1.

1.1

m~Pbv
hKvb KvhKgi mdjZv wbfi Ki Gi myz cwiKbvi Dci| wkv Kvhgi Gic cwiKbvB wkvg|
wkv_x`i AvMn, ceYZv, mvg_, AwfZv I wkLb Pvwn`vi mv_ Ges mgvR, `k I AvRvwZK cwiwwZ weePbvq
iL cYxZ nq wbw` wkvg| Kx, Kb, wKfve, K, Kvi mnhvwMZvq, Kx w`q, Kv_vq, KZ mgq ai wkLe
Ges hv wkLQ Zv wKfve hvPvB Kiv ne Gme cki Di wkvg _vK| wkvi j, Dk, wkLbdj,
welqe, wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg I g~jvqb wb`kbv-GmeB wkvgi cwZcv` welq| wkvgi wb`kbvi
AvjvK cYxZ nq cvVcyK I Abvb wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx| G wkvKgK AveZb KiB hKvbv ii wkv
eevi KgKv cwiKwZ I cwiPvwjZ Ges evevwqZ nq| Avi G KviYB wkvgK wkv Kvhg evevqbi
bxj-bKkv ejv nq _vK|

1.2

wkvg cwigvRb, Dbqb I bevqb GKwU Pjgvb cwqv| G cwqvq avivevwnK cwiexYi gvag Pjgvb
wkvgi mejZv-`yejZv I DchvwMZv wbYq Kiv nq| mgqi mv_ mgvRi cwieZb NUQ, ZvQvov vb-wevb I
chywi `Z cwieZb nQ| Gmei dj wkLb Pvwn`vI cwiewZZ nQ| G Rb cqvRbxq cwigvRb I bevqbi
gvag wkvg hyMvchvMx ivLv AvekK| Avevi Ggb mgq Avm hLb cyivbv wkvg cwigvRb Ki mgqi Pvwn`v
c~iY me nq bv, ZLb bZzb wkvg cYqb KiZ nq|

2.

wkvg Dbqbi hwKZv

gvawgK I DPgvawgK ii wkvg 1995 mvj cwigvRb, bevqb I Dbqbi KvR mb nq| l I beg kwYZ
1996 wkvel _K G wkvKg evevqbi KvR i nq| DPgvawgK i 1998 wkvel _K cwigvwRZ I bevqbKZ
wkvKg evevwqZ nq AvmQ| Gici `xN mgq RvZxq I AvRvwZK cwigj mvgvwRK, mvswZK, A_bwZK I
ivRbwZK wewfb wekl Ki vb-wevb, Z_ I hvMvhvM chywi evcK cwieZb NUQ| cwieZbi mv_
mv_ wkv_x`i wkLb-Pvwn`v `Z cwiewZZ nQ| G Pvwn`vbyhvqx wkvK hyMvchvMx Kivi Rb wkvg Dbqb
Acwinvh nq co|

2.1

2.2

cPwjZ wkvgi Dci gvawgK ii wkvg g~jvqb I Pvwn`v wbicY mgxvi djvdj wkvgi AbK
`yejZv, AmwZ I mgmv wPwZ nqQ| G wkvg AwZgvvq Z I Z_ msewjZ hv wkv_xK gyL KiZ
DrmvwnZ Ki| cPwjZ wkvg Abymvb, mgmv mgvavb `Zv ARb, nvZ-Kjg KvR Ki kLvi Ges mRbkxj
I Dvebx `Zv weKvki myhvM mxwgZ| wkv_x`i bwZK I gvbweK Yvewji weKvki myhvMI Kg| cqvRbxq
welq Ges welqe hgb- Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw, Rjevqyi cwieZb I KiYxq, eqtmwKvj I cRbb ^v, Rvjvwb
wbivcv BZvw`i cwZdjb LyeB mxwgZ| ZvQvov gvZfvlv evsjv Ges AvRvwZK fvlv BsiwR wkLb-kLvbvi
kvbv, ejv, cov, jLv Gme `Zv wkLbi Rb wkvg iZ c`vb Kiv njI evevqb Gjv h_vh_ iZ
cvq wb| wkv_x`iK KggyLx Kivi wkvgi Ae`vb mvlRbK bq| bevqbKZ wkvgi Gme
mxgveZv KvwUq DVvi cPv bIqv nqQ|

2.3

RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 evsjv`ki wkv GKwU gvBjdjK| RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 Abymvi wkvi gvag
hyMvchvMx Rbkw Dbqbi Rb cqvRb wkvgi Dbqb Ges Gi h_vh_ evevqb| RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 Gi
evevqbi mevwaK iZc~Y c`c nQ G wkvbxwZ Abymvi wkveevi ceZb Ges Gi Rb cqvRb m
Abymvi wkvg Dbqb|

2.4

evsjv`ki icK 2021 (VISION 2012) Gi j nQ wWwRUvj evsjv`k Mo Zvjv Ges `kK gag Avqi
`k cwiYZ Kiv| wWwRUvj evsjv`k Mov Ges gag Avqi `k cwiYZ Kivi cavb Dcvq nQ wkvi gvag
h_vchy Rbkw mw Kiv| Avi wkvi gvag Zv Kivi Rb cqvRb DchvMx wkvg|

2.5

GKwesk kZvxi wkvi Rb MwVZ AvRvwZK wkv Kwgkb wicvU Learning: The Treasure Within G gvawgK
wkvK Rxeb cekvi gateway to life wnmve wPwZ Kiv nqQ| Gi A_ KgRxeb ceki cqvRbxq hvMZv
gvawgK wkvi gvag ARb| G hvMZv ARbi Rb cwZe`b wkLbi PviwU (Pillar) wPwZ Kiv nqQ|
wkLbi G mg~n nQ-RvbZ kLv (Learning to know), KiZ kLv (Learning to do) wgjwgk _vKZ kLv
(Learning to live together) Ges weKwkZ nZ kLv (Learning to be) | Gme evevqbi gvag GKwesk
kZvxi DchvMx Rbkw mwi Rb cqvRb m Abymvi wkvg cwigvRb, bevqb I Dbqb|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

3. wkvg Dbqb AbymZ gWj

DkwfwK gWj (Objective Model) Abymvi DPgvawgK kwYi RvZxq wkvKg 2012 Dbqb Kiv nqQ| GwUK
djwfwK gWjI (Product Model) ejv hvq| G gWj Abymvi wkvi j I mvaviY Dk wbaviY Ki Dk ARb
DchvMx welq I welqwfwK Dk wbaviY Kiv nqQ| welqwfwK Dk ARbi Rb iwfwK cvwK wkLbdj
wbaviY Kiv nq| cvwK wkLbdjK kwYwfwK wkLbdj wefvRb Kiv nqQ| kwYwfwK wkLbdjK eywexq,
AveMxq I gbvcwkR- G wZb fvM wefvRb Kiv nqQ| kwYwfwK wkLbdjK wfw Ki kwY DchvMx welqe,
wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg I g~jvqb Kkjmn hveZxq wkv Kvhg wbaviY Kiv nq|
4. wkvg Dbqb AbymZ cwqv
mKvwi GWyKkb mi WfjcgU cR (SESDP) Gi KvwiMwi I Avw_K mnvqZvq Ges RvZxq wkvg I
cvVcyK evWi mvweK Zveavb GmBGmwWwc Gi wkvg wekle`, GbwmwUwe-Gi wkvg kvLvi KgKZve`
Ges wbevwPZ RvZxq chvqi wkvg wekl, welq wekl, wkvwe`, wkK wkvq wekl I Awf kwYwkKi
mg^q MwVZ wewfb KwgwU wkvg Dbqb Kib| wkvg Dbqb cwqvi wewfb chvq mvw`Z KvRi msw
weeiY Dcvcb Kiv njv:
cevn wP RvZxq wkvg Dbqb cwqv

wkv cwZvb

wkK

wkv ckvmK,
wkvwe`, eywRxex

Aev weklY I Pvwn`v wbicY

mgvR, iv I
AvRvwZK Pvwn`v

ivxq g~jbxwZ
RvZxq wkvbxwZ
2010

wkv_x
wkvgi iciLv cYqb

welqwfwK wkvg cYqb

wkvgi mg^qmvab
I mvweK ic`vb

RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU KZK

RvZxq wkvg 2012 Abygv`b

RvZxq wkvg 2012

cPwjZ wkvg

Aev weklY
4.1.1 gvawgK ii cPwjZ wkvg chvjvPbv
GmBGmwWwci wkvg wekle` 2008 mvj gvawgK ii (l-v`k kwY) wkvg chvjvPbv Kib|
hwK chvjvPbvi gvag wkvgi mej I `yej w`K Ges wkv_x`i wkLb Pvwn`v c~iY wkvgi DchvwMZv
hvPvB Kiv nq| GB chvjvPbvi djvdj bZzb wkvg Dbqb weePbvq ivLv nq|
4.1

4.1.2 cPwjZ wkvgi g~jvqb

GmBGmwWwci wkvg weklMY gvawgK ii wkvg g~jvqb I Pvwn`v wbicY mgxv 2010 kxlK GKwU
MelYv cwiPvjbv Kib| G mgxvi gvag wkvgi mej I `yej w`K, evevqbi cwZeKZv I cwigvRbi
mg~n wPwZ Ges wkv_x`i wkLb-Pvwn`v wbicY Kiv nq|
4.1.3 RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010
RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 gvawgK wkv mwKZ avivmg~n chvjvPbv Ki bZzb wkvg Dbqbi wfZ Zwi Kiv nq|
RvZxq wkvbxwZi wfwZB cPwjZ mKj avivi (mvaviY, gv`vmv, BsiwR) wkvK wbw` chvq ch mgw^Z I GKgyLx
wkvgi AvIZvq Afy Kivi c`c bIqv nq| G eevq me aibi wkv cwZvb c_g _K Ag kwY ch
GKB wkvg Abymvi wkv Kvhg cwiPvwjZ ne|
4.1.4 AvRvwZK chvqi wkvg chvjvPbv
mgmvgwqK weki wbevwPZ KqKwU `ki- fviZ, kxjv, gvjqwkqv, wmvcyi, Awjqv (AivR), hyivR
(AivR) Ges KvbvWvi (AivR) wkvg chvjvPbv Kiv nq| Gme `ki wkveevi wekl Ki wkvgi
wekl w`Kmg~n chvjvPbv Ki evsjv`ki cwiwwZZ G`i DchvwMZv hvPvB Kiv nq|
4.1.5 cvmwK cwZe`b, ce I gZvgZ chvjvPbv
`k-we`k cKvwkZ wkv I wkvg welqK cwZe`b, ce I gZvgZ chvjvPbv Kiv nq| Gjvi ga
DjLhvM KqKwU nQ-GKwesk kZvxi wkv mwKZ AvRvwZK wkv Kwgkbi cwZe`b UNESCO (1996)
Learning: The Treasure Within; ONeill, Geraldine (2010) Programme Design: Overview of Curriculum
Models; Marsh, C.J (1997) Perspective Key Concepts for Understanding Curriculum; Sheehan, John (1986)
Curriculum Models: Product versus Process, Smith, P.L (1993) Instructional Design, Macmillan; RvZxq

wkvg I cvVcyK evW cwiPvwjZ (2012) wbggvawgK, gvawgK I DPgvawgK chvqi wkvg, wkK cwkY
wkvg I cvVcyK Rvi mse`bkxjZv chvjvPbv kxlK cwZe`b (2012), Rjevq~ cwieZb I `yhvM
eevcbv, ZvgvK wbqY, UNICEF (2009) cwiPvwjZ Rxeb `ZvwfwK wkv|
ZvQvov evsjv`ki wewfb cK, miKvwi I emiKvwi cwZvb Ges msv wkvg Afywi Rb 31wU cwZe`b
Rgv `q| Gme cwZe`b chvjvPbv Ki mswk welq cqvRbxq cvmwK welqe mshvRbi eev bIqv nq|
31wU cwZe`bi ga DjLhvM KqKwU nQ- Rjevqy cwieZb, Z_ cvwi AwaKvi, Lv`-cyw, cRbb ^v,
GBPAvBwf-GBWm, wekl Pvwn`vmb wk, Rxeb `ZvwfwK wkvKg BZvw`|
4.2

wkvgi iciLv cYqb

Aevi weklY _K j AwfZv I djvdji wfwZ GmBGmwWwci wkvg wekle` RvZxq civgkKi wb`kbvq
wkvg Dbqbi bxwZgvjv Ges wewfb chvqi wkv Kvhg mgvKvix`i wkvq AMmiY cevn wP wbaviY Kib| Gmei
Dci wfw Ki wkvgi iciLv cYqb Kiv nq|

4.2.1 wkvg Dbqbi bxwZgvjv

gnvb fvlv Av`vjb I gywhyi PZbv Ges Amvc`vwqK g~jevai wfwZ `kcg weKvki myhvM mw
bwZKZv I gvbweK g~jeva weKvki Dci iZ c`vb
Abymwrmv, mRbkxj I Dvebx gZv ewi myhvM c`vb
wevbgb I KggyLx Kivi Dci iZ Avivc
AvaywbK chyw eenvii hvMZv ARbi myhvM mw
ZvwK vbi mv_ evegyLx I cqvMgyLx wkvi myhvM ew
Rxeb`Zv ARbi myhvM mw
me aibi elg Aemvbi j gvbevwaKvii Dci iZ c`vb
wekvqbi Pvwn`v Abymvi gvbem` mwi Dci iZ c`vb

RvZxq wkvg 2012

4.2.2 wkv Kvhg mgvKvix`i AMmiY cevn wP

gvawgK wkv
beg _K v`k kwY
(mvaviY, gv`vmv)

KvwiMwi wkv
DPZi `Zvi
ewg~jK wkv

gagvbi `Zvi
Kg

KgRxeb

DPwkv (mvaviY, gv`vmv, ckvMZ)

DPZi `Zvi
Kg

cek `Zvi Kg

ewg~jK wkv

cv_wgK/GeZ`vwq wkv
(c_g _K Ag kwY)
cvK-cv_wgK wkv

RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 Gi wfwZ AwZ AMmiY cevn wPvbymvi 8eQi gqvw` evaZvg~jK I AeZwbK cv_wgK
wkv kl Ki gav I ceYZvi wfwZ wkv_x`i GKwU Ask Pvi eQi gqvw` gvawgK wkvq Ges Ab AskwU
ewg~jK wkvq cek Kie| gvawgK wkv kl Zviv DP wkvq hve| Ze gvawgK chvqi c_g `yeQi kl
KD KD KvwiMwi wkvq hve| ewg~jK wkv mgvKvix`i GKwU Ask cek `Zvi KgRxeb cek Kie,
Abiv DPZi `Zvi ewg~jK wkv MnY Kie| GB wkv kl wKQz msLK wkv_x KvwiMwi wkvq hve Ges
Abiv gagvbi `Zvi KgRxeb cek Kie| KvwiMwi wkv kl KD KD DPwkvq (ckvMZ) hve, KDev
gagvbi `Zvi KgRxeb cek Kie| DPwkv kl DPZi `Zvi KgRxeb cek Kie| Gfve wewfb vb
I `Zv wbq Zviv KgRxeb i Kie|
4.2.3 wkvg Dbqbi wbavwiZ bxwZgvjv I wkv Kvhg mgvKvix`i wkvq AMmiY wPK mwq weePbvq iL
wkvgi Lmov iciLv cYqb Kiv nq| Lmov iciLvwU wkvg weklMYi ek KqwU AfixY mfvq
chvjvPbv I cwigvRb Kiv nq| Gfve cwigvwRZ wkvKg iciLvwU RvZxq chvqi 2wU mwgbvi Dcvcb I
chvjvPbv Kiv nq| Gme mwgbvi RvZxq chvqi wkvg wekl, welq wekl, wkvwe`, wkK-wkvq
wekl, wkv ckvmK, kwYwkK AskMnY Kib| G mwgbvi evsjv`k RvZxq msm`i KqKRb gvbbxq mvsm`
I RvZxq chvqi ek KqKRb bZe` AskMnY Ki gZvgZ c`vb Kib| mwgbvi _K cv mycvwik weePbvq
iL wkvKg iciLvwU cwigvRb Kiv nq| cwigvwRZ iciLvwU RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW Ges RvZxq
wkvg mg^q KwgwU KZK Abygvw`Z nq|
4.2.4 wkvgi iciLvq Afy welqmg~n nQ wkvi j I mvaviY Dk, iwfwK wbevwPZ welq, welqwfwK
b^i eb I mvvwnK wcwiqW msLv, wkveli Kgw`em, wcwiqWi evw, RvZxq w`emmg~n KiYxq BZvw`|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

