/n/a, o-/n/u tan-dk--/n/ syle-di. (Transitive)
(o*na ~/ o*nu / ta*n*d**n / sy*le*di )
He told him that he knew her.
312
sus:
Sus-tu. (Intransitive)
(sus*tu )
He stopped talking or crying.
retmen renci-ler-i sus-tur-du. (Causative)
(*ret*men / *ren*ci*le*ri / sus*tur*du )
The teacher made the students stop talking.
O sus-tur-ul-du. (Passive causative)
(o / sus*tu*rul*du )
He was made to stop talking or crying.
Bu kpek havla-ma-dan dur-a.maz. (Intransitive)
(bu / k*pek / hav*la*ma*dan / du*ra*maz )
This dog cant stop barking.
Sus-ma-/y/a.cak-m. (mpolite refusal)
(sus*ma*ya*ca*m)
I wont stop talkng.
spr:
Kuru yaprak-lar- bahe-den spr-d-m. (Transitive)
(ku*ru / yap*rak*la*r / bah*e*den / s*pr*dm )
I have swept the dry leaves out of the garden.
313
sr:
O araba-/s/-/n/ dikkat-li sr-er. (Transitive)
(o~ / a*ra*ba*s*n / dik*kat*li / s*rer )
She drives her car carefully.
(Ben) tarla-am- sonbahar-da sr-dr-r-m. (Causative)
(Tar*la*m / son*ba*har*da / sr*d*r*rm )
I have my field ploughed in the autumn.
Tarla-lar k-n sr-l-mez. (Passive)
(tar*la*lar / k*n / s*rl*mez )
Fields arent ploughed in winter.
ssle:
ocuklar Christmas iin oturma oda-/s/-/n/ ssle-di. (Transitive)
(o*cuk*lar / kris*mas / i*in / o*tur*ma / o*da*s*n / ss*le*di )
The children decorated the sitting room for Christmas.
Oda ssle-en-i.yor (Dekore ediliyor). (Passive)
(o*da / ss*le*ni*yor )
The room is being decorated.
Yeni ev-im.iz-i dekore et-tir-e.cek-iz. (Causative)
(ye*ni / e*vi*mi*zi / de*ko*re / et*ti*re*ce*iz )
We are going to have our new house decorated.
Ssle-en-i.yor. (Reflexive)
(ss*le*ni*yor )
She is putting on her best dress and doing her make-up.
a:
314
art:
Syle-dik-i sz ben-i art-t. (Transitive)
(sy*le*di*i / sz / be*ni / a*rt*t )
What he said surprised me.
Snav-da sor-ul-an soru-lar ben-i art-t. (Transitive.)
(s*nav*da / so*ru*lan / so*ru*lar / be*ni / a*rt*t )
The questions asked in the exam confused me.
art-l-d-m. (Passive)
(a*r*tl*dm )
I was confused.
tara:
Sa--/n/ tara-.yor. (transitive)
(sa**n / ta*r*yor)
She is combing her hair.
Sa--/n/ anne-/s/i-/n/e tara-at-t. (Causative)
(sa**n / an*ne*si*ne / ta*rat*t )
She got her mother to comb her hair.
Sa- tara-an-.yor. (Passive)
(sa* / ta*ra*n*yor )
Her hair is being combed.
Tara-an-.yor. (Reflexive)
(ta*ra*n*yor )
She is combing.
tart:
Yal adam uyan-r uyan-maz altn-lar--/n/ tart-t. (Transitive)
(ya*l / a*dam / u*ya*nr / u*yan*maz ~/ al*tn*la*r*n / tart*t )
The old man weighed his gold coins as soon as he woke up.
315
ta:
Nehir ta-t. (Intransitive)
(ne*hir / ta*t )
The river overflowed.
St ta-t. (Intransitive)
(st / ta*t )
The milk boiled over.
St- ta-r-ma. (Causative)
(s*t / ta*r*ma )
Dont let the milk boil over.
ta:
Baz bcek-ler hastalk ta-r. (transitive)
(ba*z / b*cek*ler / has*ta*lk / ta*r )
Some insects carry disease.
Bebek-i-/n/i bana ta-t-t. (Causative)
(be*be*i*ni / ba*na / ta*t*t )
She made me carry her baby.
