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LI NI U
Vi nhng u im ni bt ca mnh nh tng cng sut, tng hiu sut chy, gim kh thi ng
c tng p ngy cng c s dng ph bin. K t khi Gottlieb nhn bng pht minh sng ch s
DRP 34.926 v tng p cho ng c t trong cng bc nm 1885 cho n nay tng p tr qua
mt qua trnh pht trin lu di. 06/03/1896 Rudolf Diesel nhn bng pht minh sng ch s DRP
95.680 v tng p cho ng c t bc chy. Pht minh ch ra kh nng thc hin nn nhiu cp
trong ng c 1 xylanh bng cch b tr thm mt bm nn trc ng np. Tuy nhin ngi
thc s gn lin tn tui ca mnh vi tng p chnh l k s ngi Thy S Alfred Buchi. Ngy
16/11/1905, Alfred Buchi nhn bng pht minh sng ch mang s DRP 204630 t vn phng pht
minh Reich, c.Tuy kt cu u tin ny ca Alfred Buchi cha c hon chnh nhng cng l
nn mng cho nhng ci tin sau ny ca ng. Cng ngy cng ngh tng p cng pht trin, nht
l trong vng 3 thp k tr li y. Ko theo l hng lot nhng ci tin trn cc phng tin
vn ti.
Cng ngh tng p ng c t trong s dng my nn l cng ngh tng p c s dng rt ph
bin ngy nay. Tng p dng my nn gm 2 loi : tng p c kh (Mechanical Supercharging) v
tng p tuabin kh (Exhaust Gas Turbocharging). Trong tng p c kh, my nn c dn ng
t trc khuu ng c. Cn trong tng p tuabin kh my nn c dn ng nh tuabin tn dng
nng lng kh x ca ng c t trong. Vi nhng kin thc hc v c thm cc ti liu
chuyn ngnh em xin c trnh by cc hiu bit ca em v cng ngh tng p s dng tuabin
kh.
Tuy nhin do trnh v kin thc cn hn ch nn trong thi gian lm n khng th trnh
khi nhng thiu st. Em knh mong nhn s ch bo ca thy vn kin thc ca em v tng p
c th hon thin hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n.
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Tng p TuaBin Kh
1. Tng p dn ng c kh.(supercharger)
- truyn ng t trc khuu ng c, qua bnh rng, xch hoc dy ai dn ng my nn kh kiu ly
tm, kiu ly tm, kiu roto, phin gt hoc kiu trc vt
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Tng p tuabin kh
b) Tng p bng sng kh: Kh thi ca ng c tip xc trc tip vi khng kh trn ng ti xilanh,
3. Tng p hn hp.
- Trn mt s ng c, ngoi phn tng p tuabin kh cn dng thm mt b tng p dn ng c kh. V
d trn ng c hai k, c p sut kh qut cn thit khi khi ng cng nh chy tc thp v ti
nh, phi s dng tng p hn hp. tng p hn hp c thc hin theo hai phng n: lp ni tip v
lp song song.
HSTH: Trn Tin Cnh
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4.
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2. Cu to.
- N bao gm mt tua bin hng trc lp trn cng mt trc vi my nn li tm, trc ca tuabin my nn
c bi hai ln t ngoi. Cm tuabin my nn ny c trang b b gim m rt tt, ton b v,
dng kh vo v ra tuabin u c lm mt bng nc.
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Tng p TuaBin Kh
9 (hnh v). Mch gim ti lm vic nh van iu tit 6, thng qua ng kh phn hi 7 v cm
xy lanh iu khin 8. Khi p sut tng p tng, van 6 m, mt phn kh x khng qua bnh tuc
bin 1, thc hin gim tc cho bnh nn kh np, hn ch s gia tng qu mc p sut kh np.
B. B tuabin tng p.
a. Cng dng.
- Tubin kh l thit b bin i ni nng v th nng ca cht kh thnh c nng, qu trnh bin i
ny c thc hin nh c s tc ng tng h gia dng kh v cnh tubin.
Ni nng v th nng ca cht kh trc tin c bin i thnh ng nng, sau l qu
trnh bin i ng nng thnh c nng (quay bnh cng tc) trong tuabin. Cc qu trnh ny
c thc hin trong vi phun (hai cnh hng) v bnh cng tc.
b. Phn loi.
- b tuabin tng p gm c hai phn chnh l my nn v tuabin kh cng cc c cu ph nh bc
trc, thit b bao kn, cc h thng bi trn v lm mt
- Da vo dng chy trong tuabin kh ngi ta chia ra lm hai loi: tuabin tng p hng trc v
tuabin tng p hng knh. C hai loi trn u c pht trn song song. Ni chung b tuabin
tng p hng knh dng cho nhng trng hp cn lu lng nh(ng knh ngoi ca bnh
cng tc nh hn 180 mm) cn b tuabin tng p hng trc dng cho cc trng hp cn lu
lng ln (ng knh ngoi ca bnh cng tc ln hn 260 mm). vi trng hp ng knh
ngoi ca bnh cng tc t 180-260 mm, ngi ta dng c hai loi trn.