4.3

welqwfwK wkvg Dbqb

wkvgi iciLvi wfwZ cwZwU welqi wkvg Dbqbi Rb RvZxq chvqi wkv wekl, welq wekl,
Awf kwYwkK I GbwmwUweZ KgiZ weklMYi mg^q cwZwU welqi Rb 5 _K 8 m`m wewk GKwU Ki
KwgwU wkv gYvjq KZK MVb Kiv nq| cwZwU welq KwgwUZ mg^qKvix wnmve `vwqZ cvjb Kib GmBGmwWwci
GKRb wkvg wekl|

4.3.1 welqwfwK wkvg Dbqb KwgwUmg~nK wkvg Dbqb welq wbweo cwkY `Iqv nq| cwkYi cavb wZbwU
nQ (K) wkvgi iciLv cwiwPwZ I wkvg Dbqbi bxwZgvjv (L) wkvg Dbqb cwqv Ges wkvg Dbqbi
wbavwiZ QK I Gi eenvi (M) QKwfwK nvZ Kjg bgybv wkvg Dbqb Ges chvjvPbv|
4.3.2 cwkY cviwiK Avjvc-AvjvPbvi gvag welqwfwK wkvg Dbqb wbgwjwLZ mvcvb AbymiYi wmv
bIqv nq:
(K) f~wgKv (welqi msw cwiPq) (L) Dk (mvaviY Dkvewji AvjvK welqi Dkvewj) (M) cvwK
wkLbdj (welqwfwK Dkvewj ARb DchvMx wbavwiZ i kl ARbhvM wkLbdj|) QK 1 G cvwK
wkLbdji kwYwfwK wefvRb Ges QK 2 G kwYwfwK wkLbdj, Aavq I wcwiqW msLv, AavqwfwK welqe,
wkLb-kLvbv wb`kbv, g~jvqb wb`kbv I cvVcyK cYqb wb`kbv| hnZz beg - v`k kwY I GKv`k-v`k
kwY AweQ` kwY, mnZz G `ywU chvqi wkvg Dbqb QK-1 G kwYwfwK wkLbdj wefvRbi cqvRb nq
wb|
4.3.3 cwZwU welqwfwK KwgwU w`bevcx wbavwiZ msLK mfvq wgwjZ nq wbavwiZ QK wkvgi Lmov cYqb Kib|
Gici GKB aibi welqQi welqwfwK KwgwUmg~n I wkvg civgkKi h_ mfvq Lmov wkvg Dcvcb
I chvjvPbv Kiv nq| welq KwgwU m Abymvi wkvg cwigvRb Kib|
4.3.4 GKB aibi welqmg~n wbq PviwU `j MVb Ki cwZwU `ji AvevwmK Kgkvjv AbywZ nq| welq KwgwUi m`me`,
mswk fwUs KwgwU I mv`bv KwgwUi m`me`, wkv gYvjq KZK MwVZ wkvg Dbqb welqK UKwbKvj
KwgwUi m`me` G Kgkvjvq AskMnY Kib| G Kgkvjvq welqwfwK wkvg Dcvcb I chvjvPbv Kiv nq|
chvjvPbvi AvjvK mswk KwgwU wkvgi cqvRbxq cwigvRb Kib|
4.3.5 cieZxZ mKj wkvgi Rb GKwU mvaviY Ask (Generic Part) Zwi Kiv nq| G AskwU c~e cZKZ wkvgi
iciLv I welqwfwK wkvgmg~ni mv_ mg^q Ki c~Yv ic`vb Kiv nq|
4.3.6 Gici cYxZ wkvg wefvMxq Kgkvjvq Dcvcb I chvjvPbv Kiv nq| Kgkvjvq welq-wkKMY `jMZfve ^ ^
welqi wkvg wbweofve chvjvPbv Ki mywbw` mycvwik ivLb| Kgkvjvi G mycvwiki AvjvK welq KwgwU
wkvg cwigvRb Ki mvweK ic`vb Kib|
4.3.7 wkvgwU UKwbKvj I fwUs KwgwU KZK cwigvRbi ci wkv gYvjq KZK MwVZ cdkbvj KwgwU I RvZxq
wkvg I cvVcyK evW KZK Abygvw`Z nq| mekl RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU KZK Abygv`b jvfi ci
wkvgwU RvZxq wkvg 2012 wnmve MnxZ nq|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

4.4

1.

wkvg Dbqb wewfb chvqi Kvhg

chvq
Kvhg
Aevi weklY
1.1 gvawgK ii cPwjZ wkvg
chvjvPbv
1.2 gvawgK ii wkvg g~jvqb I
Pvwn`v wbicY mgxv 2010 cwiPvjbv
1.3 Dbqbkxj I DbZ KqKwU `ki
wkvg chvjvPbv

2. wkvgi
iciLv cYqb

1.1
1.2
1.3

1.4

cvmwK cwZe`b, ce I gZvgZ

chvjvPbv

1.4

GmBGmwWwc I GbwmwUwei
wkvg wekle`

2.1

wkvg Dbqbi bxwZgvjv wbaviY

2.1

2.2

wkv Kvhg mgvKvix`i AMmiY

cevn wP cYqb

2.2

2.3

wkvgi iciLv cYqb

2.3.1

wkvg civgkKi wb`kbvq

GmBGmwWwci, GbwmwUwe wkvg
wekle`
wkvg civgkKi wb`kbvq
GmBGmwWwci, GbwmwUwe wkvg
wekle`
wkvg civgkKi wb`kbvq
GmBGmwWwci wkvg
wekle`
RvZxq mwgbvi `ywUZ
AskMnYKvixe`
wkvg civgkK I UKwbKvj
KwgwU
wkv wekl, welq wekl,
Awf kwYwkK, GbwmwUwe I
GmBGmwWwci weklMYi
mg^q MwVZ welqwfwK wkvg
Dbqb KwgwU
wefvMxq Kgkvjvq AskMnYKvix
welqwfwK wkK I
GmBGmwWwci wkvg
wekle`
UKwbKvj KwgwU I fwUs KwgwU
wkvg civgkK I GmBGmwWwci
wkvg wekle`
UKwbKvj KwgwU I fwUs KwgwU
cdkbvj KwgwU I GbwmwUwe
RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU

2.3.2
3. welqwfwK
wkvg Dbqb

3.1. wkvg Dbqbi Dci wbweo cwkY

c`vb
3.2. welqwfwK wkvg Dbqb

3.1.
3.2.1

3.2.2

4.

wkvgi
mg^q mvab I
Abygv`b

4.1. wkvgi mvgwMKfve chvR Ask

Zwi I mKj Aski mg^q RvZxq
wkvg 2012 ic`vb
4.2. RvZxq wkvg 2012 P~ov Abygv`b

RvZxq wkvg 2012

Dbqb/cYqbKvixe`
GmBGmwWwc I GbwmwUwei
wkvg wekle`
GmBGmwWwci wkvg
wekle`
GmBGmwWwci wkvg
wekle`

3.2.3
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.2

5.

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22

6.
6.1

6.2

RvZxq wkvg 2012 Gi ewk

mvaviY, gv`vmv I BsiwR wkvavivmn mKj avivi wkvi Rb Ag kwY ch GKgyLx I Awfb wkvg cYqb|
Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw, Kg I RxebgyLx wkv Ges Kvwiqvi wkv mshvRbi cvkvcvwk cPwjZ mvgvwRK wevb welqi cwieZ evsjv`k
I wekcwiPq welq mshvRb|
Rjevqy cwieZb, cRbb ^v, Z_ AwaKvi, AwURg BZvw` welqe mshvRb|
6 _K 10g kwYZ HwQK welq wnmve z` bMvxi fvlv I mswZ welq mshvRb|
hyMi Pvwn`vbymvi mKj ii cPwjZ welqvw`i welqe AvaywbKvqb Ges GKv`k-v`k kwYZ HwQK welq wnmve UzwiRg G
nmwcUvwjwU bZzb welq mshvRb|
ag wkvmn mKj welq bwZK wkvi Dci iZ c`vb|
fvlv Av`vjb I gywhyi PZbv Ges Amvc`vwqK PZbv weKvki gvag `kvZeva I RvZxq HK weKvki Dci iZ c`vb| `kvZeva
weKvki gvag AvRvwZKZveva mwi cqvm|
wevbgb, hywev`x, KggyLx I ` Rbkw mwi Dci iZ Avivc|
gvZfvlv evsjv Ges AvRvwZK fvlv BsiwR wkvq welqe gyL Kivi cwieZ kvbv, ejv, cov I jLv G PviwU `Zv kwYK
Abykxjbi gvag kLvi myhvM mw Ges AwRZ `Zv g~jvqbi cwZ ceZb|
wkLb-kLvbv Kkji gvag wkv_x`iK mRbkxj Kiv A_vr weklYg~jK, wPv DxcK I mRbkxj ckvi I KvR
Abykxjbi gvag mRbkxj I Dvebx gZvi weKvki myhvM c`vb|
hme welq eenvwiK KvR AvQ hgb- wevb, c`v_wevb, imvqb, Rxewevb, Kwlwkv, Mvnwevb, kvixwiK wkv I ^v,
Kg I RxebgyLx wkv, Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw, Pvi I KviKjv welqi ZvwK I eenvwiK Aski ga mg^q mvab Ges
wkvK Rxeb I evegyLx Kivi cqvm| A_vr cwZwU Z, m~ I bxwZ wkvi mv_ mv_ eenvwiK Kivi myhvM c`vb|
nvZ Kjg Ki kLv I `jMZ AvjvPbv Ki kLvi Dci iZ c`vb|
kwY Kvhg chywi eenvi ew|
wkvK Rxeb I evegyLx Kivi cqvm Ges `kxq cvcU Dbqbg Rbkw mwi Dci iZ c`vb|
Aavq _K Kx Kx vb, `Zv, g~jeva I `wfw ARb Kie Zv eywewK, gbvcwkR I AveMxq wkLbdj wnmve cwZwU
Aavqi iZ mshvRb|
wkvi gvag mecKvi elg `~i Ki mgZv weavbi myhvM mw| wj, ag, eY, RvwZ, ckvMZ I A_bwZK elg `~i Kivi
j GKxf~Z wkvq iZ c`vb|
wekvqbi Pvwn`v Abymvi gvbem` mwi cqvm|
cwZ wcwiqWi evw ew, AavqwfwK wcwiqW wbaviY, wkvel Kgw`emi msLv ew|
RvZxq w`emmg~n zj Lvjv iL w`em D`hvcbi eev ceZb|
avivevwnK g~jvqbi (MVbKvjxb g~jvqb) gvag wkLb `yejZv wPwZ Ki wbivgqg~jK mevi gvag wkLb wbwZKiY|
cPwjZ eenvwiK cixvi msvi mvabi gvag AwZwi bi c`vbi myhvM e Kiv|
mvgwK g~jvqb/mvgwqK cixv I cvewjK cixv cwZi msvi|

wkvg iciLv
l-v`k kwYi wkvi j I Dk

j
wkv_xi mvweK weKvki gvag gvbweK, mvgvwRK I bwZK Ymb vbx, `, hywev`x I mRbkxj `kcwgK Rbm`
mw|
Dk
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4

6.2.5
6.2.6
6.2.7
6.2.8

wkv_xi my cwZfv I mvebv weKvki gvag mRbkxjZv, Kbv I Abymwrmv ewZ mnvqZv Kiv|
wkv_xi ga gvbweK Yvewj, hgb- bwZK g~jeva, mZZv, Aaemvq, mwnyZv, kLjv, AvZwekvm, m`vPvi, Abi
cwZ kveva, bv`wbKZveva, mnv`c~Y mK I bvqwePvieva my`pfve Mw_Z Kiv|
gnvb fvlv Av`vjb, gywhyi PZbv I Amvc`vwqK g~jevai AvjvK wkv_xi ga `kcg, RvZxqZveva I
MYZvwK g~jeva RvMZ Kiv Ges mvebvgq bvMwiK wnmve eo DVZ mnvqZv Kiv|
wkv_xi ga evsjv`k mK mymsnZ vbi wfZ iPbv Z_v Gi BwZnvm, HwZn, mswZ, Av_-mvgvwRK I
MYZvwK ivRbwZKPPvi cwZ AvMn I hvMZv mwi gvag ewkK cvcU `ki cMwZ I Dbqb Ae`vb ivLZ
mg Ki Mo Zvjv|
kgi ghv`v, KvRi Afvm I KvR KiZ AvMnx nIqvi cwZ BwZevPK gbvfve weKwkZ Kiv hvZ wkv_x ewMZ
Ges `jMZ Dfq aibi KvR mv`b bwZKZv I `vwqZkxjZvi cwiPq w`Z cvi|
mKj KvhKi hvMvhvM ivq wkv_xi cwgZ evsjv fvlvi `Zv my`p I mymsnZ Kiv Ges wbqwgZ cvVvfvm
Mo Zvjv|
evsjv mvwnZi AwbwnZ bv`wbK m`h, kLjv Ges mL DcfvM I D`NvUb wkv_xi hvMZv weKwkZ Kiv|
AvaywbK Kg, DPwkvmn mKj KvhKi hvMvhvMi cqvRb BsiwR fvlvi gwjK `Zvmg~n ARbi
gvag wkv_xK hvM Ki Mo Zvjv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

6.2.9

wkv_xK MvwYwZK hyw, cwZ I `Zvi mv_ cwiwPZ Kivbv Ges RxebNwb I weki cvwicvwkK mgmv mgvavbi
Rb MwYZi cvqvwMK `Zv weKwkZ Kiv|

6.2.10 wkv_xK chywi cwZ AvMnx Ki Zvjv Ges Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw eenvi AvZwekvmx, Drcv`bkxj Ges
mRbkxj wnmve Zwi Kiv|
6.2.11 wkv_x hvZ Rxebgvb Dbqbi Rb RxebNwb wewfb mgmv Abymvb I mgvavb evwbK cwqv I cwZ cqvM
KiZ cvi m j evwbK `wfw I hvMZv ARb mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.12 `k Ges ewnweki cvKwZK I mvgvwRK cwiek Ges Rjevqyi cwieZbi Dci iZvivc Ki cwiekMZ Dcv`vb
mK wkv_x`i cwiwPZ Kiv| GKB mv_ mswk mKji KjvYi Rb H mKj Dcv`vbK wbqY I eenvi Kivi
hvMZv ARb mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.13 Lv` I cyw, kvixwiK mgZv, ivM-evwa, cRbb ^v Ges ewMZ wbivcv BZvw`i Dci iZvivc Ki
wkv_xK ^vmZ Rxebhvcbi cqvRbxq vb, Rxeb`Zv I `wfw ARb mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.14 wkv_xi gb wbR wbR agxq wekvm I g~jeva RvMZ Kivi cvkvcvwk Ab ag I agvej^x`i cwZ kvkxj nZ
mnvqZv Kiv|
6.2.15 wkv_xi ga evOvwj Ges z` RvwZ-Mvxi bvix-cyil, eY, Mv, fvlv, mswZ, wewfb kwY I ckvi gvbyli cwZ
vZZ I kveva mw Kiv|
6.2.16 wkv_xi `wnK I gvbwmK weKvki j mnwkvwgK Kvhvewj- Ljvayjv, kixiPPv, mvswZK KgKv, Pvi I KviKjv
Abykxjbi wbqwgZ Afvm Mo Zvjv|
6.2.17 Rxebevcx wkvq AvMnx I hvM Kivi Rb wkv_xi ewMZ I mvgvwRK Rxeb, AvaywbK Kg Ges ^-Kgmsvbi
Rb cqvRbxq vb, `Zv I `wfw my`p Kiv|
6.2.18 mnhvwMZvg~jK KvR Kivi gvag wkv_xi bZZ, mnhvwMZv I hvMvhvM `Zv weKvk mg Kiv|
6.2

welq KvVvgv
l, mg I Ag kwYi welq KvVvgv, b^i I mgq eb
mKj avivi AvewkK welq
(mvaviY wkv, gv`vmv wkv I BsiwR wkv aviv)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

cixvi
b^i

evsjv
BsiwR
MwYZ
evsjv`k I wekcwiPq
wevb
Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw
gvU

7.

8.
9.
10.