Ar yk-ler kamyon-la ta-n-r. (Passive)
(a*r / yk*ler / kam*yon*la / ta**nr )
Heavy loads are carried by lorries.
Ta-n-.yor-uz. (Reflexive) (*We are carrying ourselves.)
(ta**n*yo*ruz )
We are moving house.
temizle:
316
tercih et:
Kz-m, televizyon seyret-me-/y/i dev yap-ma-/y/a tercih et-er.
(k*zm~ / te*le*viz*yon / sey*ret*me*yi ~ / *dev / yap*ma*ya /
ter*ci:*he*der ) (Liaison)
My daughter prefers watching TV to doing her homework.
Genellik-le kalabalk ehirler-de kk araba-lar tercih et-il-ir. (Passive)
(ge*nel*lik*le~ / ka*la*ba*lk / e*hir*ler*de~ / k*k / a*ra*ba*lar /
ter*ci:*he*di*lir ) (Liaison)
Compact cars are generally preferred in crowded cities.
unut:
Ik-lar- sndr-me-/y/i unut-ma. (Transitive)
(*k*la*r / sn*dr*me*yi / u*nut*ma )
Dont forget to turn off the lights.
Mektup-u atma-/y/ unut-tu. (Transitive)
(mek*tu*bu / at*ma*y / u*nut*tu )
He forgot to post the letter.
la--/n/ al-dk--/n/ unut-tu. (Transitive)
(i*l*c*n / al*d**n / u*nut*tu )
He forgot taking his medicine.
Mutlu gn-ler hi unut-ul-maz. (Passive)
(mut*lu / gn*ler / hi / u*nu*tul*maz )
Happy days are never forgotten.
317
uy:
Bu ceket bana uy-ma-u.yor. (Intransitive)
(bu / ce*ket / ba*na / uy*mu*yor )
This coat doesnt fit (become) me. (Transitive)
Gmlek-in sana iyi uy-u.yor (yakyor). (Intransitive)
(gm*le*in / sa*na / i*yi / u*yu*yor )
Your shirt fits (becomes) you well.
uyu:
Ml ml uyu-u.yor. (Intransitive)
(m*l / m*l / u*yu*yor )
She is sleeping soundly.
Bir saat-tir uyu-u.yor. (Intransitive)
(bir / sa*at*tir / u*yu*yor )
He has been sleeping for an hour.
Bebek-i yarm saat nce uyu-ut-tu-um. (Causative)
(be*be*i / ya*rm / sa*at / n*ce / u*yut*tum )
I had the baby sleep half an hour ago.
Bebek daha yeni uyu-ut-ul-du. (Passive causative)
(be*bek / da*ha / ye*ni / u*yu*tul*du )
The baby has just been made to sleep.
Bu grlt-de uyu-un-maz. (Passive shaped intransitive)
(bu / g*rl*t*de ~/ u*yun*maz )
It is impossible to sleep in such a noise.
Saat 11de uyu-du-um. (Intransitive)
(sa*at / on*bir*de / u*yu*dum )
I fell asleep at 11.
318
tle:
Pantalon-um-u tle-di-in mi? (Transitive)
(pan*to*lo*nu*mu / *t*le*din / mi)
Have you ironed my trousers?
Sabah-tan beri t yap-.yor.
(sa*bah*tan / be*ri / *t / ya*p*yor )
She has been ironing since morning.
(Turkish is transitive, English is intransitive.)
Giysi-ler-i-/n/i hep kzkarde-i-/n/e tlet-i.yor. (Causative)
(giy*si*le*ri*ni / hep / kz*kar*de*i*ne / *t*le*ti*yor )
He is always making his sister iron his clothes.
Gmlek-ler-in tle-en-i.yor. (Passive)
(gm*lek*le*rin / *t*le*ni*yor )
Your shirts are being ironed.
z:
it-tik-im sz-ler ben-i z-d.
(i*it*ti*im / sz*ler / be*ni / z*d )
What I heard made me sorry. (sorry is object complement)
z-l-d-m. (Reflexive)
(*zl*dm )
I became sorry. (sorry is subject complement)
z-l-me. (Reflexive)
(*zl*me )
Dont worry.
yakala:
Kaleci top-u yakala-d. (Transitive)
(ka*le*ci / to*pu / ya*ka*la*d )
The goal-keeper caught the ball.