HSTH: Trn Tin Cnh
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a.1. V my
V my l chi tit c cu to phc tp, c khi lng ln, l gi cho cc chi tit
khc. Trong v my c cc trc cc trc my, c cc o nc dn nc lm
mt, c cc khoang dn kh. V my c ch to thnh 2 na thun tin cho
vic tho lp, tuy nhin cng c loi v my c ch to lin khi. V my thng
c ch to bng gang xm hay bng gang hp kim.
a.2. Trc my nn ly tm
Trc lp cc bnh cng tc ln nhn truyn ng t ng c dn ng, quay
vi vn tc cao thc hin qu trnh nn kh. Trc my c lp vo cc cc
trn v my. Trc my c ch to bng thp hp kim.
a.3. Bnh cng tc
- Bnh cng tc c lp trn trc my quay theo trc my lm bin i ng
nng cht kh, thc hin qu trnh nn kh, trn bnh cng tc c cc bnh cong. C 3
loi bnh cng tc, bnh cng tc h, bnh cng tc na h, bnh cng tc kn.
HSTH: Trn Tin Cnh
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nn lm tng hiu sut v giam kch thc ca my nn. Cnh dn hng ca diffusor c gn
trn a, cnh c th c lin vi a hoc gia cng ri gn ln a bng vt.
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- S bin i p sut ca kh khi qua gung ng lm thay i khi lng ring ca kh.
- Khi gung ng quay, kh s vng t tm ra xung quanh di tc dng ca lc ly tm. Lm tng
khi lng ring ca kh v to ra p lc tnh
- ng thi vn tc ca kh cng tng ln v nh vy tng p lc ng ca kh.
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hp khng lm mt trung gian, p sut c ch trung bnh thng khng qu 1Mpa. Trn ng
np nu lp thm b lm mt th nhi t mi cht i vo n g c s gim nh cng sut
ng c s tng,y l m t bi n php nng cao cng sut ng c c hi u qu v n gin nht.
Mc tr s tng p cng cao, i qua b lm mt, nhi t kh nn gim cng nhiu v hi u
qu cng ln. Mi quan h s % tng ln ca m t khng kh theo mc tr s tng p vi
mc lm mt khc nhau (hi u sut my nn 75%, khng kh vo my nn c nhi t 20 C
vi p sut kh tri trn m t bin). C th thy mc tr s tng p cng cao, mc lm mt cng
nhiu th m t kh nn tng cng nhiu. Mi quan h gia cng sut ng c v p sut kPvi
gi tr khc nhau ca Tk, c th thy nhi t Tk sau b lm mt trung gian cng thp cng sut
tng cng nhiu. Khng kh nn c lm mt trung gian m t m t s gim bt tn tht tn nhi t
ca chu trnh, m t khc trong iu ki n khng thay i p sut Pk, c th lm tng cng sut ch
th ca ng c t ci thi n hi u sut c gii ca ng c. V v y lm mt trung gian cho
khng kh tng p li l m t bi n php hu hi u gim sut tiu hao nhin li u.
ng c tnh ti v ng c tu thy thng dng b lm mt dng ng c nhiu l tn nhi t
cho nc lm mt. Do nhi t nc thp nn sau khi i qua b lm mt, nhi t kTvo khong
40-50 C. u my xe la, xe ti c ln dng b lm mt dng t ong ly nc lm mt
khng kh tng p, nhi t nc khong 50-60 C, nn sau khi lm mt nhi t kTvo khong
60-75 C. i khi dng nc lm mt ng c lm mt khng kh tng p, nhi t nc
khong 75-85 C, nn sau khi lm mt Tk vo khong 85- 95 C. trn t cn dng khng
kh ngoi tri lm mt khng kh tng p, c th dng qut gi ca h thng lm mt ng c
ho c m t qut gi ring thi khng kh qua b lm mt, lc Tk vo khong 50-69 C.
Thc nghi m cho hay, nu gi p sut khng i, c gim bt nhi t khng kh 10 C th
m t khng kh s tng ln 3%. Ngoi ra thc nghi m
cng chng minh c gim bt nhi t
khng kh 10 C v gi khng i h s d lng khng kh a th cng sut tng ln 3,5%. Nu
gi khng thay i ph ti nhi t so vi trng hp khng lm mt trung gian th cng sut ng
c cn tng nhiu hn, do nhi t khng kh vo ng c gim.
Do dng b lm mt trung gian nn nhi t kh thi ca n g c hu nh khng thay i theo
iu ki n kh tri m ch ph thu c nhi t nc lm mt.