11.

mvaviY wkv avivi AvewkK welq

ag I bwZK wkv:
Bmjvg I bwZK wkv/ wn`yag I bwZK wkv/ wLag I bwZK wkv
/eag I bwZK wkv
kvixwiK wkv I ^v
Kg I RxebgyLx wkv
Pvi I KviKjv
gvU
mvaviY avivi HwQK welq (GKwU bIqv hve)
z` bMvxi fvlv I mswZ/Kwlwkv/Mvnwevb/Aviwe/msZ/cvwj
megvU

150
150
100
100
100
50
650

mgqeb
(Kvm wcwiqW)
mvvwnK mvgwqK
5
87
5
87
4
70
3
53
4
70
2
35
23
402

100

53

106

50
50
50
250

2
2
2
9

35
35
35
158

70
70
70
316

100
1000

2
34

35
595

70
1190

`e:

c_g wcwiqWi evw 60wgwbU I Abvb wcwiqWi evw 50wgwbU|

kwbevi _K eyaevi cwZw`b 6wcwiqW Ges enwZevi 4wcwiqW|

`wbK cviwK mgvek (Assembly) Gi gqv` 15wgwbU Ges 3q wcwiqW ci gav weiwZi evw 45wgwbU|

`yB wkdU cwiPvwjZ cwZvb me 5wgwbU Ki mgq Kg ne Ges gav weiwZi evw 25wgwbU|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

evwlK
174
174
140
106
140
70
804

6.3 mvaviY wkv avivi beg I `kg kwYi welq-KvVvgv, b^i I mgq eb
welqi aib
welq
cixvi
b^i

AvewkK

1. evsjv
2. BsiwR
3. MwYZ
4. ag I bwZK wkv
(Bmjvg I bwZK wkv/ wn`yag I bwZK wkv/
wLag I bwZK wkv / eag I bwZK wkv)
5. Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw
6. Kvwiqvi wkv
7. kvixwiK wkv, ^vwevb I Ljvayjv

gvU
kvLvwfwK welq
wevb kvLvi 8. c`v_wevb
Rb AvewkK 9. imvqb
welq
10.Rxewevb/DPZi MwYZ
11.evsjv`k I wekcwiPq
wevb kvLvi 12.Rxewevb/DPZi MwYZ/ z` bMvxi fvlv I
HwQK welq
mswZ/Kwlwkv/Mvnwevb/f~Mvj I cwiek/Pvi I
(GKwU bIqv
KviKjv/msMxZ/ewmK UW/kvixwiK wkv I xov*
hve)
megvU
eemvq wkv 8. eemvq D`vM
kvLvi Rb
9. wnmvewevb
AvewkK welq 10.wdbv I evswKs
11.wevb
eemvq wkv 12.f~Mvj I cwiek/ evsjv`k I wekcwiPq/
kvLvi HwQK
Kwlwkv/Mvnwevb/ z` bMvxi fvlv I
welq
mswZ/Pvi I KviKjv/ msMxZ/ewmK UW
(GKwU bIqv
megvU
hve)
gvbweK kvLvi 8. evsjv`ki BwZnvm I wekmfZv
Rb AvewkK 9. f~Mvj I cwiek
welq
10. A_bxwZ/cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
11. wevb
gvbweK kvLvi 12.A_bxwZ/cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv/Pvi I
HwQK welq
KviKjv/Kwlwkv /Mvnwevb/z` bMvxi fvlv I
(GKwU bqv
mswZ/ Aviwe/msZ/cvwj/ msMxZ/ewmK UW
hve)
/kvixwiK wkv I xov*
megvU

200
200
100
100

mgqeb
(Kvm wcwiqW)
mvvwnK mvgwqK
5
80
5
80
4
64
2
32

evwlK
160
160
128
64

50
50
100
800

2
1
2
21

32
16
32
336

64
32
64
672

100
100
100
100
100

3
3
3
3
3

54
54
54
54
54

108
108
108
108
108

1300
100
100
100
100
100

36
3
3
3
3
3

606
54
54
54
54
54

1212
108
108
108
108
108

1300
100
100
100
100
100

36
3
3
3
3
3

606
54
54
54
54
54

1212
108
108
108
108
108

1300

36

606

1212

`e:
wevb, gvbweK I eemvq wkv kvLv _K hKvbv GKwU kvLv wbevPb Ki wbevwPZ kvLvi AvewkK welqmg~n wbZ
ne|
mvn 6w`b `wbK 6wcwiqW AbywZ ne|
wcwiqWi evw I Abvb welq l _K Ag kwYi Abyic ne|
* kvixwiK wkv I xov welqwU ay evsjv`k xov wkv cwZvbi wevb kvLv I gvbweK kvLvi wkv_xiv HwQK
welq wnmve wbZ cvie|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

6.4 GKv`k-v`k kwYi welqKvVvgv (ay 2013-2014 wkveli Rb chvR)

2013 - 2014 wkveli Rb RvZxq wkvg 2012 Gi wb`kbv Abymvi GKv`k I v`k kwYi welq KvVvgv wbic :
1. wkv_x wbi hKvbv GKwU kvLvq fwZ nZ cvie| kvLvmg~n nQ K. gvbweK L. wevb M. eemvq wkv N. Bmjvg wkv O. Mvnwevb Ges P. msMxZ
2. mKj kvLvi AvewkK welq 1. evsjv (cyivZb wkvg) 2. BsiwR (cyivZb wkvg) 3. Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw
3. kvLvwfwK welqmg~n wbic kvLv
kvLvwfwK AvewkK welq
kvLvwfwK HwQK welq (GKwU bIqv hve)
wevb
4. c`v_wevb
7. (K) Rxewevb, (L) DPZi MwYZ, (M) Kwlwkv, (N) fMvj, (O)
5. imvqb
gbvwevb, (P) cwimsLvb, (Q) cKkj AsKb I IqvKkc cvKwUm
6. Rxewevb A_ev DPZi MwYZ
(cyivZb wkvg), (R)*xov (cyivZb wkvg) ay weKGmwci
wkv_x`i Rb
gvbweK
10. (K) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (L) A_bxwZ, (M) fMvj, (N) hywwe`v, (O)
hKvbv wZbwU welq :
4. BwZnvm A_ev Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ mgvRwevb, (P) mgvRKg, (Q) BwZnvm, (R) Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ
(S) Bmjvg wkv, (T) gbvwevb, (U) cwimsLvb, (V) b-wevb (bZzb
5. cibxwZ I mykvmb
wkvg cYqb mvc) (W) Kwlwkv (X) Mvn A_bxwZ (cyivZb
6. A_bxwZ
wkvg), (Y) Pviy I KviyKjv (cyivZb wkvg), (Z) bvUKjv (cyivZb
7. mgvRwevb A_ev mgvRKg
wkvg), (_) mgiwe`v (cyivZb wkvg), (`) Aviwe A_ev cvwj A_ev
8. fMvj
msZ (cyivZb wkvg), (a) jNy msMxZ (cyivZb wkvg), (b) DPZi
9. hywwe`v
MwYZ, (c) *xov (cyivZb wkvg) ay weKGmwci wkv_x`i Rb
eemvq
4. eemvq msMVb I eevcbv
7. (K) wdbv, evswKs I wegv, (L) Drcv`b eevcbv I wecYb, (M),
wkv
5. wnmvewevb
cwimsLvb, (N) fMvj, (O) A_bxwZ, (P) Kwlwkv, (Q) MvnA_bxwZ
6. wdbv, evswKs I wegv A_ev
(cyivZb wkvg), (R) mvwPweK we`v I Awdm eevcbv (2015-16
Drcv`b eevcbv I wecYb
wkvel ch Pje)
Bmjvg
wkv
Mvn
A_bxwZ
msMxZ

4. Bmjvg wkv
5. Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ
6. Aviwe (cyivZb wkvg)
4. mvaviY wevb Ges Lv` I cyw wevb
5. eenvwiK wkKjv Ges e I cvlvK wk
6. Mn eevcbv I wkeaY Ges cvwievwiK mK
(cyivZb wkvg)
4. jNy msMxZ (cyivZb wkvg)
5. DPv msMxZ (cyivZb wkvg)
6. A_bxwZ A_ev cibxwZ I mykvmb A_ev
BwZnvm

7. (K) mgvRwevb, (L) mgvRKg, (M) Kwlwkv, (N) Mvnwevb

(cyivZb wkvg), (O) gbvwevb, (P) hywwe`v, (Q) fMvj, (R) A_bxwZ
7. (K) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (L) gbvwevb, (M) A_bxwZ, (N) mgvRKg,
(O) fMvj, (P) mgvRwevb, (Q)msMxZ jNy/DPv(cyivZb wkvg), (R)
mvwPweKwe`v I Awdm eevcbv Ges (T) Bmjvg wkv
7. (K) A_bxwZ, (L) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (M) gbvwevb, (N) hywwe`v,
(O) MvnA_bxwZ (cyivZb wkvg), (P) mgvRwevb, (Q) mgvRKg

* BwZnvm Ges Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ welq `ywUi ga hKvbv GKwU AvewkK A_ev HwQK wnmve bIqv hve| Zgwbfve
mgvRwevb I mgvRKg welq `ywUi hKvbv GKwU AvewkK A_ev HwQK welq wnmve bIqv hve| DjL _vK h, welq `ywU GKB m
AvewkK I HwQK wnmve bIqv hve bv|
* xov welqwU ay evsjv`k xov wkv cwZvbi wevb I gvbweK kvLvi wkv_xiv HwQK welq wnmve wbZ cvie|

mKj welq `yB c _vKe Ges c~Y b^i ne 200|

ay Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw welq GKwU c _vKe Ges Gi c~Y b^i ne 100|
mKj welq mvvwnK wcwiqW 5wU|
Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw welqi mvvwnK wcwiqW 3wU|
cwZwU wcwiqWi evw ne 60 wgwbU|
GKB welq kvLvwfwK AvewkK welq Ges HwQK welq wnmve `yevi bIqv hve bv|
h me welq eenvwiK AvQ Hme welq Zxq I eenvwiK mgw^Zfve Pje| A_vr Zxq Ask Ges G mswk eenvwiK Aski
wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg GKB mv_ cwiPvwjZ ne| cvVcyK mfveB cYxZ ne|
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW KZK cKvwkZ evsjv I BsiwR eB eenvi KiZ ne| Abvb welqi cvVcyK RvZxq wkvg I
cvVcyK evW KZK Abygvw`Z nZ ne| Ze idvi wnmve Abvb eB eenvi Kiv hZ cvi|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

6.5 RvZxq wkvg 2012 Abymvi GKv`k-v`k kwYi welq KvVvgv (2014-2015 wkvel nZ KvhKi ne)
1. wkv_xK wbi hKvb GKwU kvLvq fwZ nZ ne| kvLvmg~n nQ
K. gvbweK L. wevb M. eemvq wkv N. Bmjvg wkv kvLv O. Mvnwevb Ges P. msMxZ
2. mKj kvLvi Rb AvewkK welq 1. evsjv 2. BsiwR 3. Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw
3. kvLvwfwK welqmg~nkvLv
kvLvwfwK AvewkK wZbwU welq
kvLvwfwK HwQK welq (GKwU bIqv hve)
wevb
gvbweK

4.
5.
6.
4.

c`v_wevb
imvqb
Rxewevb A_ev DPZi MwYZ
BwZnvm A_ev Bmjvgi BwZnvm I
mswZ
5. cibxwZ I mykvmb A_ev A_bxwZ A_ev
hywwe`v
6. mgvRwevb A_ev mgvRKg A_ev fMvj

eemvq
wkv

4. eemvq msMVb I eevcbv

5. wnmvewevb
6. wdbv, evswKs I wegv, A_ev Drcv`b
eevcbv I wecYb

Bmjvg
wkv

4.
5.
6.
4.
5.
6.
4.
5.
6.

Mvnwevb
mxZ

Bmjvg wkv
Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ
Aviwe
wki weKvk
Lv` I cyw
Mn eevcbv Ges cvwievwiK Rxeb
jNy mxZ
DPv mxZ
A_bxwZ A_ev cibxwZ I mykvmb A_ev
BwZnvm

7. (K) Rxewevb, (L) DPZi MwYZ, (M) Kwlwkv, (N) fMvj, (O)
gbvwevb, (P) cwimsLvb, (Q) gwKvwevb, (R) cKkj AsKb I
IqvKkc cvKwUm (cyivZb wkvKg), (S)*xov (cyivZb wkvg),
7. (K) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (L) A_bxwZ, (M) fMvj, (N) hywwe`v,
(O) mgvRwevb, (P) mgvRKg, (Q) Bmjvg wkv, (R) gbvwevb,
(S) cwimsLvb, (T) b-wevb (bZzb wkvg cYqb mvc) (U)
Kwlwkv (V) Mvnwevb, (W) Pviy I KviyKjv, (X) bvUKjv (cyivZb
wkvg), (Y) mgiwe`v (cyivZb wkvg), (Z) Aviwe A_ev cvwj
A_ev msZ (cyivZb wkvg), (_) *xov (cyivZb wkvg)
7. (K) wdbv, evswKs I wegv, (L) Drcv`b eevcbv I wecYb, (M)
UzwiRg G nmwcUvwjwU, (N) gvbe m` Dbqb (bZzb wkvg
cYqb mvc), (O) cwimsLvb, (P) fMvj, (Q) A_bxwZ, (R)
Kwlwkv, (S) Mvnwevb, (T) mvwPweK we`v I Awdm eevcbv
(2015-16 wkvel ch)
7. (K) mgvRwevb, (L) mgvRKg, (M) Kwlwkv, (N) Mvnwevb,
(O) gbvwevb, (P) hywwe`v, (Q) fMvj, (R) A_bxwZ
7. (K) wkKjv I e cwiQ`, (L) gbvwevb, (M) A_bxwZ, (N)
mgvRKg, (O) fMvj, (P) mgvRwevb
7. (K) A_bxwZ, (L) cibxwZ I mykvmb, (M) gbvwevb, (N)
hywwe`v, (O) Mvnwevb, (P) mgvRwevb, (Q) mgvRKg

* xov welqwU ay evsjv`k xov wkv cwZvbi wevb I gvbweK kvLvi wkv_xiv HwQK welq wnmve wbZ cvie|
BwZnvm Ges Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ welq `ywUi ga hKvbv GKwU AvewkK A_ev HwQK wnmve bIqv hve| Zgwbfve
mgvRwevb I mgvRKg welq `ywUi hKvbv GKwU AvewkK A_ev HwQK wnmve bIqv hve| DjL _vK h, welq `ywU GKB m
AvewkK I HwQK wnmve bIqv hve bv|
mKj welq `yB c _vKe Ges c~Y b^i ne 200|
ay Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw welq GKwU c _vKe Ges Gi c~Y b^i ne 100|
mKj welq mvvwnK wcwiqW 5wU|
Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw welqi mvvwnK wcwiqW 3wU|
cwZwU wcwiqWi evw ne 60 wgwbU|
GKB welq kvLvwfwK AvewkK welq Ges HwQK welq wnmve `yevi bIqv hve bv|
h me welq eenvwiK AvQ Hme welq Zxq I eenvwiK mgw^Zfve Pje| A_vr Zxq Ask Ges G mswk eenvwiK Aski wkLbkLvbv Kvhg GKB mv_ cwiPvwjZ ne| cvVcyK mfveB cYxZ ne|
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW KZK cKvwkZ evsjv I BsiwR eB eenvi KiZ ne| Abvb welqi cvVcyK RvZxq wkvg I
cvVcyK evW KZK Abygvw`Z nZ ne| Ze idvi wnmve Abvb eB eenvi Kiv hZ cvi|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

7.

wkLb-kLvbv cwZ I Kkj

wkvgi myz evevqbi gvag wkv_xi wkLb wbwZKiY A_vr wkLbdj ARb cavbZ `ywU welqi Dci wbfikxj|
mePq iZc~YwU nQ kwYwkKi mwq mnhvwMZv I h_vchy wkLb-kLvbv cwZ I Kkji myy cqvM Ges
wZxqwU nQ gvbmZ cvVcyK I Abvb wkvcKiYi mwVK eenvi| Dfq B wkKi f~wgKv AZ iZc~Y|
GK K_vq wkv_xi wkLb wbwZKiYi wkKi Pq Dg Avi wKQy bB| GLvb weklfve DjL, AbK KwVb
I RwUj KvR hv Kivi Rb AbK kg I mgq cqvRb Zv h_vwPZ cwZ I Kkj cqvM mnR I Kg mgq mwVKfve
mb Kiv me| wkv_xi wkLbi I G wbqg chvR| wkK c~ecwZ wbq Kg cwikg Ges AcvKZ Kg
mgq h_vh_ cwZ I Kkj cqvM wkv_xi wkLbdj ARb wbwZ KiZ cvib|