319
yan:
Kuru odun kolay yan-ar. (Intransitive)
(ku*ru / o*dun / ko*lay / ya*nar )
Dry wood burns easily.
Mutfak-ta yemek piir-ir-ken parmak-lar--/n/ yak-t. (Transitive)
(mut*fak*ta / ye*mek / pi*i*rir*ken / par*mak*la*r*n / yak*t )
She burnt her fingers while cooking in the kitchen.
Tepe-de bir ate yak-t-lar. (Transitive)
(te*pe*de / bir / a*te / yak*t*lar )
They lit a fire on the hill.
Anne-em mum-lar- bana yaktr-d. (Causative)
(an*nem / mum*la*r / ba*na / yak*tr*d )
Mother had me light the candles.
Yak-n-.yor. (Reflexive)
(ya*k*n*yor )
She is complaining. (Intransitive)
yap:
Zarf-a pul yap-tr-ma-/y/ unut-tu-um. (Transitive)
(zar*fa / pul / ya*p*tr*ma*y / u*nut*tum )
I forgot to stick a stamp on the envelope.
Bu pul yap-ma-.yor. (Intransitive)
(bu / pul / ya*p*m*yor )
This stamp doesnt stick.
320
yat:
Saat 11de yat-t-m. (Intransitive)
(sa*at / on*bir*de / yat*tm )
I went to bed at 11 p.m.
Anne-ler-i onlar- saat 10da yat-r-r. (Causative)
(an*ne*le*ri / on*la*r / sa*at / on*da / ya*t*rr )
Their mother makes them go to bed at 10 p.m.
Bebek-i yatak--/n/a yatr-d. (Transitive)
(be*be*i / ya*ta**na / ya*tr*d )
She laid the baby in her bed.
Onu gr-dk-m-de yer-de yat-.yor-du. (Intransitive)
(o*nu / gr*d*m*de / yer*de / ya*t*yor*du )
When I saw her, she was lying on the floor.
Yorgun-um. Yat-ma.l-/y/m. (Intransitive)
(yor*gu*num) (yat*ma*l*ym )
I am tired. I must lie down.
yaz:
Mary bir mektup yaz-.yor. (Transitive)
(ma*ry / bir / mek*tup / ya*z*yor )
Mary is writing a letter.
rertmen snav-da biz-e bir kompozisyon yaz-dr-d. (Causative)
(*ret*men / bi*ze / s*nav*da / bir / kom*po*zis*yon / yaz*dr*d )
The teacher made us write a composition in the examination.
Mektup yaz-l-d bile. (Passive)
(mek*tup / ya*zl*d / bi*le )
The letter has already been written.
321
yka:
Kz karde-im bulak-lar- yka-.yor. (Transitive)
(kz*kar*de*im / bu*la*k*la*r / y*k*yor )
My sister is washing the dishes.
Annem kk karde-im-e yemek-ten nce el-ler-i-/n/i ykat-r. (Causative)
(an*nem / k*k / kar*de*i*me / ye*mek*ten / n*ce / el*le*ri*ni / y*ka*tr )
Mother makes my little brother wash his hands before lunch.
Araba yka-an-.yor. (Passive)
(a*ra*ba / y*ka*n*yor )
The car is being washed.
Jack yka-an-.yor. (Reflexive)
(jack / y*ka*n*yor)
Jack is having a bath.
yor:
322
yksel:
Balon gk-te yksel-i.yor. (Intransitive)
(ba*lon / gk*te / yk*se*li*yor )
The balloon is rising in the sky.
iddet-li yamur-dan sonra nehir yksel-di. (Intransitive)
(id*det*li / ya*mur*dan / son*ra / ne*hir / yk*sel*di )
The river rose after the heavy rainfall.
Gne dou-dan do-ar ve bat-dan bat-ar. (Intransitive)
(g*ne / do*u*dan / do*ar / ve / ba*t*dan / ba*tar )
The sun rises in the east, and sets in the west.
Soru-/y/a cevap ver-mek iin el-i-/n/i kaldr-d. (Transitive)
(so*ru*ya / ce*vap / ver*mek / i*in / e*li*ni / kal*dr*d )
He raised his hand to answer the question.