V tr t b lm mt ph thu c cu to ca ng c, cn lu my im sau: ng ni t
my nn n b lm mt cng ngn cng tt, thng l ng loe dn, cn trnh thay i t ng t
tit di n ng thng, v hng ca dng chy; phi trnh khng dng chy i nghing vo
b lm mt v s lm gim tit di n lu thng v hi u qu lm mt.
2. Lm mt pittong.
Ph ti nhi t ca ng c tng p ln hn ng c khng tng p nht l np xilanh v pittong.
V v y thng dng du trong h thng bi trn lm mt pittong. Nu tng p thp, ngi ta
lm mt pittong bng cch phun du, nhng khi tng p cao phi dng ng dn du lm mt
cng bc i vi pittong. Nh v y s lm tng phn nhi t tn tht em theo du nhn, do
phi tng kch thc kt lm mt du. Nu khng lm mt pittong, nhi t em theo du nhn vo
khong 231-268kJ/kW.h, cn trng hp dng du nhn lm mt pittong c th ti 408HSTH: Trn Tin Cnh
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462KJ/Kw.h.
*Thay i v hi u sut c gii ca ng c sau khi tng p.
Sau khi tng p cc thng s ch th ca ng c thay i t, trong khi nhng thng s c ch li
thay i nhiu ch yu do s thay i hi u sut c gii sau khi tng p gy ra. S thay i trn
ph thu c chnh vo h thng tng p. Do cng sut tn hao c gii th thu c chnh vo tc
n g c, t ph thu c ti nn c th gi thit: sau khi tng p nu khng i tc ca n g c
th cng sut vn c gi tr nh trng hp cha tng p.
* c im tng p cho ng c xng v my ga.
Phng n t b tng p .
i vi ng c xng dng b ch ha kh, c th t b tng p pha trc ho c pha sau b
ch ha kh.
Phng n t trc, khng kh c nn trong my nn sau qua b ch ha kh ri vo ng
c, phng n ny c cc u im sau:
- b ch ha kh t st ng c nn c tnh nng gia tc tt.
- bn thn nhin li u khng tip xc vi my nn nn t gy nguy hi my nn khi xy ra hi n
tng hi ha.
Nhc im:
-
trong phng n thng dng nhiu b ch ha kh(t 6-12 b ) lm tng khi lng ton
h thng.
Ha kh c ha tr n u hn:
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Kim tra cc bch ni ca h thng np, thi vi ng c cng nh vi cm tubin. Xit cht
li bulong hoc thay th ty thuc vo tnh hnh c th. Kim tra s bin dng ca ng x.
- Kim tra cc khe h dc trc v hng tm ca cnh my nn, kim tra trc tubin my nn
cng nh cc d.
- Kim tra xem c vt l ri vo h thng khng.
3. Tiu hao du ln v khi xanh.
Nguyn nhn:
- Do h hng cc u ni vi cm tubin my nn hoc do mn bc lp trn trc cm tubin
my nn.
Khc phc:
- Kim tra s lt du ca h thng thi: Tho ng ni u vo ca tubin xem c s tch t mui
than trn cnh tubin. S tch t mi than y l do chy du sinh ra.
- Kim tra s lt du ca h thng np: Kim tra cc khe h dc trc v khe h hng knh ca
cnh my nn, kim tra s c mt ca du bi trn trong ng ht ca my nn.
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Tng p TuaBin Kh
LI KT
Mc ch c bn ca tng p cho ng c t trong l lm cho cng sut ca n tng ln nhng
ng thi tng p cho php ci thin mt s ch tiu sau:
-
Th tch ca ng c nh hn.
Trng lng ng c nh hn.
Gi thnh ca ng c nh hn.
Gim n ca ng c.
Nh vy, nhim v chnh ca vic tng p l lm tng khi lng ring ca mi cht trc khi
np vo ng c bng cch tng p sut ca n gi l tng p.
Qua ti tng p tuabin kh chng ta c th thy c kt cu nguyn l hot ng ca cng
ngh tng p s dng tuabin kh. T khng nh vai tr quan trng ca tng p trong s pht
trin ca ng c t trong. Vic thc hin n gip em c c hi trao di kin thc hc
v tm hiu thm dc nhng kin thc mi m hn to thun li cho em hiu bit thm v
chuyn ngnh ca mnh.
Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n thy ch dn em hon thnh n ny. Nhng do kin
thc em cn c hn khng th trnh by cn k c ht c cc vn ca ti. Hn na bn
thn kin thc c hn, rt mong nhn s ch bo ca Thy.
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Tng p TuaBin Kh
Tng p ng c t trong tc gi : Vo Ngha & L Anh Tun, NXB Khoa hc k thut 01/2005.
Tng hp cc ngun trn mng internet:
http://www.oto-hui.com.vn
http://www.tailieu.vn
http://www.share-book.com.vn
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