7.1 wkv_xi wkLb wbwZ Kivi weeP welq

7.1.1 wkLb-kLvbv cwqvq wkv_xi mwqZv LyeB iZc~Y| mwqZvi `ywU -gvbwmK mwqZv I `wnK mwqZv|
gvbwmK mwqZv A_vr wkYxq welq wkv_xi wPb cwqv Dx Kiv| Ggb mgmv, ck ev KvR `Iqv hvi mgvavb
wPv Ki ei KiZ nq| `wnK mwqZv njv nvZ-Kjg KvR Ki kLv| wkv jvf cwqvq wkv_xK mwq ivLv
Mj Kg mgq I mnR wkLb me|
7.1.2 gvbyl GK aibi KvR `xN mgq gbvhvM w`Z cvi bv| wk`i gbvhvM `Iqvi evw eq`i Pq Kg|
wewfb MelYvq `Lv MQ, 12 _K 16 eQi eqmx wk`i G evw 8 _K 10 wgwbU, ZvI Avevi wbfi Ki
KvRwU KZUv AvKlYxq Ges Avb``vqK Zvi Dci| AZGe kwY Kvhg ne ewPc~Y| AvjvPbv, `jMZ KvR, M,
jLv, AuvKv, weZK, Awfbq, nvZ-Kjg KvR, ckvi, c`kb BZvw` cvVi mv_ mwZ iL cqvM Kiv nj wkv_xi
gbvhvM ai ivLv me|
7.1.3 cZK ewB ^Z (every individual is a unique)| wkv_x`i Zv ewk weePbvi `vwe ivL| cZK
wkv_x Zvi wbRi gZv Ki wbR MwZZ kL| ZvB ew^vZi K_v weePbvq iL h_vme wkv_xi DchvMx
Dcvq mnhvwMZv `Iqv nj wkv_xi c wkvjvf mnR nq|
7.1.4 wkvK ejv nq eK cwqv| eKi Dci eK vcb Ki weivU BgviZ Zwi Kiv nq| GKBfve Rvbv AwfZv, vb I
`Zvi Dci wfw Ki bZzb vb, `Zv I g~jeva ARb mnR mnvqZv `Iqv hvq| ZvB wkv_xi Rxeb _K Dcgv,
D`vniY w`q Ges c~ej vb, `Zvi mv_ mshvM vcb Ki bZzb vb, `Zv ARb mnvqZv Kiv nj wkv jvf
mnR nq|
7.1.5 wkv_xiv hv wkLe Zv eyS wkLe| Kvbv welq mK my aviYv jvf Kie| bv eyS gyL Kiv h_v_ wkv bq|
GZ wkLbi mvjb nq bv| eyS wkLj ev Kvbv mgmv mgvavbi hyw I cwZ eyS cqvM Kij Abyic mgmvi
mgvavb wkv_x wbRB KiZ cvi| ZvB wkLbi Rb gyLi Pq eySvi Dci iZ `Iqv cqvRb|
7.1.6 wkv jvf h_vh_ wkvcKiYi mwVK eenvi AZ iZc~Y| me welqB Kg-ewk wkvcKiY eenvii myhvM
AvQ| wkvcKiYi mvnvh RwUj I weg~Z welqK mnR I g~Z Ki Dcvcb Ki welqwUK aviYv `Iqv hvq|
GKwU QvU MvQ kwYZ c`kb Ki MvQi wewfb Ask ev gvwwgwWqvq m~hMnY `Lvj hZ mnR mwVK aviYv jvf me
Ab Kvbvfve Zv me bq| gvwwgwWqv eenvii myhvM bv _vKj P`, cw_ex I m~hi Awfbq ev PvU eenvi Kiv
hvq|
7.1.7 wkLbK vqxKiYi Rb cqvRb Abykxjbi eev| bZzbfve AwRZ vb, `Zv evievi Abykxjb Kiv nj GKw`K
hgb wkLb vqx nq, Abw`K wkLb mvjbi myhvM mw nq|
7.1.8 wkv ARbi wkv_xi cwZ wkKi mnvbyf~wZc~Y AvPiY LyeB iZc~Y| wkK-wkv_xi mK Ggb ne hb
wkv_x ay jLvcov welqK mgmv bq, Zvi h Kvbv ewMZ, cvwievwiK mgmv webv msKvP wkKi mv_ AvjvPbv
Ki| wkK mgmv mgvavb civgk w`eb Ges mvagZ mnvqZv Kieb| wkK-wkv_xi gvS Kvbv `qvj _vKe bv|
mK ne mn-kvi Ges LyeB Nwb I AvwiK|
7.1.9 wkKi wekvm _vKZ ne h, Zuvi mKj wkv_xB kLvi mvg_ mb| mevi kLvi Dcvq I MwZi ga cv_K _vKZ
cvi, Ze Dchy cwiek I mnhvwMZv cj mevB kL| Kvb wkv_xi cwZ wkKi bwZevPK gbvfve _vKj H
wkK _K wkv_xi DcKZ nIqvi mvebv LyeB Kg| ZvB cwZwU wkv_xi cwZ wkKi DP aviYv _vKv evbxq|
Kvb wkv_xK KLbI Zvi gv_vq Mvei, ZvK w`q wKQyB ne bv, Mvav, Ac`v_ BZvw` Kvbv aibi bwZevPK
ev wbirmvng~jK K_v ejv hve bv| eZ eenvi ev Kvbv cKvi kvixwiK ev gvbwmK kvw c`vb wkv jvfi Aivq
Ges ivxq AvBb kvwhvM Aciva| fq-fxwZ bv `wLq eis Drmvn c`vb Kiv nj wkv_xi kLvi AvMn AbKUvB
eo hvq|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

8.

wkLb gZev`

8.1

wkv wevbi AZ iZc~Y welq wkLb gZev`| `xNw`b ai _bWvBKi cPv I fyj mskvab gZev` (Trail and
Error Theory of Thorndike); cfjfi DxcK I cwZwqvwfwK mvc cwZeZev` (Conditioned Reflex Theory of
Pavlov); Kvnjvi I KvdKvii mgMZvev` (Gestalt Theory) wkLbi AbymZ nq AvmQ| eqmf` wk`i AeaviY
gZv wfb G welq Theory of Cognitive Development of Piaget wkvwevb mwekl Ae`vb iL PjQ| G gZev`
AeaviY gZv ev mvg_i ZviZg Abymvi 1 _K 16 eQi eqmi wk RxebK PviwU i fvM Kiv nqQ| fvMjv
nQ (K) 0-2 eQi mse`b mvjbi i (L) 2-7 eQi cvK-KvhKi i (M) 7-11 eQi eve KvhKi i Ges (N) 11-16
eQi AvbyvwbK KvhKi i| wkvg Dbqb I wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvq wki AeaviY gZv ev mvg_i welq
weePbvq ivLv LyeB iZc~Y| Kvb eqmi wk KZUzKz aviY KiZ cvi ev Kvb eqm Kx Kx aibi weg~Z aviYv jvf
KiZ mg m mK my aviYv _vKv AZvekK| wkLbi DwjwLZ cZKwU gZev` g~jZ AvPiYev`| wK eZgvb wek
mevwaK AvjvP wkLb gZev`wU aviYv MVb mwKZ hv MVbev` bvg cwiwPZ|

8.2 MVbev` (Constructivist Theory)

wkv_x wKfve kL G mK wkv gbvwevbx`i AevnZ cPvi dj D~Z mevaywbK Z nQ MVbev`| jvwUb
k Constrvere _K Construct kwUi Drcw hvi A_ webvm Kiv ev MVb `Iqv| ZvB G Zi g~jK_v njv aviYv
MVbB wkLb| cwZ gyn~ Z Bw`q Mvn Z_ viv Avgv`i wPbi ga h wbqwgZ MVb Ges cwieZb nQ Zvi gvagB
wkLb cwqv NU| cZK wkv_x wbRi AwfZv Ges cvwicvwkKZv Abyavb Ki wbRi gZv GKKfve bZzb vb I
aviYv MVb Ki| ew bZzb wKQyi myLxb nj m GUvK Zvi c~ej vb I AwfZvi AvjvK hvPvB Ki MnY Ki|
GfveB ew bZzb aviYv ev vb ARb Ki| hvPvBq bZzb welqK Aevi gb nj GUvK m evwZj Ki `q|
wkLbi Jerome Bruner cwiek I fvlv weKvki Dci ewk cvavb w`qQb| Zuvi gZ, vbweKvki
cwieki f~wgKv ewk Ges vbweKvki wewfb i wk vbi AvIZvfz wewfb mgmvi mgvavb wewfbfve `q| GUv
wbfi Ki wki c~e AwfZv I vbi Dci|
gb Kib MVbev` wkKi f~wgKv ne bZzb aviYv MVb wkv_xK mnvqZv Kiv| ay Z I Z_
mieivn Kiv bq| wkK mgmv-mgvavb ev Abymvbi wb`kbv w`eb, wkv_xiv hvZ wbRivB AbywgZ aviYv Zwi I
cixv Ki wmv wbZ cvi Ges `jMZ wkLb cwiek Ab`iK Zv RvbvZ cvi| G cwqvq vb jvfi gvag
wkv_xiv wKfve DcKZ nQ Zv D`NvUb KiZ wkK wkv_x`i DrmvwnZ Kib| Jonassen AviI gb Kib h,
wkv_xiv wbRiv wbR`iK ck Ki Ges Zv`i eeZ cwZ Kkji h_v_Zv hvPvB Ki wbRivB g g
Awf wkv_xZ cwiYZ nq, wKfve wkLZ nq (How to learn) Zv Zviv Avq Ki dj| Gfve Zviv Rxebevcx
wkv_xZ (Life-long learners) cwiYZ nq|
David Jonassen

MVbev`wfwZ wkvgi webvm ne kwLj (spiral)| G eevq wkv_x AwRZ aviYv, vb I `wfwi Dci wfw
Ki gvMZfve bZzb bZyb aviYv, vb I `wfw ARb Kie|
David Jonassen Gi

gZvbymvi MVbev`x kwYK wkLb ne-

MwVZ (Constructed) : wkv_xiv Zv`i c~evb, aviYv I AwfZvi mv_ bZzb vb I AwfZvi mg^q Ki Abyavbi
gvag wbRi gvS bZzb aviYv MVb Kie|
mwq (Active) : wkv_xiv wbRivB wbR`i aviYv mw Kie| wkK Zv`iK cqvRbxq wb`kbv w`eb Ges
wkv_x`iK cixv KiZ, DcKiYvw` eenvi KiZ, ck KiZ I cPv PvjvZ myhvM Ki w`eb|
wkv_x`iK wbR`i j I Kgcv wbaviY mnvqZv w`eb|
8.

wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvi KwZcq cwZ I Kkj

wkv_xi wkLb AbKvsk wbfi Ki wkK KZK cwiPvwjZ cwZ I Kkji Dci| wkv_x`i gZv I ceYZv
Ges cvVi ewki wfwZ cwZ I Kkj wbevPb Kiv cqvRb| cwZ I Kkj mwVK nj Ges h_vh_fve
cqvM Kiv nj wkv_x mnR wkLZ cvi| GLvb KqKwU cwZ I Kkji msw cwiPq `Iqv njv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

8.1

ck-Di cwZ (Question-Answer Method)

ck- Di GKwU ej cPwjZ I KvhKi cwZ| G cwZi mwVK cqvMi gvag wkv_xK mwq iL wkLb
mnhvwMZv Kiv hvq| wewfb Dk ck Kiv nq _vK| kLvi Rb ck, wkLbdj ARb cwigvci Rb ck, Kvb wekl
Kgi DchvwMZv hvPvB Kivi Rb ck, BZvw` ek KqKwU aib iqQ|

8.2

ck Kivi ixwZ
mg kwYK Dk Ki ck Kiv| c_g Kvbv wkv_xK wbw` Ki ZvK ck Kiv nj kwYi Ab wkv_xiv
wbwq _vK, AgbvhvMx nZ cvi| mevBK mwq ivLvi Rb mg kwYK ck KiZ nq|
wPv Ki Di wVK Kivi Rb wKQyUv mgq `Iqv|
Di `vb kLjv eRvq ivLv| Di`vb mg wkv_xiv nvZ DVve| mevi GKmv_ Di `Iqvi Afvm ZvM
KivZ ne|
wkv_xK wbw` Ki Di w`Z ejv| GKB wkv_xK evi evi Di `Iqvi myhvM bv w`q chvqg mevBK
myhvM `Iqv| cqvRb Di`vb BwZ w`q mnvqZv Kiv| Di mwVK bv nj Ab wkv_xK Di w`Z ejv|
mwVK Di cybivew Kiv|
Gici c~e nvZ DVvq wb Ggb AcviM wkv_xK GKB cki Di w`Z ejv|
cqvRb Abymvbx ck (probing question) Kiv| GKwU cki Di _K h ck RvM ZvK Abymvbx ck ejv
nq|

8.2.1 cki aib

cki fvlv ne mnR I kwY DchvMx|
ck ne wkv_xi wPv DxcK I ciYv mwKvix| Kb, wKfve, KviY Kx, evLv Ki, weklY Ki, Zzjbv Ki
BZvw` viv ck Kiv nj wPv Ki Di ei KiZ nq|
hme cki Di nuv ev bv Ggb ck bv KivB fvj| wZ wbfi ck hgb Kx, K, Kv_vq, KqwU ev KvK ej
BZvw` ck hZUv me cwinvi Kiv|
chvqg Ggbfve ck Kiv hb ckmg~ni Di _K welqe mK aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| cqvRb
ckvii gvS gvS AvjvPbv Kiv|
Abymvbg~jK ck (probing question) A_vr GKwU cki Di _K D~Z ck Ki welqi c~YZv Avbv cqvRb|
hgbg~j ck : we`vjq wkv_x`i Mo DcwwZ KZ?
Di : mvaviY mgq 85%, wekl mgq 50%
Abymvbg~jK ck : wekl mgq Kg Kb?
Di : avb ivcY I avb KvUvi gmyg Qjgq`i AbK KwlKvR AwffveKK mnvqZv Ki ZvB Zviv
we`vjq Avm bv|
8.2.2 wkKi KiYxq
mwVK Dii Rb wkv_xK Drmvn c`vb
fyj Dii Rb wb`kbv I wkLZ AbyciYv `Iqv
mwVK Dii cm Ub AvjvPbvi gvag aviYv jvf mnvqZv Kiv
wkv_xK ck KiZ myhvM `Iqv, DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges wkv_xi cki Di `Iqv|
9.

`jMZ mnhvwMZvg~jK wkv cwZ

`jMZ mnhvwMZvg~jK cwZ GKwU mdj wkLbcwZ| G cwZZ GKB eqtgi ev GKB chvqi wkv_xiv
cii wg_wqvi gvag wkv jvf Ki| G wkKi f~wgKv civ wK iZc~Y| `jMZ KvRi gvag
cwZwU wkv_xi ay vb-`ZvB ew cvq bv, mv_ mv_ ek wKQy gvbweK Yvewji weKvk NU| K_v kvbvi I K_v
ejvi kLjv AbymiY, cigZ mwnzZv, bZZ, mgSvZv BZvw` Yvewji weKvk NU|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

9.1

`j MVb
wewfbfve `j MVb Kiv hvq| mg-mvg_i wkv_x`i `j, wgk mvg_i wkv_x`i `j, welqwfwK `j,
AjwfwK `j BZvw`| AbK wgk mvg_ `ji myweav Ab`i Pq wKQyUv ewk| cwZ cvVi Rb ev cwZ
welqi Rb bZzb Ki `j MVb KiZ Mj AbK mgq jvM| ZvB kwYwkK (whwb c_g wcwiqW Kvm bb) `j
MVb Kieb| cqvRb GK gvm Ai Ai bZzb Ki `j MVb Kieb| GZ wkv_x`i wg_wqvi cwimi ew
cvq| GKB kwYi wewfb welqi wkKMY kwYwkK KZK MwVZ `jjvKB `jMZ KvR wbqvwRZ Kieb|
cwZwU `ji AvKvi 6Rb _K 8Rb nj fvj, Ze 10Rbi ewk nIqv evbxq bq| cZK `ji GKwU Ki bvg
_vKj myweav nq| dj, dzj, cvwL, b`x ev is Gi bvg `ji bvg ivLv hvq|