Genellik-le gne do-ma-dan kalk-ar-m. (Intransitive)
(ge*nel*lik*le / g*ne / do*ma*dan / kal*ka*rm )
I usually rise before the sun rises.
yr:
Ona rasla-dk-m-da cadde-de yr-.yor-du-um. (Intransitive)
(o*na / ras*la*d*m*da / cad*de*de / y*r*yor*dum )
I was walking along the street when I met him.
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ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Postpositional Adverbial Phrases
In general, we can transform Turkish simple sentences into timeless adverbial phrases to furnish them with the concepts of time, contrast, cause,
purpose, result, manner, degree, and place, etc. However, when we want
to build up a conditional sentence, we attach either [se] or [sa] allomorphs to
324
TIME
BEFORE (NCE)
This time concept is expressed in main verb- [me-den] or [ma-dan] +
nce in Turkish.
Ev dev-im-i yap-t-m. Sonra okul-a gel-di-im. (im = benim) (m = ben)
I did my homework. Then I came to school.
One can understand from these sentences that the time of the first sentence
is before the time of the second one. To furnish the first English sentence
with a previous time concept, The Past Perfect Tense may be used to convey this time difference, and the conjunction before is put in the beginning of the second sentence without its order (the simple sentence structure)
being changed:
I had done (or did) my homework
simple sentence
before
I came to school.
subordinating conj
simple sentence
adverbial clause
Although the normal order of the English sentence is like the sentence
above, the regular order of the Turkish sentence is Before I came to school,
I had done my homework. If we think about how this sentence is produced,
we can find out that there are two simple sentences underlying it in our
minds:
(Ben) ev dev-im-i yap-t-m. (Ben) okul-a gel-di-im.
In order to add a "before" time concept to the sentence "I came to school",
only the word "before" is put in the beginning of the English sentence. However, in Turkish, to add the same concept "before (nce)" to the Turkish
325
definite object
verb
(Ben) eve git-e.cek-im + nce ben ev-e git-me-den nce (im = ben)
(Ben) ev-e git-me-den nce biraz meyve al-a.cak-m.
subject
infinitive-den
postp
|
postp adverbial phrase
indefinite object
predicate
|
verb
verb
object
predicate
adverbial clause
In the sentence above, the [me, ma] allomorphs are a cause of confusion in
Turkish. They are considered either as the allomorphs of infinitive allomorphs [me, ma] or the negative making allomorphs [me, ma]. Therefore, Turkish students tend to build up English sentences like *"I had done
my homework before I didn't come to school. This is because the syllable
stress in speech is generally used on the verb root or stem (gel*me*den),
not on the [den, dan] allomorphs, which misleads the learners of English. In
fact, these are the infinitive allomorphs; if they were not, the [den, dan]
allomorphs would not be attached to them.
The sentence order above may also change as follows:
Ev dev-im-i okul-a gel-me-den nce yap-m-t-m. (im = ben-im)
|
definine object
infinitive-[den]
postp
postpositional phrs of time
predicate
|
verb
|
subject
326
postp
git-mi-ti
|
verb
This sentence is like the English sentence, The train had left before my
arriving at the station. In this sentence, ben-im istasyon-a var-ma-am is a
noun + infinitive compound. stasyon-a is an adverbial which is composed of a noun-[E]. Ben-im istasyon-a var-ma-am is a nominal phrase.
As all nouns can be followed by [], [E], [DE], [DEN] and [LE] morphemes,
this nominal phrase can be followed by a [dan] allomorph. nce is a postposition used after a noun-[DEN] such as: le-den nce, okul-dan nce,
sen-den nce, yemek-ten nce, sen gel-me-den nce. Therefore, benim istasyon-a var-ma-am-dan nce is a noun compound-dan + nce,
which is a postpositional phrase functioning as an adverbial of time.
Important note: There are two kinds of very important subjects in Turkish
sentences. One in the beginning of a sentence as a pronoun, and the other
one as a personal allomorph attached to the verb at the end. The personal
allomorphs attached to the ends of the sentences are essential because the
pronouns are always optional. The other two-sided expressions are the
noun compounds. They have possessive personal allomorphs attached to
the possessive and the noun parts of the compounds, such as in Arkda-n geldi
sentence, the n allomorph means sen-in. Therfore, sen-in is always omitted.