9.1.1 `jMZ KvRi Avmb webvm

`jMZ KvRi Avmb webvm Ggb ne hvZ `ji mKj wkv_x gyLvgywL emZ cvi| kwYKi AvKvi eo nj
Ges chv Avmevec _vKj, cwZ `j Mvj Uweji Pvicvk eme| Gic Avmevec bv _vKj cvKv gSZ
gv`yiI Mvj nq emZ cvi| bZzev c_g ei wkv_xiv Nyi wZxq ei gyLvgywL eme, Gfve ZZxq e
Nyi PZz_ ei gyLvgywL| G cwZ `ji wkv_x`iK ci ci `ye emZ ne| wkK `jMZ KvR eywSq
`Iqvi mv_ mv_B `jefve em `jMZ KvR i KiZ ne| Avmevec UvbvUvwb Ki mgq b Kiv hve bv|
9.1.2 `jMZ KvR Kivi cwqv
`j fvM nIqvi AvMB mgeZ Kvm wkK Ki `jMZ KvR eywSq w`eb|
wkK `ji GKRbK GKwU KvRi Rb `jbZv gbvbqb w`eb| chvqg `ji cZKK `jbZvi `vwqZ
w`eb|
wkv_xiv `j fvM nq eme| `ji cZK welqwU wbq wPv Kie| Zvici AvjvPbv i Kie| GKRb K_v
ejvi mgq Abiv gb w`q be| K_vi gvS KD K_v eje bv| Ze AvjvPbv Ah_v `xN ev cm ewnf~Z nj
`jbZv f`fve wbqY Kie|
`ji cZK AvjvPbvq AskMnY Kie|
AvjvPbvi gvag Z, Z_, hyw Dcvcb I hyw Lb Kie|
Kviv K_v AcQ` nj ev gbtcyZ bv nj ah ai bZ ne, ci hyw w`q Lb Kiv hve, ivM Kiv ev Akvfb
AvPiY Kiv hve bv|
Rvi Ki Ab`i Dci wbRi gZvgZ Pvwcq `Iqvi Pv Kiv hve bv|
AvjvPbvi djvdj `ji wmv wnmve wjLZ ne Ges mevBK gb wbZ ne|
cieZxZ mgeZ Kvm wkKi wb`kvbymvi H AvjvPbvi `jbZv `ji cwZe`b Dcvcb Kie| Ab `ji ck
_vKj `ji c h Kvbv GKRb Di w`e|
`jMZ KvR Pjvi mgq Kvbv gZvbK ev mgmv `Lv w`j `jbZv nvZ Zzj wkKi wb`kbv PvBe|
9.1.3 `jMZ KvRi aib
`jMZ KvR cavbZ Abymvbg~jK ev mgmvwfwK ne| `jMZ KvRi welq wPv DxcK, mRbkxj I weklYagx
ne| mvaviY Z, Z_ ev vbg~jK Rvbvi welq `jMZ AvjvPbvi welq nq bv| ZvZ Abymvb ev wPv DxcK wKQy
_vK bv|
9.1.4 `jMZ KvRi KqKwU D`vniY
K. evsjv`k _K wewfb cRvwZi cvwL gvMZ wejy nIqvi KviY I Zv`i ivi Dcvq Abymvb|
L. Mvgi wbii gvbylK ^v mPZb Kivi wkv_x`i KiYxq wbaviY|
M. cixYi gvag wewfb cKvi gvwUi ewk wPwZKiY|
N. evsjv`ki wk`i AwaKvi ivq miKvi, mgvR I AwffveKi KiYxq wbaviY|
O. GKwU AbyQ`i mvigg D`&NvUb|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

9.1.5 `jMZ KvRi welq wnmve mwVK bq

K. AbycvZmn evqyi Dcv`vbmg~ni bvg
L. evsjv`ki f~-cKwZi eYbv
M. mvK `kmg~ni ivRavbx, RbmsLv I gv_vwcQy Avq
N. cigvYyi MVb eYbv
O. Z_ AwaKvi AvBb eYbv
9.1.6 `jMZ KvRi gvag wkLb `yejZvi Aemvb
wkv_x`i KD KD wewfb KviY wbavwiZ wkLbdj ARb KiZ cvi bv| avivevwnK g~jvqbi gvag wkLb
`yejZvmb wkv_x`i wPwZ Ki Zv`i Rb wekl `jMZ KvRi eev Kiv hvq| G GKB kwYi GKRb
wkLbdj ARbKvix PKm wkv_xK `jbZv wnmve `ji Ab`iK wkLb mnhvwMZv Kivi `vwqZ `Iqv nq|
wkK `jbZvK c~eB cqvRbxq wb`kbv w`q `b| mgchvqi wkv_x viv Ab wkv_x`iK wkLb mnhvwMZv
`IqvK Peer Learning ejv nq|
9.1.7 `jMZ KvR PjvKvjxb wkKi KiYxq
`jMZ KvR PjvKvjxb wkK Nyi Nyi cZK `ji KvR cheY Kieb| hLvb hLb cqvRb wb`kbv I
mnvqZv w`eb| cieZxZ `jMZ KvR Dcvcbi mgq fyj-vw ev Am~YZv _vKj awiq w`eb|
10.

c`kb cwZ (Demonstration Method)

c`kb cwZi g~jK_v njv Kvbv wKQy `wLq GwU mK aviYv jvf wkv_x`iK mnvqZv Kiv| Kvbv wKQy
Dcvcb ay eYbv ev AvjvPbvq mxgve bv _K Zv `Lvbv nj aviYv jvf mnR nq Ges GZ wkv_x`i AvMn
I Drmvn ew cvq| G cwZZ cvVi welq mswk eve e ev cZfve cwqv `wLq eYbv, AvjvPbv ev ckDii gvag aviYv jvf mnvqZv Kiv nq| hgb- GKwU Rev dzji Askjv `wLq dzji Askjvi mK
aviYv ARb mnvqZv Kiv; kwYK wkv_x`i mvgb hcvwZ mshvRb Ki `vi mv_ cvZjv mvjwdDwiK GwmW
wgwkq nvBWvRb cZ Ki `Lvbv BZvw`|
AbK eve e ev NUbv mivmwi `Lvbv me nq bv| m Aaevei mvnvh aviYv jvf mnvqZv Kiv
hvq| hgb- P` ev m~hMnY mK aviYv jvfi Rb kwYK wmwW ev wWwfwWi gvag gvwwgwWqvq cw_ex I
Puv`i wbR wbR Kc_ N~Yb `wLq MnY NUvi welqwU cwivi Kiv hvq| cRi ev gvwwgwWqv bv _vKj PvUi
gvag `Lvbv hvq| ivj-c cwZZI kLvbv hvq| wekl wkv_x`iK kwYKi evBi wbq eve
NUbv cZfve `wLq wkv jvf mnvqZv Kiv hvq| hgb- f~wgqi KviYjv cZ `Lvbv hvq| me nj
HwZnvwmK vb wbq wewfb wb`kb `wLq I eYbv Ki aviYv jvf mnvqZv Kiv hvq| hgb- Kzwgjvi KvUevwo
kvjeb wenvi cwi`kb wbq ZrKvjxb emfZv mK RvbZ mvnvh Kiv|
c`kb cwZZ wkv_x`i Abymwrmv ew cvq| mnR mwVK aviYv jvf KiZ cvi| wkLb AcvKZ `xNvqx
nq| c`kb cwZZ j ivLZ ne hb me wkv_x `LZ cvq|

11.

Abymvbg~jK KvRi aib

Abymvbg~jK KvR g~jZ KgKw`K cwZ| wWDBi mwqZv Zi wfwZ cwiPvwjZ G cwZZ wkv_xiv
GKKfve ev `jMZfve wbR`i cPvq wbqgZvwK cwZZ wkv jvf Ki _vK| G cwZZ wkv_x Kvbv
welq ev NUbv ev mgmvi KviY, djvdj, cwZwqv BZvw` D`&NvUb Ki| bw_c chvjvPbv, cwi`kb, cheY,
mvvrKvi MnY bvbvfve Abymvb KvR cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|| D`vniY hyemgvRi AvKvk mswZi cwZ ceYZv ewi KviY I djvdj
wk Aj evqy `~lYi KviY I djvdj
Lv` Drcv`b AwZgvvq ivmvqwbK KxUbvkK `e eenvii cwZwqv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

12. Abymvbg~jK cwZZ wkLb cwqv

cZKwU Abymvbi Rb GKwU welq ev mgmv wbevPb KiZ nq| G cwZZ hveZxq Kvhg cavbZ cuvPwU chvq
cwiPvwjZ nq| chvqjv nQK. mgmv/Dk wbaviY
L. cwiKbv cYqb
M. Z_ msMn
N. Z_ weklY
O. cwZe`b cYqb
me c_g Kvhgi mgmv wPwZ Kiv ev Dk wbaviY KiZ nq| wZxq chvq mgM Kvhgi Rb cwiKbv cYqb
KiZ nq| Dk ARbi Rb Kx Kx KiZ ne, KvbwU wKfve, Kx w`q, KLb KiZ ne-G meB cwiKbvq _vK|
Z_ msMn Abymvbg~jK KvRi GKwU iZc~Y i| cvBgvwi ev mKvwi Drm nZ Z_ msMn KiZ ne| PZy_
chvq Z_ weklY I djvdj cYqb KiZ ne| mekl wkv_x m~Y Abymvbg~jK KvRi Dci GKwU cwZe`b
cYqb Kie|
13. wkLb- kLvbv Kvhg mK KqKwU K_v
wkLb-kLvbv cwZ I Kkj AbK aibi| Gi KqKwU wkKKw`K Ges KqKwU wkv_xKw`K| wkLb-kLvbv
cwqvq wkv_xi mwq AskMnY wkvjvf mnvqK| me cwZiB Kgewk myweav I Amyweav AvQ| Ggb Kvbv cwZ
ev Kkj bB hwU mKj wkv_xi Rb mgfve DchvMx ev me aibi welqei Rb DchvMx| wkKi wewfb cwZ
I Kkji Dci `Zv Ges kwY I cvV DchvMx cwZ I Kkji h_vh_ cqvMi Dci wbfi Ki wkv_xi wkLb
mvdj| Ggb Kvbv evaevaKZv bB h GKwU cvV cwiPvjbvq wkKK GKwU cwZi Dci wbfi KiZ ne| cvVK
djcm~ Kivi Rb wkK cwiwwZ Abymvi GKvwaK cwZ I Kkji mswgkY wbRi gZv Ki cvV cwiPvjbv KiZ
cvib| cvVi mvdj wbfi Ki wkKi wePYZv, welqvb I wkLb cwZi h_vh_ cqvMi Dci| GRb ejv nq wkKB
mevrK cwZ| wkv_xKw`K wkLb-kLvbv cwZ ewea| GLvb gv KqKwU wkv_xmwq cwZ msc Dcvcb
Kiv njv| Ze wkKi AwaK msLK cwZ I Kkji Dci `Zv _vKv cqvRb| Zvnj wZwb h h cwZ
DchvMx Zv cqvM KiZ cvib| cqvRb GKvwaK cwZi mswgkY wbRi gZv Ki cvV cwiPvjbv KiZ cvib|
cvV cwiPvjbvi mgq wkK hw` eySZ cvib h cqvMKZ cwZ wkv_x`i wkLb djcm~ nQ bv ZLb wZwb cwZ
cwieZb KiZ cvib| ZvB wkK`i e cwZi Dci `Zv _vKv AvekK|
14. wkv_xi g~jvqb
mvaviY A_ wkv_xi g~jvqb njv wkv Kvhg _K wkv_xi ARbi gvv wbYq Kiv| A_vr wkvg DjwLZ c~e
wbavwiZ wkLbdj wkv_x KZUv ARb KiQ Zv wbicYB wkv_xi g~jvqb| hw`I g~jvqb K_vwUi wewZ AbK evcK|
Avgiv wewfb mgq bvbvfve wkv_xi g~jvqb Ki _vwK| g~jvqbi mgq I aib weePbvq wkv_xi g~jvqb cavbZ `yB
avivi: (K) MVbKvjxb ev avivevwnK g~jvqb Ges (L) mvgwK g~jvqb| Avgiv cvV PjvKvjxb ev wbw` cvVvsk _K
wkv_xi ARb g~jvqb Ki _vwK| G g~jvqb avivevwnK ev MVbKvjxb g~jvqb| Avevi Avgiv wbw` mgq kl ev
Kvhg kl mvgwqK cixv, evwlK cixv, GmGmwm cixv BZvw` cixvi gvag g~jvqb Ki _vwK| G aibi
g~jvqb nj mvgwK g~jvqb| avivevwnK I mvgwK Dfq avivi g~jvqbiB cqvRb AvQ| Ze avivevwnK g~jvqbi
iZ AbK ewk| KviY avivevwnK g~jvqbi gvag wkv_xi wkLb `yejZv wPwZ Ki ZvrwYK wbivgqg~jK eev bIqv hvq|
wkv_xi nvZ-Kjg eenvwiK KvR Kivi cwqv cheYi gvag g~jvqb Ki wb`kbv `Iqv hvq|
wkv_xi wekl wKQz `Zv, hgb- kvbv, ejv, cov BZvw` Kg mgq, Kg LiP I mnR cwigvc Ki avc avc
wb`kbv `Iqv I wbivgqg~jK eev bIqv hvq| mvgwK g~jvqbi gvag AbK Gme ewki g~jvqb Kiv me
nq bv|
RvZxq wkvg 2012

15.

wkv_xi AveMxq w`Kmg~n wekl Ki ewK I mvgvwRK AvPiY Ges g~jeva cZ cheYi gvag
g~jvqb Ki wb`kbv `Iqv hvq|
G g~jvqbi gvag wkK Zuvi eeZ wkLb kLvbv cwZ I Kkji h_v_Zv I djcm~Zv wbaviY Ki ev
`yejZv wPwZ Ki cqvRbxq cwieZb AvbZ cvib|
avivevwnK g~jvqb
avivevwnK g~jvqbi gvag wkv_xi `yejZv wPwZ Ki wb`kbv `Iqv hvq Ges cqvRb wbivgqg~jK eev MnY
Kiv hvq|

15.1

kwYi KvR
wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg PjvKvjxb wkv_x KZK mvw`Z hveZxq KvR kwYi KvR wnmve weewPZ| welqf`
kwYi KvRi aib ZviZg _vKZ cvi| AwaKvsk B cki Di ejv ev jLv, AuvKv (wP/Qwe, mviwY,
gvbwP, jLwP), AvjvPbv I weZK AskMnY, Pwi-Awfbq, eenvwiK KvR-G aibi me wKQzB kwYi KvR|
evsjv I BsiwR welq kvbv, ejv, cov, jLv BZvw` kwYi KvR wnmve weewPZ ne|
15.2 evwoi KvR
wkv_x evwoZ wkvgwfwK h KvRjv mb Ki ZvB evwoi KvR | evwoi KvR wkv_x GKKfve mb
Kie GUvB cZvwkZ| wkK wbwZ neb h, wkv_x GKvB KvRwU mb KiQ| evwoi KvRi gvag wkv_xi
wPb `Zv Ges ewK AvPiY I g~jeva g~jvqb Kiv ne| evwoi KvR g~jvqb Ki wkK wkv_x`iK
cqvRbxq wkLb mnvqZv w`eb| wkvgi wkLbdji Pvwn`vi Dci wfw Ki wkK evwoi KvR w`eb|
j ivLZ ne evwoi KvR hb wkv_xK gyL Kivq DrmvwnZ bv Ki| evwoi KvR Ggb nZ ne hb
wkv_xi wPb `Zv weKvk Ges mRbkxjZv cKvki myhvM _vK|
kwYK AwRZ aviYvmg~n wPv I KvR cqvM Kivi myhvM hb evwoi KvR _vK| evwoi KvR hb
wkv_xK mRbkxj cki cwZZ mvnvh Ki mw`K iZ w`Z ne| wkvg gvwU wkLb kLvbv
Kvhg Kjvg c` evwoi KvR bgybv wnmve AbymiY Kiv hZ cvi|
cwZwU welqi evwoi KvRjv Ggb ne hv wkv_x 30-35 wgwbUi ga mv`b KiZ cvi| wkK cwZ
mvgwqK kwYZ cqvRbxq msLK evwoi KvR w`eb|
15.3 kwY Afxv
cwZwU Aavq kl kwY Afxv bIqv ne| kwY Afxv wjwLZ ev eenvwiK ne| cwZwU kwY Afxv ^ mgq
bIqv ne| welqi Rb wbavwiZ Kvm wcwiqW bIqv ne| wbavwiZ GK Kvm wcwiqWi AwZwi mgq bIqv hve
bv| kwY Afxvi w`b kwYi Abvb wcwiqWi ^vfvweK KvRKg h_vixwZ Pje|
16

mvgwqK cixv I cvewjK cixv

RvZxq wkvg 2012 Gi wb`kbv Abymvi cwZ wkvel `ywU mvgwqK fvM Kiv ne| mvgwqK Ges cvewjK
cixvi ckc cYqb Ges Dic g~jvqb mRbkxj ckcwZi wb`kbv Abymvi msMwVZ ne| wkvg c`
Aavqmg~nK `ywU mvgwqKi Rb eb KiZ ne| we`vjqi Kvhw`emi cwigvYi Dci wfw Ki Aavqmg~nK
mvgwqK eb KiZ ne| c_g mvgwqK g~jvqbKZ Aavqmg~nK wZxq mvgwqK g~jvqbi Rb eenvi Kiv hve
bv| mvgwqK kl Abyq cixv wkvg welq Ges ci Rb eivKZ c~Y b^i ne| wkvg iciLvi
welqKvVvgvq welqi c~Yb^i `Iqv AvQ|
mRbkxj ckcwZi ckc `y&B aibi ck _vKe| GKwU nQ ewbevPwb ck Ges AciwU nQ mRbkxj ck|
ewbevPwb ckc wZb aibi ewbevPwb ck _vKe| Gjv nQ mvaviY ewbevPwb ck, ec`x mgvwm~PK
ewbevPwb ck Ges Awfb Z_wfwK ewbevPwb ck| ewbevPwb ckc wPb `Zvi Pvi ii ck
AvbycvwZKnvi _vKe| mKj AavqK cixvi AvIZvfz KiZ ne| ckc cYqbi c~e wb`kK QK Zwi
KiZ ne| cwZwU mRbkxj ck GKwU DxcK _vKe Ges DxcKi mv_ 4wU ck _vKe| ck 4wU w`q wPb
`Zvi PviwU i (vb, Abyaveb, cqvM Ges DPZi `Zv) hvPvB Kiv ne| Ze wnmvewevb MwYZ I DPZi
MwYZ welqi wnmve mRbkxj ckc ay wPb `Zvi cqvM vii 3wU ck _vKe| 1wU mnR gvbi, 1wU
gagvbi I GKwU Acv KwVb gvbi ck b^i c`vb wb`wkKv AbymiY Ki Dic g~jvqb KiZ ne|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

wkvg Dbqb mswk KwgwU

1. RvZxq wkvg mg^q KwgwU
wgK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

bvg I c`we
W. Kvgvj Ave`yj bvmi Payix
mwPe, wkv gYvjq, evsjv`k mwPevjq, XvKv|
DcvPvh, RvZxq wekwe`vjq, MvRxcyi|
W. KvRx LjxKzvgvb Avng`
Pqvigvb, evsjv`k Dbqb cwil` I mfvcwZ, evsjv`k A_bxwZ mwgwZ|
hyM-mwPe (gvawgK), wkv gYvjq, evsjv`k mwPevjq, XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, gvawgK I DPwkv Awa`i, XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, RvZxq wkv eevcbv GKvWgx, avbgw, XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, evsjv`k KvwiMwi wkv Awa`i, AvMviMuvI, XvKv|
cwiPvjK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi gvt gvdv KvgvjDwb
Pqvigvb, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
Pqvigvb, gvawgK I DPgvawgK wkvevW, XvKv|
Pqvigvb, evsjv`k KvwiMwi wkvevW, XvKv|
Pqvigvb, evsjv`k gv`&ivmv wkvevW, XvKv|
m`m (wkvg), RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
cdmi W. gynv` Rvdi BKevj
wefvMxq cavb, KwDUvi mvq G Bwwbqvwis wefvM, kvnRvjvj wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq, wmjU|
W. gvt wQwKzi ingvb
cvb AavcK I cwiPvjK, wkv I MelYv BbwwUDU
XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
AavcK W. gvt AvLZvivgvb
Bmjvgi BwZnvm I mswZ wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
AavcK kvnxb gvn&eyev Kexi
BsiwR wefvM RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjq, mvfvi, XvKv|
m`m (cv_wgK wkvg), RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
m`m (cvVcyK), RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
cK cwiPvjK, GmBGmwWwc, gvawgK I DPwkv Awa`i, wkv feb, XvKv|
Dc mwPe (gvawgK), wkv gYvjq, evsjv`k mwPevjq, XvKv|

KwgwUZ c`we
mfvcwZ
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m

2. cdkbvj KwgwU
wgK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

bvg I c`we
cdmi gvt gvdv KvgvjDwb
Pqvigvb, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, gvawgK I DP wkv Awa`i, XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, RvZxq wkv eevcbv GKvWgx, avbgw, XvKv|
cwiPvjK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq,XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, evsjv GKvWgx, XvKv|
gnvcwiPvjK, BmjvwgK dvDkb evsjv`k, XvKv|
Rbve gbRyij Avnmvb eyjeyj
cavb mv`K, ekvLx Uwjwfwkb wjwgUW, XvKv|
cK cwiPvjK, GmBGmwWwc, gvawgK I DP wkv Awa`i, wkv feb, XvKv|
Pqvigvb, gvawgK I DPgvawgK wkvevW, XvKv I mfvcwZ, evsjv`k Avt evW mg^q mve KwgwU|
Pqvigvb, evsjv`k gv`&ivmv wkv evW, XvKv|
Pqvigvb, evsjv`k KvwiMwi wkv evW, XvKv|
AavcK Avyjvn Avey mvqx`
cwiPvjK, wekmvwnZ K`, XvKv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

KwgwUZ c`we
mfvcwZ
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

W. gvt wQwKzi ingvb

civgkK, GmBGmwWwc, gvawgK I DPwkv Awa`i, XvKv|
AavcK Kwdj Dxb Avng`
civgkK, cv_wgK wkvg DBs, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
cdmi gynv` Avjx
cvb m`m, wkvg, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
(evmv-mK-gwfm 8g Zjv (cwg), 6/9, eK-wm, jvjgvwUqv, XvKv-1207|
Wxb, PviyKjv Abyl`, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi mvjgv AvLZvi
AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
Aa, wkK cwkY KjR, XvKv|
m`m (wkvg), RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
cavb wkK, MebgU jveiUwi nvB zj, avbgw, XvKv|
Rbve gvkZvK Avng` f~uBqv
weZiY wbqK, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|

3. UKwbKvj KwgwU
wgK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

bvg I c`we
cdmi gvt Ave`yyj Revi
cvb cwiPvjK, bvqg, XvKv|
(evwo bs-7, moK bs-11, mi bs-4, Div gWj UvDb, XvKv-1230)
AavcK W. Avey nvwg` jwZd
mycvi wbDgvwi AavcK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi Ave`ym myenvb
cvb gnvcwiPvjK, cv_wgK wkv Awa`i
(wm-8, evmv bs-52, ivW bs-6/G, avbgw AvevwmK GjvKv, XvKv|)
AavcK W. Mvjvg imyj wgqv
cvb Aa, wUPvm Uwbs KjR, XvKv|
(evmv bs-47, ivW bs-02, mi-09, Div gWj UvDb, XvKv-1230|)
W. gvt wQwKzi ingvb
civgkK
GmBGmwWwc, gvawgK I DPwkv Awa`i, wkv feb, XvKv|
cdmi W. gvt bvRgyj Kwig Payix
eevcbv wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
W. Avyj gvjK
AavcK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
Rbve gvnv` RvwKi nvmb
wkvg wekl
GmBGmwWwc, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
Rbve kvnxbviv eMg
wekl, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
Rbve gvt gvLjm Di ingvb
wekl, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
Rbve gvt dinv`yj Bmjvg
EaZb wekl, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|

RvZxq wkvg 2012

m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m-mwPe

KwgwUZ c`we
AvnevqK
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m-mwPe

4. fwUs KwgwU
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bvg I c`we

1.

evsjv

KwgwUZ c`we
1.
2.

2.

BsiwR

1.
2.

3.

MwYZ

1.
2.

4.

wevb

1.
2.

5.

evsjv`k I wekcwiPq

1.
2.

6.

Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw

1.
2.

7.

cwiek cwiwPwZ

1.
2.

RvZxq wkvg 2012

AavcK Ave`yjvn Avey mvqx`

cwiPvjK, wekmvwnZ K`, XvKv|
cdmi b~iRvnvb eMg
Aa, miKvwi wevb KjR, XvKv|
cdmi Ave`ym myenvb
cvb gnvcwiPvjK, cv_wgK wkv Awa`i, XvKv|
(wm-8, evmv bs-52, ivW bs-6/G, avbgw AvevwmK GjvKv, XvKv)
cdmi gvt kvgmyj nK
cvb Wxb, evsjv`k Dby wekwe`vjq, MvRxcyi (evmv bs-25, GvcvUgU-we-5, ivW bs
68G, jkvb-2, XvKv-1212)
cdmi W. gvt Avyj gwZb
MwYZ wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi W. gvt Avym Qvgv`
MwYZ wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi W. gvt AvwRRyi ingvb
c`v_wevb wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
Rbve gvnv` b~i Avjg wmwKx
mnhvMx AavcK, AvBBAvi, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi W. nvib Di iwk`
ivwevb wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
W. mq` nvwdRyi ingvb
mnhvMx AavcK, cwiek wevb wefvM
RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjq, mvfvi, XvKv|
cdmi W. gynv` Rvdi BKevj
KwDUvi mvq G Bwwbqvwis wefvM
kvn&Rvjvj wevb I chyw wekwe`vjq, wmjU|
Rbve gvt mwdDj Avjg Lvb
mnKvix AavcK, Z_ chyw BwUwUDU, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi W. G Gm Gg gvKmy` Kvgvj
f~Z wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi W. gvt LexiDxb
cwiek wevb wefvM, RvnvxibMi wekwe`vjq, mvfvi, XvKv|

5. wkvg Dbqb KwgwU

g

1
2
3
4
5
6

bvg I c`ex
cdmi ggZvR Dxb Avng`
wnmve wevb wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi W. axgvb Kzgvi Payix
GKvDwUs G Bbdigkb wmg wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq, XvKv|
cdmi Avym mvjvg nvIjv`vi
mwPe, gvawgK I DP gvawgK wkv evW, eKkx evRvi, XvKv|
Rbve Avyj gwR`
Drcv`b wbqK, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
Rbve gvnv` gwbij Bmjvg
MelYv KgKZv, GbwmwUwe, XvKv|
Rbve BKivgyvgvb Lvb
KvwiKzjvg wekl, GmBGmwWwc,GbwmwUwe, XvKv

w KwgwUZ c`ex
AvnevqK
m`m
m`m
m`m
m`m
mg^qKvix

6. mvweK mg^q KwgwU

wgK
1.

2.

bvg I c`we
Rbve gvnv` RvwKi nvmb
KvwiKzjvg wekl I GmBGmwWwc dvKvj cqU
KvwiKzjvg WfjcgU BDwbU
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|
Rbve gvkZvK Avng` fu~Bqv
weZiY wbqK
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv|

KwgwUZ c`we
mvweK mg^qKvix

mvweK mg^qKvix

wkvg

wnmvewevb
GKv`k I v`k kwY

1. f~wgKv
GKwU cwZvbi Avw_K Aev RvbZ I eySZ nj wewfb wnmve ivLZ nq Ges Gme wnmvei weklY cqvRb nq|
wnmvewevb G mKj wnmve ivLZ Ges Gi weklY Ki wewfb weeiYx I cwZe`b cZ KiZ mvnvh Ki|
wnmvewevbK eemvqi fvlv ejv nq KviY eemvwqK RMZi m Ggb AbKB hgb- gvwjK, eevcK, kwgK I
KgPvix, evsK, wewbqvMKvix, `bv`vi, cvIbv`vi, miKvi I RbmvaviY RwoZ AvQb hv`iK eemvqi Aev RvbZ
I eySZ nq| wnmvewevbi wbqg I cwZ Abyhvqx cZKZ weeiYx I cwZe`bi gvag eemvqi mvweK Aev Rvbv
hvq|
ewMZ, cvwZvwbK I ivxq Rxeb Z_v mgvRi cwZwU wnmve msiY Kiv Acwinvh| wnmveeev gvbe mfZvi
aviK, evnK I g~jvqbi PvweKvwV| AvaywbK chyw, Drcv`bgyLx cwiek, eq eevcbv, cwZhvwMZv, m`i h_vh_
eenvi, eq msKvPb, mvgwMK gvb eevcbv, Revew`wnZv I ^QZv cwqv, mvgvwRK `vwqZ cvjb, RbKjvYgyLx eq
eevcbvi gZ iZc~Y wnmvewevbi f~wgKv Acwimxq I Acwinvh| GB wkvg Dbqbi mgq wnmvewevbi
geagvb Pvwn`v, iZ I cqvRbxqZv weePbv Kiv nqQ| evsjv`ki Av_mvgvwRK, chywMZ I Drcv`bgyLx
cwiekK weePbvq bIqv I wnmvewevb DP wkv^lx wkv_x`i cqvRbK iZ `Iqv nqQ| cPwjZ
wkvgi GKwU mxgveZv nj GZ wnmvewevbi weklYg~jK w`KK Zzjbvg~jKfve AbKUv Kg iZ `Iqv
nqQ| dj wkv_xiv wnmvewevbi Z_ wKfve cwZvb ev eemvqi cwiKbv cYqb, KgKv g~jvqb I wbqY
Ges wmv MnY eenvi Kiv hvq m mK h_ aviYv jvf KiZ AcviM nZ| wkvgi Dbqb I cwigvRbi
eZgvb cPwjZ GKv`k I v`k kwYi wnmvewevb welqi wkvg G mxgveZv cwinvi Kivi Pv Kiv
nqQ|
wnmvewevb welqK `ywU fvM fvM Kiv nqQ c_g c iqQ cavbZ wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjv Ges wewfb wnmve I
Avw_K weeiYx cZKiY, wZxq c iqQ wekl cwZvbi wnmveeev Ges Avw_K Aevi g~jvqb| GQvov iqQ
Drcv`b eq wnmve, bM` cevn weeiYx, eq I eqi kwYwefvM Ges eq-cwigvY-gybvdv (Cost-Volume-Profit)
mK| Avkv Kiv hvq h, bevqbKZ I DbqbKZ wnmvewevb welqi hyMvchvMx G wkvg nZ wkv_xiv hgwbfve
wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjv mK Rvbe Zgwbfve GB bxwZgvjv wewfb cwZvbi wnmveeevq cqvM KiZ mg ne|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 1

2. Dk

1. ewMZ, cvwievwiK I cvwZvwbK Rxeb wnmvewevbi iZ I cqvRbxqZv mK vb ARb Kiv|

2. bwZK g~jeva I Revew`wnZv cwqvi evnK wnmve wnmvewevbi vb I `Zv ARb Kiv Ges eemvwqK
jb`b ^QZv I Revew`wnZv Dbqb Dy nIqv|
3. wnmve mgxKiY eemvwqK jb`bi cfve mK AewnZ nIqv|
4. `yZidv `vwLjv cwZZ wnmvei wewfb cKvi eB cZ KiZ mg nIqv|
5. bM`vb I evsK wnmvei emv`k `~ixf~Z Ki evsK mg^q weeiYx cZ KiZ cviv|
6. wnmvei MvwYwZK wbfzjZv hvPvB Ki mskvabx `vwLjv c`vbi mgZv ARb Kiv|
7. wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx Avw_K weeiYx cYqb KiZ mg nIqv|
8. cvc wnmvei Abv`vqx Ask Ges m`nRbK cvIbv mwwZi eev MnY Ki wnmvei eBZ wjwce KiZ cviv|
9. `kgvb I A`kgvb m`i AePq avh Ki mswk wnmve I Avw_K weeiYxZ wnmvefy KiZ cviv|
10. Avw_K weeiYxi gvag eemvqi A_bwZK KgKvi cwieZb, djvdj I Aev mK AeMZ nIqv|
11. GKZidv `vwLjv cwZ Abyhvqx iwZ wnmveK `yZidv `vwLjv cwZZ icvi Kivi `Zv ARb Kiv|
12. h_vh_ cwqvq Aeemvqx cwZvbi wnmve cZ KiZ mg nIqv|
13. Askx`vwi eemvqi wnmvecwZ mK vb ARb Kiv I h_vh_fve wnmve cZ KiZ cviv|
14. bM` cevn mK aviYv jvf Ki eemvqi bM` cevn weeiYx Zwi KiZ cviv|
15. h_g~jabx Kvvwbi g~jab msMni cwqv Rvbv I wnmvei eBZ wjwce KiZ mg nIqv|
16. h_g~jabx Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYx cZ Ki Kvvwbi mvgwMK Aev chvjvPbv KiZ cviv|
17. Drcv`b eq wnmveeev mK vb jvf Kiv Ges Drcv`b eq weeiYx cZ KiZ cviv|
18. `ic Zwii wewaweavbi AvjvK `ic Zwi KiZ cviv|
19. gRy`cY g~jvqbi cwZmg~n Rvbv I gRy`cYi g~j wbicY KiZ cviv|
20. wewfb cKvi eqi AvPiYMZ w`K mK vb ARb Ki eevcKxq wmv MnY mnvqZv KiZ cviv|
21. eevcbv wnmvewevbi aviYv jvf Ki eemvqi eevcKxq wmv MnY mnvqZv KiZ cviv|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 2

3.