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328
329
subj
|
verb
infinitive- tan
postp
postp adverb phrs of time
verb
adv
infinitive
postp
|
postp adverb phrs of cause adverbial
predicate
to play football
330
|
verb
while
331
while
durak-ta bekle-/y/in.ce
ben onu anla-/y/n.ca
ben oku-ma-/y/a bala-/y/n.ca
sen uyu-/y/un.ca
Besides the [N.CE] morpheme, there are two more adverbial alternatives
that convey the concept of when:
verb- [DK]-[possessive personal morpheme] + zaman, or
verb- [DK]-[possessive personal morpheme]-[de, da]
Okul-a git-in.ce retmen-in-i grecek-sin. (gi*din*ce)
Okul-a git-tik-in zaman retmenini grecek-sin. (git*ti*in / za*man)
Okula git-tik-in-de retmenini grecek-sin. (git*ti*in*de)
The meaning of all the three sentences above is You will see your teacher when you go to school, and the underlined expressions are the equivalents of the English coordinating conjunction when.
We can explain how this mental composition is transformed as follows:
Sen onu grecek-sin + zaman "sen onu gr-n.ce, or sen onu grdk-n zaman, or sen onu gr-dk-n-de
O beni gr-d + zaman o beni gr-n.ce, or o beni gr-dk- zaman, or o beni gr-dk-n-de (gr*d*n*de).
You will see him + when when you see him
The basic English simple future sentence structure above transforms into
The Simple Present vocalized adverbial clause.
1. (Sen) okul-a git-in.ce (senin) retmen-in-i gr-e.cek-sin.
subject
adverbial of time
verb
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333
334
adverbial
adverbial
adverbial phrase of time
|
indefinite object
predicate
|
verb
Jack was going to school + duration while Jack was going to school
Jack found a purse of gold coins while he was going to school.
subj
verb
indefinite object
predicate
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336
|
adv phrase of time
|
adverbial
infinitive postp
|
postp phrs of purpose adverbial
predicate
|
verb
As soon as the bell rang, the students went out to play in the garden.
The places of adverbs and nouns are arranged in sentences in accordance
with the importance given to these units. Therefore the following alternatives
of the sentence above may also be produced as follows:
renciler, zil alar almaz bahede oynamak iin diar-/y/a ktlar.
renciler, bahede oynamak iin zil alar almaz dar-y/a ktlar.
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verb
subject
338
verb
adverbial
postp
|
postp adverbial phrs adverbial
predicate
|
verb
verb
adv phrase
adverbial clause
predicate
|
verb
subject
|
verb
As an alternative to the above adverbial phrase verb-[in.ce-/y/e, n.ca/y/a, n.ce-/y/e, un.ca-/y/a] + kadar form can also be used:
Boya kuru-/y/un.ca-/y/a kadar duvar-lar-a dokun-ma.
(bo*ya / ku*ru*ya*na / ka*dar / du*var*la*ra / do*kun*ma )
Dont touch the walls until the paint dries.
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340
yarn-a kadar
subject
i-im-i
bitir-mi ol-a.cak-m.
verb
subj
verb
object
predicate
bitir-mi ol-a.cak-m.
definite object
verb
verb
object
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gr-me-di-im.
verb
havent seen
subj
verb
her
noun comp-den
postp
postp adverbial phrase of time
predicate
|
object
verb
object
adverbial clause of time
predicate
342
|
verb
343
|
verb
Note: (Ben-im) and (onlar) are not generally used; they are put there so that
the noun compounds should be well understood. The personal suffixes [im,
m, m, um, em, am], which mean ben-im, at the ends of the verb compositions are enough to express the possessive pronouns, and the [ler, lar],
which mean onlar, are enough
They
subject
object
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345
verb
Note: The /s/ and /n/ are glides. "Kendisinin" and "o" are put here to help the
learners understand the deleted parts of the compounds. They are not used
in current Turkish because "kendisinin" and "o" can be understood from the
personal allomorphs. The mental production of this sentence is as follows:
(O) ok alt + ramen (kendi-/s/i-/n/in) ok al-ma-/s/-/n/a ramen"
He studied hard + although although he studied hard
He couldnt succeed although he studied hard.
subj
verb
346
|
adverbial
|
verb
|
adverbial
|
preposition
modifier
noun
adverbial
prep adverbial phrase of contrast
predicate
347
|
verb
Baz kimseler ay- tercih et-er-ken, dier bazlar- kahve-/y/i tercih eder.
While some people prefer tea, some others prefer coffee.
Baz renci-ler ren-mek iin istek-li/y/-ken, dier baz-lar- ders-ler-e
kar kaytsz-dr.
While some students are eager to learn, some others are indifferent to
lessons.
PURPOSE
In order to compose an adverbial phrase of purpose, one should use a simple sentence containing wish mood (dilek kipi) without structurally changing it, and by doing so, the wish simple sentence becomes a nominal
phrase to be used preceding the postposition diye to compose a postpositional phrase of purpose:
eri-ye gir-e-/y/im.
eri-ye gir-e-sin.
eri-ye gir-sin.
eri-ye gir-e-lim.
eri-ye gir-e-sin.iz.
eri-ye gir-sin-ler.
Let me go in.
I wish you to go in
Let him go in.
Let us go in.
I wish you to go in.
Let them go in.
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eri gir-e.bil-e-/y/im.
eri gir-e.bil-e-sin.
eri gir-e.bil-sin.
eri gir-e.bil-e-lim.
eri gir-e.bil-e-sin.iz.
eri gir-e.bil-sin-ler.
subj
verb
obj
kap-/y/ a-t.
simple sentence
conjunction
|
adverbial phrase of purpose
def object
predicate
|
verb
verb
def object
349
subj
verb
|
simple sentence conjunction
adverbial phrs of purpose
predicate
|
|
verb
350
|
obj
simple sentence
conjunction
|
postpositional phrase of purpose
adverbial
predicate
|
verb
351
PLACE
To produce an adverbial concept of place in Turkish, one can use iste-dik-in
yer-e (to the place where you wish), or nere-/y/e iste-er-se-en (where you
wish) expressions.
(Sen) iste-dik-in yer-e git-e.bil-ir-sin. You can go (to the place) where you wish.
subject
modifier noun-e
adverbial
verb
def obj
subj
verb
prep phrase
modifier
adverbial clause of place
yer-e koy.
verb
(You) put the book (in the place) where you found it.
subj
verb
def obj
prep phrs
modifier
adverbial clause of place
Nere-/y/e git-er-se-en (git) ngilizce konu-a.bil-en bir-i-/s/i-/n/i bul-a.bilir-sin. (ne*re*ye / gi*der*sen / git / in*gi*liz*ce / ko*nu*a*bi*len / bi*ri*si*ni /
bu*la*bi*lir*sin )
You can find someone who can speak English wherever you go.
Nasrettin Hoca eek-i-/n/i kaybet-tik-i yer-de bul-du ve bu onu ok mutlu etti.
Nasrettin Hoca found his donkey where he had lost it, which made him
very happy.
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MANNER
To transform a simple English sentence into an adverbial clause of manner,
the conjunction as is put in the beginning of a sentence. In Turkish, gibi
postposition is used after a noun + infinitive compound:
AS
The mental development of an adverbial phrase of manner is as follows:
Ben sana dyle-di-im + gibi ben-im sana dyle-dik-im gibi"
I told you + as "as I told you"
(Sen) onu, (ben-im) sana syle-dik-im gibi yap.
subj
|
def obj
noun compound
postp
|
postp adverbial phrase of manner verb
predicate
(You) do it
subj
verb obj
(ko*nu*tu*um
verb
/ gi*bi / ya*za*rm)
|
object
noun compound
postp
|
postpositional phrs of manner verb
predicate
353
subj
personal suffix
In Turkish, it is impossible to use only the pronoun without using the personal suffix at the end of a sentence. One has to say either Ben gelecek
hafta Ankaraya gidiyor-um, or Gelecek hafta Ankaraya gidiyor-um. It is
incorrect to say *Ben Ankaraya gidiyor, or *Ben Trke bilmiyor.
AS IF (AS THOUGH)
verb-[time]- [mi, m, m, mu]- (pers) + gibi verb structure is used
to express as if in Turkish. The mental development of "as if" is as follows:
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simple sentence
postp
postpositional adverbial phrase of manner
predicate
|
verb
simple sentence
postp
postp adverbial phrase of manner
predicate
|
adverbial
|
verb
355
RESULT
In place of so or therefore, byle-ce, bu yzden, bu nedenle, bu
sa:ye-de, or bu ekilde adverbs may be used to supply a simple sentence with a result concept:
Sabah-le.yin erken kalk-t-m, ve byle-ce ev dev-im-i bitir-e.bil-di-im.