Aavq webvm I mgq eb

Aavq
c_g
wZxq
ZZxq
PZz_
cg
l
mg
Ag
beg
`kg

4.

c_g c
Aavqi wkivbvg

wnmvewevb cwiwPwZ
wnmvei eBmg~n
evsK mg^q weeiYx
iIqvwgj
wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjv
cvc wnmvemg~ni wnmveiY
Kvhc
`kgvb I A`kgvb m`i wnmveiY
Avw_K weeiYx
GKZidv `vwLjv cwZ

c_g
wZxq
ZZxq
PZz_
cg
l
mg
Ag
beg
`kg

Aavqi wkivbvg
Aeemvqx cwZvbi wnmve
Askx`vwi eemvqi wnmve
bM` cevn weeiYx
h_g~jabx Kvvwbi g~jab
h_g~jabx Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYx
Avw_K weeiYx weklY
Drcv`b eq wnmve
gRy`cYi wnmveiY cwZ
eq I eqi kwYwefvM
eevcbv wnmvewevb cwiwPwZ

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

15
20
06
10
07
07
15
10
20
10

wZxq c

Aavq webvm I mgq eb

Aavq

wcwiqW msLv

wcwiqW msLv
15
20
10
10
20
07
15
08
05
15

cv 3

5. wkvg QK
c_g c

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 4

c_g Aavq : wnmvewevb cwiwPwZ (Introduction to Accounting)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

wkLbdj
wnmvewevbi aviYv eYbv KiZ cvvie|
eemvqi fvlv wnmve wnmvewevbi iZ evLv
KiZ cvie|
g~jeva I Revew`wnZv wbwZ KiZ Z_ I
wnmvewevbi f~wgKv weklY KiZ cvie|
wnmvewevbi Z_i eenvi I eenviKvix`i
mK eYbv KiZ cvie|
eemvqi jb`b wPwZ Ki wnmve mgxKiY
Gjvi cfve evLv KiZ cvie|
jb`b mswk wewfb cK wnmvei kwY Abyhvqx
wPwZ KiZ cvie|
Abvb welqi mv_ wnmvewevbi mK RvbZ
Dy ne|

wnmvewevb
eemvqi fvlv wnmve wnmvewevb
wnmvewevbi Dk I cqvRbxqZv

wnmve Z_i eenvi I eenviKvix

jb`b I Gi ewk
wnmve mgxKiY I wnmve mgxKiY jb`bi cfve
wnmve I wnmvei kwYwefvM

Abvb welqi mv_ wnmvewevbi mK

wZxq Aavq : wnmvei eBmg~n (Books of Accounts)

wkLbdj
1. jb`bi WweU I wWU c kbv KiZ cvie|
2. wnmvePi avivevwnKZv iv Ki wnmvei eBmg~n
cZ I msiY KiZ cvie|
3. wnmvei P~ov eB Zwi Ki wnmvei D wbYq
KiZ cvie|

(15 wcwiqW )
welqe

(20 wcwiqW )

welqe
`yZidv `vwLjv cwZi aviYv
wnmvei WweU I wWU wbYqi wbqgvewj (wnmvei
kwYwfwK I mgxKiYwfwK)
wnmveP
wnmvei cv_wgK eBqi aviYv I kwYwefvM
Kvievwi evv I bM`vb evvi aviYv
wewfb cKvi Rve`vi aviYv I Rve`v cZKiY
(bM`vb eB, q Rve`v, weq Rve`v, q diZ
Rve`v, weq diZ Rve`v I cKZ Rve`v)
GKNiv, `yNiv , wZbNiv I AM` wbqg LyPiv bM`vb
eB
bM` cvw I bM` c`vb Rve`v cZKiY
wnmvei P~ov eB ev LwZqvbi aviYv
LwZqvbfzKiY I wnmvei D wbYq

ZZxq Aavq : evsK mg^q weeiYx (Bank Reconciliation Statement) (06 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj
1. bM`vb eB I evsK wnmvei Di cv_Ki KviY
D`NvUb KiZ cvie|

2. evsK mg^q weeiYx cZ KiZ cvie|

welqe
evsK mg^q weeiYxi aviYv I Dk
bM`vb eB I evsK weeiYxi Di ga Miwgji
KviY
cPwjZ I mskvwaZ Dfq cwZZ evsK mg^q
weeiYx cZKiY

3. bM` A_i ^QZv wbwZ KiZ cvie|

PZz_ Aavq : iIqvwgj (Trial Balance)

wkLbdj
1. iIqvwgj cZi gvag wnmve `vwLjvi wewfb fzj
wPwZ KiZ cvie|
2. wnmvei Zv hvPvB I fzj mskvab KiZ cvie|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

(10 wcwiqW )
welqe

iIqvwgji aviYv I ewk

iIqvwgj cZKiY
wnmve Aw I Awi kwYwefvM
AwbwZ wnmve I Aw mskvab `vwLjv
Aw mskvab cieZx iIqvwgj
cv 5

cg Aavq : wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Accounting)

wkLbdj
1. wnmvewevbi KvVvgve aviYvi g~j Dcv`vbmg~ni
Drcwi KviY wPwZ KiZ cvie|
2. Avw_K weeiYx cZKiY wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjvi
cqvM KiZ cvie|

welqe
wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjv
bxwZgvjv cYqbKvix cwZvbmg~ni cwiPq
wnmvewevbi aviYv I c_vi cv_K
Avw_K weeiYx cZKiY wnmvewevbi bxwZgvjvi
cfve

l Aavq : cvc wnmvemg~ni wnmveiY (Accounting for Receivables)

wkLbdj
1. wewfb aibi cvc wnmvemg~n wPwZ KiZ cvie|
2. m`nRbK cvIbv mwwZK Abv`vqx cvIbv wnmve
mg^q KiZ cvie|
3. m`nRbK cvIbv mwwZK mg^qc~eK cvc wnmve
Zwi KiZ cvie|
4. AejvcbKZ Abv`vqx cvIbv Av`vq wnmvefy KiZ
cvie|
5. cvc wej cZ I weqi `vwLjv wnmvei eBZ
wjwce KiZ cvie|

mg Aavq : Kvhc (Worksheet)

(07 wcwiqW )

(07 wcwiqW )

welqe
cvc wnmve I Gi cKvif`
cvc wnmvei g~jvqb
Abv`vqx cvIbv Ges m`nRbK cvIbv mwwZ
Abv`vqx cvIbv Ges m`nRbK cvIbv mwwZi
wnmveiY

Abv`vqx cvIbv Av`vqi wnmveiY

cvc wej (Notes Receivable) I Gi cZKiY

cvc wej weq

(15 wcwiqW )

wkLbdj
1. g~jab I gybvdv RvZxq Avq I eq kbv Ki Kvhc
cZ KiZ cvie|
2. bM` wfwK I eKqvwfwK wnmveiYi cv_K
wbicb KiZ cvie|
3. wnmvei eBZ h_vh_fve mg^q `vwLjv, mgvcbx
`vwLjv I wecixZ `vwLjv wjwce KiZ cvie|

welqe
Kvhc I Gi ewk
g~jab I gybvdv RvZxq Avq-eqi aviYv
bM`wfwK I eKqvwfwK wnmvewevb
Kvhc cZKiY
mg^q `vwLjv
mgvcbx `vwLjv
wecixZ `vwLjv (Reversing Entry)

Ag Aavq : `kgvb I A`kgvb m`i wnmveiY (Accounting for Tangible and Intangible Assets) (10wcwiqW)
wkLbdj
welqe
1. vqx m`i g~jvqb KiZ cvie|
vqx m`i aviYv
vqx m`i g~jvqb
2. AePq avhi KviY evLv KiZ cvie|
AePq avhi weeP welq
3. AePq avhi cwZ eYbv KiZ cvie|
4. mw wnmve, AePq wnmve I cywfzZ AePq wnmve
AePq avhi I wnmvefyKiYi cwZ
h_vh_ cwZ Abyhvqx cZ KiZ cvie|
5. vqx m` weqRwbZ jvf/wZ wbicY KiZ
vqx m` weq msv wnmveiY
cvie|
6. cvKwZK m` I A`kgvb mwi aviYv evLv
cvKwZK m`
KiZ cvie|
A`kgvb mw

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 6

beg Aavq : Avw_K weeiYx (Financial Statements)

wkLbdj
1. wewfb cKvi Avw_K weeiYx evLv KiZ cvie|
2. Avw_K weeiYxi iZ evLv KiZ cvie|
3. wek` Avq weeiYx cZ Ki gvU gybvdv, cwiPvjb
gybvdv I bxU gybvdv wbYq KiZ cvie|

4. gvwjKvbv ^Z weeiYx Zwi Ki eemvqi m`i

Dci gvwjKi gvU `vwe wbicb KiZ cvie|
5. kwY Abyhvqx m` I `vqi avivevwnKZv iv Ki
Avw_K Aevi weiiYx Zwi KiZ cvie|

(20 wcwiqW )

welqe
Avw_K weeiYx I Gi wewfb Ask

wek` Avq weeiYx I Gi cZ cYvwj

( mev c`vbKvix cwZvbi Rb GKavc I cY qweqKvix cwZvbi Rb eavc wewk)

gvwjKvbv ^Z weeiYx I Gi cZ cYvwj

vqx m`, wewbqvM, PjwZ m`, `xN gqvw` I

PjwZ `vqi cwiwPwZ
Avw_K Aevi weeiYx I Gi cZ cYvwj
cqvRbxq mg^q mvab Ki Avw_K weeiYx cZKiY

`kg Aavq : GKZidv `vwLjv cwZ (Single Entry System)

wkLbdj
1. GKZidv `vwLjvi ewk eYbv KiZ cvie|
2. GKZidv `vwLjv cwZi wfwZ eemvqi jvf-wZ
Ges m`-`vqi cwigvb wbYq KiZ cvie|
3. GKZidv `vwLjvi AvswkKfve iwZ wnmve nZ
Avq-eq wnmvejvi c~Yv Z_ wbicb KiZ
cvie|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

(10 wcwiqW )

welqe
GKZidv `vwLjv cwZ
jvf-wZ weeiYx I elwqK weeiYx cZKiY
wewfb Amgv Dcv`vbK (q, weq, `bv`vi I
cvIbv`vi) c~Yv Dcv`vb icvi
GKZidv `vwLjvq msiwZ wnmve `yZidv `vwLjvq
icvi

cv 7

6. wkvg QK
wZxq c

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 8

c_g Aavq : Aeemvqx cwZvbi wnmve (Accounting for Non-trading Concern

1.
2.
3.
4.

wkLbdj
eemvqx I Aeemvqx cwZvbi cv_K eYbv KiZ
cvie|
cvw c`vb wnmve nZ Dcv msMn Ki Avq-eq
wnmve Zwi KiZ cvie|
gybvdvfvMx I AgybvdvfvMx cwZvbi cv_K wbicY
KiZ cvie|
ckvRxex eweMi Avq, eq, m` I `vqi wnmve
h_vh_ cwqvq Zwi KiZ cvie|

ckv`vix eweMi wnmveiY

wZxq Aavq : Askx`vwi eemvqi wnmve (Accounting for Partnership Business)

1.
2.
3.
4.

wkLbdj
Askx`vwi eemvqi Dcv`vbmg~ni evLv c`vb KiZ
cvie|
Pzwi AeZgvb Askx`vwi eemvqi AwggvsmxZ
welqmg~n wbw KiZ cvie|
jvf-wZ Aveb wnmve Zwi Ki Askx`vi`i
gybvdvi Ask wbYq KiZ cvie|
Askx`vi`i g~jab wnmve I Askx`vi`i PjwZ wnmve
cZ KiZ cvie|

(15 wcwiqW )

welqe
Aeemvqx cwZvb I Gi ewk
eemvqx I Aeemvqx cwZvbi cv_K
cvw I c`vb wnmve Ges Avq-eq wnmvei cv_K
cvw I c`vb wnmve nZ Avq-eq wnmve cZKiY
gybvdvfvMx I AgybvdvfvMx cwZvbi wnmveiY

(20 wcwiqW )

welqe
Askx`vwi eemvq Ges Gi ewk
Askx`vwi eemvq Dcv`vbmg~n
Pzwi AbycwwZZ Askx`vwi eemvqi wnmveiYi
wbqgvewj
Askx`vwi eemvqi jvf-wZ Aveb wnmve
vqx I cwieZbkxj cwZZ Askx`vi`i g~jab
wnmve cZKiY
Askx`vii PjwZ wnmve cZKiY

ZZxq Aavq : bM` cevn weeiYx (Cash Flow Statement) (10 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj
1. eemvqi bM` cevni iZ evLv KiZ cvie|
2. bM` cevni kwYwebvmc~eK bM` cevn weeiYx
cZ KiZ cvie|

welqe
bM` cevn Ges Gi kwYwefvM
bM` cevn weeiYx I Gi ewk
bM` cevn weeiYxi Dk, iZ I cqvRbxqZv
bM` cevn weeiYx cZKiY (civ cwZ)

PZz_ Aavq : h_g~jabx Kvvwbi g~jab (Capital of Joint Stock Company) (10 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj
1. h_g~jabx Kvvwbi ewk evLv KiZ cvie|
2. h_g~jabx Kvvwbi kqvi, K Ges FYci
gaKvi cv_K wbicY KiZ cvie|
3. mgnvi, Awanvi I Aenvi kqvi Bmyi wnmveiY
KiZ cvie|

welqe
h_g~jabx Kvvwb I Gi ewk
kqvi, K I FYc
kqvii kwYwefvM
kqvi I FYci cv_K
mgnvi, Awanvi I Aenvi kqvi Bmy

cg Aavq :h_g~jabx Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYx (Statement of Joint Stock Company) (20 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj
1. h_g~jabx Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYxi iZ Dcjw
KiZ cvie|
2. Kvvwbi mKj Avw_K weeiYx AvBb mZ KvVvgv
Abyhvqx Zwi KiZ cvie|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

welqe
h_g~jabx Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYx
Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYx cZi Dk I
cqvRbxqZv
Kvvwbi wek` Avq weeiYx I Gi cZ cYvwj
(eavc)
Kvvwbi gvwjKvbv ^Z weeiYx I Gi cZ cYvwj
Kvvwbi Avw_K Aevi weeiYx I Gi cZ cYvwj
cqvRbxq mg^q mvab Ki Kvvwbi Avw_K weeiYx
cZKiY

cv 9

l Aavq : Avw_K weeiYx weklY (Financial Statement Analysis) (07 wcwiqW )

wkLbdj
1. Avw_K weeiYx weklYi iZ Abyaveb KiZ
cvie|
2. cwZvbi Avw_K weeiYx weklYi gvag AZxZ,
eZgvb I fwelr Avw_K Aevi MwZ cKwZ g~jvqb
Ki gZvgZ c`vb KiZ cvie|

mg Aavq : Drcv`b eq wnmve (Cost Accounting)

wkLbdj
1. Drcv`b eq wnmvei Dk evLv KiZ cvie|
2. Drcv`b eq wnmve I Avw_K wnmvei cv_K wbYq
KiZ cvie|
3. Drcv`b eqi Dcv`vbmg~ni gvag Drcv`b eq
weeiYx cZ Ki gvU Drcv`b eq I weqg~j
wbaviY KiZ cvie|
4. wewa gvZveK `ic/Uvi cZ KiZ cvie|
5. gRywi I eZb weeiYx cZ KiZ cvie|

welqe
Avw_K weeiYx weklY I Gi cqvRbxqZv
AbycvZ weklY
^gqvw` FY cwikva gZv/Zviji AbycvZmg~n
jvf DcvRb gZvi AbycvZmg~n
^QjZvi AbycvZmg~n

(15 wcwiqW )
welqe

Drcv`b eq
Drcv`b eq wnmve I Gi Dk
Avw_K wnmve I Drcv`b eq wnmvei cv_K

Drcv`b eqi Dcv`vb

Drcv`b eq wnmveP
Drcv`b eq weeiYx cZKiY
Uvi ev `ic cZKiY
gRywi I eZb
gRywi I eZbi Dcv`vb
gRywi I eZb weeiYx cZKiY