(sa*bah*le*yin / er*ken / kalk*tm ~/ ve / by*le*ce / e*v*de*vi*mi /
bi*ti*re*bil*dim )
I got up early, and so I was able to finish my homework.
356
Your sister is doing her homework; therefore, you had better turn off the TV.
SO THAT
SUCH THAT
adv
adjective
subject
noun
|
|
indef object
verb
predicate
The questions were so difficult that only few students were able to answer.
subject
deficient predicate
conj
adv
adj
noun
subject
357
358
ok yal-/y/m.
noun
infinitive
postp
|
|
postp adverbial phrs of reason intensifier subj comp
predicate
359
DEGREE
COMPARATIVE DEGREE (COMPARISON OF INEQUALITY)
To compare something with another, at least two nominals should exist in a
sentence. These nominals may be nouns, pronouns, infinitives or noun
compounds. To add comparison to a sentence noun / noun - [den, dan,
ten, tan] + daha (az) + adjective (adverb) + verb structure is used.
Follow the example sentences:
(Ben) sen-den (daha) yal-/y/m.
subj
comparative adverbial
predicate
subj comp
am
subj
comparative adverbial
predicate
verb
old-er
than you.
subj
run
verb
fast-er
than you.
verb
subject complement
comparative adverbial
predicate
Besides nouns and pronouns, noun compounds and infinitives can be compared:
Otobsle seyahat et-mek uakla seyahat et-mek-ten ucuz-dur.
infinitive
subject
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361
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
The superlative degree of an adjective or an adverb is made by putting the
intensifier adverb en before an adjective or an adverb:
Ben-im araba-am ehir-de-ki en ekonomik araba-dr.
(be*nim / a*ra*bam / e*hir*de*ki / en / e*ko*no*mik / a*ra*ba*dr )
My car is the most economical car in town.
Fatma dnya/n/n en gzel kadn--dr.
(fat*ma / dn*ya:*nn / en / g*zel / ka*d*n*dr )
Fatma is the most beautiful woman of the world.
ita dnya-da-ki en hzl hayvan-dr.
(i*ta / dn*ya:*da*ki / en / hz*l / hay*van*dr )
The cheetah is the swiftest animal in the world.
ita en hz-l ko-ar.
(i*ta / en / hz*l / ko*ar )
The cheetah runs the swiftest.
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ok
hzl
subject
intensifier
adverb
predicate
Bir kedi
subject
bir kpek
kadar
verb
subject
hzl
verb
intens adv
predicate
ko-a.bil-ir.
noun
postp
|
postp phrs of comparison adv
predicate
|
verb
noun compound
postp
postp phrase of comparison
predicate
|
adverb
|
verb
noun comp
postp
postp phrs of comparison
predicate
akll-dr.
|
verb
noun compound
postp
|
postp adv phrs of comparison subj comp
predicate
363
|
verb
intensifier
adverb
verb
adverbial phrase of condition
predicate
iyi (ol-ur)
|
|
intensifier subj complement
364
WISH
WISH + WOULD
The expression above is used when the speaker wishes something to happen, or when he is complaining about the present situation. I wish is generally translated into Turkish as keke = I wish, which may sometimes be
misleading when it is used with would. In Turkish, this sort of expression is
called dilek kipi, which means, wish mood". The structure of this expression is as follows:
verb-([me, ma])-[se, sa]-[pers] or verb-[e.bil, a.bil]-[se,sa]-[pers]
Compare and consider the following sentences:
u adam eki grlt-/s/-/n/ bir durdur-sa!
(u / a*dam / e*ki / g*rl*t*s*n / bir / dur*dur*sa~)
I wish that man would stop hammering.
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366
367
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
There are two parts in a conditional sentence: if clause and the main
clause. In an if clause, the supposition is either real or unreal. These
real and unreal suppositions in Turkish are also classified according to their
times:
1 (a): present real supposition. 1(b): present unreal supposition. 2 (a):
past real supposition. 2 (b): past unreal supposition.
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369
otur-ur-uz.
370
371
subject
372
definite object
verb
subject
373
verb
|
subject
374
375
POLITE REQUESTS
3.
Kap-/y/ a, ol-ur mu?
(ka*p*y / a / o*lur / mu )
Open the door, will you?
376
377
POLITE REFUSALS
To accept an offer or a request is easy. You can just say Evet, memnuniyet-le (e*vet / mem*nu:*ni*yet*le) (Yes, with pleasure); Bayl-rm (ba*y*l*rm ) (Yes, Id love to), or Elbet-te (el*bet*te) (Certainly).
When you have to refuse a request or an offer, however, you have to be
politer than ever in order not to offend the person who asks for permission:
Televizyon-u a-a.bil-ir mi-/y/im? Can I turn on the TV?
A-ma-sa-an iyi ol-ur; nk bir i mektup-u zeri/n/-de odaklan-ma/y/a al-.yor-um. (a*ma*san / i*yi / o*lur / n*k / bir / i / mek*tu*bu
/ *ze*rin*de / o*dak*lan*ma*ya / a*l**yo*rum )
Youd better not because I am trying to concentrate on a business letter.
Oda-an.z- imdi temizle-/y/e.bil-ir mi-/y/im? Can I clean your room now?
Temizle-me-se-en (yapmasan) iyi ol-ur, nk bu oda-da yap-a.cak bir
sr i-im var. I would rather you didnt because I have got a lot of
things to do in this room.
ste-er-se-en ma-a git-e.li-im. Let us go to the match, if you wish.
Kork-ar-m git-e.me-em; ev dev-im-i bit-ir-mek zorunda-/y/m.
I am afraid I cant because I have to finish my homework.
OFFERS
To make an offer in Turkish verb-[e.li, a.l]-[pers] verb composition is
used:
378
adverbial
predicate
verb
subj
(o*tu*rup / d*n*dm )
I sat down and thought.
379
380
381
382
aslnda : in fact
Mary ev iini kendisinin yaptn syyor. Ama aslnda, iin ounu
kocas yapyor.
Mary says that she does the housework herself. In fact, her husband does
most of the housework.
383
nk : because
Televizyonu kapatsan iyi olur, nk iime devam edemiyorum.
You had better turn off the TV because I cant go on with my work.
384
385
ki: that
Korkarm (ki) pastan kedi yedi.
Im afraid (that) the cat has eaten up your cake.
nanrm (ki) haklsn.
I believe (that) you are right.
386
387
sonra: then
Eve geldi, sonra mutfaa dald ve yemek hazrlamaya balad.
She came home, then hurried into the kitchen, and started preparing dinner.
388
INTENSIFIERS
Intensifiers are the words that are used before adjectives or adverbs to
strengthen or weaken their meanings. Besides these words, there are
some prefixes, which are the only ones in Turkish that are attached to adjectives, nouns, and adverbs to strengthen their meanings:
St ok scak.
(st / ok / s*cak )
The milk is very hot.
Sorular biraz g-t.
(so*ru*lar / bi*raz / g*t )
The questions were rather difficult.
Tamamen hakl-sn.
(sen / ta*ma:*men / hak*l*sn )
You are quite right.
Baz kelebekler son derece gzel-dir.
(ba:*z / ke*le*bek*ler / son / de*re*ce / g*zel*dir )
Some butterflies are extremely beautiful.
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390
391
392
393
394
395
396
adj
adv
cond
comp
compr
cond
conj
D
def obj
Indef obj
inf
intens
intr
NP
obj
pers
phrs
pred
prep
pron
postp
sent
subj
synt
tran
V
Vc
Vi
VP
Vt
Vv
()
(*)
(:)
(-)
(u)
(r)
adjective
adverb or adverbial
conditional
Compound or complement
comparative
conditional
conjunction
determiner
definite object
indefinite object
infinitive
intensifier
intransitive
Nominal Phrase (subject or object)
object
personal allomorph
phrase
predicate
preposition(al) (English )
pronoun
postposition(al) (Turkish)
sentence
subject
syntactic
transitive
verb root ,stem, frame, or verb composition
a verb that ends with a consonant
intransitive verb
Verbal Phrase (predicate)
transitive verb
a verb that ends with a vowel
Transforming symbol
Asterisks are used to separate syllables.
A colon is used to show a long vowel: (te*da:*vi:)
Hyphens are used to separate morphemes.
Double underlined vowels show the dropped
vowels.
Single underlined consonants detach from their
syllables and attach the following vowels.
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398
399
400
401