Ag Aavq : gRy` cYi wnmveiY cwZ (Accounting for Inventory) (08 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj
1. gRy` cY g~jvqbi iZ Abyaveb KiZ cvie|
2. gRy` cYi g~jvqbi cwZ AbymiY Ki gRy`
cYi cKZ gyj wbaviY KiZ cvie|

welqe

gRy` cY
gRy` cY g~jvqbi iZ I cqvRbxqZv
gRy` cY g~jvqb cwZ
AvM Avmj AvM hve (FIFO) I fvihy Mo
(Weighted Average) cwZZ gRy` cY g~jvqb

beg Aavq : eq I eqi kwYwefvM (Cost and its Classification)

wkLbdj
1. eqi kwY wefvM KiZ cvie|
2. cZ I civ eq wPwZ Ki eq weeiYx cZ
KiZ cvie|
3. cY eq I Kvjxb eqi ga cv_K wbicY KiZ
cvie|
4. wewfb aibi eq kbv KiZ cvie|
5. eqi AvPiYMZ w`K Rb eevcKxq wmv MnY
mnvqZv KiZ cvie|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

(05 wcwiqW )
welqe

eqi aviYv
eqi kwYwefvM
cZ I civ eq

cY eq I Kvjxb eq

wbqYhvM I AwbqYhvM eq
cwieZbkxj, vqx I wgk eq
wmv MnY mwKZ eqmg~n
myhvM eq (Opportunity Cost)
Zzjbvg~jK eq (Differential Cost
wbgwZ eq (Sunk Cost)

cv 10

`kg Aavq : eevcbv wnmvewevb cwiwPwZ (Introduction to Management Accounting) (15 wcwiqW )
wkLbdj
1. eevcbv wnmvewevbi iZ I cqvRbxqZv evLv
KiZ cvie|

2. weq evRU, Drcv`b evRU, KvuPvgvj q evRU,

cZ gRywi evRU Ges KviLvbv Dcwieq evRU

Zwi KiZ cvie|

3. cwieZbkxj I vqx LiPmg~n c_K Ki eq-cwigvY-
gybvdv mK wbYq KiZ cvie|
4. Avq Ges vqx I cwieZbkxj eqi wfwZ
KwUweDkb gvwRb, mgQ` we`y I wbivcv cv
wPwZ KiZ cvie|
5. eqi AvPiYMZ w`K weePbv Ki eevcKxq
wmv MnY civgk c`vb mg ne|

welqe
eevcbv wnmvewevb
eevcbv wnmvewevbi iZ I cqvRbxqZv
Avw_K wnmvewevb I eevcbv wnmvewevbi
cv_K
evRU I evRUxq wbqY
weq evRU, Drcv`b evRU, KvuPvgvj q evRU,
cZ gRywi evRU Ges KviLvbv Dcwieq evRU
eq-cwigvY-gybvdv (CVP) mK
KwUweDkb gvwRb (Contribution Margin)
mgQ` we`yy (Break Even Point)
wbivcv cv (Margin of Safety)

7. gvbeb
c~Ygvb :

c_g c

100 b^i

wZxq c

100 b^i

megvU

200 b^i

cwZ c mRbkxj ckc

60 b^i

ewbevPwb ckc

40 b^i

gvU 100 b^i

cwZ c
mRbkxj ck - 60 b^i

106=60

gvU bqwU ck _vKe| Zba 6wU cki Di w`Z ne| cZKwU cki c~Ygvb 10 (`k) b^i|
K Ask Avw_K weeiYxi 2wU mRbkxj ck _vKe Ges L Ask wmjevmi evwK Ask _K 7wU ck _vKe|
K Aski 2wU ck evaZvg~jK Ges L Ask _K 4wU cki Di w`Z ne|
wnmvewevb welqi mKj mRbkxj ck MvwYwZK wKsev cvqvwMK mgmv mgvavb msv ne| cwZwU ck K, L I M 3wU
Ask _vKe| cki K Ask mnR, L Ask gag Ges M Ask KwVb gvbi ne| cki Di Kivi mgq, avc I
KvwVbi gvbi Dci wfw Ki b^i wefvRb KiZ ne|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 11

cwZ c
ewbevPwb ck - 40 b^i

140 = 40

gvU PwjkwU ck _vKe| mKj cki Di w`Z ne|

cZKwU cki gvb 01 (GK) b^i|
ckc wPb `Zvi wewfb ii wfwZ ewbevPwb cki kZKiv nvi wbic nIqv evbxq:
vb i

25-35%

Abyaveb i
25-35%
cqvM i

15-25%

DPZi `Zv i
15-25%
ewbevPwb ckc vb I Abyaveb ii 60% Ges cqvM I DPZi ii 40% ck Afy ne|
wnmvewevbi ewbevPwb ck RwUj MvwYwZK mgmv mgvavbg~jK ck eenvi bv Ki ZvwK welq Rvbvi Rb ck Kiv
evbxq|
gvU (60+40) = 100 b^i

8. jLK`i Rb mvaviY wb`kbv

wnmvewevb welqwU GKv`k I v`k kwYi eemvq wkv kvLvi Rb GKwU iZc~Y welq| welqwUi Rb 200 b^i
eiv ivLv nqQ| c_g c 100 b^i Ges wZxq c 100 b^i | cwZ ci Rb 140 wcwiqW eiv AvQ| cwZwU
wcwiqWi evw 60wgwbU| wnmvewevb welqi wkvg wkLbdj Ges welqe Ggbfve cYqb Kiv nqQ hb
eivKZ 280 wcwiqW (cwZ c 140 wcwiqW) wkv_xiv mejv wkLbdj ARb KiZ cvi| wnmvewevb welqi
wkvg wkv_xKw`K wkLb kLvbv (Learner centred teaching learning) cwZ mycvwik Kiv nqQ| MZvbyMwZK
gyL Kivi ceYZvK wbirmvwnZ Kiv nqQ| wK wkLZ ne Zvi cwieZ wKfve wkLZ ne Gi cwZ iZ
Avivc Kiv nqQ|
wnmvewevb welqi cvVcyKwU iPbvi myweav_ jLKMYK wbewYZ wb`kbvjv AbymiYi Abyiva Kiv nj|

1. cvmwKZv

wkv_xiv hv wkLe Zvi cvmwKZv hb Zviv Abyaveb KiZ cvi- jLKK G welqwU iZmnKvi
weePbv KiZ ne|
wkLb welqwU wkv_x`i `bw`b Rxebi AwfZvi mv_ mKhy nZ ne|
wkv_xi Pvi cvk msNwUZ wewfb NUbv D`vniY wnmve eenvi KiZ ne| GZ wkv_x eve Rxebi
mv_ wkvi cvmwKZv LuyR cve|

2. AvKlY
wkLb welqwU AekB AvKlYxq ev Avb``vqK nZ ne|
wkLbK Ggbfve Dcvcb KiZ ne hb Zv wkv_x`i gbvhvM AvKlY Ki Ges Zv`i ga Drmvn
mw nq|
wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 12

3. h_v_Zv
cvVwelq jLvi mgq AekB wkv_x`i gvbwmK eqmi (Mental Age) mv_ DchvMx Ki wjLZ ne|
wewfb gvbi (Different abilities) wkv_x`i kLvi myhvMi cwZ j ivLZ ne A_vr wkv_x`i Rb
KvwVbi wewfb ii (Different level of difficulty) DchvMx cvV _vKe|
welqe mwVK nZ ne A_vr Z, Z_, Dcv, wP, Dcgv , D`vniY wbfyj, mvwZK I mvgmc~Y nZ
ne|
4. Dcjw Kivi DchvwMZv
wkLb welqjv mnRfve PjwZ fvlvq evaMg Ki ZyjZ ne|
wkv_xi eqm DchvMx mnR I mij fvlv eenvi KiZ ne|
wkLb welqjv AekB hywmsMZ I evaMg AbyQ` wef ne| G wkLbdji Pvwn`vK
iZmnKvi weePbv KiZ ne|
5. wkvg QK
GB QK Aavqi Rb eivKZ wcwiqW msLv, wkLbdj, welqe `Iqv AvQ|

wkv_x`i c~ecvV/AwfZv Ges PbvRvbv/Rxeb Nwb D`vniY/Qwe w`q 3-5 evKi ga GKwU f~wgKv
w`q g~j cvVi jLv i KiZ ne| wkv_x`i c~e AwfZv/welqe mswk cki gvag jLv i
Kiv evbxq|

wkvg QKi cwZwU Aavq eywexq (Abymvbg~jK/cixYmn), gbvcwkR I AveMxq i

wkLbdj chvqg DjL Kiv nqQ| Ze eywexq welqe Dcvcbvi mgq jLKK Gi mv_ mswk
gbvcwkR I AveMxq wkLbdjK mgw^Z Ki wjLZ ne|

cwZwU Aavvqi Rb eivKZ gvU wcwiqWi 30 kZvsk mgq wkv_x`i kwY KgKvi (Abymvbg~jK
/cixY/eenvwiK KvR BZvw`) Rb eiv _vKe| mswk wkLbKvhg PjvKvjxb Abymvbg~jK/cixY/
eenvwiK KvR mb ne| Abymvbg~jK/cixY/eenvwiK KvRmn wkv_xi nvZ Kjg wewfb KgKvK
e Ki w`Z ne|

cixY/eenvwiK KvR Kivi Rb Kvb Avjv`v eenvwiK eB _vKe bv| KvRB cixY/eenvwiK KvRwU
h_vh_fve mb Kivi Rb mswk welqei mv_B cixY/eenvwiK msKv cqvRbxq wb`kbv w`Z
ne| G cixY/eenvwiK KvRwUi KgcwZ, KvRi aviv ev cwqv, DcKiY BZvw` mK
wb`kbv _vKe| cixY/ eenvwiK/ Abymvbg~jK KvRwU hvZ mnRjf DcKiYi mvnvh Ges
vbxqfve mb Kiv nq Zvi w`K j ivLZ ne| cixY/Abymvbg~jK KvRi mgq [wcwiqWi
msLv] e DjL KiZ ne|

cwZwU Aavqi c_g cvi Wvb cvk welq mswk iZc~Y k (Key word) DjL KiZ ne|
cvV weePbv Ki cvVcyK wjLZ ne| Aavq DjwLZ wcwiqW msLvK cvV msLv weePbv KiZ
ne| cwZwU Aavq wcwiqWi msLv Ges Aavq ZvwK/nvZKjg/eenvwiK/Abymvbg~jK KvRi Rb
cqvRbxq wcwiqW weePbv Ki Aavqi cv msLv wbaviY KiZ ne|

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 13

cwZwU cvVK Ggbfve web KiZ ne (wP, Mvd, WvUv, MvwYwZK evLv BZvw` w`q) hb wkv_xiv
mRbkxj, mwkxj Ges wPb gZv ewi myhvM cvq|

cvVi wewfb Ask ck/wqv Kg/nvZ Kjg KvR (Activities) _vKe hjv Abykxjbi gvag
wkLbdj ARb wbwZ ne| wqvKgmg~n nZ cvi hgb cwZe`b Zwi, mvimsc cYqb, cvvi
Zwi Kiv, WBs, mgmv mgvavb, nvZKjg cixY, `jMZ AvjvPbv, weZK BZvw`| nvZ Kjg KvRmn
wkv_xi wewfb KgKvK

e Ki w`Z ne| chvR KvRi wb`kbvI GZ _vKe|

cixY/Abymvbg~jK KvRi mgq [wcwiqWi msLv] e DjL KiZ ne| cixY/Abymvbg~jK

KvRmg~n mnRjf Ges vbxqfve Kiv hvq Ggb DcKiYi eenviK cvavb w`Z ne|

welqei webvm I Dcvcbv Ggbfve KiZ ne hvZ wkv_xiv AveMxq i wkLbdj ARb KiZ
cvi|

D`vniY, Qwe BZvw`i Rvi mgZv eRvq ivLZ ne|

MZvbyMwZK avivq gyL Ki cixvq cwZ bIqvi eZgvb ceYZvK m~Yic cwinvi Kivi j eBZ
mivmwi Zwi Ki `Iqv, QK cv_K wjL `Iqv wKsev Kvb cki Di mvwRq `Iqv hve bv| msv
gyL Kivi cwieZ Dcgv-D`vniYi gvag aviYv ARbi eev _vKZ ne|

cwZwU Aavq kl cavb cavb kwfwK (Key Word) GKwU mvi msc (Recapitulations) _vKe|

6. cvVeBqi KvVvgv
c_g I wZxq Dfq ci Rb `ywU c_K cvVcyK ne
cwZwU cyK cv msLv ne 300, Ze 10% nvm ev 10% ew nZ cvi
d mvBR 13 cqU nZ ne
jvBb m 1.5 ne

cvzwjwci mvBR 1/8 wWwm (20-30)/(22-32) ne

KbUU Gwiqv ne (8.5-5.75) ev (9.5- 6.25)

wnmvewevb GKv`k I v`k kwY

cv 14

jLK`i Rb mvaviY wb`kbv

welqe Dcvcb (Content Presentation)
1. cvVcyK cYqbi mgq welqe mnR, evaMg I PwjZ fvlvq kwY DchvMx Ki wjLZ ne| cwZwU Aavq
I welqei mv_ wcwiqW msLv wbavwiZ iqQ| m Abyhvqx `ZvwfwK wkLbdji AvjvK welqeK
Ggbfve myweb KiZ ne hvZ wcwiqW gvZveK Zv mb Kiv me nq|
2. cvVcyKi welqei fvlv cvj Ges mnReva nZ ne| G kwY-DchvwMKiYi wePvieva mPZb
nZ ne|
3. cvVcyK AavqwfwK Dcvcb KiZ ne| (cwZwU Aavq cqvRbxqmsLK wkv_xi Kgc Zwi KiZ
ne| Kgc nZ ne wkLbdj cwic~iY Ki Ggb KvR hv kwYZ mb Kiv me nq|)
4. cwZwU Aavq jLvi mgq wkLb i (eywewq- vb, Abyaveb, cqvM, I DPZi `Zv; AveMxq I
gbvcwkR ) cwZdjb welqeiga iqQ wKbv m mK jLKMYK me`v mPZb _vKZ ne|
5. jLvi aib Ggb nZ ne hvZ welqe Abyavebi ga w`q wkv_x gywhyi PZbv, ivxq Av`k I
mvgvwRK g~jeva mwKZ aviYv ARbi gvag gvbweK I bwZK g~jeva mb fwelZ bvMwiK wnme
Mo DVZ cvi|
6. RvwZ, ag, Mv, eY wbwekl KviI Abyf~wZZ AvNvZ jvMZ cvi Ggb Kvbv k ev evK eenvi Kiv hve
bv|
7. `ZvwfwK wkLbdj Abyhvqx welqe eYbv KiZ ne hvZ wkv_xi mRbkxjZvi weKvk me nq| bvU
wKsev MvBW eBqi vBj cqU wfwK (KviY, cfve, cwZKvi ,f~wgKv,cqvRbxqZv cfwZ)welqe Dcvcb
Kiv hve bv|
8. cwZwU Aavq kl AbykxjbxZ Kgc 1wU mRbkxj ck Ges vb, Abyaveb, cqvM I DPZi `Zv i
c~iY Ki Ggb wZb aibi ewbevPbx ck mshvRb KiZ ne|
9. Rvi mgZv iv Ki cvVe (Text Material) iwPZ ne|
10. wbfihvM Drm _K nvj bvMv` Z_-Dcv msMn Ki mswk cvV mshvwRZ ne|
11. Z, wewa, m~, wbqg-cwZ Dcvcbvi eve Rxebi NUbv DjL Ki wKsev Rxeb Nwb D`vniYi
mvnvh wjLZ ne|
evbvb I fvlvixwZ (Spelling & Language Rule)
12. evsjv GKvWgxi evbvb ixwZ AbymiY KiZ ne|
13. fvlv nZ ne mnR, cvj I kwY DchvMx|
Aavq wb`kbv (Chapter Instruction)
14. Aavqmg~ni wfb wfb wkivbvg iqQ| jLKMY Aavq wkivbvg DjL Ki welqe Dcvcb Kieb Ges
Aavq wkivbvg, aviYvmg~ni BsiwR cwZk eenvi KiZ ne|
15. m~wPc Aavqi AMZ cwZwU welq (hv wkvg DwjwLZ) cv b^imn DjL Kieb|
cvVcyK Dcvcb (Text Book Presentation)
16. cvVcyKi Kfvi cv mswk welqi fveavivi AvwK AvKlYxq cQ` eenvi KiZ ne|
17. Aavq b^i 14, Aavq wkivbvg 24, nW wkivbvg 16, mvenW wkivbvg 14, welqe dU mvBR 13 webvm
Ai mvBR Ges jvBb m 1.2 AbymiY Ki cwZwU Aavq Dcvcb KiZ ne|
18. Aavqi welqei mv_ mswk Qwe/wP/mviwY/gvbwP BZvw` cvmwK, AvKlYxq I nZ ne|
19. cZK welqi 100 b^ii ci Rb cv msLv 230-240 (Kg-ewk) Gi ga nZ ne|